تمت رعاية هذا العمل البحثي الوطني المفتاح الأساسي البحث البرنامج الصيني (No.2015CB251303)، ومؤسسة العلوم الطبيعية الوطنية الصينية (رقم 51276005).

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Z., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Experiment+on+a+continuous+heat+regenerative+adsorption+refrigerator+using+spiral+plate+heat+exchanger+as+adsorbers.">Experiment on a continuous heat regenerative adsorption refrigerator using spiral plate heat exchanger as adsorbers.</a> Appl Therm Eng. 18, 14-19 (1998).</li><li>Abu-Hamdeh, N. H., Alnefaie, K. A., Almitani, K. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Design+and+performance+characteristics+of+solar+adsorption+refrigeration+system+using+parabolic+trough+collector:+experimental+and+statistical+optimization+technique.">Design and performance characteristics of solar adsorption refrigeration system using parabolic trough collector: experimental and statistical optimization technique.</a> Energ Convers Manage. 74, 162-170 (2013).</li><li>El Fadar, A., Mimet, A., P&#233;rez-Garc&#237;a, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Study+of+an+adsorption+refrigeration+system+powered+by+parabolic+trough+collector+and+coupled+with+a+heat+pipe.">Study of an adsorption refrigeration system powered by parabolic trough collector and coupled with a heat pipe.</a> Renew Energy. 34, 2271-2279 (2009).</li><li>Restuccia, G., Freni, A., Russo, F., Vasta, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Experimental+investigation+of+a+solid+adsorption+chiller+based+on+a+heat+exchanger+coated+with+hydrophobic+zeolite.">Experimental investigation of a solid adsorption chiller based on a heat exchanger coated with hydrophobic zeolite.</a> Appl Therm Eng. 25, 1419-1428 (2005).</li><li>Al Mers, A., Azzabakh, A., Mimet, A., El Kalkha, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Optimal+design+study+of+cylindrical+finned+reactor+for+solar+adsorption+cooling+machine+working+with+activated-ammonia+pair.">Optimal design study of cylindrical finned reactor for solar adsorption cooling machine working with activated-ammonia pair.</a> Appl Therm Eng. 26 (16), 1866-1875 (2006).</li><li>Louajari, M., Mimet, A., Ouammi, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Study+of+the+effect+of+finned+tube+adsorber+on+the+performance+of+solar+driven+adsorption+cooling+machine+using+activated+carbon-ammonia+pair.">Study of the effect of finned tube adsorber on the performance of solar driven adsorption cooling machine using activated carbon-ammonia pair.</a> Appl Energ. 88, 690-698 (2011).</li><li>Mattox, D. M., Kominiak, G. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Deposition+of+semiconductor+films+with+high+solar+absorptivity.">Deposition of semiconductor films with high solar absorptivity.</a> J Vac Sci Technol. 12, 182-185 (1975).</li><li>Du, S. W., Li, X. H., Yuan, Z. X., Du, C. X., Wang, W. C., Liu, Z. 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Q. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+experimental+study+of+thermal+conductivity+enhancement+on+solid+adsorption+refrigeration.">An experimental study of thermal conductivity enhancement on solid adsorption refrigeration.</a> Mater Rev. 15 (12), 61-63 (2001).</li><li>Gordeeva, L. G., Freni, A., Restuccia, G., Aristov, Y. I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Adsorptive+air+conditioning+systems+driven+by+low+temperature+energy+sources:+choice+of+the+working+pairs.">Adsorptive air conditioning systems driven by low temperature energy sources: choice of the working pairs.</a> J Chem Eng Jpn. 40 (13), 1287-1291 (2007).</li><li>Kakiuchi, H., Shimooka, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Water+vapor+adsorbent+FAM-Z02+and+its+applicability+to+adsorption+heat+pump.">Water vapor adsorbent FAM-Z02 and its applicability to adsorption heat pump.</a> Kagaku Kogaku Ronbun, Jpn. 31 (4), 273-277 (2005).</li><li>Li, X. H., Hou, X. H., Zhang, X., Yuan, Z. X. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+review+on+development+of+adsorption+cooling-Novel+beds+and+advanced+cycles.">A review on development of adsorption cooling-Novel beds and advanced cycles.</a> Energ Convers Manage. 94, 221-232 (2015).</li></ol>

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كنظام دينامي حراري، يعتمد أداء جهاز التبريد الشمسي الامتزاز على التصميم الأمثل والتشغيل السليم للنظام. الإمداد بالحرارة وطريقة التبريد من السرير تعتبر هامة لضمان أن النظام يعمل بشكل جيد. تبريد المياه المفضل لهواء التبريد بسبب قوة عالية لنقل الحرارة الحمل الحراري للمياه. وقررت الموصلية ?...

مع مشكلة استنفاد الأوزون البخار التقليدية التبريد المضغوط تنمو أكثر خطورة، الاستعاضة عن التبريد التقليدية مع التكنولوجيا الخضراء قد أصبح موضوعا ساخنا في السنوات الأخيرة. من بين تلك التكنولوجيات الخضراء، اجتذب التبريد الشمسي الامتزاز قدرا كبيرا من اهتمام الباحثين. مدفوعا بدرجة منخفضة من الطاقة الحرارية، نظام التبريد الامتزاز بمزايا صديقة بيئياً والصغيرة، ومرنة. هذا النظام الامتزاز يمكن أيضا أن تكون مدفوعة بالطاقة غير الشمسية، على سبيل المثال بالحرارة المتبددة خرجوا من المعدات الحرارية أو بواسطة محرك غازات العادم من المركبات، كما ذكر هو جين تاو وآخرون. 1
في امتزاز نظام التبريد، السرير الامتزاز هو العنصر الأساسي. عملها يؤثر تأثيراً مباشرا على أداء النظام برمته. ولذلك، تصميم سرير الامتزاز هو أهم قضية كما أشار ستوكي. 2 عقد من الزمان، سرير مسطح كان تستخدم في الغالب في الامتزاز نظام التبريد. 3 , 4 , 5 دون أي جهاز تركيز الطاقة الشمسية، كانت درجة الحرارة سرير مسطح عادة ما تكون منخفضة ومن ثم مؤتمر الأطراف النظام غير مرضية. وفي المقابل، تحسنت السرير الامتزاز أنبوبي مؤتمر الأطراف. وذكر أن مؤتمر الأطراف يمكن أن تصل إلى 0.21 في منطقة الصحراء "الحاج عمار" et al. 6 وعلاوة على ذلك، وانغ et al. وضع 7 من دوامة لوحة أدسوربير التي كانت تتميز بخاصية التجدد المستمر الحرارة. تصميم رواية السرير الامتزاز في تقصير وقت دورة للنظام. أبو حمدة et al. 8 أفادت دراستهم في نظام التبريد الامتزاز الشمسية مع جامع مكافئ الحوض الصغير. وأظهرت نتائج الاختبار على مؤتمر الأطراف النظام يختلف من 0.18 إلى 0.20. ش فادار et al. 9 درس نظام تبريد امتزاز الذي كان مقترنا بأنبوب حرارة ومدعوم من جامع مكافئ الحوض الصغير، الذي أظهر مؤتمر أمثل من 0.18.
لتعزيز نقل الحرارة من السرير أنبوبي، اعتبرت بعض المازة أنبوب الزعانف، وتمت دراسة أثر تعزيز. وقدم سرير مبتكرة التي اتخذت شكل مبادل شل وأنبوب ريستوكسيا et al. 10-أنبوب الزعانف الداخلية كانت مغلفة بطبقة زيوليت حيث أنه يمكن الحد من مقاومة الاتصال نقل الحرارة/الجماهيري بين السطح المعدني ومواد الإدمصاص. النظام إنتاج ناتج من 30-60 واط/كغم من طاقة تبريد محددة في وقت ركوب س. 15-20 شركة الميرة et al. 11أظهر أن أدسوربير المعزز مع زعانف 5-6 يمكن أن تقلل فقدان الحرارة أدسوربير إلى أجواء ومما يحسن مؤتمر الأطراف بنسبة 45 في المائة. كان أيضا دراسة تأثير أدسوربير الأنبوبة الزعانف على أداء النظام مدفوعة بالطاقة الشمسية لواجاري et al. 12-استخدام الكربون المنشط-الأمونيا كالزوج العامل، أنها أظهرت أن النقل الجماعي ركوب الدراجات في أدسوربير مع زعانف أكبر من واحد دون الزعانف.
في الدراسة الحالية، ودرسنا تجريبيا نظام تبريد تحسين امتزاز الطاقة شمسية، الذي طبق جامع مكافئ حوض تتبع الطاقة شمسية وتم نشر نفق تبريد داخلية. زيوليت سابو-34/زسم-5 وبخار الماء كالزوج العامل، أظهر النظام خصائص مثيرة للاهتمام من حيث الديناميكا الحرارية والتبريد. المنهجية التجريبية، وكذلك نتائج اختبار نموذجي ستعرض وتناقش في هذا التقرير.

<table><tbody><tr><td>evaporator</td><td>home-made</td><td></td><td>finned heat exchange</td></tr><tr><td>condenser</td><td>home-made</td><td></td><td>finned heat exchange</td></tr><tr><td>evaporator water tank</td><td>home-made</td><td></td><td>volume:9L</td></tr><tr><td>condenser water tank</td><td>home-made</td><td></td><td>volume:9L</td></tr><tr><td>vacuum pump</td><td>Beijing Jing Rui Ze Xiang Instrument Co. Ltd.</td><td></td><td>rotation speed:1400 motor pover:370W</td></tr><tr><td>condenser pressure sensor</td><td>Beijing Li Nuo Tian Sheng Instrument Co. Ltd.</td><td>16P2623</td><td>maximum:2200Pa</td></tr><tr><td>bed pressure sensor</td><td>Beijing Li Nuo Tian Sheng Instrument Co. Ltd.</td><td></td><td>maximum:2200Pa</td></tr><tr><td>adsorption bed</td><td>home-made</td><td></td><td>cylundrical glass tube</td></tr><tr><td>parabolic trough</td><td>home-made</td><td></td><td>high reflective aluminum sheet</td></tr><tr><td>water pump</td><td>home-made</td><td></td><td>motor pover:250W, water head:8m</td></tr><tr><td>water tank</td><td>home-made</td><td></td><td>volume:500L</td></tr><tr><td>DRT-2-2 direct solar actinometer</td><td>Beijing Tian Yu De Technology Co. Ltd.</td><td>03140132</td><td>sensitivity:13.257&amp;mu;V/W&amp;bull;m&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>TBQ-2 solar pyranometer</td><td>Jinzhou Sunshine Technology Development Co., Ltd., China</td><td>209079</td><td>sensitivity:12.733&amp;mu;V/W&amp;bull;m&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>SAPO-34 zeolite</td><td>Langfang Peng Cai Co., Ltd., China</td><td></td><td>20mm in length and 2.2mm in diameter</td></tr><tr><td>ZSM-5 zeolite</td><td>Langfang Peng Cai Co., Ltd., China</td><td></td><td>5.7mm in diameter</td></tr></tbody></table>

experimental system of solar adsorption refrigeration with concentrated collector

لتحسين أداء التبريد الشمسي الامتزاز، أنشئت نظام تجريبي مع جامع تركيز الطاقة شمسية والتحقيق فيها. وكانت المكونات الرئيسية للنظام السرير الممتصة ومكثف، المبخر، النظام الفرعي التبريد وفي مجمع الطاقة الشمسية. في الخطوة الأولى من هذه التجربة، كانت ساخنة السرير بخار مشبع بالإشعاعات الشمسية تحت ظروف المغلقة، والتي تسببت في السرير درجة الحرارة والضغط لزيادة. عند الضغط سرير أصبحت مرتفعة بما يكفي، كان تحولت السرير للاتصال المكثف، هكذا بخار الماء تتدفق باستمرار من السرير المكثف أن المسال. بعد ذلك، يلزم السرير يبرد بعد الامتزاز. في حالة الطاقة الشمسية محمية، تحقق من رقائق الألومنيوم، افتتح الحلقة المياه المتداولة إلى السرير. مع المياه المتداولة باستمرار في السرير، كان أخرج الحرارة المخزنة في السرير وانخفض الضغط سرير تبعاً لذلك. عندما انخفض الضغط سرير تحت ضغط الإشباع في درجة حرارة التبخر، وفتح الصمام إلى المبخر. كتلة بخار الماء اندفع السرير وكان تمتز بمادة الزيوليت. مع التبخر الهائل للمياه في المبخر، تم إنشاء تأثير التبريد وأخيراً. وكشفت النتيجة التجريبية أنه أكبر من زيوليت زسم-5، بغض النظر عن ما إذا كان وقت الامتزاز أطول مؤتمر الأطراف (معامل الأداء للنظام) واللجنة الدائمة (قوة النظام التبريد محددة) من زيوليت سابو-34 أو أقصر. إنشاء نظام زيوليت سابو-34 شرطي الحد أقصى من 0.169.

نقل كتلة مميزة من السرير عن طريق عملية الامتزاز سرير الامتزاز هو دائماً العنصر الأكثر أهمية في نظام تبريد امتزاز، والحرارة وخصائص النقل الجماعي هي العوامل الرئيسية التي تؤثر على أداء النظام برمته. عن طريق تحليل تغير درجة الحرارة المسجلة في المقاطع العرضية كم?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Experimental System of Solar Adsorption Refrigeration with Concentrated Collector at JoVE.com

Experimental System of Solar Adsorption Refrigeration with Concentrated Collector

مع الطاقة الشمسية كقوة دافعة، تم وضع نظام تبريد امتزاز رواية والتحقيق تجريبيا. وشكلت بخار الماء وزيوليت زوج العامل نظام الامتزاز. ويصف هذه المخطوطة الإعداد من تلاعب التجريبية، والإجراءات العملية، ونتائج هامة.

نظام تجريبي للتبريد الشمسي الامتزاز بجامع مركزة

To improve the performance of solar adsorption refrigeration, an experimental system with a solar concentration collector was set up and investigated. The ...

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The Second Law of Thermodynamics

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14.4K Views.  Beijing University of Technology. مع الطاقة الشمسية كقوة دافعة، تم وضع نظام تبريد امتزاز رواية والتحقيق تجريبيا. وشكلت بخار الماء وزيوليت زوج العامل نظام الامتزاز. ويصف هذه المخطوطة الإعداد من تلاعب التجريبية، والإجراءات العملية، ونتائج هامة.

Video: Experimental System of Solar Adsorption Refrigeration with Concentrated Collector

Making Record-efficiency SnS Solar Cells by Thermal Evaporation and Atomic Layer Deposition

Tin sulfide (SnS) is a candidate absorber material for Earth-abundant, non-toxic solar cells. SnS offers easy phase control and rapid growth by congruent thermal evaporation, and it absorbs visible light strongly. However, for a long time the record power conversion efficiency of SnS solar cells remained below 2%. Recently we demonstrated new certified record efficiencies of 4.36% using SnS deposited by atomic layer deposition, and 3.88% using thermal evaporation. Here the fabrication procedure for these record solar cells is described, and the statistical distribution of the fabrication process is reported. The standard deviation of efficiency measured on a single substrate is typically over 0.5%. All steps including substrate selection and cleaning, Mo sputtering for the rear contact (cathode), SnS deposition, annealing, surface passivation, Zn(O,S) buffer layer selection and deposition, transparent conductor (anode) deposition, and metallization are described. On each substrate we fabricate 11 individual devices, each with active area 0.25 cm2. Further, a system for high throughput measurements of current-voltage curves under simulated solar light, and external quantum efficiency measurement with variable light bias is described. With this system we are able to measure full data sets on all 11 devices in an automated manner and in minimal time. These results illustrate the value of studying large sample sets, rather than focusing narrowly on the highest performing devices. Large data sets help us to distinguish and remedy individual loss mechanisms affecting our devices.

Tin sulfide (SnS) is a candidate material for Earth-abundant, non-toxic solar cells. Here, we demonstrate the fabrication procedure of the SnS solar cells employing atomic layer deposition, which yields 4.36% certified power conversion efficiency, and thermal evaporation which yields 3.88%.

جعل السجلات كفاءة SNS خلايا شمسية بواسطة التبخير الحراري وترسب طبقة الذري

Tin sulfide (SnS) is a candidate absorber material for Earth-abundant, non-toxic solar cells. SnS offers easy phase control and rapid growth by congruent ...

Engineering

Fabrication of High Contrast Gratings for the Spectrum Splitting Dispersive Element in a Concentrated Photovoltaic System

High contrast gratings are designed and fabricated and its application is proposed in a parallel spectrum splitting dispersive element that can improve the solar conversion efficiency of a concentrated photovoltaic system. The proposed system will also lower the solar cell cost in the concentrated photovoltaic system by replacing the expensive tandem solar cells with the cost-effective single junction solar cells. The structures and the parameters of high contrast gratings for the dispersive elements were numerically optimized. The large-area fabrication of high contrast gratings was experimentally demonstrated using nanoimprint lithography and dry etching. The quality of grating material and the performance of the fabricated device were both experimentally characterized. By analyzing the measurement results, the possible side effects from the fabrication processes are discussed and several methods that have the potential to improve the fabrication processes are proposed, which can help to increase the optical efficiency of the fabricated devices.

The fabrication of high contrast gratings as the parallel spectrum splitting dispersive element in a concentrated photovoltaic system is demonstrated. Fabrication processes including nanoimprint lithography, TiO2 sputtering and reactive ion etching are described. Reflectance measurement results are used to characterize the optical performance.

تصنيع حواجز شبكية عالية التباين لتقسيم الطيف المتشتتة عنصر في نظام الضوئية المركزة

High contrast gratings are designed and fabricated and its application is proposed in a parallel spectrum splitting dispersive element that can improve ...

Ice Generation and the Heat and Mass Transfer Phenomena of Introducing Water to a Cold Bath of Brine

We demonstrate a method for the study of the heat and mass transfer and of the freezing phenomena in a subcooled brine environment. Our experiment showed that, under the proper conditions, ice can be produced when water is introduced to a bath of cold brine. To make ice form, in addition to having the brine and water mix, the rate of heat transfer must bypass that of mass transfer. When water is introduced in the form of tiny droplets to the brine surface, the mode of heat and mass transfer is by diffusion. The buoyancy stops water from mixing with the brine underneath, but as the ice grows thicker, it slows down the rate of heat transfer, making ice more difficult to grow as a result. When water is introduced inside the brine in the form of a flow, a number of factors are found to influence how much ice can form. Brine temperature and concentration, which are the driving forces of heat and mass transfer, respectively, can affect the water-to-ice conversion ratio; lower bath temperatures and brine concentrations encourage more ice to form. The flow rheology, which can directly affect both the heat and mass transfer coefficients, is also a key factor. In addition, the flow rheology changes the area of contact of the flow with the bulk fluid.

Here, we present a protocol to demonstrate the generation of ice when water is introduced to a cold bath of brine, as a secondary refrigerant, at a range of temperatures well below the freezing point of water. It can be used as an alternative way of producing ice for industry.

الجيل الجليد وانتقال الحرارة والكتلة الظواهر من إدخال المياه إلى حمام الباردة من الماء المالح

We demonstrate a method for the study of the heat and mass transfer and of the freezing phenomena in a subcooled brine environment. Our experiment showed ...

In Situ Monitoring of the Accelerated Performance Degradation of Solar Cells and Modules: A Case Study for Cu(In,Ga)Se2 Solar Cells

The levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) of photovoltaic (PV) systems is determined by, among other factors, the PV module reliability. Better prediction of degradation mechanisms and prevention of module field failure can consequently decrease investment risks as well as increase the electricity yield. An improved knowledge level can for these reasons significantly decrease the total costs of PV electricity. 
In order to better understand and minimize the degradation of PV modules, the occurring degradation mechanisms and conditions should be identified. This should preferably happen under combined stresses, since modules in the field are also simultaneously exposed to multiple stress factors. Therefore, two 'Combined Stress test with in situ measurement' setups have been designed and constructed. These setups allow the simultaneous use of humidity, temperature, illumination, and electrical biases as independently controlled stress factors on solar cells and minimodules. The setups also allow real-time monitoring of the electrical properties of these samples. This protocol presents these setups and describes the experimental possibilities. Moreover, results obtained with these setups are also presented: various examples about the influence of both deposition and degradation conditions on the stability of thin film Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS) as well as Cu2ZnSnSe4 (CZTS) solar cells are described. Results on the temperature dependency of CIGS solar cells are also presented.

In Situ Monitoring of the Accelerated Performance Degradation of Solar Cells and Modules: A Case Study for CuIn,GaSe2 Solar Cells

Two &#39;Combined Stress test with in situ measurement&#39; setups, which allow real-time monitoring of accelerated degradation of solar cells and modules, were designed and constructed. These setups allow the simultaneous use of humidity, temperature, electrical biases, and illumination as independently controlled stress factors. The setups and various experiments executed are presented.

في الموقع رصد تدهور الأداء المتسارع للخلايا الشمسية والوحدات النمطية: دراسة حالة للخلايا الشمسية2 Se Cu (في, Ga)

The levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) of photovoltaic (PV) systems is determined by, among other factors, the PV module reliability. Better prediction ...

Indoor Experimental Assessment of the Efficiency and Irradiance Spot of the Achromatic Doublet on Glass (ADG) Fresnel Lens for Concentrating Photovoltaics

We present a method to characterize achromatic Fresnel lenses for photovoltaic applications. The achromatic doublet on glass (ADG) Fresnel lens is composed of two materials, a plastic and an elastomer, whose dispersion characteristics (refractive index variation with wavelength) are different. We first designed the lens geometry and then used ray-tracing simulation, based on the Monte Carlo method, to analyze its performance from the point of view of both optical efficiency and the maximum attainable concentration. Afterwards, ADG Fresnel lens prototypes were manufactured using a simple and reliable method. It consists of a prior injection of plastic parts and a consecutive lamination, together with the elastomer and a glass substrate to fabricate the parquet of ADG Fresnel lenses. The accuracy of the manufactured lens profile is examined using an optical microscope while its optical performance is evaluated using a solar simulator for concentrator photovoltaic systems. The simulator is composed of a xenon flash lamp whose emitted light is reflected by a parabolic mirror. The collimated light has a spectral distribution and an angular aperture similar to the real Sun. We were able to assess the optical performance of the ADG Fresnel lenses by taking photographs of the irradiance spot cast by the lens using a charge-coupled device (CCD) camera and measuring the photocurrent generated by several types of multi junction (MJ) solar cells, which have been previously characterized at a solar simulator for concentrator solar cells. These measurements have demonstrated the achromatic behavior of ADG Fresnel lenses and, as a consequence, the suitability of the modelling and manufacturing methods.

Indoor Experimental Assessment of the Efficiency and Irradiance Spot of the Achromatic Doublet on Glass ADG Fresnel Lens for Concentrating Photovoltaics

The achromatic doublet on glass (ADG) Fresnel lens makes use of two materials with differing dispersion to reduce chromatic aberration and increase attainable concentration. In this paper, a protocol for the complete characterization of the ADG Fresnel lens is presented.

تقييم تجريبي داخلي للكفاءة والإشعاع بقعة ليبنوا متعامي على الزجاج (مساعد المدير العام) فريسنل العدسة لتركيز وحدات الطاقة الشمسية

We present a method to characterize achromatic Fresnel lenses for photovoltaic applications. The achromatic doublet on glass (ADG) Fresnel lens is ...

CO2 Photoreduction to CH4 Performance Under Concentrating Solar Light

We demonstrate a method for the enhancement of CO2 photoreduction. As the driving force of a photocatalytic reaction is from solar light, the basic idea is to use concentration technology to raise the incident solar light intensity. Concentrating a large-area light onto a small area cannot only increase light intensity, but also reduce the catalyst amount, as well as the reactor volume, and increase the surface temperature. The concentration of light can be realized by different devices. In this manuscript, it is realized by a Fresnel lens. The light penetrates the lens and is concentrated on a disc-shaped catalyst. The results show that both the reaction rate and the total yield are efficiently increased. The method can be applied to most CO2 photoreduction catalysts, as well as to similar reactions with a low reaction rate at natural light.

CO2 Photoreduction to CH4 Performance Under Concentrating Solar Light

We present a protocol for improving the performance of CO2 photoreduction to CH4 by heightening the incident light intensity via concentrating solar energy technology.

CO2 Photoreduction إلى CH4 الأداء تحت تركيز الضوء الشمسي

We demonstrate a method for the enhancement of CO2 photoreduction. As the driving force of a photocatalytic reaction is from solar light, the basic idea ...

Experimental Methods for Efficient Solar Hydrogen Production in Microgravity Environment

Long-term space flights and cis-lunar research platforms require a sustainable and light life-support hardware which can be reliably employed outside the Earth's atmosphere. So-called 'solar fuel' devices, currently developed for terrestrial applications in the quest for realizing a sustainable energy economy on Earth, provide promising alternative systems to existing air-revitalization units employed on the International Space Station (ISS) through photoelectrochemical water-splitting and hydrogen production. One obstacle for water (photo-) electrolysis in reduced gravity environments is the absence of buoyancy and the consequential, hindered gas bubble release from the electrode surface. This causes the formation of gas bubble froth layers in proximity to the electrode surface, leading to an increase in ohmic resistance and cell-efficiency loss due to reduced mass transfer of substrates and products to and from the electrode. Recently, we have demonstrated efficient solar hydrogen production in microgravity environment, using an integrated semiconductor-electrocatalyst system with p-type indium phosphide as the light-absorber and a rhodium electrocatalyst. By nanostructuring the electrocatalyst using shadow nanosphere lithography and thereby creating catalytic 'hot spots' on the photoelectrode surface, we could overcome gas bubble coalescence and mass transfer limitations and demonstrated efficient hydrogen production at high current densities in reduced gravitation. Here, the experimental details are described for the preparations of these nanostructured devices and further on, the procedure for their testing in microgravity environment, realized at the Bremen Drop Tower during 9.3 s of free fall.

Efficient solar-hydrogen production has recently been realized on functionalized semiconductor-electrocatalyst systems in a photoelectrochemical half-cell in microgravity environment at the Bremen Drop Tower. Here, we report the experimental procedures for manufacturing the semiconductor-electrocatalyst device, details of the experimental set-up in the drop capsule and the experimental sequence during free fall.

الأساليب التجريبية لإنتاج الهيدروجين الفعال بالطاقة الشمسية في بيئة الجاذبية الصغريه

Long-term space flights and cis-lunar research platforms require a sustainable and light life-support hardware which can be reliably employed outside the ...

Chemistry

Thermocapillary Convection Space Experiment on the SJ-10 Recoverable Satellite

Thermocapillary convection is an important research subject in microgravity fluid physics. The experimental study on surface waves of thermocapillary convection in an annular liquid pool is one of the 19 scientific experimental projects on the SJ-10 recoverable satellite. Presented is a design for a payload for space experimental study on thermocapillary convection that includes the experimental model, measurement system, and control system. The specifics for the construction of an experimental model of an annular liquid pool with variable volume ratios is provided. The fluid temperatures are recorded by six thermocouples with a high sensitivity of 0.05 &#176;C at different points. The temperature distributions on the liquid free surface are captured by means of an infrared thermal camera. The free surface deformation is detected by a displacement sensor with a high accuracy of 1 &#181;m. The experimental process is fully automated. The research is focused on thermocapillary oscillation phenomena on the liquid-free surface and convective pattern transitions through analyses of experimental data and images. This research will be helpful to understand the mechanism of thermocapillary convection and will offer further insights into the nonlinear characteristics, flow instability, and bifurcation transitions of thermocapillary convection.

A protocol for the space payload design, the space experiment on thermocapillary convection, and analyses of experimental data and images are presented in this paper.

تجربة فضائية الحمل الحراري الحراري الحراري على الساتل SJ-10 القابل للاسترداد

Thermocapillary convection is an important research subject in microgravity fluid physics. The experimental study on surface waves of thermocapillary ...

Asymmetric Thermoelectrochemical Cell for Harvesting Low-grade Heat under Isothermal Operation

Low-grade heat is abundantly available in the environment as waste heat. The efficient conversion of low-grade heat into electricity is very difficult. We developed an asymmetric thermoelectrochemical cell (aTEC) for heat-to-electricity conversion under isothermal operation in the charging and discharging processes without exploiting the thermal gradient or the thermal cycle. The aTEC is composed of a graphene oxide (GO) cathode, a polyaniline (PANI) anode, and 1M KCl as the electrolyte. The cell generates a voltage due to the pseudocapacitive reaction of GO when heating from room temperature (RT) to a high temperature (TH, ~40-90 &#176;C), and then current is successively produced by oxidizing PANI when an external electrical load is connected. The aTEC demonstrates a remarkable temperature coefficient of 4.1 mV/K and a high heat-to-electricity conversion efficiency of 3.32%, working at a TH = 70 &#176;C with a Carnot efficiency of 25.3%, unveiling a new promising thermoelectrochemical technology for low-grade heat recovery.

Low-grade heat is abundant, but its efficient recovery is still a great challenge. We report an asymmetric thermoelectrochemical cell using graphene oxide as a cathode and polyaniline as an anode with KCl as the electrolyte. This cell works under isothermal heating, exhibiting a high heat-to-electricity conversion efficiency in low-temperature regions.

خلية كيميائية حرارية غير متناظرة لحصاد الحرارة منخفضة الدرجة تحت عملية Isothermal

Low-grade heat is abundantly available in the environment as waste heat. The efficient conversion of low-grade heat into electricity is very difficult. We ...

Introduction to Refrigeration

Source: Alexander S Rattner and Christopher J Greer; Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
This experiment demonstrates the principles of vapor compression refrigeration. The vapor compression cycle is the dominant refrigeration technology, found in most refrigerators, freezers, air-conditioning systems, and heat pumps. In this cycle, cooling (heat acquisition) is achieved with low-pressure evaporation of refrigerant. Thermal energy absorbed in evaporation is rejected to the surroundings through high-pressure refrigerant condensation. Mechanical work is applied in the compressor to raise the working fluid from low to high pressure. 
While refrigeration technology is ubiquitous, the concealing packaging and autonomous operation of most refrigerators makes it difficult to appreciate the operating principles and function of key components. In this experiment, a rudimentary vapor compression refrigerator is constructed. The compressor is manually actuated with a bicycle pump, allowing intuitive appreciation of cycle operation as the experimenter becomes part of the system. Resulting component pressures and temperatures can be interpreted in terms of the thermodynamic T-s and P-h diagrams, which capture the variation of fluid properties from the liquid-to-vapor states (during evaporation and condensation).

Refrigeration; Vapor Dome; Hand-pump Refrigerator

Source: Alexander S Rattner and Christopher J Greer; Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, ...

نظام تجريبي للتبريد الشمسي الامتزاز بجامع مركزة

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