Fabrication of a Dipole-assisted Solid Phase Extraction Microchip for Trace Metal Analysis in Water Samples

This paper describes a fabrication protocol for a dipole-assisted solid phase extraction (SPE) microchip available for trace metal analysis in water ...

National Tsing Hua University

In this study, we used an automated online chip-based solid-phase extraction (SPE)-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) system for analyzing trace elements in small-volume saline samples (∼15 μL). The proposed method involved the adsorption of trace metal ions in the interior of a functionalized poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) channel in order to separate these ions from saline matrices. The adsorption of transition metal ions was presumably dominated by the surface complexation between the carboxylate moieties in the interior of the PMMA channel and the metal ions, which facilitated the formation of metal-carboxylate complexes. The components of the proposed online analytical system used for the simultaneous detection of multiple trace metals in saline samples involved microdialysis (MD) sampling, an established chip-based SPE procedure, and ICP-MS. The SPE-ICP-MS hyphenated system was optimized, and then, the analytical reliability of this system was further confirmed by using it to analyze the certified reference materials-SRM 2670 (human urine) and SRM 1643e (artificial saline water). The satisfactory analytical results indicated that the proposed on-chip SPE device could be readily used as an interface for coupling the MD probe with the ICP-MS system. The dramatically reduced consumption of chemicals and "hands-on" manipulations enabled the realization of a simplified and relatively clean procedure with extremely low detection limits in the range of 5.86-76.91 ng L(-1) for detecting Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, and Pb in 15-μL samples by ICP-MS. The effectiveness of an online MD-chip-based SPE-ICP-MS technique for continuous monitoring of trace elements in a simulated biological system was also demonstrated. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first paper to report the direct exploitation of a PMMA chip as an SPE adsorbent for online sample pretreatment and trace metal preconcentration prior to ICP-MS measurement.

Open-channel chip-based solid-phase extraction combined with inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry for online determination of trace elements in volume-limited saline samples.

In this study, a poly(methyl methacrylate) chip-based photocatalyst-assisted reduction device (PMMA chip-based PCARD) was developed as a reactor based on its excellent optical properties and ease of fabrication. Its transmittance of ultraviolet light at 365nm (UV365) was found to be as high as 92% using a PMMA of 2mm thickness. To optimize the vaporization efficiency, the effect of varying the depth of the geometry trenched on the PMMA-based chip was investigated. After optimization, it required only 29s of UV365 irradiation to vaporize the selenium (Se) species of interest. The PMMA-based chip was successfully used as an interfacing device for the hyphenation of high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) separation and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) detection. Additionally, under the optimized conditions for vaporization, using 1gL(-1) titanium dioxide nanoparticles (nano-TiO2) at pH 5, we found that Se(IV) and Se(VI) were converted quantitatively into volatile Se products. In addition, the optimized vaporization efficiency of the Se species of interest for the online HPLC/PMMA chip-based PCARD/ICP-MS system enabled us to achieve detection limits for Se(IV) and Se(VI) in the nanogram-per-liter range (based on 3σ). A series of validation experiments indicated that our proposed methods could be applied satisfactorily to the determination of inorganic Se species in environmental water samples.

Development of chip-based photocatalyst-assisted reduction device to couple high performance liquid chromatography and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry for determination of inorganic selenium species.

We developed a selective and sensitive hyphenated system employing a microfluidic-based vapor generation (VG) system in conjunction with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) separation and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICPMS) detection for the determination of trace inorganic selenium (Se) species. The VG system exploited poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) substrates of high optical quality to fabricate a microfluidic-based photocatalyst-assisted reduction device (microfluidic-based PCARD). Moreover, to reduce the consumption of photocatalysts during analytical procedures, a microfluidic-based PCARD coated with titanium dioxide nanoparticles (nano-TiO2) was employed to avoid consecutive loading. Notably, to simplify the coating procedure and improve the stability of the coating materials, a dynamic coating method was utilized. Under the optimized conditions for the selenicals of interest, the online HPLC/TiO2-coated microfluidic-based PCARD/ICPMS system enabled us to achieve detection limits (based on 3σ) of 0.043 and 0.042 μg L(-1) for Se(IV) and Se(VI), respectively. Both Se(IV) and Se(VI) could be efficiently vaporized within 15 s, while a series of validation experiments indicated that our proposed method could be satisfactorily applied to the determination of inorganic Se species in the environmental water samples.

Development of a titanium dioxide-coated microfluidic-based photocatalyst-assisted reduction device to couple high-performance liquid chromatography with inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry for determination of inorganic selenium species.

We employed a polymeric material, poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), for fabricating a microdevice and then implanted the chlorine (Cl)-containing solid-phase extraction (SPE) functionality into the PMMA chip to develop an innovative on-chip dipole-assisted SPE technique. Instead of the ion-ion interactions utilized in on-chip SPE techniques, the dipole-ion interactions between the highly electronegative C-Cl moieties in the channel interior and the positively charged metal ions were employed to facilitate the on-chip SPE procedures. Furthermore, to avoid labor-intensive manual manipulation, a programmable valve manifold was designed as an interface combining the dipole-assisted SPE microchip and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) to achieve the fully automated operation. Under the optimized operation conditions for the established system, the detection limits for each analyte ion were obtained based on three times the standard deviation of seven measurements of the blank eluent solution. The limits ranged from 3.48 to 20.68 ng L(-1), suggesting that this technique appears uniquely suited for determining the levels of heavy metal ions in natural water. Indeed, a series of validation procedures demonstrated that the developed method could be satisfactorily applied to the determination of trace heavy metals in natural water. Remarkably, the developed device was durable enough to be reused more than 160 times without any loss in its analytical performance. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study reporting on the combination of a dipole-assisted SPE microchip and elemental analysis instrument for the online determination of trace heavy metal ions.

A dipole-assisted solid-phase extraction microchip combined with inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry for online determination of trace heavy metals in natural water.

Herein, a hyphenated system combining a high-throughput solid-phase extraction (htSPE) microchip with inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) for rapid determination of trace heavy metals was developed. Rather than performing multiple analyses in parallel for the enhancement of analytical throughput, we improved the processing speed for individual samples by increasing the operation flow rate during SPE procedures. To this end, an innovative device combining a micromixer and a multi-channeled extraction unit was designed. Furthermore, a programmable valve manifold was used to interface the developed microchip and ICP-MS instrumentation in order to fully automate the system, leading to a dramatic reduction in operation time and human error. Under the optimized operation conditions for the established system, detection limits of 1.64-42.54 ng L(-1) for the analyte ions were achieved. Validation procedures demonstrated that the developed method could be satisfactorily applied to the determination of trace heavy metals in natural water. Each analysis could be readily accomplished within just 186 s using the established system. This represents, to the best of our knowledge, an unprecedented speed for the analysis of trace heavy metal ions.

A high-throughput solid-phase extraction microchip combined with inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry for rapid determination of trace heavy metals in natural water.

Tsung-Ting Shih

Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences

National Tsing Hua University

Fabrication of a Dipole-assisted Solid Phase Extraction Microchip for Trace Metal Analysis in Water Samples

Tsung-Ting Shih

.css-o250i3{font-size:18px;font-family:Open Sans,sans-serif;line-height:21.6px;}Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences

National Tsing Hua University

Fabrication of a Dipole-assisted Solid Phase Extraction Microchip for Trace Metal Analysis in Water Samples

Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences