وقد دعم هذا العمل وكالة التنمية الدولية التابعة للولايات المتحدة، مكتب المساعدة الخارجية في حالات الكوارث (إيد-أوفدا-A-15-00026). دعمت مارلين وولف من قبل المؤسسة الوطنية للعلوم (منحة 0966093).

<ol>
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ويعلن المؤلفون أنه ليس لديهم مصالح مالية متنافسة.

The method described here provides an approach for testing handwashing efficacy in a controlled laboratory setting. This method highlights the use of human volunteers and surrogate, non-infectious organisms. Using the method, it was possible to demonstrate differences in: 1) the efficacy of handwashing methods and 2) organism persistence in rinse water. The purpose of presenting this protocol is to provide a general framework that can be adapted to test a wide range of surrogate organisms and handwashing methods relevant...

ينصح غسل اليدين على نطاق واسع لمنع انتشار المرض، وخاصة تلك التي تنتقل عن طريق البراز أو الطريق المحمولة جوا، بما في ذلك الإسهال وأمراض الجهاز التنفسي 1 . والمثير للدهشة أن هناك القليل من الأدلة المقارنة على فعالية أساليب غسل اليدين، مثل غسل اليدين بالماء والصابون (هوس) ومع مطهر اليد القائم على الكحول (أبهس)، على إزالة الكائنات الحية من اليدين. وقد وجدت البحوث الأولية أن العمل الميكانيكي لغسل اليدين، بدلا من طريقة غسل اليدين، قد تكون مسؤولة عن معظم إزالة الكائن الحي 2 ، 3 . بالإضافة إلى ذلك، هناك القليل من الأدلة المقارنة على طريقة غسل اليدين الأكثر فعالية. في استعراض غير رسمي للأدب، تم تحديد 14 دراسة مقارنة فعالية الصابون ومطهر اليد على إزالة الكائنات الحية. من هذه الدراسات، وجدت خمسة أبس لتكون أكثر فعالية 4 ، </سوب&gt; 5 ، 6 ، 7 ، 8 ، سبعة وجدت هوس لتكون أكثر فعالية 9 ، 10 ، 11 ، 12 ، 13 ، 14 ، 15 ، واثنين وجدت لا فرق كبير بين الطرق 16 ، 17 . هذه النتائج غير متناسقة ولا تعالج الخطر المستمر للمرض من استمرار الكائنات الحية في مياه الشطف بعد غسل اليدين. وعموما، فإن الأدلة على الفعالية النسبية لأساليب غسل اليدين لإزالة مسببات الأمراض المسببة للأمراض المعدية محدودة. وقد أدى هذا الدليل المحدود إلى عدم اليقين بشأن الطرق الأكثر ملاءمة في حالات تفشي المرض. فمثلا، خلال تفشي فيروس إيبولا (إيفد) في غرب أفريقيا في الفترة من 2013 إلى 2016، قدم العديد من المستجيبين الدوليين الكبيرين توصيات متناقضة ل هوس، أو أبهس، أو 0.05٪ من حلول الكلور. توصي منظمة أطباء بلا حدود باستخدام محلول الكلور 0.05٪ لغسل اليدين، في حين توصي منظمة الصحة العالمية (هوس) أو أبس (إذا لم تكن الأيدي متسخة بشكل واضح). وتذهب منظمة الصحة العالمية إلى حد القول بأنه لا ينبغي استخدام الكلور ما لم تكن هناك خيارات أخرى متاحة، لأنها أقل فعالية من الطرق الأخرى بسبب طلب الكلور الذي تمارسه الجلد 18 و 19 و 20 و 21 و 22 . بالإضافة إلى ذلك، يتم إنتاج حلول الكلور عادة من أربعة مركبات الكلور المختلفة، بما في ذلك هيبوكلوريت اختبار عالية (هث)، هيبوكلوريت الصوديوم واستخراجها محليا (ناوكل)، والسودإيوم ديكلورويزوسيانورات (نادك). ووجد استعراض منهجي بتكليف من منظمة الصحة العالمية ردا على تفشي فيروس نقص المناعة البشرية في غرب أفريقيا مؤخرا أربع دراسات فقط التحقيق في فعالية المقارنة لغسل اليدين مع الكلور 23 . وأدت هذه الدراسات أيضا إلى نتائج متضاربة، ولم تستخدم أي من هذه الدراسات تركيز الكلور الموصى به بنسبة 0.05٪ لغسل اليدين أو الكائنات الحية الدقيقة المستكشفة المشابهة لفيروس إيبولا 10 ، 24 ، 25 ، 26 ، 27 . وبالتالي، لم يتم العثور على التوصيات على أساس الأدلة، وليس من الواضح أي التوصيات الأكثر فعالية. وهناك حاجة إلى إجراء بحوث إضافية لمقارنة نهج غسل اليدين لمنع انتشار مسببات الأمراض المعدية، لأن تدخلات غسل اليدين أداة هامة لمنع انتقال الأمراض الوبائية. هذه hويجب أن تستند توصيات غسيل األسلحة إلى األدلة. وهكذا، تم تطوير طريقة لاختبار فعالية غسل اليدين واستمرار شطف الماء، أجريت مع بدائل أو مسببات الأمراض غير المعدية، 2 ، 28 ، 29 . يتم عرض نتائج عينة، باستخدام Phi6 كبديل لفيروس الإيبولا واستخدام القولونية الإشريكية ككائن مؤشر مشترك، هنا. في هذا البروتوكول، يتم عرض فعالية غسل اليدين وشطف اختبارات استمرار المياه.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Soap bar</td><td>Dove</td><td>White Beauty Bar soap</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Alcohol-based hand sanitizer</td><td>Purell</td><td>Advanced Instant Hand Sanitizer with 70% Ethyl Alcohol</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>HTH Powder</td><td>Acros Organics</td><td>300340010</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>NaDCC Powder</td><td>Medentech</td><td>Klorsept granules</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>NaOCl Solution</td><td>Acros Organics</td><td>419550010</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Electrochlorinator</td><td>AquaChlor</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Iodometric titrator</td><td>Hach</td><td>1690001</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Bovine serum albumin</td><td>MP Biomedicals</td><td>NC0117242</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Tryptone</td><td>Fisher</td><td>BP1421-100</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Bovine Mucin</td><td>EMD Milipore</td><td>49-964-3500MG</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>0.22 &amp;micro;m Filter</td><td>EMD Milipore</td><td>GVWP04700</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>NaCl</td><td>Fisher</td><td>BP358-1</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Skin pH probe</td><td>Hanna Instruments</td><td>H199181</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Large Whirlpak Sample Bag</td><td>Nasco</td><td>B01447WA</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Small Whirlpak Sample Bag</td><td>Nasco</td><td>B01323WA</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Funnel bottle</td><td>Thermo Scientific</td><td>3120850001</td><td>You may drill an appropriately sized hole in the lid of a bottle to form a funnel that will dispense water at the appropriate flow rate</td></tr><tr><td>Ethanol</td><td>ThermoScientific</td><td>615090010</td><td>Mix with water to produce 70% ethanol</td></tr><tr><td>Spray bottle</td><td>Qorpak</td><td>PLC06934</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&lt;em&gt;E. coli&lt;/em&gt;</td><td>ATCC</td><td>25922</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>LB Broth</td><td>Fisher BioReagents</td><td>BP1426-2</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>LB Agar</td><td>Fisher BioReagents</td><td>BP1425-500</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sterile loop</td><td>Globe Scientific</td><td>22-170-204</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Phi6</td><td>HER</td><td>102</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Nutrient broth</td><td>BD Difco</td><td>BD 247110</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>GeneQuant 100 Spectrophotometer</td><td>General Electric</td><td>28-9182-04</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sodium thiosulfate</td><td>Fisher Chemical</td><td>S445-3</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Membrane filter (47 mm, 0.45 &amp;micro;m)</td><td>EMD Millipore</td><td>HAWP04700</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>m-ColiBlue24 broth media</td><td>EMD Millipore</td><td>M00PMCB24</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Petri dish with pad (47 mm)</td><td>Fisherbrand</td><td>09-720-500</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Vacuum Manifold</td><td>Thermo Scientific/Nalgene</td><td>09-752-5</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Filter funnels</td><td>Thermo Scientific/Nalgene</td><td>09-747</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Pseudomonas syringae</td><td>HER</td><td>1102</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Phosphate Buffered Saline</td><td>Thermo Scientific</td><td>10010031</td><td>Solution may also be mixed from source compounds according to any basic recipe</td></tr></tbody></table>

a method to test the efficacy of handwashing for the removal of emerging infectious pathogens

ينصح غسل اليدين على نطاق واسع لمنع انتقال الأمراض المعدية. ومع ذلك، لا يوجد سوى دليل قليل للمقارنة على فعالية أساليب غسل اليدين بشكل عام. بالإضافة إلى ذلك، هناك القليل من الأدلة مقارنة طرق غسل اليدين لتحديد الأكثر فعالية في إزالة مسببات الأمراض المعدية. ويلزم إجراء البحوث لتقديم أدلة على النهج المختلفة لغسل اليدين التي يمكن استخدامها أثناء تفشي الأمراض المعدية. هنا، يتم وصف طريقة المختبر لتقييم فعالية أساليب غسل اليدين في إزالة الكائنات الدقيقة من اليدين واستمرارها في مياه الشطف. يتم رفع أيدي المتطوعين لأول مرة مع كائن الاختبار ومن ثم غسلها مع كل طريقة غسل اليدين من الفائدة. عموما، تستخدم الكائنات الحية الدقيقة البديلة لحماية الإنسان من المرض. يتم اختبار عدد الكائنات المتبقية على أيدي المتطوعين بعد الغسيل باستخدام تعديل &quot;عصير القفازات&quot; الأسلوب: يتم وضع اليدين في قفازات مع إلوويتم تنظيفها لتعليق الكائنات الحية الدقيقة وجعلها متاحة للتحليل عن طريق الترشيح الغشائي (البكتيريا) أو فحص البلاك (الفيروسات / باكتيريوفاجيس). يتم جمع مياه الشطف المنتجة من غسل اليد مباشرة للتحليل. يتم قياس فعالية غسل اليدين بمقارنة قيمة خفض السجل بين العينات التي يتم أخذها بعد غسل اليدين للعينات بدون غسل اليدين. يتم قياس كمية شطف المياه من خلال مقارنة عينات مياه الشطف من مختلف وسائل غسل اليدين إلى العينات التي يتم جمعها بعد غسل اليدين بالماء فقط. في حين أن هذه الطريقة تقتصر على الحاجة إلى استخدام الكائنات البديلة للحفاظ على سلامة المتطوعين الإنسان، فإنه يلتقط جوانب غسل اليدين التي يصعب تكرارها في دراسة في المختبر ويملأ الثغرات البحثية على فعالية غسل اليدين واستمرار الكائنات المعدية في شطف ماء.

هنا، تم الانتهاء من بروتوكول ( الشكل 1 ) مع 18 متطوعا، الذين تم اختبار كل باستخدام E. كولاي و Phi6. تم العثور على فروق معنوية بين نتائج غسل اليدين مع E. القولونية مع وبدون تحميل التربة و PHi6 مع حمولة التربة ( الشكل 2 <st...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Method to Test the Efficacy of Handwashing for the Removal of Emerging Infectious Pathogens at JoVE.com

A Method to Test the Efficacy of Handwashing for the Removal of Emerging Infectious Pathogens

ينصح غسل اليدين على نطاق واسع لمنع انتقال الأمراض المعدية. ومع ذلك، هناك القليل من الأدلة على وسائل غسل اليدين الأكثر فعالية في إزالة مسببات الأمراض المعدية. وضعنا طريقة لتقييم فعالية أساليب غسل اليدين في إزالة الكائنات الدقيقة.

وهناك طريقة لاختبار فعالية غسل اليدين لإزالة مسببات الأمراض الناشئة الناشئة

Handwashing is widely recommended to prevent infectious disease transmission. However, little comparable evidence exists on the efficacy of handwashing ...

a-method-to-test-efficacy-handwashing-for-removal-emerging-infectious

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

18.9K Views.  Tufts University.  ينصح غسل اليدين على نطاق واسع لمنع انتقال الأمراض المعدية. ومع ذلك، هناك القليل من الأدلة على وسائل غسل اليدين الأكثر فعالية في إزالة مسببات الأمراض المعدية. وضعنا طريقة لتقييم فعالية أساليب غسل اليدين في إزالة الكائنات الدقيقة. 

Video: A Method to Test the Efficacy of Handwashing for the Removal of Emerging Infectious Pathogens

EPA Method 1615. Measurement of Enterovirus and Norovirus Occurrence in Water by Culture and RT-qPCR. I. Collection of Virus Samples

EPA Method 1615 was developed with a goal of providing a standard method for measuring enteroviruses and noroviruses in environmental and drinking waters. The standardized sampling component of the method concentrates viruses that may be present in water by passage of a minimum specified volume of water through an electropositive cartridge filter. The minimum specified volumes for surface and finished/ground water are 300 L and 1,500 L, respectively. A major method limitation is the tendency for the filters to clog before meeting the sample volume requirement. Studies using two different, but equivalent, cartridge filter options showed that filter clogging was a problem with 10% of the samples with one of the filter types compared to 6% with the other filter type. Clogging tends to increase with turbidity, but cannot be predicted based on turbidity measurements only. From a cost standpoint one of the filter options is preferable over the other, but the water quality and experience with the water system to be sampled should be taken into consideration in making filter selections.

EPA Method 1615 uses an electropositive filter to concentrate enteroviruses and noroviruses in environmental and drinking waters. This manuscript describes the procedure for collecting samples for Method 1615 analyses.

EPA الطريقة 1615. قياس الفيروسة المعوية ونوروفيروس حدوثها في المياه عن طريق الثقافة وRT-QPCR. I. جمع عينات الفيروسات

EPA Method 1615 was developed with a goal of providing a standard method for measuring enteroviruses and noroviruses in environmental and drinking waters. ...

Environment

Determining Viral Disinfection Efficacy of Hot Water Laundering

This protocol provides an example of a laboratory process for conducting laundering studies that generate data on viral disinfection. While the protocol was developed for research during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, it is intended to be a framework, adaptable to other virus disinfection studies; it demonstrates the steps for preparing the test virus, inoculating the test material, assessing visual and integrity changes to the washed items due to the laundering process, and quantifying the reduction in viral load. Additionally, the protocol outlines the necessary quality control samples for ensuring the experiments are not biased by contamination and measurements/observations that should be recorded to track the material integrity of the personal protective equipment (PPE) items after multiple laundering cycles. The representative results presented with the protocol use the Phi6 bacteriophage inoculated onto cotton scrub, denim, and cotton face-covering materials and indicate that the hot water laundering and drying process achieved over a 3-log (99.9%) reduction in viral load for all samples (a 3-log reduction is the disinfectant performance metric in U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Product Performance Test Guideline 810.2200). The reduction in viral load was uniform across different locations on the PPE items. The results of this viral disinfection efficacy testing protocol should help the scientific community explore the effectiveness of home laundering for other types of test viruses and laundering procedures.

In response to the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic, a laboratory protocol was developed to test the viral disinfection efficacy of hot water laundering of cloth face coverings, cotton scrubs, and denim pants. The Phi6 virus (bacteriophage) was used as the organism to test disinfection efficacy.

تحديد فعالية التطهير الفيروسي لغسل الماء الساخن

This protocol provides an example of a laboratory process for conducting laundering studies that generate data on viral disinfection. While the protocol ...

Engineering

Swab Sampling Method for the Detection of Human Norovirus on Surfaces

Human noroviruses are a leading cause of epidemic and sporadic gastroenteritis worldwide. Because most infections are either spread directly via the person-to-person route or indirectly through environmental surfaces or food, contaminated fomites and inanimate surfaces are important vehicles for the spread of the virus during norovirus outbreaks.
We developed and evaluated a protocol using macrofoam swabs for the detection and typing of human noroviruses from hard surfaces. Compared with fiber-tipped swabs or antistatic wipes, macrofoam swabs allow virus recovery (range 1.2-33.6%) from toilet seat surfaces of up to 700 cm2. The protocol includes steps for the extraction of the virus from the swabs and further concentration of the viral RNA using spin columns. In total, 127 (58.5%) of 217 swab samples that had been collected from surfaces in cruise ships and long-term care facilities where norovirus gastroenteritis had been reported tested positive for GII norovirus by RT-qPCR. Of these 29 (22.8%) could be successfully genotyped. In conclusion, detection of norovirus on environmental surfaces using the protocol we developed may assist in determining the level of environmental contamination during outbreaks as well as detection of virus when clinical samples are not available; it may also facilitate monitoring of effectiveness of remediation strategies.

A macrofoam based sampling methodology was developed and evaluated for the detection and quantification of norovirus on environmental hard surfaces.

مسحة طريقة أخذ العينات للكشف عن نوروفيروس الإنسان على السطوح

Human noroviruses are a leading cause of epidemic and sporadic gastroenteritis worldwide. Because most infections are either spread directly via the ...

Prion Safety Laboratory Swipe Test

Transmission of iatrogenic prion disease has occurred from contaminated neurosurgical tools, transplant materials, and occupational exposure to prion-contaminated laboratory tools. Prions cause disease by the templated misfolding of the normal cellular form of the prion protein, PrPC, into the misfolded and pathogenic form PrPSc and are invariably fatal. Reducing iatrogenic and occupational prion transmission is challenging. First, prions can bind to and persist on surfaces for long periods of time. Second, prions are highly resistant to inactivation. Given this, surfaces can retain infectivity for long periods of time following ineffective decontamination. Not only can this pose a potential occupational risk for prion laboratory workers, but it could potentially cross-contaminate laboratory experiments utilizing sensitive prion amplification techniques. The protocol described here for a prion safety laboratory swipe test includes steps for the identification and documentation of high-traffic laboratory areas, recommended swabbing controls to ensure the validity of results, steps to identify proper responses to positive surface swabbing sites, representative results from prion swipe testing, as well as potential artifactual results. Overall, the prion safety laboratory swipe test can be implemented as part of a broader prion safety program to assess decontamination of surfaces, monitor common spaces for prion contamination, and implement the documentation of prion decontamination status.

A method to assess commonly used areas in laboratory settings for prion contamination and effective decontamination is lacking. The protocol described here provides key fundamentals for implementing a laboratory prion safety swipe test that can easily be modified to meet the individual needs of specific laboratories.

اختبار التمرير المختبري للسلامة Prion

Transmission of iatrogenic prion disease has occurred from contaminated neurosurgical tools, transplant materials, and occupational exposure to ...

Swabbing the Urban Environment - A Pipeline for Sampling and Detection of SARS-CoV-2 From Environmental Reservoirs

To control community transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) during the 2020 global pandemic, most countries implemented strategies based on direct human testing, face covering, and surface disinfection. Under the assumption that the main route of transmission includes aerosols and respiratory droplets, efforts to detect SARS-CoV-2 in fomites have focused on locations suspected of high prevalence (e.g., hospital wards, cruise ships, and mass transportation systems). To investigate the presence of SARS-CoV-2 on surfaces in the urban environment that are rarely cleaned and&#160;seldomly disinfected, 350 citizens were enlisted from the greater San Diego County. In total, these citizen scientists collected 4,080 samples. An online platform was developed to monitor sampling kit delivery and pickup, as well as to collect sample data. The sampling kits were mostly built from supplies available in pandemic-stressed stores. Samples were processed using reagents that were easy to access despite the recurrent supply shortage. The methods used were highly sensitive and resistant to inhibitors that are commonly present in environmental samples. The proposed experimental design and processing methods were successful at engaging numerous citizen scientists who effectively gathered samples from diverse surface areas. The workflow and methods described here are relevant to survey the urban environment for other viruses, which are of public health concern and pose a threat for&#160;future pandemics.

A citizen science project was designed to recruit San Diego residents to collect environmental samples for SARS-CoV-2. A multilingual web-based platform was created for data submission using a user-friendly mobile device interface. A laboratory information management system facilitated the collection of thousands of geographically diverse samples with real-time outcome tracking.

مسح البيئة الحضرية - خط أنابيب لأخذ عينات من السارس -CoV-2 والكشف عنه من الخزانات البيئية

To control community transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) during the 2020 global pandemic, most countries ...

Biology

فعالية مضادات الميكروبات للأقمشة المطلية بالأعشاب النانوية

An Antimicrobial Fabric Using Nano-Herbal Encapsulation of Essential Oils

Lab coats are widely used in biohazard laboratories and healthcare facilities as protective garments to prevent direct exposure to pathogens, spills, and burns. These cotton-based protective coats provide ideal conditions for microbial growth and attachment sites due to their porous nature, moisture-holding capacity, and retention of warmth from the user&#39;s body. Several studies have demonstrated the survival of pathogenic bacteria on hospital garments and lab coats, acting as vectors of microbial transmission.
A common approach to fix these problems is the application of antimicrobial agents in textile finishing, but concerns have been raised due to the toxicity and environmental effects of many synthetic chemicals. The ongoing pandemic has also opened a window for the investigation of effective antimicrobials and eco-friendly and toxic-free formulations. This study uses two natural bioactive compounds, carvacrol and thymol, encapsulated in chitosan nanoparticles, which guarantee effective protection against four human pathogens with up to a 4-log reduction (99.99%). These pathogens are frequently detected in lab coats used in biohazard laboratories.
The treated fabrics also resisted up to 10 wash cycles with 90% microbial reduction, which is sufficient for the intended use. We made modifications to the existing standard fabric tests to better represent the typical scenarios of lab coat usage. These refinements allow for a more accurate evaluation of the effectiveness of antimicrobial lab coats and for the simulation of the fate of any accidental microbial spills that must be neutralized within a short time. Further studies are recommended to investigate the accumulation of pathogens over time on antimicrobial lab coats compared to regular protective coats.

تسليط الضوء على المؤلف: نسيج مضاد للميكروبات باستخدام تغليف الأعشاب النانوية للزيوت الأساسية  

Antimicrobial lab coats prevent the cross-contamination of pathogen accumulation and accidental bio-spills. Here, we describe the protocol for developing a skin-friendly antimicrobial fabric using nano-herbal encapsulation and modified standard tests to precisely evaluate the efficacy and suitability for typical usage of the lab coat.

نسيج مضاد للميكروبات باستخدام تغليف نانو عشبي للزيوت العطرية

Lab coats are widely used in biohazard laboratories and healthcare facilities as protective garments to prevent direct exposure to pathogens, spills, and ...

Cellular Impedance-Based Survival Kinetics Assay to Assess Virus Survival

Source: Labadie, T. et al., <a href="https://app.jove.com/v/61133">Monitoring Influenza Virus Survival Outside the Host Using Real-Time Cell Analysis.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (2021).
This video describes a cellular impedance-based technique to study the survival kinetics of viruses that induce cytopathic effects. The method measures the electrical impedance of virus-infected adherent cells pre-treated with saline.

مقايسة حركية البقاء على قيد الحياة القائمة على المعاوقة الخلوية لتقييم بقاء الفيروس

Source: Labadie, T. et al., Monitoring Influenza Virus Survival Outside the Host Using Real-Time Cell Analysis. J. Vis. Exp. (2021).
This video describes ...

JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments

Biological Techniques

Assay Techniques

Cell-based assays

A Deferred Growth Inhibition Assay to Evaluate the Effect of Bacteria-Derived Antimicrobial Compounds

Source: Moran, J. C. et al., <a href="https://app.jove.com/v/54437">Deferred Growth Inhibition Assay to Quantify the Effect of Bacteria-derived Antimicrobials on Competition.</a> J. Vis. Exp.&#160;(2016)
This video showcases the deferred growth inhibition assay, used to investigate how antimicrobial compounds produced by one type of bacteria affect another competing bacterial strain.

اختبار تثبيط النمو المؤجل لتقييم تأثير المركبات المضادة للميكروبات المشتقة من البكتيريا

The following method is adapted&#160;to test competitor strains with inhibitor-producing strains.
NOTE: This protocol involves aerosol generation with ...

وهناك طريقة لاختبار فعالية غسل اليدين لإزالة مسببات الأمراض الناشئة الناشئة

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