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Jiangsu University of Science and Technology

Hatching enzyme (HE) is an enzyme that digests an egg envelop at the time of embryo hatching. Previously, we have reported a kind of Bombyx mori hatching enzyme-like gene (BmHEL). In this paper, the full length of another BmHEL cDNA sequence (BmHELII, GenBank ID: JN627443) was cloned from bluish-silkworm-eggs. The cDNA was 977 bp in length with an open reading frame of 885 bp which encodes a polypeptide of 294 amino acids including a putative signal peptide of 16 amino acid residues and a mature protein of 278 amino acids. The deduced BmHELII had a predicted molecular mass of 33.62 kDa, isoelectric point of 5.44 and two conserved signature sequences of astacin family. Bioinformatic analysis results showed that the deduced protease domain amino acid sequence of BmHELII had 29.5-87.0% identities to that of HE identified in the other species. The BmHELII gene structure was 6-exon-5-intron, and the promoter region harbored some basal promoter elements and some embryo development related transcription factor binding sites. Semi-quantitative RT-PCR analysis revealed that the relative level of BmHELII transcripts at different stages during egg incubation increased with the development of embryos and reached to a maximum just before hatching, hence declined gradually after hatching. The spatio-temporal expression pattern of BmHELII basically resembled that of hatching enzyme gene. Moreover, the BmHELII transcript was detected in testis of the silkworm, and semi-quantitative RT-PCR analysis showed that it kept at the high level in testis of silkworm from larvae to moth, which suggested that BmHELII might take part in the development of sperm. These results will be helpful to provide a molecular basis for understanding the mechanism underlying silkworm hatching as well as spermatogenesis.

Molecular cloning and characterization of hatching enzyme-like geneII (BmHELII) in the silkworm, Bombyx mori.

This study aimed to examine the effects of active task-related fatigue induced by maximal exercise on human cognitive and motor systems. To achieve the goal, we measured participants' activation changes in their prefrontal and motor cortices while performing an incremental cycling task using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). The participant's task was to ride a test bike to maximal exertion twice within 2 days in a low-load and a high-load condition, respectively. The behavioral data showed longer cycling time in the low-load condition than that in the high-load condition. By contrast, the NIRS data showed greater prefrontal activations in the low-load condition than that in the high-load condition. More importantly, both the prefrontal and motor activations increased significantly near maximal exertion and then decreased in the initial recovery period, and the activation changes in the left prefrontal cortex resulted in changes in the bilateral motor areas. The results directly indicate the critical role of prefrontal cortex in fatigue and suggest that NIRS is an appropriate brain-imaging tool to monitor fatigue in natural environments.

The effects of exercise fatigue on prefrontal and motor activations as measured by near-infrared spectroscopy.

To investigate neural correlates of repetitive assembly tasks in ecologically-valid empirical settings, this study measured bilateral prefrontal (PFC) and motor activations when participants performed a carburetor assembly task using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). Participants worked for one hour at a typical (low-) pace and at an accelerated high-pace. Before and after the task, a test was conducted to assess motion stability and fine motor control. The behavioral data revealed decreased motion stability after the assembly work in both conditions, with a significantly higher reduction after the high-pace task. The fNIRS data also revealed reduced activations in bilateral prefrontal and motor regions in both conditions over time. However, the low-pace task led to significantly greater activity decreases compared with the high-pace. Activity decrease in prefrontal and motor regions within the low pace also significantly related to minimal motion stability impairment, suggesting that the brain activation decreases in this and, potentially, findings of higher alpha in past repetitive-task studies using EEG, may be a result of not fatigue but worker adaptation or increasing efficiency.

Assessing the brain 'on the line': An ecologically-valid assessment of the impact of repetitive assembly line work on hemodynamic response and fine motor control using fNIRS.

Current understanding of sex determination and differentiation mechanisms during early chicken embryonic development remains incomplete. To address this, we applied RNA sequencing to identify male-female expression differences at critical developmental stages (E0 blastocysts, E3.5-E6.5 genital ridges, E18.5 gonads), focusing on glycolysis, histone acetylation, and DNA methylation. This approach aims to unravel key regulatory mechanisms and advance developmental biology insights.

Key events in the process of sex determination and differentiation in early chicken embryos.

Insulin is an important component of stem cell cultures; however, its role in the proliferation of avian primordial germ cells (PGCs) is unknown. The proliferation of PGCs in cultures varies and the growth factors and signaling pathways necessary to induce the proliferation of PGCs in chickens are unknown. Therefore, we conducted the present study to investigate the effect of insulin on the survival and proliferation of PGCs. In this study, we observed that under this culture system, PGCs proliferate in the presence of insulin, but do not proliferate in the absence of insulin. Furthermore, in insulin-lacking media, the expression of pluripotency genes, including , , , and  was markedly decreased. Similarly, the expression of cell adhesion proteins , , and  was significantly reduced. Elevated levels of ROS, GSSG, and MDA reduced the redox capacity of the cells and induced apoptosis. Subsequent transcriptome analyses revealed that insulin is one of the key factors in the proliferation of chicken PGCs through the regulation of downstream genes by PI3K/AKT, ECM-receptor interaction, Wnt, and P53 signaling, and that these downstream genes may be important for PGCs' proliferation and survival.

Chicken Primordial Germ Cells Do Not Proliferate in Insulin-Lacking Media.

In the field of genetic breeding, primordial germ cells (PGCs) have become essential cells for gene editing and genetic improvement due to their unique developmental potential and genetic characteristics. However, the low proliferation efficiency and instability of culture systems pose significant challenges, severely limiting the application of PGCs in genetic breeding. In this study, the biological effects of ovotransferrin on chicken PGCs, focusing on its role in regulating key cellular processes. Treatment with 0.5 mg/ml ovotransferrin significantly promoted cell proliferation, enhanced cell adhesion, reduced oxidative stress, and suppressed apoptosis in cultured PGCs. These findings reveal a regulatory role of ovotransferrin in maintaining PGCs survival and function, providing new insights into optimizing PGC culture systems through targeted modulation of cell fate.

Research note: Unveiling the impact of ovotransferrin on chicken primordial germ cells biological processes.

Chicken Primordial Germ Cells (PGCs) are one of the few germ cells that can be cultured for a long time in vitro, but challenges remain such as low culture efficiency and unclear roles of nutrient factors and signaling pathways.

Functional Equivalence of Insulin and IGF-1 in the In Vitro Culture of Chicken Primordial Germ Cells.

Corrigendum to "Research Note: Unveiling the Impact of Ovotransferrin on Chicken primordial germ cells Biological Processes" [Poultry Science, 104(7), JUL 2025, 105259].

ArticleTotal : 3	Year
Publication title	2022
Publication title	2023
Publication title	2025

Article	Year
Molecular cloning and characterization of hatching enzyme-like geneII (BmHELII) in the silkworm, Bombyx mori. Biochemical and biophysical research communications\| PubMed ID: 22342669	2012
The effects of exercise fatigue on prefrontal and motor activations as measured by near-infrared spectroscopy. Neuroreport\| PubMed ID: 28953091	2017
Assessing the brain 'on the line': An ecologically-valid assessment of the impact of repetitive assembly line work on hemodynamic response and fine motor control using fNIRS. Brain and cognition\| PubMed ID: 31561091	2019
Key events in the process of sex determination and differentiation in early chicken embryos. Animal bioscience\| PubMed ID: 40045623	2025
Chicken Primordial Germ Cells Do Not Proliferate in Insulin-Lacking Media. International journal of molecular sciences\| PubMed ID: 40243906	2025
Research note: Unveiling the impact of ovotransferrin on chicken primordial germ cells biological processes. Poultry science\| PubMed ID: 40359719	2025
Functional Equivalence of Insulin and IGF-1 in the In Vitro Culture of Chicken Primordial Germ Cells. Genes\| PubMed ID: 40428303	2025
Corrigendum to "Research Note: Unveiling the Impact of Ovotransferrin on Chicken primordial germ cells Biological Processes" [Poultry Science, 104(7), JUL 2025, 105259]. Poultry science\| PubMed ID: 40582161	2025

Jun Wu

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