standardized-identification-compound-structure-tibetan-medicine-using

Standardized Identification of Compound Structure in Tibetan Medicine Using Ion Trap Mass Spectrometry and Multiple-Stage Fragmentation Analysis

Tibetan medicines are complex and contain numerous unknown compounds, making in-depth research on their molecular structures crucial. Liquid ...

visualization-metabolites-identified-spatial-metabolome-traditional

Visualization of Metabolites Identified in the Spatial Metabolome of Traditional Chinese Medicine Using DESI-MSI

The medicinal use of traditional Chinese medicine is mainly due to its secondary metabolites. Visualization of the distribution of these metabolites has ...

Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine

China Resources Sanjiu (Ya’an) Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.

ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters hydrolyze ATP to transport a wide range of substrates.  is a major causal agent of Fusarium head blight, which is a severe disease in wheat worldwide.  () encodes an ABC-C (ABC transporter family C) transporter in , which was highly expressed during the infection in wheat and was up-regulated by the plant defense hormone salicylic acid (SA) and the fungicide tebuconazole. The predicted tertiary structure of the FgABCC9 protein was consistent with the schematic of the ABC exporter. Deletion of  resulted in decreased mycelial growth, increased sensitivity to SA and tebuconazole, reduced accumulation of deoxynivalenol (DON), and less pathogenicity towards wheat. Re-introduction of a functional  gene into Δ recovered the phenotypes of the wild type strain. Transgenic expression of  in  increased the accumulation of SA in its leaves without activating SA signaling, which suggests that  functions as an SA exporter. Taken together,  encodes an ABC exporter, which is critical for fungal exportation of SA, response to tebuconazole, mycelial growth, and pathogenicity towards wheat.

 ATP-Binding Cassette Transporter Gene  Is Required for Its Transportation of Salicylic Acid, Fungicide Resistance, Mycelial Growth and Pathogenicity towards Wheat.

Salicylic acid (SA) is a key defense hormone associated with wheat resistance against Fusarium head blight, which is a severe disease mainly caused by . Although  can metabolize SA, it remains unclear how this metabolic activity affects the wheat⁻ interaction. In this study, we identified a salicylate hydroxylase gene (; ) in . This gene encodes a protein that catalyzes the conversion of SA to catechol. Additionally, FgNahG was widely distributed within hyphae. Disrupting the  gene (Δ) led to enhanced sensitivity to SA, increased accumulation of SA in wheat spikes during the early infection stage and inhibited development of head blight symptoms. However,  did not affect mycotoxin production. Re-introducing a functional  gene into the Δ mutant recovered the wild-type phenotype. Moreover, the expression of  in transgenic  decreased the SA concentration and the resistance of leaves to . These results indicate that the endogenous SA in wheat influences the resistance against . Furthermore, the capacity to metabolize SA is an important factor affecting the ability of  to infect wheat plants.

Functional Analysis of  Clarifies the Contribution of Salicylic Acid to Wheat () Resistance against Fusarium Head Blight.

 causes  head blight (FHB), a devastating disease of wheat. Salicylic acid (SA) is involved in the resistance of wheat to . Cell wall mannoprotein (CWM) is known to trigger defense responses in plants, but its role in the pathogenicity of  remains unclear. Here, we characterized  (), encoding a CWM in .  was highly expressed in wheat spikes by 24 h after initial inoculation and was upregulated by SA. Disruption of  (Δ) reduced mannose and protein accumulation in the fungal cell wall, especially under SA treatment, and resulted in defective fungal cell walls, leading to increased fungal sensitivity to SA. The positive role of  in mannose and protein accumulation was confirmed by its expression in . Compared with wild type (WT), Δ exhibited reduced pathogenicity toward wheat, but it produced the same amount of deoxynivalenol both in culture and in spikes. Complementation of Δ with  restored the WT phenotype. Localization analyses revealed that FgCWM1 was distributed on the cell wall, consistent with its structural role. Thus,  encodes a CWM protein that plays an important role in the cell wall integrity and pathogenicity of .

 Encodes a Cell Wall Mannoprotein Conferring Sensitivity to Salicylic Acid and Virulence to Wheat.

The human blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a complex multi-dimensional reticular barrier system composed of cerebral microvascular endothelial cells, pericytes, astrocytes and a variety of neurons. The conventional in vitro cell culture model fails to truly present the dynamic hemodynamics of BBB and the interaction between neurons. And it is even more impossible to explore brain-related multi-organ diseases, which brings huge obstacles to explore diseases of the central nervous system and the interaction between brain-related multi-organs, and evaluate drug efficacy. Miniaturized microfluidics based BBB chips are being commonly used to co-culture a variety of cells on a small-sized chip to construct a three-dimensional (3D) BBB or BBB-related organ disease models. By combining with other electrophysiological, biochemical sensors or equipment and imaging systems, it can in real time and quickly screen disease-related markers and evaluate drug efficacy. This review systematically summarized the research progress of in vitro BBB and BBB-related organ chips, and analyzed the obstacles of BBB models in depth. Parallelly combined with the current research trends and hot spots, we give the further improvement measures of microfluidic BBB chips.

Potential applications of microfluidics based blood brain barrier (BBB)-on-chips for in vitro drug development.

Sclerotinia stem rot caused by  is a devastating disease for many important crops worldwide, including . Although numerous studies have been performed on the gene expression changes in  and , knowledge regarding the molecular mechanisms of - interactions is limited. Here, we revealed the changes in the gene expression and related pathways in both  and  during the sclerotinia stem rot (SSR) infection process using transcriptome analyses. In total, 1,986, 2,217, and 16,079 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in  at 6, 24, and 48 h post-inoculation, respectively, whereas 1,511, 1,208, and 2,051 DEGs, respectively, were identified in . The gene ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analyses showed that most of the hormone-signaling pathways in  were enriched, and thus, the hormone contents at four stages were measured. The DEGs and hormone contents revealed that salicylic acid was activated, while the jasmonic acid pathway was repressed at 24 h post-inoculation. Additionally, the expressional patterns of the cell wall-degrading enzyme-encoding genes in  and the hydrolytic enzymes in  were consistent with the SSR infection process. The results contribute to a better understanding of the interactions between  and  and the development of future preventive measures against SSR.

Transcriptome Analysis Reveals the Complex Molecular Mechanisms of - Interactions.

Fuzi is a famous toxic traditional herbal medicine, which has long been used for the treatment of various diseases in China and many other Asian countries because of its extraordinary pharmacological activities and high toxicity. Different processing methods to attenuate the toxicity of Fuzi are important for its safe clinical use. In this study, desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry imaging (DESI-MSI) with a metabolomics-combined multivariate statistical analysis approach was applied to investigate a series of  alkaloids and explore potential metabolic markers to understand the differences between raw and processed Fuzi with different steaming time points. Moreover, the selected metabolic markers were visualized by DESI-MSI, and six index alkaloids' contents were determined through HPLC. The results indicated visible differences among raw and processed Fuzi with different steaming times, and 4.0 h is the proper time for toxicity attenuation and efficacy reservation. A total of 42 metabolic markers were identified to discriminate raw Fuzi and those steamed for 4.0 and 8.0 h, which were clearly visualized in DESI-MSI. The transformation from diester-diterpenoid alkaloids to monoester-diterpenoid alkaloids and then to non-esterified diterpene alkaloids through hydrolysis is the major toxicity attenuation process during steaming. DESI-MSI combined with metabolomics provides an efficient method to visualize the changeable rules and screen the metabolic markers of  alkaloids during steaming. The wide application of this technique could help identify markers and reveal the possible chemical transition mechanism in the "Paozhi" processes of Fuzi. It also provides an efficient and easy way to quality control and ensures the safety of Fuzi and other toxic traditional Chinese medicine.

Unveiling Dynamic Changes of Chemical Constituents in Raw and Processed Fuzi With Different Steaming Time Points Using Desorption Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry Imaging Combined With Metabolomics.

Modern research has proved that the main medicinal component of , which has a wide range of medicinal value, is its secondary metabolite salidroside. The MYB transcription factor family is widely involved in biosynthesis of second metabolism and other roles in the stress response in plants, so a genome-wide identification and analysis for this family in  is worth conducting. In this research, genome-wide analysis identified 139  genes based on conserved domains in the  genome, and 137 genes were used to construct a phylogenetic tree and modified with expression files to reveal evolutionary characteristics. Physical and chemical characteristics, gene structure, and conserved motif analysis were also used to further analyze . Additionally, -acting elements related to transcription, hormone, and MYB binding were found in the promoter region of the selected . Four  were cloned, sequenced, and their gene expression pattern was analyzed for further analysis of their functions. The research results lay the foundation for further research on the function of  and .

Genome-wide Identification and Expression Analysis of  Genes in .

Pharmaceutical analysis is a discipline based on chemical, physical, biological, and information technologies. At present, biotechnological analysis is a short branch in pharmaceutical analysis; however, bioanalysis is the basis and an important part of medicine. Biotechnological approaches can provide information on biological activity and even clinical efficacy and safety, which are important characteristics of drug quality. Because of their advantages in reflecting the overall biological effects or functions of drugs and providing visual and intuitive results, some biotechnological analysis methods have been gradually applied to pharmaceutical analysis from raw material to manufacturing and final product analysis, including DNA super-barcoding, DNA-based rapid detection, multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification, hyperspectral imaging combined with artificial intelligence, 3D biologically printed organoids, omics-based artificial intelligence, microfluidic chips, organ-on-a-chip, signal transduction pathway-related reporter gene assays, and the zebrafish thrombosis model. The applications of these emerging biotechniques in pharmaceutical analysis have been discussed in this review.

Article Total : 2	Year
Publication title	2023
Publication title	2022

Article	Year
ATP-Binding Cassette Transporter Gene Is Required for Its Transportation of Salicylic Acid, Fungicide Resistance, Mycelial Growth and Pathogenicity towards Wheat. International journal of molecular sciences\| PubMed ID: 30103374	2018
Functional Analysis of Clarifies the Contribution of Salicylic Acid to Wheat () Resistance against Fusarium Head Blight. Toxins\| PubMed ID: 30678154	2019
Encodes a Cell Wall Mannoprotein Conferring Sensitivity to Salicylic Acid and Virulence to Wheat. Toxins\| PubMed ID: 31671876	2019
Potential applications of microfluidics based blood brain barrier (BBB)-on-chips for in vitro drug development. Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie\| PubMed ID: 33059264	2020
Transcriptome Analysis Reveals the Complex Molecular Mechanisms of - Interactions. Frontiers in plant science\| PubMed ID: 34691098	2021
Unveiling Dynamic Changes of Chemical Constituents in Raw and Processed Fuzi With Different Steaming Time Points Using Desorption Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry Imaging Combined W... Frontiers in pharmacology\| PubMed ID: 35359875	2022
Genome-wide Identification and Expression Analysis of Genes in . Frontiers in genetics\| PubMed ID: 35432456	2022
Emerging biotechnology applications in natural product and synthetic pharmaceutical analyses. Acta pharmaceutica Sinica. B\| PubMed ID: 36386468	2022

Binjie Xu

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