这项研究工作由中国国家重点基础研究项目 (No. 2015CB251303) 和中国国家自然科学基金 (No. 51276005) 主办。

1. 实验设置 注意: 吸附式制冷系统由吸附床、蒸发器、冷凝器、真空泵和太阳能槽收集器 (图 1 )。研制了一种带抛物槽的自动太阳跟踪装置, 并将其应用于系统中, 提高了太阳能集热器的效率。自动太阳跟踪槽由蜗轮传动装置驱动, 如 图 2 所示。该装置由步进电机、蜗杆、齿轮、移动限位块和手动轮组成。蜗轮传动装置的尺寸为 21 x 80 cm 2 。槽收集器将太阳光线集中到吸附床上, 沿着抛物槽的焦点线放置. 
 <img alt="Figure 1" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/55925/55925fig1v2.jpg"/> 图 1: 太阳能实验系统吸附式制冷。系统的 (顶部) 示意图;底部)实验装置的照片。顶部面板介绍了实验系统的组成, 包括蒸发器、冷凝器、真空泵、#160 等; 等 和 #160; 底部面板显示了组装的吸附式制冷系统的照片。在系统中, 蒸发器和冷凝器是翅片管结构的一种紧凑型换热器。吸附床由真空太阳能集热器进行改造, 能有效地捕获太阳能. #160; <a href="//ecsource.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/55925/55925fig1v2large.jpg" target="_blank"> 请单击此处查看更大版本的这个数字. </a> 
 <img alt="Figure 2" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/55925/55925fig2v2.jpg"/> 图 2: 蜗轮齿轮箱的结构. 蜗轮箱是将步进电机的旋转转变为抛物槽的太阳跟踪运动的装置。除步进电机外, 蜗轮蜗杆箱还涉及减速机、手动轮、蜗杆轴、#160; 等 和 #160;P ulling 手动/自动开关手柄向左, 齿轮5a 和5b 脱离。因此, 可以通过旋转手轮手动控制槽。拉动手动/自动开关手柄的权利, 齿轮5a 和5b 是一起从事。因此, 它是由步进电机自动控制的. 
<ol> <li> 通过焊接方法将跟踪太阳能收集器连接到蜗轮轴。通过匹配齿轮和蜗杆, 将步进电机的旋转传给太阳能集热器。将管式吸附床与收集器固定在一起, 用一对管子领. 
	注: 由步进电机驱动, 系统每天从东向西旋转, 自动跟踪太阳运动. </li>
	根据不同季节的太阳高度变化, 将槽的倾斜角调整到地面水平。通过局部纬度和 #934 确定槽的倾斜角度和 #946; 太阳偏角和 #948; 以及公式和 #946; = 和 #934; #160; #948;手动旋转位于角度调整拉杆底部的小轮, 以调节槽的倾斜角度 (No. 13、 图 1 部分). 
	注意: 通过这种方式, 太阳辐射是尽可能正常的槽。实验系统位于北京工业大学校园, 纬度39.89 和 #176; 东经116.38 和 #176; E。吸附床采取圆柱形。它从电子管的真空太阳能接收器 ( 图 3 ) 进行了改造. </li>
</ol> <img alt="Figure 3" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/55925/55925fig3v2.jpg"/> 图 3 : 吸附床的结构和温度的部署探讨.床结构的 (顶部) 示意图;底部)床内温度探头和传质通道。顶部面板显示了床的基本结构。将吸附剂材料放在吸热管与铜冷却通道之间的环形腔内。太阳射线穿透玻璃管, 落在太阳能吸收管的表面上。然后, 通过导热, 将太阳能转移到床内的吸附剂材料。底部面板显示温度探头的位置。这些探头用于监测在吸附/解吸过程中的床层温度变化. #160; <a href="//ecsource.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/55925/55925fig3v2large.jpg" target="_blank"> 请单击此处查看更大版本这个数字. </a> 
<ol start="3"> <li> 为了促进太阳能的捕获, 用真空镀膜法将一层黑色铬镀层覆盖在床的太阳能吸收管上 (用 d = 64.5 毫米的不锈钢制成)。有关此技术的更多信息, 请参阅以前发表的关于选择性涂层的文献 13 。确保镀膜层的太阳吸收率为 0.95, 红外辐射度为 0.15, 涂层厚度为 0.08 mm. 
	注: 该涂层层有助于有效地捕捉太阳辐射, 但其本身的排放非常轻微。因此, 太阳能能很容易地进入吸附床, 并能有效地转化为吸附剂的热焓. </li>
	<li> 沿吸附床的轴线插入一个铜管 (d = 20 mm)。将铜管固定在带法兰的床上 (请参见 图 3 , 顶部面板)。在吸附过程中, 铜管作为床的冷却通道发挥作用. </li>
	<li> 填充床管和铜冷却通道形成的床内的环形腔中的吸附剂材料。用 SAPO-34 沸石作为吸附剂材料, 以水为制冷剂。把3.171 公斤的 SAPO-34 沸石放到床上。颗粒状 SAPO-34 沸石直径为5.7 毫米. </li>
	<li> 在床的三横截面上部署九温度探头, 以便在吸附/解吸过程中监视床的温度变化 ( 图 3 , 底部面板)。固定在铜冷却通道上的每个小型支架上安装探头. </li>
	<li> 将探头1和2放在 a a a 区, 靠近吸附床的入口。将探头8和9靠近床的死角。修复中间 b-b 部分的其他探测器 (请参见 图 3 ). </li>
	<li> 将 d = 10 mm 轴向质量传输通道插入到床上。确保质量通道具有网状管的形式, 并且与吸附床的长度相同 (d 床 = 64.5 mm)。将通道从进口处向下延伸, 使其与吸附剂材料的挤出力处于正确位置。网状管帮助水蒸气迅速进入床的深层区域. </li>
</ol> 2。实验方法 注意: 吸附制冷是基于固体吸附剂材料在低温下吸附制冷剂蒸气的原理, 同时在较高的温度下 desorbs 蒸气。以热为动力, 达到制冷的目的。吸附系统的制冷循环主要涉及四步骤, 即 , 太阳能升温过程中, 脱附过程、床层冷却过程和吸附过程。在吸附过程完成后, 解吸过程再次开始。实验的所有步骤都同样重要, 因为它们相互关联, 相互影响. 
<ol> <li> 通过以下步骤调节实验设置, 以启动太阳的加热和对床的解吸. 
	<ol> <li> 手动翻转抛物槽, 直到它在实验前正向东, 以便在中午时阳光照射抛物槽收集器. </li>
		<li> 关闭所有连接到吸附床的阀门, 并确保床的压力和管道低于 800 Pa. 使其可以进行太阳能加热. </li>
		<li> 当太阳光与地平线平行时, 在系统的控制平台上切换。使槽自动旋转以跟踪太阳运动. </li>
		<li> 允许在封闭条件下通过太阳辐射加热吸附饱和床。因此, 床的温度和床的压力将逐渐增加. </li>
		<li> 用压力表 (数字6在 图 1 ) 监视床压力, 直到它高于与环境的冷凝温度对应的压力值。根据热力学, 水的冷凝压力在30和 #176; C 是 4246 Pa. </li>
	</ol> </li> <li> 启动解吸过程. 
	#8203; 注意: 在解吸过程中, 水蒸气的凝结发生。冷凝温度由当地天气情况决定在测试天。
	<ol> <li> 打开连接床和冷凝器的阀门。让水蒸气通过连接管流入冷凝器。当水蒸气进入冷凝器时, 冷凝器的温度会逐渐上升. </li>
		<li> 同时, 保持太阳对吸附床的加热, 使床压保持在足够高的高度, 使其解吸。不要停止太阳能加热, 直到过程完成. </li>
		当床的压力等于冷凝器的压力时, <li> 结束解吸过程。当解吸过程结束时, 关闭阀门. </li>
	</ol> </li> <li> 在吸附过程前将床冷却下来, 因为床在高温解吸后仍处于高温状态。吸附剂材料只能在低温下吸附. 
	<ol> <li> 启动吸附过程, 用铝箔板屏蔽吸附床, 使床与太阳辐射切断. </li>
		<li> 关闭连接蒸发器和冷凝器的所有阀门. </li>
		<li> 打开床的循环水环, 冷却吸附剂材料。随着水在床上的不断循环, 内部焓被取出, 床层压力相应降低. </li>
		<li> 结束冷却过程时, 床压力下降低于饱和蒸气压在蒸发器和 #39; s 温度. 
		注意: 在床的冷却后, 准备好吸附制冷过程。现在, 床的温度是周围的空气温度, 和床的压力已达到最低水平. </li>
		<li> 在吸附过程中保持循环水环处于工作状态。吸附是一个放热过程, 产生的热量需要尽快排出室外. </li>
		<li> 打开床和蒸发器之间的阀门。让水蒸气从蒸发器冲进床里. 
		注: 蒸发器蒸气的减少使蒸发的水分增加, 导致蒸发器温度的急剧下降。因此, 蒸发器吸收蒸发器所在水箱的热量, 并获得制冷效果. </li>
		<li> 保持吸附过程持续进行, 并记录床温和床压的变化. 
		注: 在吸附过程中, 蒸发器内的蒸气压降低, 但床层温度迅速升高. </li>
		当床压力等于蒸发器压力时, <li> 结束吸附过程。之后, 解吸过程将再次执行. </li>
	</ol> </li> </ol> 3。数据缩减方法 <ol> <li> 根据制冷容量和 heat-to-cold 转换的效率来评估制冷系统的性能. 
	#8203; 注意: 对于当前系统, 制冷量是由蒸发水的质量量和蒸发器本身的温度变化来计算的。
	<ol> <li> 要确定系统的总制冷容量 (Q ref ), 请计算出罐内冷冻水、金属蒸发器的焓减量和在吸附后的蒸发器中的残余水的总和, 如下所示: <img alt="Equation 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/55925/55925eq1.jpg"/> 在 Eq 中的 c p (1) 是恒定压力下的比热, m 表示质量。考虑到水箱与周围环境之间的传热, c 是蒸发器制冷容量的一个修正因子, 根据传热原理假定为 c = 1.15。下标 w 和 e 分别代表水和蒸发器。在等式 m w, tan 和 m w, ev 是水箱中的冷水质量和蒸发器中的剩余水的质量, 对应于温度降和 #916; t w 和 #916; t e, 分别. 
		注: 对床的太阳能输入需要评估 heat-to-cold 转换的效率. </li>
		<li> 确定太阳能输入 Q s as: 
		<img alt="Equation 2" src="/files/ftp_upload/55925/55925eq2.jpg"/> 其中, i s、i (t) 是 actinometer 在解吸过程中记录的瞬态太阳强度。数据获取到 s, i (t) 的时间间隔和 #916 的 t 是十年代。抛物槽的孔径面积为 p , 槽面和 #961 的反射效率; 管玻璃和 #964 的透光率; 以及涂层表面和 #945 的太阳吸收系数; Eq (1) , 都列在 表 1 中。
		<li> 基于 q ref 和 q 在上面获得的 , 确定制冷系统的 COP 为 14 : 
		<img alt="Equation 3" src="/files/ftp_upload/55925/55925eq3.jpg"/> 和 #946; 1 和 #946; 2 是对太阳能输入 Q 的修正因子. 和 #946; 1 是 non-parabolic 程度的修正因子槽, 由于制造工艺的局限性, 考虑了槽体的变形, 并假定和 #946; 1 = 0.85。和 #946; 2 是床的实际获得热量的修正因子。由于金属床管的尺寸比外玻璃管小, 实际得到的热量小于玻璃管上反射的热量。和 #946; 2 是由金属床径的比率 d 2 到玻璃管直径 d 1 决定的。使用 d 1 = 100 mm 和 d 2 = 64.5 mm, 计算该值和 #946; 2 = 0.645. </li>
		<li> 根据实验的参数确定床的特定冷却功率为 14 : g alt = "方程式 4" src = "/文件/ftp_upload/55925/55925eq4. jpg"/>> 其中 m a 是吸附剂材料的质量和 t 广告 是吸附过程的时间长短. </li>
	</ol> </li> </ol> <img alt="Table 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/55925/55925table1v2.jpg"/> 表 1: eq (1) 和 eq (2) 的参数值. 所涉及的和 #160 的参数; eq (1) 和 #160; 和 #160; eq (2) 和 #160; 在此表中列出。参数包括 c p 、 p、#160; 和 #945; 等.

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I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Adsorptive+air+conditioning+systems+driven+by+low+temperature+energy+sources:+choice+of+the+working+pairs.">Adsorptive air conditioning systems driven by low temperature energy sources: choice of the working pairs.</a> J Chem Eng Jpn. 40 (13), 1287-1291 (2007).</li><li>Kakiuchi, H., Shimooka, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Water+vapor+adsorbent+FAM-Z02+and+its+applicability+to+adsorption+heat+pump.">Water vapor adsorbent FAM-Z02 and its applicability to adsorption heat pump.</a> Kagaku Kogaku Ronbun, Jpn. 31 (4), 273-277 (2005).</li><li>Li, X. H., Hou, X. H., Zhang, X., Yuan, Z. X. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+review+on+development+of+adsorption+cooling-Novel+beds+and+advanced+cycles.">A review on development of adsorption cooling-Novel beds and advanced cycles.</a> Energ Convers Manage. 94, 221-232 (2015).</li></ol>

作者没有什么可透露的。

作为一种热力系统, 太阳能吸附式制冷装置的性能取决于系统的优化设计和合理运行。床的热供应和冷却方式都是保证系统工作正常运行的重要因素。水冷是由于水的对流换热强度高, 所以更倾向于空气冷却。吸附剂材料的导电性差通常决定了床的传热速率有限。为了改善床的传热, 许多测量都被认为是内部插入的翅片的增强结构。19硅胶是另一种受欢迎的吸附剂材料。如果在太?...

随着传统蒸气压缩制冷技术的日益严重, 取代传统的制冷和绿色科技已成为近年来的热门话题。在这些绿色技术中, 太阳能吸附制冷已经引起了研究者的广泛关注。在低品位热能驱动下, 吸附式制冷系统具有环保、小巧、灵活等优点。这种吸附系统也可以用灯的能量来驱动, 例如由热设备排出的废热或来自车辆的发动机废气, 如胡et al所述。1
在吸附冷却系统中, 吸附床是关键部件。它的工作直接影响整个系统的性能。因此, 吸附床的设计是 Sutuki 所指出的最重要的问题。2 10 年前, 该平床主要用于吸附式冷却系统。3,4,5没有任何聚光装置, 平坦的床层温度通常较低, 因此系统的 COP 不理想。相比之下, 管状吸附床改善了 COP。据报, 该缔约方会议可由阿马尔et al.在撒哈拉以南地区达到0.216此外, 王et al.7开发了一种由连续热再生特性所区别的螺旋板吸附。新型吸附床的设计缩短了系统的循环时间。阿布-Hamdeh et al.8报告了其对带抛物线槽集热器的太阳能吸附式制冷系统的研究。他们的测试结果显示, 该系统的 COP 从0.18 到0.20 不等。El Fadar et al.9研究了一个与热管耦合的吸附式制冷系统, 并利用抛物线槽集热器对其进行了分析, 结果显示了最佳 COP 0.18。
为提高管状床的传热性, 考虑了翅片管吸附, 并对其强化效果进行了研究。Restuccia et al.提出了一种采用壳管式换热器形式的创新型床。10. 内翅片管涂有沸石层, 使金属表面与吸附剂材料之间的热/质量接触传递阻力降低。在15-20 秒的循环时间内, 系统产生了30-60 瓦特/千克的特定冷却功率的输出. et al.11表明, 增强的吸附与5-6 鳍可以显著减少吸附的热损失的气氛, 从而改善 COP 45%。Louajari et al.研究了翅片管吸附对太阳驱动系统性能的影响。12. 以活性炭-氨水为工作副, 证明了翅片吸附的循环传质比无翅片大。
在本研究中, 我们研究了一种改进的太阳能吸附式制冷系统, 采用了太阳能跟踪抛物槽收集器, 并部署了内部冷却隧道。该系统以 SAPO-34/ZSM-5 沸石和水蒸气为工作副, 在热力学和制冷方面表现出了有趣的特点。实验方法以及典型的测试结果将在本报告中介绍和讨论。

<table><tbody><tr><td>evaporator</td><td>home-made</td><td></td><td>finned heat exchange</td></tr><tr><td>condenser</td><td>home-made</td><td></td><td>finned heat exchange</td></tr><tr><td>evaporator water tank</td><td>home-made</td><td></td><td>volume:9L</td></tr><tr><td>condenser water tank</td><td>home-made</td><td></td><td>volume:9L</td></tr><tr><td>vacuum pump</td><td>Beijing Jing Rui Ze Xiang Instrument Co. Ltd.</td><td></td><td>rotation speed:1400 motor pover:370W</td></tr><tr><td>condenser pressure sensor</td><td>Beijing Li Nuo Tian Sheng Instrument Co. Ltd.</td><td>16P2623</td><td>maximum:2200Pa</td></tr><tr><td>bed pressure sensor</td><td>Beijing Li Nuo Tian Sheng Instrument Co. Ltd.</td><td></td><td>maximum:2200Pa</td></tr><tr><td>adsorption bed</td><td>home-made</td><td></td><td>cylundrical glass tube</td></tr><tr><td>parabolic trough</td><td>home-made</td><td></td><td>high reflective aluminum sheet</td></tr><tr><td>water pump</td><td>home-made</td><td></td><td>motor pover:250W, water head:8m</td></tr><tr><td>water tank</td><td>home-made</td><td></td><td>volume:500L</td></tr><tr><td>DRT-2-2 direct solar actinometer</td><td>Beijing Tian Yu De Technology Co. Ltd.</td><td>03140132</td><td>sensitivity:13.257&amp;mu;V/W&amp;bull;m&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>TBQ-2 solar pyranometer</td><td>Jinzhou Sunshine Technology Development Co., Ltd., China</td><td>209079</td><td>sensitivity:12.733&amp;mu;V/W&amp;bull;m&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>SAPO-34 zeolite</td><td>Langfang Peng Cai Co., Ltd., China</td><td></td><td>20mm in length and 2.2mm in diameter</td></tr><tr><td>ZSM-5 zeolite</td><td>Langfang Peng Cai Co., Ltd., China</td><td></td><td>5.7mm in diameter</td></tr></tbody></table>

experimental system of solar adsorption refrigeration with concentrated collector

为提高太阳能吸附式制冷的性能, 建立了太阳能浓缩集热器实验系统, 并进行了研究。系统的主要组成部分是吸附床、冷凝器、蒸发器、冷却子系统和太阳能集热器。在实验的第一步, 在封闭条件下, 太阳辐射加热了蒸汽饱和床, 导致床温升高, 压力增大。当床的压力变得足够高, 床被交换连接到冷凝器, 因此水蒸汽从床持续流动到冷凝器被液化。接下来, 床需要降温后解吸。在太阳保护条件下, 通过铝箔实现了循环水循环。随着床内水的不断循环, 床内的储热被取出, 床层压力相应降低。当床压在蒸发温度下下降到饱和压力下时, 就打开了蒸发器的阀门。大量水蒸气冲进床中, 被沸石物质吸附。随着蒸发器中水的大量汽化, 最终产生了制冷效应。实验结果表明, 无论吸附时间是否长, SAPO-34 沸石的 COP (系统性能系数) 和系统的 SCP (具体冷却功率) 均大于 ZSM-5 沸石;或更短。该系统的 SAPO-34 沸石产生了最大的 COP 0.169。

吸附过程中床层传质特性的研究 吸附床在吸附制冷系统中始终是最重要的组成部分, 其传热传质特性是影响整个系统性能的主要因素。通过分析图 3(底部面板) 中所示剖面的记录温度变化, 可以了解床的传热和传质特性。图 4显示了吸附过程中床层温度的动态变化。该图表明, SAPO-34 沸石的传质性能良好, 对不同截?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Experimental System of Solar Adsorption Refrigeration with Concentrated Collector at JoVE.com

Experimental System of Solar Adsorption Refrigeration with Concentrated Collector

以太阳能为动力, 研制了一种新型的吸附式制冷系统, 并进行了实验研究。水蒸气和沸石组成了吸附系统的工作副。本论文介绍了实验台的设置、操作程序和重要结果。

聚光集热器太阳能吸附制冷实验系统

To improve the performance of solar adsorption refrigeration, an experimental system with a solar concentration collector was set up and investigated. The ...

experimental-system-solar-adsorption-refrigeration-with-concentrated

Research

Education

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JoVE Journal

Physics

Environment

Unit 1

The Second Law of Thermodynamics

SCIENTISTS IN ACTION

14.4K 次观看.  Beijing University of Technology. 以太阳能为动力, 研制了一种新型的吸附式制冷系统, 并进行了实验研究。水蒸气和沸石组成了吸附系统的工作副。本论文介绍了实验台的设置、操作程序和重要结果。

视频: Experimental System of Solar Adsorption Refrigeration with Concentrated Collector

Making Record-efficiency SnS Solar Cells by Thermal Evaporation and Atomic Layer Deposition

Tin sulfide (SnS) is a candidate absorber material for Earth-abundant, non-toxic solar cells. SnS offers easy phase control and rapid growth by congruent thermal evaporation, and it absorbs visible light strongly. However, for a long time the record power conversion efficiency of SnS solar cells remained below 2%. Recently we demonstrated new certified record efficiencies of 4.36% using SnS deposited by atomic layer deposition, and 3.88% using thermal evaporation. Here the fabrication procedure for these record solar cells is described, and the statistical distribution of the fabrication process is reported. The standard deviation of efficiency measured on a single substrate is typically over 0.5%. All steps including substrate selection and cleaning, Mo sputtering for the rear contact (cathode), SnS deposition, annealing, surface passivation, Zn(O,S) buffer layer selection and deposition, transparent conductor (anode) deposition, and metallization are described. On each substrate we fabricate 11 individual devices, each with active area 0.25 cm2. Further, a system for high throughput measurements of current-voltage curves under simulated solar light, and external quantum efficiency measurement with variable light bias is described. With this system we are able to measure full data sets on all 11 devices in an automated manner and in minimal time. These results illustrate the value of studying large sample sets, rather than focusing narrowly on the highest performing devices. Large data sets help us to distinguish and remedy individual loss mechanisms affecting our devices.

Tin sulfide (SnS) is a candidate material for Earth-abundant, non-toxic solar cells. Here, we demonstrate the fabrication procedure of the SnS solar cells employing atomic layer deposition, which yields 4.36% certified power conversion efficiency, and thermal evaporation which yields 3.88%.

通过热蒸发和原子层沉积使记录效率的SnS太阳能电池

Tin sulfide (SnS) is a candidate absorber material for Earth-abundant, non-toxic solar cells. SnS offers easy phase control and rapid growth by congruent ...

科研

工程学

Fabrication of High Contrast Gratings for the Spectrum Splitting Dispersive Element in a Concentrated Photovoltaic System

High contrast gratings are designed and fabricated and its application is proposed in a parallel spectrum splitting dispersive element that can improve the solar conversion efficiency of a concentrated photovoltaic system. The proposed system will also lower the solar cell cost in the concentrated photovoltaic system by replacing the expensive tandem solar cells with the cost-effective single junction solar cells. The structures and the parameters of high contrast gratings for the dispersive elements were numerically optimized. The large-area fabrication of high contrast gratings was experimentally demonstrated using nanoimprint lithography and dry etching. The quality of grating material and the performance of the fabricated device were both experimentally characterized. By analyzing the measurement results, the possible side effects from the fabrication processes are discussed and several methods that have the potential to improve the fabrication processes are proposed, which can help to increase the optical efficiency of the fabricated devices.

The fabrication of high contrast gratings as the parallel spectrum splitting dispersive element in a concentrated photovoltaic system is demonstrated. Fabrication processes including nanoimprint lithography, TiO2 sputtering and reactive ion etching are described. Reflectance measurement results are used to characterize the optical performance.

制造高对比度光栅的频谱分割色散元件的聚光光伏系统

High contrast gratings are designed and fabricated and its application is proposed in a parallel spectrum splitting dispersive element that can improve ...

Ice Generation and the Heat and Mass Transfer Phenomena of Introducing Water to a Cold Bath of Brine

We demonstrate a method for the study of the heat and mass transfer and of the freezing phenomena in a subcooled brine environment. Our experiment showed that, under the proper conditions, ice can be produced when water is introduced to a bath of cold brine. To make ice form, in addition to having the brine and water mix, the rate of heat transfer must bypass that of mass transfer. When water is introduced in the form of tiny droplets to the brine surface, the mode of heat and mass transfer is by diffusion. The buoyancy stops water from mixing with the brine underneath, but as the ice grows thicker, it slows down the rate of heat transfer, making ice more difficult to grow as a result. When water is introduced inside the brine in the form of a flow, a number of factors are found to influence how much ice can form. Brine temperature and concentration, which are the driving forces of heat and mass transfer, respectively, can affect the water-to-ice conversion ratio; lower bath temperatures and brine concentrations encourage more ice to form. The flow rheology, which can directly affect both the heat and mass transfer coefficients, is also a key factor. In addition, the flow rheology changes the area of contact of the flow with the bulk fluid.

Here, we present a protocol to demonstrate the generation of ice when water is introduced to a cold bath of brine, as a secondary refrigerant, at a range of temperatures well below the freezing point of water. It can be used as an alternative way of producing ice for industry.

冰生成和传热传质现象将水引入到盐水冷水浴

We demonstrate a method for the study of the heat and mass transfer and of the freezing phenomena in a subcooled brine environment. Our experiment showed ...

In Situ Monitoring of the Accelerated Performance Degradation of Solar Cells and Modules: A Case Study for Cu(In,Ga)Se2 Solar Cells

The levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) of photovoltaic (PV) systems is determined by, among other factors, the PV module reliability. Better prediction of degradation mechanisms and prevention of module field failure can consequently decrease investment risks as well as increase the electricity yield. An improved knowledge level can for these reasons significantly decrease the total costs of PV electricity. 
In order to better understand and minimize the degradation of PV modules, the occurring degradation mechanisms and conditions should be identified. This should preferably happen under combined stresses, since modules in the field are also simultaneously exposed to multiple stress factors. Therefore, two 'Combined Stress test with in situ measurement' setups have been designed and constructed. These setups allow the simultaneous use of humidity, temperature, illumination, and electrical biases as independently controlled stress factors on solar cells and minimodules. The setups also allow real-time monitoring of the electrical properties of these samples. This protocol presents these setups and describes the experimental possibilities. Moreover, results obtained with these setups are also presented: various examples about the influence of both deposition and degradation conditions on the stability of thin film Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS) as well as Cu2ZnSnSe4 (CZTS) solar cells are described. Results on the temperature dependency of CIGS solar cells are also presented.

In Situ Monitoring of the Accelerated Performance Degradation of Solar Cells and Modules: A Case Study for CuIn,GaSe2 Solar Cells

Two &#39;Combined Stress test with in situ measurement&#39; setups, which allow real-time monitoring of accelerated degradation of solar cells and modules, were designed and constructed. These setups allow the simultaneous use of humidity, temperature, electrical biases, and illumination as independently controlled stress factors. The setups and various experiments executed are presented.

就地太阳能电池和模块加速性能退化的监测: 铜 (in, Ga) Se2太阳能电池的实例研究

The levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) of photovoltaic (PV) systems is determined by, among other factors, the PV module reliability. Better prediction ...

Indoor Experimental Assessment of the Efficiency and Irradiance Spot of the Achromatic Doublet on Glass (ADG) Fresnel Lens for Concentrating Photovoltaics

We present a method to characterize achromatic Fresnel lenses for photovoltaic applications. The achromatic doublet on glass (ADG) Fresnel lens is composed of two materials, a plastic and an elastomer, whose dispersion characteristics (refractive index variation with wavelength) are different. We first designed the lens geometry and then used ray-tracing simulation, based on the Monte Carlo method, to analyze its performance from the point of view of both optical efficiency and the maximum attainable concentration. Afterwards, ADG Fresnel lens prototypes were manufactured using a simple and reliable method. It consists of a prior injection of plastic parts and a consecutive lamination, together with the elastomer and a glass substrate to fabricate the parquet of ADG Fresnel lenses. The accuracy of the manufactured lens profile is examined using an optical microscope while its optical performance is evaluated using a solar simulator for concentrator photovoltaic systems. The simulator is composed of a xenon flash lamp whose emitted light is reflected by a parabolic mirror. The collimated light has a spectral distribution and an angular aperture similar to the real Sun. We were able to assess the optical performance of the ADG Fresnel lenses by taking photographs of the irradiance spot cast by the lens using a charge-coupled device (CCD) camera and measuring the photocurrent generated by several types of multi junction (MJ) solar cells, which have been previously characterized at a solar simulator for concentrator solar cells. These measurements have demonstrated the achromatic behavior of ADG Fresnel lenses and, as a consequence, the suitability of the modelling and manufacturing methods.

Indoor Experimental Assessment of the Efficiency and Irradiance Spot of the Achromatic Doublet on Glass ADG Fresnel Lens for Concentrating Photovoltaics

The achromatic doublet on glass (ADG) Fresnel lens makes use of two materials with differing dispersion to reduce chromatic aberration and increase attainable concentration. In this paper, a protocol for the complete characterization of the ADG Fresnel lens is presented.

玻璃 (ADG) 菲涅耳透镜对聚光光伏的效率和辐照点的室内实验评价

We present a method to characterize achromatic Fresnel lenses for photovoltaic applications. The achromatic doublet on glass (ADG) Fresnel lens is ...

CO2 Photoreduction to CH4 Performance Under Concentrating Solar Light

We demonstrate a method for the enhancement of CO2 photoreduction. As the driving force of a photocatalytic reaction is from solar light, the basic idea is to use concentration technology to raise the incident solar light intensity. Concentrating a large-area light onto a small area cannot only increase light intensity, but also reduce the catalyst amount, as well as the reactor volume, and increase the surface temperature. The concentration of light can be realized by different devices. In this manuscript, it is realized by a Fresnel lens. The light penetrates the lens and is concentrated on a disc-shaped catalyst. The results show that both the reaction rate and the total yield are efficiently increased. The method can be applied to most CO2 photoreduction catalysts, as well as to similar reactions with a low reaction rate at natural light.

CO2 Photoreduction to CH4 Performance Under Concentrating Solar Light

We present a protocol for improving the performance of CO2 photoreduction to CH4 by heightening the incident light intensity via concentrating solar energy technology.

CO2光还原到 CH4在集中太阳光下的性能

We demonstrate a method for the enhancement of CO2 photoreduction. As the driving force of a photocatalytic reaction is from solar light, the basic idea ...

Experimental Methods for Efficient Solar Hydrogen Production in Microgravity Environment

Long-term space flights and cis-lunar research platforms require a sustainable and light life-support hardware which can be reliably employed outside the Earth's atmosphere. So-called 'solar fuel' devices, currently developed for terrestrial applications in the quest for realizing a sustainable energy economy on Earth, provide promising alternative systems to existing air-revitalization units employed on the International Space Station (ISS) through photoelectrochemical water-splitting and hydrogen production. One obstacle for water (photo-) electrolysis in reduced gravity environments is the absence of buoyancy and the consequential, hindered gas bubble release from the electrode surface. This causes the formation of gas bubble froth layers in proximity to the electrode surface, leading to an increase in ohmic resistance and cell-efficiency loss due to reduced mass transfer of substrates and products to and from the electrode. Recently, we have demonstrated efficient solar hydrogen production in microgravity environment, using an integrated semiconductor-electrocatalyst system with p-type indium phosphide as the light-absorber and a rhodium electrocatalyst. By nanostructuring the electrocatalyst using shadow nanosphere lithography and thereby creating catalytic 'hot spots' on the photoelectrode surface, we could overcome gas bubble coalescence and mass transfer limitations and demonstrated efficient hydrogen production at high current densities in reduced gravitation. Here, the experimental details are described for the preparations of these nanostructured devices and further on, the procedure for their testing in microgravity environment, realized at the Bremen Drop Tower during 9.3 s of free fall.

Efficient solar-hydrogen production has recently been realized on functionalized semiconductor-electrocatalyst systems in a photoelectrochemical half-cell in microgravity environment at the Bremen Drop Tower. Here, we report the experimental procedures for manufacturing the semiconductor-electrocatalyst device, details of the experimental set-up in the drop capsule and the experimental sequence during free fall.

微重力环境下高效太阳能氢气生产的实验方法

Long-term space flights and cis-lunar research platforms require a sustainable and light life-support hardware which can be reliably employed outside the ...

化学

Thermocapillary Convection Space Experiment on the SJ-10 Recoverable Satellite

Thermocapillary convection is an important research subject in microgravity fluid physics. The experimental study on surface waves of thermocapillary convection in an annular liquid pool is one of the 19 scientific experimental projects on the SJ-10 recoverable satellite. Presented is a design for a payload for space experimental study on thermocapillary convection that includes the experimental model, measurement system, and control system. The specifics for the construction of an experimental model of an annular liquid pool with variable volume ratios is provided. The fluid temperatures are recorded by six thermocouples with a high sensitivity of 0.05 &#176;C at different points. The temperature distributions on the liquid free surface are captured by means of an infrared thermal camera. The free surface deformation is detected by a displacement sensor with a high accuracy of 1 &#181;m. The experimental process is fully automated. The research is focused on thermocapillary oscillation phenomena on the liquid-free surface and convective pattern transitions through analyses of experimental data and images. This research will be helpful to understand the mechanism of thermocapillary convection and will offer further insights into the nonlinear characteristics, flow instability, and bifurcation transitions of thermocapillary convection.

A protocol for the space payload design, the space experiment on thermocapillary convection, and analyses of experimental data and images are presented in this paper.

SJ-10可回收卫星的热印对流空间实验

Thermocapillary convection is an important research subject in microgravity fluid physics. The experimental study on surface waves of thermocapillary ...

Asymmetric Thermoelectrochemical Cell for Harvesting Low-grade Heat under Isothermal Operation

Low-grade heat is abundantly available in the environment as waste heat. The efficient conversion of low-grade heat into electricity is very difficult. We developed an asymmetric thermoelectrochemical cell (aTEC) for heat-to-electricity conversion under isothermal operation in the charging and discharging processes without exploiting the thermal gradient or the thermal cycle. The aTEC is composed of a graphene oxide (GO) cathode, a polyaniline (PANI) anode, and 1M KCl as the electrolyte. The cell generates a voltage due to the pseudocapacitive reaction of GO when heating from room temperature (RT) to a high temperature (TH, ~40-90 &#176;C), and then current is successively produced by oxidizing PANI when an external electrical load is connected. The aTEC demonstrates a remarkable temperature coefficient of 4.1 mV/K and a high heat-to-electricity conversion efficiency of 3.32%, working at a TH = 70 &#176;C with a Carnot efficiency of 25.3%, unveiling a new promising thermoelectrochemical technology for low-grade heat recovery.

Low-grade heat is abundant, but its efficient recovery is still a great challenge. We report an asymmetric thermoelectrochemical cell using graphene oxide as a cathode and polyaniline as an anode with KCl as the electrolyte. This cell works under isothermal heating, exhibiting a high heat-to-electricity conversion efficiency in low-temperature regions.

用于在等温操作下收集低档热量的不对称热电化学电池

Low-grade heat is abundantly available in the environment as waste heat. The efficient conversion of low-grade heat into electricity is very difficult. We ...

Introduction to Refrigeration

Source: Alexander S Rattner and Christopher J Greer; Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
This experiment demonstrates the principles of vapor compression refrigeration. The vapor compression cycle is the dominant refrigeration technology, found in most refrigerators, freezers, air-conditioning systems, and heat pumps. In this cycle, cooling (heat acquisition) is achieved with low-pressure evaporation of refrigerant. Thermal energy absorbed in evaporation is rejected to the surroundings through high-pressure refrigerant condensation. Mechanical work is applied in the compressor to raise the working fluid from low to high pressure. 
While refrigeration technology is ubiquitous, the concealing packaging and autonomous operation of most refrigerators makes it difficult to appreciate the operating principles and function of key components. In this experiment, a rudimentary vapor compression refrigerator is constructed. The compressor is manually actuated with a bicycle pump, allowing intuitive appreciation of cycle operation as the experimenter becomes part of the system. Resulting component pressures and temperatures can be interpreted in terms of the thermodynamic T-s and P-h diagrams, which capture the variation of fluid properties from the liquid-to-vapor states (during evaporation and condensation).

Refrigeration; Vapor Dome; Hand-pump Refrigerator

制冷概论

Source: Alexander S Rattner and Christopher J Greer; Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, ...

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