an-efficient-method-for-extracting-human-fallopian-tube-epithelia-for

An Efficient Method for Extracting Human Fallopian Tube Epithelia for Single-cell Analyses

Human fallopian tubes are intrinsic to reproduction. The purpose of the fallopian tubes is to allow for the transit of sperm, the ovum, and if ...

University of California, Los Angeles

Targeting tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) is a promising strategy to modify the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment and improve cancer immunotherapy. Monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A) is an enzyme best known for its function in the brain; small molecule MAO inhibitors (MAOIs) are clinically used for treating neurological disorders. Here we observe MAO-A induction in mouse and human TAMs. MAO-A-deficient mice exhibit decreased TAM immunosuppressive functions corresponding with enhanced antitumor immunity. MAOI treatment induces TAM reprogramming and suppresses tumor growth in preclinical mouse syngeneic and human xenograft tumor models. Combining MAOI and anti-PD-1 treatments results in synergistic tumor suppression. Clinical data correlation studies associate high intratumoral MAOA expression with poor patient survival in a broad range of cancers. We further demonstrate that MAO-A promotes TAM immunosuppressive polarization via upregulating oxidative stress. Together, these data identify MAO-A as a critical regulator of TAMs and support repurposing MAOIs for TAM reprogramming to improve cancer immunotherapy.

Targeting monoamine oxidase A-regulated tumor-associated macrophage polarization for cancer immunotherapy.

The immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) remains one of the most prevailing barriers obstructing the implementation of effective immunotherapy against solid-state cancers. Eminently composed of immunosuppressive tumor associated macrophages (TAMs) and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) among others, the TME attenuates the effects of immune checkpoint blockade and adoptive cell therapies, mandating a novel therapy capable of TME remediation. In this review we explore the potential of three innate-like T cell subsets, invariant natural killer T (iNKT), mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells, and gamma delta T (γδT) cells, that display an intrinsic anti-TAM/MDSC capacity. Exhibiting both innate and adaptive properties, innate-like T cell types express a subset-specific TCR with distinct recombination, morphology, and target cell recognition, further supplemented by a variety of NK activating receptors. Both NK activating receptor and TCR activation result in effector cell cytotoxicity against targeted immunosuppressive cells for TME remediation. In addition, innate-like T cells showcase moderate levels of tumor cell killing, providing dual antitumor and anti-TAM/MDSC function. This latent antitumor capacity can be further bolstered by chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) engineering for recognition of tumor specific antigens to enhance antitumor targeting. In contrast with established CAR-T cell therapies, adoption of these innate-like cell types provides an enhanced safety profile without the risk of graft versus host disease (GvHD), due to their non-recognition of mismatched major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, for use as widely accessible, allogeneic "off-the-shelf" cancer immunotherapy.

Target tumor microenvironment by innate T cells.

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) have emerged as key contributors to tumor initiation, growth, and metastasis. In addition, CSCs play a significant role in inducing immune evasion, thereby compromising the effectiveness of cancer treatments. The reciprocal communication between CSCs and the tumor microenvironment (TME) is observed, with the TME providing a supportive niche for CSC survival and self-renewal, while CSCs, in turn, influence the polarization and persistence of the TME, promoting an immunosuppressive state. Consequently, these interactions hinder the efficacy of current cancer therapies, necessitating the exploration of novel therapeutic approaches to modulate the TME and target CSCs. In this review, we highlight the intricate strategies employed by CSCs to evade immune surveillance and develop resistance to therapies. Furthermore, we examine the dynamic interplay between CSCs and the TME, shedding light on how this interaction impacts cancer progression. Moreover, we provide an overview of advanced therapeutic strategies that specifically target CSCs and the TME, which hold promise for future clinical and translational studies in cancer treatment.

Exploring the dynamic interplay between cancer stem cells and the tumor microenvironment: implications for novel therapeutic strategies.

Ovarian cancer (OC) is highly lethal due to late detection and frequent recurrence. Initial treatments, comprising surgery and chemotherapy, lead to disease remission but are invariably associated with subsequent relapse. The identification of novel therapies and an improved understanding of the molecular and cellular characteristics of OC are urgently needed. Here, we conducted a comprehensive analysis of primary tumor cells and their microenvironment from 16 chemonaive and 10 recurrent OC patient samples. Profiling OC tumor biomarkers allowed for the identification of potential molecular targets for developing immunotherapies, while profiling the microenvironment yielded insights into its cellular composition and property changes between chemonaive and recurrent samples. Notably, we identified CD1d as a biomarker of the OC microenvironment and demonstrated its targeting by invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells. Overall, our study presents a comprehensive immuno-profiling of OC tumor and microenvironment during disease progression, guiding the development of immunotherapies for OC treatment, especially for recurrent disease.

Profiling ovarian cancer tumor and microenvironment during disease progression for cell-based immunotherapy design.

The current cardiac pacemakers are battery dependent, and the pacing leads are prone to introduce valve damage and infection, plus a complete pacemaker retrieval is needed for battery replacement. Despite the reported wireless bioelectronics to pace the epicardium, open-chest surgery (thoracotomy) is required to implant the device, and the procedure is invasive, requiring prolonged wound healing and health care burden. We hereby demonstrate a fully biocompatible wireless microelectronics with a self-assembled design that can be rolled into a lightweight microtubular pacemaker for intravascular implantation and pacing. The radio frequency was used to transfer energy to the microtubular pacemaker for electrical stimulation. We show that this pacemaker provides effective pacing to restore cardiac contraction from a nonbeating heart and have the capacity to perform overdrive pacing to augment blood circulation in an anesthetized pig model. Thus, this microtubular pacemaker paves the way for the minimally invasive implantation of leadless and battery-free microelectronics.

A self-assembled implantable microtubular pacemaker for wireless cardiac electrotherapy.

Cell-based immunotherapies (CBIs), notably exemplified by chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-engineered T (CAR-T) cell therapy, have emerged as groundbreaking approaches for cancer therapy. Nevertheless, akin to various other therapeutic modalities, tumor cells employ counterstrategies to manifest immune evasion, thereby circumventing the impact of CBIs. This phenomenon is facilitated by an intricately immunosuppression entrenched within the tumor microenvironment (TME). Principal mechanisms underpinning tumor immune evasion from CBIs encompass loss of antigens, downregulation of antigen presentation, activation of immune checkpoint pathways, initiation of anti-apoptotic cascades, and induction of immune dysfunction and exhaustion. In this review, we delve into the intrinsic mechanisms underlying the capacity of tumor cells to resist CBIs and proffer prospective stratagems to navigate around these challenges.

Immune evasion in cell-based immunotherapy: unraveling challenges and novel strategies.

Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-engineered T (CAR-T) cell therapy has demonstrated significant success in treating cancers. The potential of CAR-T cells is now being explored in the context of autoimmune diseases. Recent clinical trials have shown sustained and profound elimination of autoreactive B cells by CAR-T cells, leading to promising autoimmune disease control with minimal safety concerns. These encouraging results have inspired further investigation into CAR-T cell applications for a broader range of autoimmune diseases and the development of advanced cell products with improved efficacy and safety. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms by which CAR-T cells target autoimmune conditions, summarize current preclinical models, and highlight ongoing clinical trials, including CAR-T therapy design, clinical outcomes, and challenges. Additionally, we discuss the limitations and future directions of CAR-T therapy in the treatment of autoimmune diseases.

Frontiers in CAR-T cell therapy for autoimmune diseases.

Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-engineered T (CAR-T) cell therapy has revolutionized the treatment of various diseases, including cancers and autoimmune disorders. However, all US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved CAR-T cell therapies are autologous, and their widespread clinical application is limited by several challenges, such as complex individualized manufacturing, high costs, and the need for patient-specific selection. Allogeneic off-the-shelf CAR-engineered cell therapy offers promising potential due to its immediate availability, consistent quality, potency, and scalability in manufacturing. Nonetheless, significant challenges, including the risks of graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) and host-cell-mediated allorejection, must be addressed. Strategies such as knocking out endogenous T cell receptors (TCRs) or using alternative therapeutic cells with low GvHD risk have shown promise in clinical trials aimed at reducing GvHD. However, mitigating allorejection remains critical for ensuring the long-term sustainability and efficacy of off-the-shelf cell products. In this review, we discuss the immunological basis of allorejection in CAR-engineered therapies and explore various strategies to overcome this challenge. We also highlight key insights from recent clinical trials, particularly related to the sustainability and immunogenicity of allogeneic CAR-engineered cell products, and address manufacturing considerations aimed at minimizing allorejection and optimizing the efficacy of this emerging therapeutic approach.

Managing allorejection in off-the-shelf CAR-engineered cell therapies.

Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapy has transformed the treatment landscape for hematological cancers. However, achieving comparable success in solid tumors remains challenging. Factors contributing to these limitations include the scarcity of tumor-specific antigens (TSAs), insufficient CAR-T cell infiltration, and the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME). Vaccine-based strategies are emerging as potential approaches to address these challenges, enhancing CAR-T cell expansion, persistence, and antitumor efficacy. In this review, we explore diverse vaccine modalities, including mRNA, peptide, viral vector, and dendritic cell (DC)-based vaccines, and their roles in augmenting CAR-T cell responses. Special focus is given to recent clinical advancements combining mRNA-based vaccines with CAR-T therapy for the treatment of genitourinary cancers. In addition, we discuss crucial considerations for optimizing vaccine dosing, scheduling, and delivery to maximize CAR-T synergy, aiming to refine this combination strategy to improve treatment efficacy and safety.

Boosting CAR-T cell therapy through vaccine synergy.

Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are a unique subset of innate-like T lymphocytes that bridge innate and adaptive immunity. Characterized by their semi-invariant T cell receptor (TCR) and abundant localization in mucosal tissues, MAIT cells recognize microbial metabolites, primarily derived from the riboflavin biosynthesis pathway, presented by the major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-related protein 1 (MR1). This interaction, along with co-stimulatory signals, triggers rapid immune responses, including cytokine secretion and cytotoxic activity, highlighting their importance in maintaining immune homeostasis and combating infections. This review provides an in-depth overview of MAIT cell biology, including development, activation pathways, and functional diversity, highlighting their protective roles in immunity, contributions to diseases like cancer and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and context-dependent dual functions in health and pathology. This review also highlights the emerging therapeutic potential of MAIT cells in immunotherapy. Their unique TCR specificity, abundance, and tissue-homing properties make them ideal candidates for engineering novel therapies, such as chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-MAIT cells, targeting infections, cancers, and autoimmune diseases. Challenges like antigen escape, T cell exhaustion, and CAR design optimization must be addressed to enhance clinical efficacy. In summary, MAIT cells are integral to immune function, and their therapeutic potential presents exciting opportunities for the treatment of a wide range of diseases. Further research is essential to unlock the full potential of these versatile immune cells.

Yan-Ruide Li

Department of Bioengineering,
Department of Microbiology,
Immunology and Molecular Genetics,
Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics

University of California, Los Angeles

An Efficient Method for Extracting Human Fallopian Tube Epithelia for Single-cell Analyses

Yan-Ruide Li

.css-o250i3{font-size:18px;font-family:Open Sans,sans-serif;line-height:21.6px;}Department of Bioengineering,Department of Microbiology,Immunology and Molecular Genetics,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics

University of California, Los Angeles

An Efficient Method for Extracting Human Fallopian Tube Epithelia for Single-cell Analyses

Department of Bioengineering,
Department of Microbiology,
Immunology and Molecular Genetics,
Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics