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Method Article
以下文章重点介绍了心源性休克患者启动和维持静脉-动脉体外膜肺氧合所涉及的各种步骤。
心源性休克 (CS) 是一种以低心输出量情况下组织灌注不足为特征的临床病症。CS 是急性心肌梗死 (AMI) 后死亡的主要原因。几种临时机械支持装置可用于 CS 的血流动力学支持,直到临床恢复或直到进行了更明确的外科手术。静脉-动脉 (VA) 体外膜肺氧合 (ECMO) 已发展成为难治性 CS 短期循环支持的强大治疗选择。在没有随机临床试验的情况下,ECMO 的使用以临床经验为指导,并基于登记处和观察性研究的数据。使用 VA-ECMO 出院的存活率为 28-67%。ECMO 的启动需要静脉和动脉插管,这可以通过经皮或手术切除进行。ECMO 回路的组成部分包括从静脉系统抽血的流入插管、泵、氧合器和将血液回流到动脉系统的流出插管。ECMO 启动后的管理考虑包括全身抗凝以预防血栓形成、促进心肌恢复的左心室卸载策略、在股动脉插管的情况下使用远端灌注导管预防肢体缺血,以及预防其他并发症,例如溶血、空气栓塞和 Harlequin 综合征。ECMO 禁用于无法控制的出血、未修复的主动脉夹层、严重主动脉关闭不全以及徒劳的病例,例如严重的神经损伤或转移性恶性肿瘤。在考虑患者进行 ECMO 时,建议采用多学科休克小组方法。正在进行的研究将评估增加常规 ECMO 是否能提高接受血运重建的 AMI 合并 CS 患者的生存率。
心源性休克 (CS) 是一种以低心输出量情况下组织灌注不足为特征的临床病症。尽管再灌注治疗取得了进展,但急性心肌梗死 (AMI) 仍然是 CS 的主要原因。根据对全国住院样本 (NIS) 数据库的分析,该数据库从大约 20% 的美国住院病例中收集数据,55.4 年至 144,254 例 CS 病例中有 2005% 继发于 AMI1。CS 的其他病因包括失代偿性心力衰竭、暴发性心肌炎、心脏切开术后休克和肺栓塞 (PE)。CS 与高院内死亡率相关,范围在 45-65% 之间 1,2。因此,快速识别 CS 并纠正可逆原因对于提高患者生存率至关重要。例如,我们应该紧急血运重建用于心源性休克的闭塞冠状动脉 (SHOCK) 试验表明,与 CS 并发 AMI 患者的初始医疗稳定策略相比,早期血运重建策略与 6 个月3 和 1 年4 的生存率更高相关。
血管加压药和正性肌力药可用于纠正与 CS 相关的低血压,但均未显示对死亡率有任何益处 5,6,7。另一方面,短期机械循环支持 (MCS) 设备可以为难治性 CS 患者提供血流动力学支持,作为恢复的桥梁或通往更确定性治疗的桥梁。近十年来,MCS 的使用有所增加;然而,CS 住院的发生率超过了 MCS8 的使用率。血管内微轴左心室辅助装置 (LVAD)(例如 Impella 和 TandemHeart)和静脉-动脉体外膜肺氧合 (VA-ECMO) 的应用相对增加抵消了主动脉内球囊泵 (IABP) 利用率的下降趋势。
VA-ECMO 可以产生高达 4-6 L/min 的流量,其在 CS 中的应用已广受欢迎9。根据体外生命支持组织 (ELSO) 维护的全球登记处,VA-ECMO 的使用量从 2010 年之前的每年不到 500 次增加到 2015 年的 2,157 次10。尽管如此,VA-ECMO 是一种资源密集型模式,需要全天候提供专业设备和训练有素的员工。因此,在开始和维持 ECMO 之前,患者选择至关重要,以改善结果并最大限度地减少不良事件。本文讨论了 VA-ECMO 启动所涉及的步骤、启动后维护、其使用的证据以及相关并发症。
ECMO 回路由流入插管、离心泵、氧合器和流出插管组成(图 1)11。流入套管 通过 管道连接到离心泵,离心泵中旋转的转子产生流量和压力。血液从泵流向膜氧合器,在那里进行气体交换12.在这里,血红蛋白被氧气饱和,氧合程度是通过改变流速和增加或减少供应给氧合器的吸入氧 (FiO2) 分数来控制的。通过调整通过氧合器的逆流气体的扫描速度来控制二氧化碳的去除。通常将热交换器连接到氧合器上,因此可以调节返回体内的血液温度。血液从氧合器通过流出套管返回给患者,流出套管位于股动脉外周或主动脉中央。
该协议遵循内布拉斯加大学医学中心机构人类研究伦理委员会的指导方针。
1. 患者选择
2. VA-ECMO 的插管和启动
3. 启动后管理
4. 并发症的预防和管理
5. 从 ECMO 撤机
根据各种观察性研究的报告,在难治性 CS 中使用 VA-ECMO 后出院的存活率为 28-67%13、15、52、53、54、55、56%(表 1)。结局因 CS 的病因而异。在 ELSO 登记处,从 9,025 年到 1990 年,2015 名?...
在该方案中,描述了难治性 CS 患者启动和维持 VA-ECMO 所涉及的各种步骤。还讨论了使用 VA-ECMO 的一些主要并发症、脱机参数和结局。
当其他管理策略无法为 CS 患者提供足够的血流动力学支持时,VA-ECMO 通常用作挽救疗法。插管涉及大口径血管通路,应谨慎进行,以尽量减少血管损伤和出血风险。一旦开始 VA-ECMO,应在心血管重症监护病房对患者进行?...
John Um 是 Abbott Laboratories 的顾问和 Medtronic 的顾问。Poonam Velagapudi 透露,他从 Abiomed、Medtronic、Opsens 和 Shockwave Medical 收取演讲费,以及参加 Abiomed 和 Sanofi 顾问委员会的费用。其他作者没有什么可披露的。
没有。
Name | Company | Catalog Number | Comments |
Amplatz Super Stiff guidewire | Boston Scientific | 46-500, 46-501, 46-502. 46-503, 46-504, 46-517, 46-519, 46-520, 46-523, 46-525, 46-526, 46-563, 46-564, 46-509, 46-510, 46-518, 46-524 | Allows delivery of catheters across tortuous anatomies |
Impella | Abiomed | Impella 2.5, Impella CP, Impella 5.0, Impella 5.5, Impella RP | Percutaneously inserted left ventricular assist device that provides hemodynamic support in cardiogenic shock |
Inflow Cannula | Surge Cardiovascular | FEM-V1020, FEM-V1022, FEM-V1024, FEM-V1026,FEM-V1028 | Removes deoxygenated blood from the central venous circulation into the ECMO circuit |
Inflow Cannula | Medtronic Cardiopulmonary | Biomedicus 96600-019,021,023,025,027,029 | Removes deoxygenated blood from the central venous circulation into the ECMO circuit |
Inflow Cannula | Medtronic Cardiopulmonary | Biomedicus Femoral Venous 96670 - 017,019, 021, 023 | Removes deoxygenated blood from the central venous circulation into the ECMO circuit |
Inflow Cannula | Medtronic Cardiopulmonary | Biomedicus Multi-Stage Femoral Venous 96880-019,021,025 | Removes deoxygenated blood from the central venous circulation into the ECMO circuit |
Inflow Cannula | Medtronic Cardiopulmonary | Biomedicus NextGen 96600 - 115, 117, 119, 121, 123, 125, 127, 129 | Removes deoxygenated blood from the central venous circulation into the ECMO circuit |
Inflow Cannula | Medtronic Cardiopulmonary | Carmeda Biomedicus CB96605-015,017,019,021,023,025,29 | Removes deoxygenated blood from the central venous circulation into the ECMO circuit |
Inflow Cannula | Medtronic Cardiopulmonary | Cortiva Biomedicus Femoral Venous CB96670-015,017,019,021 | Removes deoxygenated blood from the central venous circulation into the ECMO circuit |
Inflow Cannula | Medtronic Cardiopulmonary | DLP Carmeda Venous CB75008, CB66112, CB66114, CB66116, CB66118, CB66120, CB66122,CB66124 | Removes deoxygenated blood from the central venous circulation into the ECMO circuit |
Inflow Cannula | Getinge | Avalon Elite Bicaval - 10013, 10016, 10019, 10020, 10023, 10027, 10031 | Removes deoxygenated blood from the central venous circulation into the ECMO circuit |
Inflow Cannula | Getinge | HLS Cannula Venous Bioline - BE PVS 1938, 2138, 2155, 2338, 2355, 2538, 2555, 2955 | Removes deoxygenated blood from the central venous circulation into the ECMO circuit |
Inflow Cannula | Getinge | HLS Cannula Venous Softline - BO PVS 1938, 2138, 2155, 2338, 2355, 2538, 2555, 2955 | Removes deoxygenated blood from the central venous circulation into the ECMO circuit |
Inflow Cannula | Getinge | HLS Cannula Venous - PVS 1938, 2138, 2155, 2338, 2355, 2538, 2555, 2955 | Removes deoxygenated blood from the central venous circulation into the ECMO circuit |
Inflow Cannula | Medtronic Cardiopulmonary | Life Support Bio-Medicus Drainage Catheter and Introducers - LS96218 - 015, 017, 019, 021, 023, 025 ; LS96438 - 021, 023, 025, LS 96555 - 019, 021, 023, 025, LS 96355 - 021, LS96360 -023, 025, 027, 029 | Removes deoxygenated blood from the central venous circulation into the ECMO circuit |
Inflow Cannula | Fresenius | Medos Femoral Cannula MEFKV 18,20,22,24,26,28 | Removes deoxygenated blood from the central venous circulation into the ECMO circuit |
Inflow Cannula | Medtronic Cardiopulmonary | Medtronic 2 stage venous - 91228, 91240, 91246, 91236,91251 | Removes deoxygenated blood from the central venous circulation into the ECMO circuit |
Inflow Cannula | Senko/Mera | PCKC-V-24, PCKC-V2-18, PCKC-V-18, PCKC-V2-20, PCKC-V-20, PCKC-V-22, PCKC-V2-24, PCKC-V-24 | Removes deoxygenated blood from the central venous circulation into the ECMO circuit |
Inflow Cannula | TandemLife/Livanova | 29,31 Fr | Removes deoxygenated blood from the central venous circulation into the ECMO circuit |
Inflow Cannula | Freelife Medical | FLK V19 B18, FLK V19 B18R, FLK VV 19R, FLK V20 B20, FLK V20 B20R, FLK V19 B20, FLK V19 B20R, FLK V20 B22, FLK V20 B22R, FLK V10S B22, FLK V19 B22, FLK V19 B22R, FLK V10 B22, FLK V10 B22R, FLK V10S B22R, FLK VV 23R, FLK V10S B24, FLK V10S B24R, FLK V10 B24, FLK V10 B24R, FLK V10S B26, FLK V10S B26R, FLK V10 B26, FLK V10 B26R, FLK VV 27R, FLK VV 31R | Removes deoxygenated blood from the central venous circulation into the ECMO circuit |
Inflow Cannula | LivaNova | Sorin right angle venous - 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 28 | Removes deoxygenated blood from the central venous circulation into the ECMO circuit |
Inflow Cannula | Terumo | CX-EB18VLX, CX-EB21VLX | Removes deoxygenated blood from the central venous circulation into the ECMO circuit |
Outflow Cannula | Medtronic Cardiopulmonary | Biomedicus Arterial 96530 - 015,017, 019, 021, 023, 025, | Returns oxygenated blood to the body |
Outflow Cannula | Medtronic Cardiopulmonary | Biomedicus Femoral Arterial 96570 - 015, 017, 019, 021 | Returns oxygenated blood to the body |
Outflow Cannula | Medtronic Cardiopulmonary | Biomedicus NextGen Arterial 96530 -115, 117, 119, 121, 123, 125, 96570 - 115, 117, 119, 121 | Returns oxygenated blood to the body |
Outflow Cannula | Medtronic Cardiopulmonary | Carmeda Biomedicus CB96535 - 015, 017, 019, 021, 023 | Returns oxygenated blood to the body |
Outflow Cannula | Medtronic Cardiopulmonary | Cortiva Biomedicus Femoral Arterial CB96570 -015, 017, 019, 021 | Returns oxygenated blood to the body |
Outflow Cannula | Getinge | PAS 1315, PAS 1515, PAS 1523, PAS 1717, PAL 1723, PAL 1923, PAL 2115, PAL 2123, PAL 2315, PAL 2323 | Returns oxygenated blood to the body |
Outflow Cannula | Getinge | Bioline BE PAS 1315, BE PAS 1515, BE PAL 1523, BE PAL 1723, BE PAS 1915, BE PAL 1923, BE PAS 2115, BE PAL 2123, BE PAS 2315, BE PAL 2323, | Returns oxygenated blood to the body |
Outflow Cannula | Getinge | Softline BO PAS 1315, BO PAS 1515, BO PAL 1523, BO PAS 1715, BO PAL 1723, BO PAS 1915, BO PAL 1923, BO PAS 2115, BO PAL 2123, BO PAL 2323 | Returns oxygenated blood to the body |
Outflow Cannula | Fresenius | Medos Femoral Arterial Cannula; MEFKA 16, 18, 20, 22,24 | Returns oxygenated blood to the body |
Outflow Cannula | Senko/Mera | PCKC-A-20, PCKC-A-16, PCKC-A-18 | Returns oxygenated blood to the body |
Outflow Cannula | Freelife Medical | FLK A18 D16, FLK A18L D16, FLK A18L D16R, FLK A18 D16R, FLK A44 D18, FLK A44 D18R, FLK A18 D18, FLK A18L D18, FLK A18L D18R, FLK A18 D18R, FLK A44 D20, FLK A44 D20R, FLK A18 D20, FLK A18L D20, FLK A18L D20R, FLK A18 D20R, FLK A18 D22, FLK A18L D22, FLK A18L D22R, FLK A18 D24, FLK A18L D24, FLK A18L D24R, FLK A18 D24R | Returns oxygenated blood to the body |
Outflow Cannula | LivaNova | Sorin arterial - 14, 17, 19, 21, 23 Fr | Returns oxygenated blood to the body |
Outlflow Cannula | Medtronic Cardiopulmonary | Life Support Bio-Medicus Return Catheter and Introducers - LS96010-009, LS96010-011, LS96010-013, LS96010-015, LS96218-015, LS96218-017, LS96218-019, LS96218-021, LS96218-023, LS96218-025 | Returns oxygenated blood to the body |
Oxygenator | Abbott | Eurosets | Deoxygenated blood from the inflow cannula is saturated with oxygen |
Oxygenator | Getinge | MaquetHLS Set Advanced v 5.0, v 7.0, Maquet Quadrox iD | Deoxygenated blood from the inflow cannula is saturated with oxygen |
Oxygenator | Medtronic | Nautilus | Deoxygenated blood from the inflow cannula is saturated with oxygen |
Pump | Abiomed | Breethe | Generates force to deliver oxygenated blood back to the body |
Pump | LivaNova | Alcard ALC 250 | Generates force to deliver oxygenated blood back to the body |
Pump | Baxter | Century Roller Pump | Generates force to deliver oxygenated blood back to the body |
Pump | Medtronic Cardiopulmonary | Biomedicus BP50, BP80 Centrifugal | Generates force to deliver oxygenated blood back to the body |
Pump | Braile Biomedica | Safyre | Generates force to deliver oxygenated blood back to the body |
Pump | Getinge | CiSet | Generates force to deliver oxygenated blood back to the body |
Pump | Abbott | CentriMag | Generates force to deliver oxygenated blood back to the body |
Pump | LivaNova | Cobe 6" Roller | Generates force to deliver oxygenated blood back to the body |
Pump | Origen | FloPump 32 | Generates force to deliver oxygenated blood back to the body |
Pump | Getinge | HIT Set Advanced Softline 5.0 and 7.0 | Generates force to deliver oxygenated blood back to the body |
Pump | LivaNova | LifeSPARC | Generates force to deliver oxygenated blood back to the body |
Pump | Senko/Mera | Centrifugal pump head | Generates force to deliver oxygenated blood back to the body |
Pump | Getinge | HLS Set Advanced Bioline 5.0 and 7.0 | Generates force to deliver oxygenated blood back to the body |
Tandem Heart | LivaNova | Tandem Heart LS | Percutaneously inserted left ventricular assist device |
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