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Method Article
该协议概述了使用临床相关和转听话应变,R20291 艰难梭菌感染(CDI)的头孢哌酮小鼠模型。临床疾病的监测, 艰难梭菌细菌枚举,毒素的细胞毒作用,并在小鼠模型中在整个CDI病理学改变强调在协议中详述。
Clostridium difficile is an anaerobic, gram-positive, spore-forming enteric pathogen that is associated with increasing morbidity and mortality and consequently poses an urgent threat to public health. Recurrence of a C. difficile infection (CDI) after successful treatment with antibiotics is high, occurring in 20-30% of patients, thus necessitating the discovery of novel therapeutics against this pathogen. Current animal models of CDI result in high mortality rates and thus do not approximate the chronic, insidious disease manifestations seen in humans with CDI. To evaluate therapeutics against C. difficile, a mouse model approximating human disease utilizing a clinically-relevant strain is needed. This protocol outlines the cefoperazone mouse model of CDI using a clinically-relevant and genetically-tractable strain, R20291. Techniques for clinical disease monitoring, C. difficile bacterial enumeration, toxin cytotoxicity, and histopathological changes throughout CDI in a mouse model are detailed in the protocol. Compared to other mouse models of CDI, this model is not uniformly lethal at the dose administered, allowing for the observation of a prolonged clinical course of infection concordant with the human disease. Therefore, this cefoperazone mouse model of CDI proves a valuable experimental platform to assess the effects of novel therapeutics on the amelioration of clinical disease and on the restoration of colonization resistance against C. difficile.
艰难梭菌是一种厌氧,革兰氏阳性,形成孢子的杆菌引起危及生命的腹泻1。 艰难梭菌感染(CDI)与日益增多的人类发病率和死亡率,并导致每年1-4医疗费用相关的超过480十亿$。在2013年,美国疾病控制和预防归类难辨作为一项紧迫抗生素耐药性的风险,这表明它对公众健康的1紧迫的威胁。目前,万古霉素抗生素治疗和甲硝唑被认为是照顾的CDI 5标准。不幸的是,CDI复发成功治疗后用抗生素为高,在20发生-的患者2,5-7 30%。因此,新的治疗剂的发现对这种肠道病原体是必要的。为了评估对难辨梭状芽孢杆菌 ,动物模型近似交流人类疾病治疗需要linically相关的应变。
最初,柯赫氏法则是在1977年用克林霉素治疗的叙利亚仓鼠模型建立8 艰难梭菌 。这种模式是今天仍然利用探讨发病9,10的难辨梭状芽孢杆菌毒素的作用。然而,CDI在仓鼠模型导致高死亡率和不近似慢性阴险疾病表现可与CDI 10,11人看到。根据在研究鼠平台的辅助和试剂可用性,CDI的小鼠模型是相关的。
在2008年,CDI的健壮小鼠模型,通过用在饮用水3天之后克林霉素12腹膜内注射抗生素混合物(卡那霉素,庆大霉素,粘菌素,甲硝唑,万古霉素)治疗的小鼠建立的。这种小鼠呈现易受CDI和严重的结肠炎。依靠ING上施用接种的剂量,可以使用该模型被观察到的范围内的临床症状和杀伤力。因为这个时候,各个抗生素疗法已调查了改变的鼠肠道菌群,降低到艰难梭菌可以定植在胃肠道的点定植抗力(在最佳等人审查。和罗礼&Young的)13,14。
最近,一种广谱头孢菌素,头孢哌酮,饮用水中的给定的5天或10天重复地呈现小鼠易感CDI 15。由于第三代头孢菌素的管理都与人类的CDI的风险增加,使用头孢哌酮模型更准确地反映自然发生的疾病16。头孢哌酮治疗小鼠容易艰难梭菌受到挑战既艰难梭菌芽孢和范围在临床多种菌株的营养细胞相关性和毒力17。尽管出现了一些利用难辨营养细胞的感染形式的原始研究, 艰难梭菌芽孢被认为是传动装置18的主要方式。
在过去十年中, 艰难梭菌 R20291,一个NAP1 / BI / 027株,已经出现,造成CDI 19,20流行。我们试图确定疾病的临床过程时头孢哌酮处理的小鼠用临床相关和基因-易于处理艰难梭菌菌株,R20291挑战。该协议细节的临床过程,包括体重减轻,细菌定植,毒素的细胞毒性,并与艰难梭菌 R20291孢子攻击的小鼠的胃肠道组织病理学变化。总体而言,这种小鼠模型被证明是CDI近似人类疾病的宝贵的实验平台。此其特征小鼠模型因此可用于评估的影响对临床疾病的改善和关于对艰难梭菌定植抗力的恢复新颖治疗剂。
伦理声明:
机构的动物护理和使用委员会(IACUC)的兽医北卡罗莱纳州立大学(NCSU)批准了这项研究。北卡罗莱纳州立大学的动物护理和使用政策适用于在北卡罗莱纳州立大学的1985年实验动物设施动物福利法与健康研究扩展法案规定的标准和准则,坚持以指南为照顾和实验动物使用中规定的准则。动物的健康状态,每天进行评估和垂死的动物被人道地用CO 2窒息,再进行二次措施实施安乐死。训练有素的动物技术人员或兽医在本研究中进行畜牧业在AAALAC认证的设施。
1.饮用水管理的抗生素头孢哌酮,实现敏感性艰难梭菌定植与疾病
注意:5至8周龄的C57BL / 6野生型小鼠(雌性和雄性)在开始抗生素水施用前被购买和隔离1周。检疫之后,小鼠被安置与蒸压食品,床上用品和水。笼变化在层流罩中进行由实验室工作人员每周。
2. 艰难梭菌孢子接种的制备及小鼠口服灌胃
注:在开始之前,确保以下物品被放置在厌氧室中至少24小时:1×磷酸盐缓冲盐水(PBS;参见材料),牛磺胆环丝氨酸头孢西丁果糖琼脂(TCCFA)板(参见材料和辅助文件),和无菌L形吊具。
注:与艰难梭菌芽孢攻击小鼠应在二级生物安全水平动物设施被安置。
疾病3.监测老鼠体重减轻和临床症状整个艰难梭菌感染
4. 难辨梭状芽孢杆菌细菌计数从小鼠粪便和盲肠内容
注:在开始之前,确保以下物品被放入厌氧室中至少24小时:1×PBS中(参见材料),TCCFA板(参见材料),无菌L形吊具,和无菌的离心管和/或PCR板进行稀释。
5.细胞的Vero细胞毒性检测量化艰难梭菌毒素Cytotoxi市
注:建议该测定的小鼠模型上在尸检收集并储存在-80℃下的样品完成之后进行。无菌细胞培养技术是本测定期间防止Vero细胞的污染是必不可少的。该协议需要2天进行。所有粪便和在该试验中使用的肠内容必须存储在一个称重,无菌的离心管(与表示为"管的重量,"见上部分)。最终的管重量(包括内容)经由分析规模到最近的四个小数位测定(参见上文部分)。一个多通道移液器,建议使用用于该测定。
注:在开始之前,请确保以下项目可用:Vero细胞,贝科的10%热灭活胎牛血清(FBS)和1%青霉素/链霉素媒体(表示为"DMEM 1X Eagle培养基(DMEM)1X修改媒体;"见材料和辅助文件),0.25%胰蛋白酶-EDTA,1×PBS中,0.4%台盼蓝,在96孔细胞培养平底板,96孔过滤板, 艰难梭菌毒素A(等分试样在3微升1微克/微升的超纯水和存储在-80℃下), 艰难梭菌抗毒素,一个工作表(用于计算和板地图;见补充文件)。
注:应注意这个实验人员暴露于艰难梭菌及其毒素期间进行。
期间的代表性研究中,5周龄的C57BL / 6野生型小鼠用头孢哌酮在其饮用水中(0.5毫克/毫升)预处理5天,并允许一个2天的洗出与普通的饮用水。小鼠用经由在第0天( 图1A)口服强饲法10 5孢子梭状 R20291的挑战。小鼠14天的CDI体重减轻和临床症状(嗜睡,食欲不振,腹泻,和驼背姿势)进行了监测。 C57BL / 6 WT小鼠艰难梭菌 R20291孢子的挑战导?...
This protocol characterizes the clinical course, including weight loss, bacterial colonization, toxin cytotoxicity, and histopathological changes in the gastrointestinal tract, of antibiotic-treated mice challenged with C. difficile R20291 spores. There are several critical steps within the protocol where attention to detail is essential. Accurate calculation of the C. difficile spore inoculum is critical. This calculation is based on the original C. difficile spore stock enumeration, which sho...
The authors have nothing to disclose at this time.
The authors would like to thank Trevor Lawley at the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute for C. difficile R20291 spores and James S. Guy at the North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine for Vero cells, both utilized in this manuscript. Animal histopathology was performed in the LCCC Animal Histopathology Core Facility at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, with special assistance from Traci Raley and Amanda Brown. The LCCC Animal Histopathology Core is supported in part by an NCI Center Core Support Grant (2P30CA016086-40) to the UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center. We would also like to thank Vincent Young, Anna Seekatz, Jhansi Leslie, and Cassie Schumacher for helpful discussions on the Vero cell cytotoxicity assay protocol. JAW is funded by the Ruth L. Kirschstein National Research Service Award Research Training grant T32OD011130 by NIH. CMT is funded by the career development award in metabolomics grant K01GM109236 by the NIGMS of the NIH.
Name | Company | Catalog Number | Comments |
#62 Perisept Sporidicial Disinfectant Cleaner | SSS Navigator | 48027 | This product will require dilution as recommended by the manufacturer |
0.22 μm filter | Fisherbrand | 09-720-3 | Alternative to filter plate for indivdiual samples tested in the Vero Cell Assay |
0.25% Trypsin-EDTA | Gibco | 25200-056 | Needs to be heated in water bath at 37 °C prior to use |
0.4% Trypan Blue | Gibco | 15250-061 | |
1% Peniciilin/Streptomycin | Gibco | 15070-063 | |
10% heat inactivated FBS | Gibco | 16140-071 | Needs to be heated in water bath at 37 °C prior to use |
1 ml plastic syringe | BD Medical Supplies | 309628 | |
1x PBS | Gibco | 10010-023 | |
2 ml Micro Centrifuge Screw Cap | Corning | 430917 | |
96 well cell culture flat bottom plate | Costar Corning | CL3595 | |
96 well filter plate | Millipore | MSGVS2210 | |
Adhesive Seal | ThermoScientific | AB-0558 | |
Bacto Agar | Becton Dickinson | 214010 | Part of TCCFA plates (see below) |
Bacto Proteose Peptone | Becton Dickinson | 211684 | Part of TCCFA plates (see below) |
Cefoperazone | MP Bioworks | 199695 | |
Cefoxitine | Sigma | C47856 | Part of TCCFA plates (see below) |
Clostridium difficile Antitoxin Kit | Tech Labs | T5000 | Used as control for Vero Cell Assay |
Clostridium difficile Toxin A | List Biological Labs | 152C | Positive control for Vero Cell Assay |
D-cycloserine | Sigma | C6880 | Part of TCCFA plates (see below) |
Distilled Water | Gibco | 15230 | |
DMEM 1x Media | Gibco | 11965-092 | Needs to be heated in water bath at 37 °C prior to use |
Fructose | Fisher | L95500 | Part of TCCFA plates (see below) |
Hemocytometer | Bright-Line, Sigma | Z359629 | |
KH2PO4 | Fisher | P285-500 | Part of TCCFA plates (see below) |
MgSO4 (anhydrous) | Sigma | M2643 | Part of TCCFA plates (see below) |
Millex-GS 0.22 μm filter | Millex-GS | SLGS033SS | Filter for TCCFA plates |
Na2HPO4 | Sigma | S-0876 | Part of TCCFA plates (see below) |
NaCl | Fisher | S640-3 | Part of TCCFA plates (see below) |
Number 10 disposable scalpel blade | Miltex, Inc | 4-410 | |
PCR Plates | Fisherbrand | 14230244 | |
Plastic petri dish | Kord-Valmark Brand | 2900 | |
Sterile plastic L-shaped cell spreader | Fisherbrand | 14-665-230 | |
Syringe Stepper | Dymax Corporation | T15469 | |
Taurocholate | Sigma | T4009 | Part of TCCFA plates (see below) |
Ultrapure distilled water | Invitrogen | 10977-015 | |
C57BL/6J Mice | The Jackson Laboratory | 664 | Mice should be 5 - 8 weeks of age |
Olympus BX43F light microscope | Olympus Life Science | ||
DP27 camera | Olympus Life Science | ||
cellSens Dimension software | Olympus Life Science |
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