This work was supported by a grant from the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW) research fund and a grant from Start2Cure (0-TI-01). We thank Leisha Kopp for her input and advice in the setup of the protocol. Figures were created using Biorender.

All experimental procedures were approved by the institutional animal care and use committee of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Sciences (KNAW) and were in accordance with the Dutch Law on Animal Experimentation under project number AVD8010020199126. In Figure 1, a schematic overview of the complete protocol is provided. From seeding cells to AAV purification, the protocol takes 6 days to complete.
1. Reagent preparation
<ol>
	<li>Plasmid purification
	<ol>
		<li>Perform plasmid extraction as described by the manufacturer with a few adjustments to ensure sterility of the plasmids.</li>
		<li>Prepare 70% ethanol using sterile distilled water and absolute ethanol.</li>
		<li>After the isopropanol centrifugation step, dry plasmids in the flow cabinet hood and add sterile 70% ethanol to the tubes. After ethanol precipitation, dry the plasmids in the flow cabinet hood and resuspend the plasmid in sterile distilled water. Take care to use sterilized microcentrifuge tubes.</li>
		<li>Take an aliquot for quantification, restriction analysis, and, if needed, sequencing. It is advised to check the integrity of the inverted terminal repeats (ITRs) as mutations can have a negative impact on yield. Adjust the sample concentration to 1 &#181;g/&#181;L.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Preparation of 10x Tween lysis buffer
	<ol>
		<li>Dissolve 30.3 g Tris buffer and 2.033 g MgCl2.6H2O in 400 mL of sterile distilled water, set pH to 8.0, and increase total volume to 450 mL.</li>
		<li>Keep Tween 20 sterile, add 50 mL of Tween 20 to buffer solution in the hood, and filter sterilize using a 0.2&#160;&#181;M vacuum filter.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Iodixanol dilutions
	<ol>
		<li>Iodixanol solution is provided at 60% concentration. Use the starting solution to make 15%, 25%, and 40% solutions.</li>
		<li>For 15% solution, dilute 60 mL of 60% solution with 48 mL of 5 M NaCl and 48 mL of PBS-MK (5x PBS with 5 mM MgCl2 and 12.5 mM KCl), and add distilled water up to 240 mL.</li>
		<li>For 25% solution, dilute 67 mL of 60% solution and 32 mL of PBS-MK. Add distilled water up to 160 mL. Mix well and add 1.6 mL of phenol red solution.</li>
		<li>For 40% solution, dilute 160 mL of 60% solution with 48 mL of PBS-MK and add distilled water up to 240 mL. For 60% solution, add 1 mL of phenol red to 100 mL of 60% solution.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>PBS 5% sucrose solution
	<ol>
		<li>Add 25 g of sucrose to a 500 mL bottle of DPBS without calcium or magnesium. Shake well and filter using a 0.2 &#181;M bottle vacuum filter.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 8000 solution
	<ol>
		<li>Dissolve 400 g of PEG 8000 and 24 g of NaCl into sterile distilled water and adjust to a final volume of 1000 mL. Stir with heating until fully dissolved. Adjust pH to 7.4 using pH paper.</li>
		<li>Filter sterilize using a 0.2&#160;&#181;M bottle vacuum filter to obtain a 40% PEG 8000 solution. Note that filtration will take a while due to the viscosity of the solution-store at 4 &#730;C.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>
2. Culture of HEK293 suspension cells
<ol>
	<li>Use wipes soaked in 70% ethanol for cleaning. Clean biosafety hood, prepare and clean all materials needed for culturing cells.</li>
	<li>Prewarm 30 mL of suspension cell medium to 37 &#176;C in a 50 mL conical culturing tube. Retrieve viral production cells from liquid nitrogen. Quickly thaw cells in a 37 &#176;C water bath. Just before the vial is completely thawed, clean it with a wipe soaked in 70% ethanol and transfer the vial to the biosafety hood. 
	NOTE: The details of the viral production cells used here are provided in the Table of Materials.</li>
	<li>Quickly transfer cells to the prewarmed 50 mL conical culturing tube. Culture cells in a shaking incubator at 37 &#176;C, 80% humidity, 8% CO2,&#160;200 revolutions per min (RPM), and a shaking diameter of 50 mm. Passage cells, once viability is above 90% and cell density is above 1-3 x 106 cells/mL. 
	NOTE: The incubator used has a shaking diameter of 50 mm; culture conditions should be adjusted for a different shaking diameter.</li>
	<li>Passage cells 3-4 days after thawing. Check culture tube(s) to make sure there are no signs of contamination; for example, fungus will appear as a discolored (black or green) ring.</li>
	<li>Prepare 400 &#181;L of 0.4% trypan blue solution per sample using a 1 mL stripette.</li>
	<li>Quickly retrieve suspension cells from the incubator. Immediately extract 500 &#181;L from the tube using a 1 mL stripette. Gently pipet up and down.</li>
	<li>Add 100 &#181;L of cell suspension to the prepared trypan blue tube. Gently invert the tube to mix; do not pipet to mix, as this will lead to cell death. Return cells to incubator.</li>
	<li>Take 50 &#181;L of trypan blue-treated cell suspension and apply it to the hemocytometer slide. Count total viable cells and calculate the amount of cell suspension and medium needed for passage or transfection the following day.</li>
	<li>Warm medium in the incubator for 10-15 min. Add cell suspension to warmed medium and return to incubator. For passaging cells for 3 days (i.e., Monday-Thursday), set to 0.5 x 106 cells/mL; for passaging cells for 4 days (i.e., Thursday-Monday), set to 0.3 x 106 cells/mL. 
	NOTE: According to the manufacturer, viral production cells double every 26 h and should be between 3.5 x 106 and 5.5 x 106 before passaging. Cells can be kept for up to passage 20.</li>
</ol>
3. Transfection
<ol>
	<li>Day 1
	<ol>
		<li>At 24 h before transfection, culture 1 x 106 cells per/mL in 300 mL of media.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Day 2
	<ol>
		<li>Warm medium, plasmids, and transfection reagent to room temperature. For the amounts to prepare, see Table 1.</li>
		<li>Briefly vortex plasmids and reagents. Add plasmids to the prepared medium, vortex. Add transfection reagent and vortex briefly. Do not agitate the mixture after this step. Incubate at room temperature for 30 min.</li>
		<li>In the meantime, count cells prepared on day 1. Cells should be between 2 and 2.5 x 106 cells per mL and &#62; 95% viable.</li>
		<li>After incubation, dropwise, add the transfection mixture to cells while gently swirling the tube. Incubate for 72-96 h.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>
4. Harvesting the cells
<ol>
	<li>Day 5
	<ol>
		<li>Add 33 mL of 10x cell lysis buffer (500 mM Tris pH 8, 10% Tween 20, 20 mM MgCl2), mix by gently shaking, and incubate at 37 &#176;C for 1.5 h with shaking.</li>
		<li>Centrifuge at 3428 x g at 4 &#176;C for 60 min. Filter through a 0.45 &#181;M PES vacuum filter to clarify the cell lysate, leaving the clarified lysate in the container of the filter. 
		NOTE: Optional after filtration: take 50 &#181;L of sample for quantitative-PCR (Q-PCR).</li>
		<li>Add 90 mL of 40% PEG 8000 solution to 360 mL of filtered cell lysate.</li>
		<li>Clean the stir bar with 70% ethanol and add to the sample. Stir on ice or in the cold room at 300 RPM for 1 h. Incubate at 4 &#176;C without stirring overnight. 
		NOTE: Incubation times of 1 h to 72 h have been tested. Longer incubation times have a negative effect on overall protein precipitation.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>
5. Iodixanol purification
<ol>
	<li>Day 6
	<ol>
		<li>Transfer the entire PEG precipitated culture volume sample to a clean, large conical tube and centrifuge at 2820 x g and&#160;4&#176;C for 15 min.</li>
		<li>Discard the supernatant and resuspend the PEG pellet in 15 mL of DPBS with calcium and magnesium. The pellet is difficult to resuspend; take the time to do this carefully.</li>
		<li>Transfer the resuspended part to a clean 50 mL tube. PEG will remain on the sides of the bioreactor tube. Add an extra 10 mL, taking care to gather all the PEG precipitate. Transfer all to a 50 mL container for a total volume of 25-30 mL.</li>
		<li>Add 40 &#181;L of DNaseI (10 U/&#181;L). Place in the incubator for 1 h 37&#176;C. 
		NOTE: Optional after incubation of DNase: take 50 &#181;L of sample for Q-PCR.</li>
		<li>Clean stir bars that were used for PEG precipitation well with chloride solution followed by 70% ethanol. Leave stir bars in 70% ethanol for the next experiment.</li>
		<li>Fill a 25 mm x 89 mm polyallomer tube using a glass Pasteur pipette with 15.5 mL of concentrated cell lysate in each tube. After adding cell lysate, exchange the glass Pasteur pipette for a new one.</li>
		<li>Add iodixanol solutions from 15%-60%: infuse 9 mL of the 15% iodixanol solution gently beneath the cell lysate. Next, add 5 mL of the 25% and 40% iodixanol solutions, and lastly, add 5 mL of the 60% iodixanol solution.</li>
		<li>Top off the tube using a syringe with DPBS +/+ to remove most of the air bubbles, taking care not to disturb iodixanol layers. Seal the tube using an electrical tube topper.</li>
		<li>Centrifuge in a non-swing rotor for 1 h 10 min at 490,000 x g at 16 &#176;C in an ultracentrifuge. Remove from ultracentrifuge, assemble the tubes in a metal clasp, and prepare collection tubes. Open the rotor in the hood in case of spills during spinning.</li>
		<li>Prepare one 50 mL tube (for discarding the rotor tube), one 15 mL tube (for collecting virus), a 5 mL syringe, and a 30G and 19G needle per gradient.</li>
		<li>Puncture a hole in the top of the tube with a 30G needle. Leave the needle in place. Place a 19G needle on the syringe.</li>
		<li>Carefully puncture the tube just below the 40%/60% interface, which can be seen by the phenol red indicator. Make sure the needle bevel is facing the 40% layer.</li>
		<li>Remove the 30G needle from the top of the tube using the non-dominant hand. With the needle beveled up, slowly extract the virus/iodixanol. The aim is to extract between 3 mL and 4.5 mL. About halfway and well into the 40%/clear layer, rotate the needle for the bevel to face down and continue to extract to avoid collection from the protein layer.</li>
		<li>Prepare the 50 mL tube with the non-dominant hand, carefully extract the needle while placing the tube in the 50 mL tube and discard. Dilute the AAV/iodixanol suspension 5x in DPBS by filling up to 15 mL.</li>
		<li>Transfer to a centrifugal filter tube and centrifuge at 3428 x g, 4 &#176;C for 10 min. Discard flow-through; gently remove the holder of the filter and tip the bottom container into a waste bottle. Add 15 mL of PBS-5% sucrose to filtrate and resuspend.</li>
		<li>Centrifuge at 3428 x g at 4 &#730;C for 20 min. Repeat buffer exchange at least 3x. Store virus (~150-250 &#181;L) at 4 &#176;C (PHP.B variants a maximum of 3 months) or aliquot into 50 &#181;L aliquots and store at -80 &#176;C for long term. 
		NOTE: PHP.B capsid variants are sensitive to freeze/thaw, so this should be avoided.</li>
		<li>Perform titration as described in a previous protocol10.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>

Simplified and Efficient AAV Production Using HEK293 Suspension Culture

<ol>
	<li>Zhou, K., Han, J., Wang, Y., Zhang, Y., Zhu, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Routes+of+administration+for+adeno-associated+viruses+carrying+gene+therapies+for+brain+diseases.">Routes of administration for adeno-associated viruses carrying gene therapies for brain diseases.</a> Front Mol Neurosci. 15, 988914 (2022).</li><li>Pietersz, K. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=PhP.B+Enhanced+adeno-associated+virus+mediated-expression+following+systemic+delivery+or+direct+brain+administration.">PhP.B Enhanced adeno-associated virus mediated-expression following systemic delivery or direct brain administration.</a> Front Bioeng Biotechnol. 9, 679483 (2021).</li><li>Zhang, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Several+rAAV+vectors+efficiently+cross+the+blood&#8211;brain+barrier+and+transduce+neurons+and+astrocytes+in+the+neonatal+mouse+central+nervous+system.">Several rAAV vectors efficiently cross the blood&#8211;brain barrier and transduce neurons and astrocytes in the neonatal mouse central nervous system.</a> MolTher. 19 (8), 1440-1448 (2011).</li><li>Deverman, B. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cre-dependent+selection+yields+AAV+variants+for+widespread+gene+transfer+to+the+adult+brain.">Cre-dependent selection yields AAV variants for widespread gene transfer to the adult brain.</a> Nat Biotechnol. 34 (2), 204-209 (2016).</li><li>Chan, K. Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Engineered+AAVs+for+efficient+noninvasive+gene+delivery+to+the+central+and+peripheral+nervous+systems.">Engineered AAVs for efficient noninvasive gene delivery to the central and peripheral nervous systems.</a> Nat Neurosci. 20, 1172-1179 (2017).</li><li>Goertsen, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=AAV+capsid+variants+with+brain-wide+transgene+expression+and+decreased+liver+targeting+after+intravenous+delivery+in+mouse+and+marmoset.">AAV capsid variants with brain-wide transgene expression and decreased liver targeting after intravenous delivery in mouse and marmoset.</a> Nat. Neurosci. 25 (1), 106-115 (2022).</li><li>Foust, K. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intravascular+AAV9+preferentially+targets+neonatal+neurons+and+adult+astrocytes.">Intravascular AAV9 preferentially targets neonatal neurons and adult astrocytes.</a> Nat Biotechnol. 27 (1), 59-65 (2008).</li><li>Challis, R. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Systemic+AAV+vectors+for+widespread+and+targeted+gene+delivery+in+rodents.">Systemic AAV vectors for widespread and targeted gene delivery in rodents.</a> Nat Protoc. 14 (2), 379-414 (2019).</li><li>Fripont, S., Marneffe, C., Marino, M., Rincon, M. Y., Production Holt, M. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=purification,+and+quality+control+for+adeno-associated+virus-based+vectors.">purification, and quality control for adeno-associated virus-based vectors.</a> J Vis Exp. (143), e58960 (2019).</li><li>Fagoe, N. D., Eggers, R., Verhaagen, J., Mason, M. R. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+compact+dual+promoter+adeno-associated+viral+vector+for+efficient+delivery+of+two+genes+to+dorsal+root+ganglion+neurons.">A compact dual promoter adeno-associated viral vector for efficient delivery of two genes to dorsal root ganglion neurons.</a> Gene Thr. 21 (3), 242-252 (2014).</li><li>Verhaagen, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Retinal+gene+therapy,+methods+and+protocols.">Retinal gene therapy, methods and protocols.</a> Meth Mol Biol. 1715, 3-17 (2018).</li><li>Nasse, J. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Addgene+AAV+data+hub:+A+platform+for+sharing+AAV+experimental+data.">Addgene AAV data hub: A platform for sharing AAV experimental data.</a> Nat Meth. 20 (9), 1271-1272 (2023).</li><li>Grieger, J. C., Soltys, S. M., Samulski, R. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Production+of+recombinant+adeno-associated+virus+vectors+using+suspension+HEK293+cells+and+continuous+harvest+of+vector+from+the+culture+media+for+GMP+FIX+and+FLT1+clinical+vector.">Production of recombinant adeno-associated virus vectors using suspension HEK293 cells and continuous harvest of vector from the culture media for GMP FIX and FLT1 clinical vector.</a> Mol Ther. 24 (2), 287-297 (2016).</li><li>Blessing, D., D&#233;glon, N., Schneider, B. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Recombinant+protein+expression+in+mammalian+cells,+methods+and+protocols.">Recombinant protein expression in mammalian cells, methods and protocols.</a> Meth Mol Biol. 1850, 259-274 (2018).</li></ol>

A free sample of TransIT was provided by Mirus for initial testing, after which the reagent was purchased for further use. The authors have no other competing financial interests to report.

Systemic administration of AAV is a powerful tool for&#160;gene transfer to the CNS; however, the production of AAV is an expensive and laborious process. By using suspension cells, labor and plastics are reduced compared to the adherent culture of HEK293T on 15 cm2 plates. Furthermore, the conical tubes implemented here are easy to handle and maximize the use of laboratory space. The protocol was set up by two researchers and subsequently applied by others in the lab. A series of productions by three independ...

Adeno-associated virus (AAV) was discovered in 1965 and has since been used in a myriad of applications1. AAVs have been applied in neuroscience research to study gene and neuronal function, map neurocircuits, or produce animal models for disease2. Traditionally, this is done by injecting directly at the site of interest, as most natural serotypes do not cross the blood-brain barrier or need a high dose to do so1,2,3.
With the discovery of AAV.PHP.B4 and next-generation capsids such as AAV.PHP.eB5 and AAV.CAP-B106, it is possible to target the central nervous system (CNS) using a simple systemic injection. Spatial mapping reveals the cells targeted by AAV.PHP.eB at cellular level6,7. In combination with specific promoters/enhancers, these capsids offer extensive opportunities for neuroscientists to study genes and brain function by non-invasive AAV delivery4,8.
While a lower dose is needed for AAV.PHP.eB (typically 1 to 5 x 1011 Genome Copies (GC)/mouse) compared to AAV9 (4 x 1012 GC/mouse)7, still more vector needs to be produced compared to direct injection strategies (typically 1 x 109 GC/&#181;L injection). Most natural serotypes can be produced using the classical adherent cell culture system in combination with iodixanol purification9,10,11,12. For AAV.PHP.eB this entails a labor-intensive process to culture and transfect cells to obtain sufficient vectors for one experiment8. Therefore, the production of AAV in suspension cell culture in conical tubes was developed. Conical tubes, with a capacity of up to 300 mL, are compact, saving both incubator space and plastics. Suspension cells are much easier to culture and handle in large amounts than adherent cells on 15 cm plates. The transfection components of the protocol remain the same. Therefore, plasmids previously used with the adherent system can easily be used in this protocol based on production in suspension cells. The protocol was successfully transferred to other researchers in the laboratory and successfully used for various capsids and constructs.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>39 mL, Quick-Seal Round-Top Polypropylene Tube, 25 x 89 mm - 50Pk</td>
			<td>Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td>342414</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Adapter 600 mL conical tubes, for rotor S-4x1000,&#160;</td>
			<td>eppendorf</td>
			<td>5920701002</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Adapter Plate fits 16 bioreactors of 600 ml</td>
			<td>Infors HT/ TPP</td>
			<td>587633</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Aerosol-tight caps, for 750 mL round buckets</td>
			<td>eppendorf</td>
			<td>5820747005</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Centrifuge 5920 R G, 230 V, 50-60 Hz, incl. rotor S-4x1000, round buckets and adapter 15 mL/50 mL conical tubes</td>
			<td>eppendorf</td>
			<td>5948000315</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Distilled Water</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>15230147</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DNase I recombinant, RNase-free</td>
			<td>Roche</td>
			<td>4716728001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DNase I recombinant, RNase-free</td>
			<td>Roche</td>
			<td>4716728001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DPBS, calcium, magnesium</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>14040091</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DPBS, no calcium, no magnesium</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>14190144</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fisherbrand Disposable PES Filter Units 0,2</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>FB12566504</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fisherbrand Disposable PES Filter Units 0,45</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>FB12566505</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Holder for 50 ml culture tubes also fits falcon tube</td>
			<td>Infors HT/ TPP</td>
			<td>31362</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Holder for 600 ml cell culture tube</td>
			<td>Infors HT/ TPP</td>
			<td>66129</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Incubator Minitron 50 mm</td>
			<td>Infors HT</td>
			<td>500043</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LV-MAX Production Medium</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>A3583401</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>N-Tray Universal</td>
			<td>Infors HT/ TPP</td>
			<td>31321</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>OptiPrep - Iodixanol</td>
			<td>Serumwerk bernburg</td>
			<td>1893</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PEI MAX - Transfection Grade Linear Polyethylenimine Hydrochloride (MW 40,000)</td>
			<td>Poly-sciences</td>
			<td>24765-100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phenol red solution&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>72420100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Poly(ethylene glycol) 8000</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>89510</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TransIT-VirusGEN</td>
			<td>Mirus</td>
			<td>Mir 6706</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trypan Blue Solution, 0.4%</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>5250061</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TubeSpin Bioreactors-50ml</td>
			<td>TTP</td>
			<td>87050</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TubeSpin Bioreactors-600ml</td>
			<td>TTP</td>
			<td>87600</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Viral Production Cells</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>A35347</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vivaspin 20 MWCO 100 000</td>
			<td>Cytvia</td>
			<td>28932363</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

production of high-yield adeno associated vector batches using hek293 suspension cells

Adeno-associated viral vectors (AAVs) are a remarkable tool for investigating the central nervous system (CNS). Innovative capsids, such as AAV.PHP.eB, demonstrate extensive transduction of the CNS by intravenous injection in mice. To achieve comparable transduction, a 100-fold higher titer (minimally 1 x 1011 genome copies/mouse) is needed compared to direct injection in the CNS parenchyma. In our group, AAV production, including AAV.PHP.eB relies on adherent HEK293T cells and the triple transfection method. Achieving high yields of AAV with adherent cells entails a labor- and material-intensive process. This constraint prompted the development of a protocol for suspension-based cell culture in conical tubes. AAVs generated in adherent cells were compared to the suspension production method. Culture in suspension using transfection reagents Polyethylenimine or TransIt were compared. AAV vectors were purified by iodixanol gradient ultracentrifugation followed by buffer exchange and concentration using a centrifugal filter. With the adherent method, we achieved an average of 2.6 x 1012 genome copies (GC) total, whereas the suspension method and Polyethylenimine yielded 7.7 x 1012 GC in total, and TransIt yielded 2.4 x 1013 GC in total. There is no difference in in vivo transduction efficiency between vectors produced with adherent compared to the suspension cell system. In summary, a suspension HEK293 cell based AAV production protocol is introduced, resulting in a reduced amount of time and labor needed for vector production while achieving 3 to 9 times higher yields using components available from commercial vendors for research purposes.

Author Spotlight: Advancing Gene Therapy with High-Yield AAV Vectors Through HEK293 Suspension Cell Cultivation

Production of High-Yield Adeno Associated Vector Batches Using HEK293 Suspension Cells

Our lab uses viral vectors as a platform to deliver therapeutic genes to the injured nervous system. Recently, numerous non-invasive viral vectors which are able to cross the blood-brain barrier have been developed. Use of these vectors requires high titers and therefore an improved production process.The implementation of our HEK293 Suspension Cell Procedure makes this AAV protocol less laborious compared to other adherent cell based systems, while at the same time gaining higher yields of AV vectors. There are no treatments to repair the damage in the central nervous system. We aim to use non-invasive viral vectors to stimulate central nervous system repair.The advantage of this protocol is that we can now produce viral vectors at high yield, which allows us to perform non-invasive therapeutic gene delivery to the injured central nervous system. Our current work will pave the way to develop non-invasive gene therapy for multiple neurodegenerative diseases such as multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease.

Most academic labs use adherent HEK293T cells for AAV production8,9. While this works relatively well when small amounts of AAV are needed for direct injection, a 100-fold higher titer (minimally 1 x 1011 GC/mouse) is needed to achieve similar transduction with systemic capsids such as AAV.PHP.eB.
In this protocol, the production of AAV using suspension HEK293 cells cultured in conical tubes was established. Small-scale cult...

Read this Scientific Article Protocol about Author Spotlight: Advancing Gene Therapy with High-Yield AAV Vectors Through HEK293 Suspension Cell Cultivation at JoVE.com

Here, a suspension HEK293 cell-based AAV production protocol is presented, resulting in reduced time and labor needed for vector production using components that are available for research purposes from commercial vendors.

Adeno-associated viral vectors (AAVs) are a remarkable tool for investigating the central nervous system (CNS). Innovative capsids, such as AAV.PHP.eB, ...

production-high-yield-adeno-associated-vector-batches-using-hek293

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

HEK293 Suspension Cell Cultivation and Viral Vector Harvesting for Virus Production

Iodixanol Gradient Purification of Transfected HEK293 Cell Lysates for Concentrated Adeno-Associated Virus Production

1.3K Views.  Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW).  Here, a suspension HEK293 cell-based AAV production protocol is presented, resulting in reduced time and labor needed for vector production using components that are available for research purposes from commercial vendors. 

Simplified and Efficient AAV Production Using HEK293 Suspension Culture

Summary