National Institute of Standards and Technology

16 ARTICLES PUBLISHED IN JoVE

Engineering

Measuring Material Microstructure Under Flow Using 1-2 Plane Flow-Small Angle Neutron Scattering

A. Kate Gurnon¹, P. Douglas Godfrin¹, Norman J. Wagner¹, Aaron P. R. Eberle^1,2, Paul Butler², Lionel Porcar^1,3

¹Center for Neutron Science, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, ²NIST Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, ³Institut Laue-Langevin

A shear cell is developed for small-angle neutron scattering measurements in the velocity-velocity gradient plane of shear and is used to characterize complex fluids. Spatially resolved measurements in the velocity gradient direction are possible for studying shear-banding materials. Applications include investigations of colloidal dispersions, polymer solutions, and self-assembled structures.

Engineering

Atomically Traceable Nanostructure Fabrication

Josh B. Ballard¹, Don D. Dick², Stephen J. McDonnell³, Maia Bischof⁴, Joseph Fu⁵, James H. G. Owen¹, William R. Owen¹, Justin D. Alexander¹, David L. Jaeger⁴, Pradeep Namboodiri⁵, Ehud Fuchs¹, Yves J. Chabal³, Robert M. Wallace³, Richard Reidy⁴, Richard M. Silver⁵, John N. Randall¹, James Von Ehr¹

¹Zyvex Labs, ²Department of Physics, University of Texas at Dallas, ³Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Texas at Dallas, ⁴Materials Science and Engineering, University of North Texas, ⁵National Institute of Standards and Technology

We report a protocol for combining the atomic metrology of the Scanning Tunneling Microscope for surface patterning with selective Atomic Layer Deposition and Reactive Ion Etching. Using a robust process involving numerous atmospheric exposures and transport, 3D nanostructures with atomic metrology are fabricated.

Engineering

Advanced Experimental Methods for Low-temperature Magnetotransport Measurement of Novel Materials

Joseph A. Hagmann¹, Son T. Le¹, Curt A. Richter¹, David G. Seiler¹

¹Engineering Physics Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology

We describe the methodology of mechanical exfoliation and deposition of flakes of novel materials with micron-sized dimensions onto substrate, fabrication of experimental device structures for transport experimentation, and the magnetotransport measurement in a dry helium close-cycle cryostat at temperatures down to 0.300 K and magnetic fields up to 12 T.

Bioengineering

Rapid Scan Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Opens New Avenues for Imaging Physiologically Important Parameters In Vivo

Joshua R. Biller^1,2, Deborah G. Mitchell¹, Mark Tseytlin^3,4, Hanan Elajaili¹, George A. Rinard⁵, Richard W. Quine⁶, Sandra S. Eaton¹, Gareth R. Eaton¹

¹Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Denver, ²Magnetic Imaging Group, Applied Physics Division, Physical Measurements Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, ³Department of Radiology, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth University, ⁴Department of Biochemistry, West Virginia University, ⁵Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Denver, ⁶Department of Engineering, University of Denver

A new electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) method, rapid scan EPR (RS-EPR), is demonstrated for 2D spectral spatial imaging which is superior to the traditional continuous wave (CW) technique and opens new venues for in vivo imaging. Results are demonstrated at 250 MHz, but the technique is applicable at any frequency.

Engineering

Optical Trap Loading of Dielectric Microparticles In Air

Haesung Park¹, Thomas W. LeBrun¹

¹Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology

A protocol for launching and stably trapping selected dielectric microparticles in air is presented.

Engineering

Dielectric RheoSANS — Simultaneous Interrogation of Impedance, Rheology and Small Angle Neutron Scattering of Complex Fluids

Jeffrey J. Richards¹, Cedric V. L. Gagnon², Jeffery R. Krzywon¹, Norman J. Wagner³, Paul D. Butler¹

¹NIST Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, ²Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, ³Center for Neutron Science, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware

Here, we present a procedure for the measurement of simultaneous impedance, rheology and neutron scattering from soft matter materials under shear flow.

Engineering

Standardized Method for Measuring Collection Efficiency from Wipe-sampling of Trace Explosives

Jennifer R. Verkouteren¹, Jeffrey A. Lawrence¹, Matthew E. Staymates¹, Edward Sisco¹

¹Materials Measurement Science Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology

Optimized sampling protocols and the development of new wipe materials can be facilitated by standardized measurements of collection efficiency from wipe-sampling. Our approach for sampling trace explosives uses an automated device to control speed, force, and distance during wipe-sampling followed by extraction of collected explosives.

JoVE Core

Fabrication and Testing of Photonic Thermometers

Nikolai N. Klimov^1,2, Zeeshan Ahmed²

¹Joint Quantum Institute, University of Maryland, ²Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology

We describe the process of fabrication and testing of photonic thermometers.

Chemistry

Disentangling High Strength Copolymer Aramid Fibers to Enable the Determination of Their Mechanical Properties

Amanda L. Forster¹, Viviana Rodriguez Cardenas¹, Ajay Krishnamurthy^1,2, Zois Tsinas³, Amy Engelbrecht-Wiggans^1,2, Nolan Gonzalez¹

¹Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, ²Theiss Research, ³University of Maryland

The primary goal of the study is to develop a protocol to prepare consistent specimens for accurate mechanical testing of high strength copolymer aramid fibers, by removing a coating and disentangling the individual fiber strands without introducing significant chemical or physical degradation.

Chemistry

High Resolution Physical Characterization of Single Metallic Nanoparticles

Jessica Ettedgui^1,2, Jacob Forstater^1,2, Joseph W. Robertson¹, John J. Kasianowicz^1,3

¹Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, ²Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, ³Department of Applied Physics and Applied Math, Columbia University

Here, we present a protocol to detect discrete metal oxygen clusters, polyoxometalates (POMs), at the single molecule limit using a biological nanopore-based electronic platform. The method provides a complementary approach to traditional analytical chemistry tools used in the study of these molecules.

JoVE Core

Cutting Procedures, Tensile Testing, and Ageing of Flexible Unidirectional Composite Laminates

Amy Engelbrecht-Wiggans^1,2, Ajay Krishnamurthy^1,2, Faraz Burni^1,3, William Osborn¹, Amanda L. Forster¹

¹Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, ²Theiss Research, ³Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Department, University of Maryland

The goal of the study was to develop protocols to prepare consistent specimens for accurate mechanical testing of high-strength aramid or ultra-high-molar-mass polyethylene-based flexible unidirectional composite laminate materials and to describe protocols for performing artificial ageing on these materials.

Engineering

Method Development for Contactless Resonant Cavity Dielectric Spectroscopic Studies of Cellulosic Paper

Mary Kombolias¹, Jan Obrzut², Michael T. Postek^3,4, Dianne L. Poster², Yaw S. Obeng³

¹Testing and Technical Services, Plant Operations, United States Government Publishing Office, ²Materials Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, ³Nanoscale Device Characterization Division, Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, ⁴College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida

A protocol for the non-destructive analysis of the fiber content and relative age of paper.

Engineering

Three-Dimensional Particle Shape Analysis Using X-ray Computed Tomography: Experimental Procedure and Analysis Algorithms for Metal Powders

Edward J. Garboczi¹, Nik Hrabe¹

¹Applied Chemicals and Materials Division, MS647, National Institute of Standards and Technology

The size and shape of powder particles are not independent quantities. Usual measurement techniques do not measure these intertwined parameters in three dimensions (3D). A 3D measurement/analysis technique is described, based on X-ray computed tomography, which can measure size and shape and classify powder particles according to both parameters.

Engineering

Calibration Procedures for Orthogonal Superposition Rheology

Ran Tao^1,2, Aaron M. Forster¹

¹Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, ²Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University

We present a detailed calibration protocol for a commercial orthogonal superposition rheology technique using Newtonian fluids including end-effect correction factor determination methods and recommendations for best practices to reduce experimental error.

Chemistry

Comparison of Two Different Synthesis Methods of Single Crystals of Superconducting Uranium Ditelluride

Sheng Ran^1,2,3, I-Lin Liu^1,2, Shanta R. Saha^1,2, Prathum Saraf¹, Johnpierre Paglione^1,2, Nicholas P. Butch^1,2

¹Maryland Quantum Materials Center, Department of Physics, University of Maryland, ²National Institute of Standards and Technology, ³Department of Physics, Washington University in St. Louis

Here, we present a protocol to synthesize two types of UTe₂ crystals: those exhibiting robust superconductivity, via chemical vapor transport synthesis, and those lacking superconductivity, via molten metal flux synthesis.

Engineering

Measuring the Time-Evolution of Nanoscale Materials with Stopped-Flow and Small-Angle Neutron Scattering

Elizabeth G. Kelley¹, Michael H. L. Nguyen², Drew Marquardt^2,3, Brian B. Maranville¹, Ryan P. Murphy¹

¹NIST Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, ²Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, ³Department of Physics, University of Windsor

This protocol presents the use of a stopped-flow sample environment to quickly mix multiple liquid solutions in situ during a small-angle neutron scattering measurement and to study kinetic processes on nanometer length scales and second time scales.