收获从股骨和胫骨骨髓<ol><li>该过程的第一步是，收获从6股骨和胫骨骨髓 - 12周龄小鼠（我们使用的是BALB / c小鼠，但你可以用此过程中，任何小鼠品系）。首先，安乐死的CO 2吸入（将不会被显示）鼠标。收获从每个后腿股骨和胫骨。然后，用刀片，切删除的髋关节和膝关节股骨的两端，暴露骨髓。 </li><li>以类似的方式，削减的胫骨的两端删除膝，踝关节的邻近地区，并揭露了骨髓。 </li><li>以26号针头与3毫升注射器和填充用RPMI 10％胎牛血清，青霉素，链霉素，和β-巯基乙醇（BME = 100 UM）的补充。使用镊子，缓缴的Petri菜的RPMI媒体骨。骨的一端插入注射器针头，压低柱塞冲洗出骨髓。注射器针头，可以向上和向下移动，骨内，以冲洗掉残留骨髓。 </li><li>重复的过程中，所有的骨头，然后着手建立的文化。 </li></ol>建立文化<ol><li>要建立的骨髓文化，吸刷新骨髓几次分手组织成细胞悬液。 </li><li> 50 mL锥形管上放置一个70微米的过滤器，过滤器，并添加细胞悬液。 </li><li>冲洗培养皿中，用RPMI一次，然后添加到70微米的过滤器冲洗。 </li><li>使用1 mL注射器柱塞橡胶年底，磨70微米的过滤器上的剩余的骨髓片。 </li><li>用RPMI清洗一次过滤器。 </li><li>清洗过滤器后，在5分钟1200转离心细胞悬液。 </li><li> resuspending在PBS清洗细胞沉淀。 </li><li>使用血球计数细胞。我们通常会获得从一只老鼠的骨骼（两股骨加两个胫骨）〜90亿个细胞。细胞计数后，他们再次在5分钟1200转离心。 </li><li>重悬在少量的RPMI和分装到含有足够的RPMI使终浓度为每毫升1万细胞的组织培养瓶中细胞。 </li><li>添加细胞因子，促进发展您感兴趣的细胞类型。在这种情况下，添加细胞因子白细胞介素3（IL - 3 = 10毫微克/毫升）嗜碱性粒细胞和肥大细胞，促进发展。为了获得嗜碱性粒细胞，孵育10天。对于肥大细胞，培育5个星期。当生成肥大细胞，媒体和IL - 3，应每周更换一次。 </li><li>这里是在肥大细胞应如何电镀后出现。这个图像演示肥大骨髓细胞嗜碱性粒细胞和肥大细胞后10天白细胞介素- 3除了的分化。 </li><li>一旦获得所需的细胞类型，进行电一步。 </li></ol>电穿孔细胞<ol><li>要开始的电击一步，决定在培养瓶中的细胞数量。 </li><li>细胞通常在电穿孔密度每毫升10万，转移所需的细胞数量，锥形管，并在5分钟1200转离心管。 </li><li>离心后，吸媒体，用1X PBS清洗细胞，并再次离心5分钟1200转。 </li><li>吸出PBS和添加Bio - Rad公司的基因脉冲电缓冲区，使细胞每毫升10万的细胞悬液。 </li><li> resuspending的细胞后，加入终浓度在10至20微克每毫升所需的质粒DNA。 </li><li>分装150微升到您所选择的井的细胞悬液，在96孔的电板。 </li><li> MXcell板室的电板，并盖上盖子。 </li><li>肥大细胞的转染之前，必须编程电协议进入的MXcell，除非使用预设或存储协议。通过优化实验，我们发现，肥大细胞的转染效率最高发生使用方波脉冲协议。我们将根据板的电条件，提供300V/20ms，350/15ms，350V/20ms和350V/10ms方波脉冲，在2000uF和1000欧姆。一旦协议已经设置并加载到设备上，按“脉冲”electroporate细胞。 </li><li>电完成后，转移到组织培养板的细胞。我们通常将每个150微升电样品以及一个48孔组织培养板与白细胞介素- 3每毫升10毫微克含300微升的RPMI（含10％FCS，青霉素，链霉素，和β-巯基乙醇补充）。细胞孵育过夜在37 ° C，然后在24小时后测定表达和抑制。 </li></ol>陈德良sfection结果成功后，使用质粒GFP的每毫升20微克的电的细胞的荧光显微镜图像显示视频。可使用MXcell电系统的大约30％的转染效率。该系统使您可以改变条件，最大限度地提高您转染效率，同时保持细胞活力。

随着越来越多的基因组信息的出现，并开发新的工具，如siRNA的，使用的有关生理细胞已变得越来越重要，我们进一步了解疾病的途径，蛋白 - 蛋白相互作用和信号转导。主要细胞是直接从组织或体液，并在体外培养。方式，包括通过引入外源遗传物质，这些细胞可以被操纵。这是越来越明显，引入的原代细胞的质粒DNA或siRNA的最有效的方法是电击。 电穿孔公开细胞电脉冲，以瞬时提高细胞膜的通透性，从而使外源核酸进入细胞。这种转染的方法，可以优化，以适应不同类型的细胞/线，因此，可用于转染肥大细胞，以及任何其他骨髓衍生的细胞之间的差异。此外，与病毒介导的转染，电不转染DNA的大小施加限制，也不需要大量的准备。相比之下脂质介导的转染，电可以毒性较低，不会导致转染的核酸内体诱捕。 Bio - Rad公司已经开发出了MXcell电系统，专门为这些细胞。 MXcell允许您以不同条件，最大限度地提高您转染效率和细胞活力。为了优化转染效率和减少细胞死亡，众多的电参数，包括电压，电容，电阻，脉冲长度可以调整和评估。

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<td>Gene Pulser MXcell Electroporation System</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
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<td>Gene Pulser Electroporation Buffer</td>
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the preparation of primary hematopoietic cell cultures from murine bone marrow for electroporation

这是越来越明显，电是最有效的方法，引入的原代细胞的质粒DNA或siRNA。基因脉冲MXcell电系统和基因脉冲电缓冲区是专门开发核酸转染哺乳动物细胞和难以转染的细胞，如小学和干cells.This视频，演示了如何建立从小学小鼠骨髓造血细胞培养，然后准备在MXcell系统的电。我们开始通过分离股骨和胫骨。从股骨和胫骨的骨髓，然后收获和文化都成立。培养的骨髓细胞，然后转染和分析。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about The Preparation of Primary Hematopoietic Cell Cultures From Murine Bone Marrow for Electroporation at JoVE.com

The Preparation of Primary Hematopoietic Cell Cultures From Murine Bone Marrow for Electroporation

此过程介绍了如何建立从小鼠骨髓造血的主要细胞培养和使用转基因脉冲MXCell电系统。

主电穿孔的小鼠骨髓造血细胞培养制备

It is becoming increasingly apparent that electroporation is the most effective way to introduce plasmid DNA or siRNA into primary cells. The Gene Pulser ...

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Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

25.7K 次观看.  Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc.  ChineseVersion 

视频: The Preparation of Primary Hematopoietic Cell Cultures From Murine Bone Marrow for Electroporation

Derivation of Hematopoietic Stem Cells from Murine Embryonic Stem Cells

A stem cell is defined as a cell with the capacity to both self-renew and generate multiple differentiated progeny.  Embryonic stem cells (ESC) are derived from the blastocyst of the early embryo and are pluripotent in differentiative ability.  Their vast differentiative potential has made them the focus of much research centered on deducing how to coax them to generate clinically useful cell types.  The successful derivation of hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) from mouse ESC has recently been accomplished and can be visualized in this video protocol.  HSC, arguably the most clinically exploited cell population, are used to treat a myriad of hematopoietic malignancies and disorders.  However, many patients that might benefit from HSC therapy lack access to suitable donors.  ESC could provide an alternative source of HSC for these patients.  The following protocol establishes a baseline from which ESC-HSC can be studied and inform efforts to isolate HSC from human ESC.  In this protocol, ESC are differentiated as embryoid bodies (EBs) for 6 days in commercially available serum pre-screened for optimal hematopoietic differentiation.  EBs are then dissociated and infected with retroviral HoxB4.  Infected EB-derived cells are plated on OP9 stroma, a bone marrow stromal cell line derived from the calvaria of  M-CSF-/- mice, and co-cultured in the presence of hematopoiesis promoting cytokines for ten days.  During this co-culture, the infected cells expand greatly, resulting in the generation a heterogeneous pool of 100s of millions of cells.  These cells can then be used to rescue and reconstitute lethally irradiated mice.

This protocol details the derivation of transplantable hematopoietic stem cells from mouse embryonic stem cells (ESC) and their subsequent injection into lethally irradiated recipient mice. Briefly, ESC are differentiated as embryoid bodies, which are then infected with retroviral HoxB4 and co-cultured with OP9 stromal cells and hematopoietic cytokines.

从小鼠胚胎干细胞的造血干细胞的推导

A stem cell is defined as a cell with the capacity to both self-renew and generate multiple differentiated progeny.  Embryonic stem cells (ESC) are ...

科研

生物学

Primary Neuronal Cultures from the Brains of Late Stage Drosophila Pupae

In this video, we demonstrate the preparation of primary neuronal cultures from the brains of late stage Drosophila pupae. The procedure begins with the removal of brains from animals at 70-78 hrs after puparium formation. The isolated brains are shown after brief incubation in papain followed by several washes in serum-free growth medium. The process of mechanical dissociation of each brain in a 5 ul drop of media on a coverslip is illustrated. The axons and dendrites of the post-mitotic neurons are sheered off near the soma during dissociation but the neurons begin to regenerate processes within a few hours of plating. Images show live cultures at 2 days. Neurons continue to elaborate processes during the first week in culture. Specific neuronal populations can be identified in culture using GAL4 lines to drive tissue specific expression of fluorescent markers such as  GFP or RFP. Whole cell recordings have demonstrated the cultured neurons form functional, spontaneously active cholinergic and GABAergic synapses. A short video segment illustrates calcium dynamics in the cultured neurons using Fura-2 as a calcium indicator dye to monitor spontaneous calcium transients and nicotine evoked calcium responses in a dish of cultured neurons. These pupal brain cultures are a useful model system in which genetic and pharmacological tools can be used to identify intrinsic and extrinsic factors that influence formation and function of central synapses.

This video demonstrates the preparation of primary neuronal cultures from the brains of late stage Drosophila pupae. Views of live cultures show neurite outgrowth and imaging of calcium levels using Fura-2.

从晚期果蝇蛹的大脑原发性神经文化

In this video, we demonstrate the preparation of primary neuronal cultures from the brains of late stage Drosophila pupae. The procedure begins with the ...

Preparation of Neuronal Cultures from Midgastrula Stage Drosophila Embryos

This video illustrates the procedure for making primary neuronal cultures from midgastrula stage Drosophila embryos. The methods for collecting embryos and their dechorionation using bleach are demonstrated. Using a glass pipet attached to a mouth suction tube, we illustrate the removal of all cells from single embryos. The method for dispersing cells from each embyro into a small (5 l) drop of medium on an uncoated glass coverslip is demonstrated. A view through the microscope at 1 hour after plating illustrates the preferred cell density. Most of the cells that survive when grown in defined medium are neuroblasts that divide one or more times in culture before extending neuritic processes by 12-24 hours. A view through the microscope illustrates the level of neurite outgrowth and branching expected in a healthy culture at 2 days in vitro. The cultures are grown in a simple bicarbonate based defined medium, in a 5% CO2 incubator at 22-24&deg;C. Neuritic processes continue to elaborate over the first week in culture and when they make contact with neurites from neighboring cells they often form functional synaptic connections. Neurons in these cultures express voltage-gated sodium, calcium, and potassium channels and are electrically excitable. This culture system is useful for studying molecular genetic and environmental factors that regulate neuronal differentiation, excitability, and synapse formation/function.

This video demonstrates the preparation of primary neuronal cultures from midgastrula stage Drosophila embryos. Views of live cultures show cells 1 hour after plating and differentiated neurons after 2 days of growth in a bicarbonate-based defined medium. The neurons are electrically excitable and form synaptic connections.

从Midgastrula舞台果蝇胚胎神经文化的制备

This video illustrates the procedure for making primary neuronal cultures from midgastrula stage Drosophila embryos. The methods for collecting embryos ...

Electroporation of Mycobacteria

High efficiency transformation is a major limitation in the study of mycobacteria. The genus Mycobacterium can be difficult to transform; this is mainly caused by the thick and waxy cell wall, but is compounded by the fact that most molecular techniques have been developed for distantly-related species such as Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis. In spite of these obstacles, mycobacterial plasmids have been identified and DNA transformation of many mycobacterial species have now been described. The most successful method for introducing DNA into mycobacteria is electroporation. Many parameters contribute to successful transformation; these include the species/strain, the nature of the transforming DNA, the selectable marker used, the growth medium, and the  conditions for the electroporation pulse. Optimized methods for the transformation of both slow- and fast-grower are detailed here. Transformation efficiencies for different mycobacterial species and with various selectable markers are reported.

Mycobacterial pathogenic strategies remain poorly understood. The slow growth rate of most species, the impenetrable nature of the cell-wall, and the hazards of working with pathogens make mycobacteria difficult to study and are largely responsible for our poor understanding of these organisms. In this video we will demonstrate the technique of electroporation, which involves subjecting cells to a brief high electrical impulse to allow the entry of DNA. It is the most widely used method for introducing DNA into mycobacterial cells.

电穿孔分枝杆菌

High efficiency transformation is a major limitation in the study of mycobacteria. The genus Mycobacterium can be difficult to transform; this is mainly ...

Culture of myeloid dendritic cells from bone marrow precursors

Myeloid dendritic cells (DCs) are frequently used to study the interactions between innate and adaptive immune mechanisms and the early response to infection. Because these are the most potent antigen presenting cells, DCs are being increasingly used as a vaccine vector to study the induction of antigen-specific immune responses. In this video, we demonstrate the procedure for harvesting tibias and femurs from a donor mouse, processing the bone marrow and differentiating DCs in vitro. The properties of DCs change following stimulation: immature dendritic cells are potent phagocytes, whereas mature DCs are capable of antigen presentation and interaction with CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. This change in functional activity corresponds with the upregulation of cell surface markers and cytokine production. Many agents can be used to mature DCs, including cytokines and toll-like receptor ligands. In this video, we demonstrate flow cytometric comparisons of expression of two co-stimulatory molecules, CD86 and CD40, and the cytokine, IL-12, following overnight stimulation with CpG or mock treatment. After differentiation, DCs can be further manipulated for use as a vaccine vector or to generate antigen-specific immune responses by in vitro pulsing using peptides or proteins, or transduced using recombinant viral vectors. 

This video demonstrates the procedure for differentiating myeloid dendritic cells from mouse bone marrow. Isolation of mouse tibia and femur, and processing of bone marrow are demonstrated. Pictures demonstrating cell morphology before and after differentiation, and figures depicting cell phenotype and IL-12 production following maturation using CpG are shown.

文化髓系树突状细胞从骨髓前体

Myeloid dendritic cells (DCs) are frequently used to study the interactions between innate and adaptive immune mechanisms and the early response to ...

Primary Dissociated Midbrain Dopamine Cell Cultures from Rodent Neonates

The ability to create primary cell cultures of dopamine neurons allows for the study of the presynaptic characteristics of dopamine neurons in isolation from systemic input from elsewhere in the brain. In our lab, we use these neurons to assess dopamine release kinetics using carbon fiber amperometry, as well as expression levels of dopamine related genes and proteins using quantitative PCR and immunocytochemistry. In this video, we show you how we generate these cultures from rodent neonates.
The process involves several steps, including the plating of cortical glial astrocytes, the conditioning of neuronal cell culture media by the glial substrate, the dissection of the midbrain in neonates, the digestion, extraction and plating of dopamine neurons and the addition of neurotrophic factors to ensure cell survival.
The applications suitable for such a preparation include electrophysiology, immunocytochemistry, quantitative PCR, video microscopy (i.e., of real-time vesicular fusion with the plasma membrane), cell viability assays and other toxicological screens.

Primary dissociated midbrain dopamine cell cultures allow for the study of presynaptic characteristics of dopamine neurons. They can be used to monitor real-time dopamine release kinetics and protein/mRNA levels of regulators of dopamine exocytosis. Here, we show you how to generate these cultures from rodent neonates.

小学游离中脑多巴胺鼠类新生儿的细胞培养

The ability to create primary cell cultures of dopamine neurons allows for the study of the presynaptic characteristics of dopamine neurons in isolation ...

Homing of Hematopoietic Cells to the Bone Marrow

Homing is the phenomenon whereby transplanted hematopoietic cells are able to travel to and engraft or establish residence in the bone marrow. Various chemomkines and receptors are involved in the homing of hematopoietic stem cells. [1, 2]
This paper outlines the classic homing protocol used in hematopoietic stem cell studies. In general this involves isolating the cell population whose homing needs to be investigated, staining this population with a dye of interest and injecting these cells into the blood stream of a recipient animal. The recipient animal is then sacrificed at a pre-determined time after injection and the bone marrow evaluated for the percentage or absolute number of cells which are positive for the dye of interest. In one of the most common experimental schemes, the homing efficiency of hematopoietic cells from two genetically distinct animals (a wild type animal and the corresponding knock-out) is compared. This article describes the hematopoietic cell homing protocol in the framework of such as experiment.

This article describes a protocol used to study the homing of hematopoietic cells to their niches in the bone marrow.

归巢的骨髓造血细胞

Homing is the phenomenon whereby transplanted hematopoietic cells are able to travel to and engraft or establish residence in the bone marrow.  Various ...

Primary Culture and Plasmid Electroporation of the Murine Organ of Corti. 

In all mammals, the sensory epithelium for audition is located along the spiraling organ of Corti that resides within the conch shaped cochlea of the inner ear (fig 1). Hair cells in the developing cochlea, which are the mechanosensory cells of the auditory system, are aligned in one row of inner hair cells and three (in the base and mid-turns) to four (in the apical turn) rows of outer hair cells that span the length of the organ of Corti. Hair cells transduce sound-induced mechanical vibrations of the basilar membrane into neural impulses that the brain can interpret. Most cases of sensorineural hearing loss are caused by death or dysfunction of cochlear hair cells.
An increasingly essential tool in auditory research is the isolation and in vitro culture of the organ explant 1,2,9. Once isolated, the explants may be utilized in several ways to provide information regarding normative, anomalous, or therapeutic physiology. Gene expression, stereocilia motility, cell and molecular biology, as well as biological approaches for hair cell regeneration are examples of experimental applications of organ of Corti explants.
This protocol describes a method for the isolation and culture of the organ of Corti from neonatal mice. The accompanying video includes stepwise directions for the isolation of the temporal bone from mouse pups, and subsequent isolation of the cochlea, spiral ligament, and organ of Corti. Once isolated, the sensory epithelium can be plated and cultured in vitro in its entirety, or as a further dissected micro-isolate that lacks the spiral limbus and spiral ganglion neurons. Using this method, primary explants can be maintained for 7-10 days. As an example of the utility of this procedure, organ of Corti explants will be electroporated with an exogenous DsRed reporter gene. This method provides an improvement over other published methods because it provides reproducible, unambiguous, and stepwise directions for the isolation, microdissection, and primary culture of the organ of Corti.

Primary Culture and Plasmid Electroporation of the Murine Organ of Corti.

This procedure describes a method for the isolation and culture of the murine organ of Corti with or without the spiral limbus and spiral ganglion neurons. We also demonstrate a method for the expression of an exogenous reporter gene in the organ of Corti explant by electroporation.

原代培养及质粒电穿孔尔蒂小鼠器官。

In all mammals, the sensory epithelium for audition is located along the spiraling organ of Corti that resides within the conch shaped cochlea of the ...

Primary Cell Cultures from Drosophila Gastrula Embryos

Here we describe a method for preparing and culturing primary cells dissociated from Drosophila gastrula embryos. In brief, a large amount of staged embryos from young and healthy flies are collected, sterilized, and then physically dissociated into a single cell suspension using a glass homogenizer. After being plated on culture plates or chamber slides at an appropriate density in culture medium, these cells can further differentiate into several morphologically-distinct cell types, which can be identified by their specific cell markers. Furthermore, we present conditions for treating these cells with double stranded (ds) RNAs to elicit gene knockdown. Efficient RNAi in Drosophila primary cells is accomplished by simply bathing the cells in dsRNA-containing culture medium. The ability to carry out effective RNAi perturbation, together with other molecular, biochemical, cell imaging analyses, will allow a variety of questions to be answered in Drosophila primary cells, especially those related to differentiated muscle and neuronal cells.

Primary Cell Cultures from Drosophila Gastrula Embryos

We provide a detailed protocol for preparing primary cells dissociated from Drosophila embryos. The ability to carry out the effective RNAi perturbation, together with other molecular, biochemical and cell imaging methods will allow a variety of questions to be addressed in Drosophila primary cells.

原代细胞培养从果蝇原肠胚

Here we describe a method for preparing and culturing primary cells dissociated from Drosophila gastrula embryos.   In brief, a large amount of staged ...

Preparation of Primary Myogenic Precursor Cell/Myoblast Cultures from Basal Vertebrate Lineages

Due to the inherent difficulty and time involved with studying the myogenic program in vivo, primary culture systems derived from the resident adult stem cells of skeletal muscle, the myogenic precursor cells (MPCs), have proven indispensible to our understanding of mammalian skeletal muscle development and growth. Particularly among the basal taxa of Vertebrata, however, data are limited describing the molecular mechanisms controlling the self-renewal, proliferation, and differentiation of MPCs. Of particular interest are potential mechanisms that underlie the ability of basal vertebrates to undergo considerable postlarval skeletal myofiber hyperplasia (i.e.&#160;teleost fish) and full regeneration following appendage loss (i.e.&#160;urodele amphibians). Additionally, the use of cultured myoblasts could aid in the understanding of regeneration and the recapitulation of the myogenic program and the differences between them. To this end, we describe in detail a robust and efficient protocol (and variations therein) for isolating and maintaining MPCs and their progeny, myoblasts and immature myotubes, in cell culture as a platform for understanding the evolution of the myogenic program, beginning with the more basal vertebrates. Capitalizing on the model organism status of the zebrafish (Danio rerio), we report on the application of this protocol to small fishes of the cyprinid clade Danioninae. In tandem, this protocol can be utilized to realize a broader comparative approach by isolating MPCs from the Mexican axolotl (Ambystomamexicanum) and even laboratory rodents. This protocol is now widely used in studying myogenesis in several fish species, including rainbow trout, salmon, and sea bream1-4.

In vitro culture systems have proven indispensible to our understanding of vertebrate myogenesis. However, much remains to be learned about nonmammalian skeletal muscle development and growth, particularly in basal taxa. An efficient and robust protocol for isolating the adult stem cells of this tissue, the myogenic precursor cells (MPCs), and maintaining their self-renewal, proliferation, and differentiation in a primary culture setting allows for the identification of conserved and divergent regulatory mechanisms throughout the vertebrate lineages.

原发性生肌前体细胞/成肌细胞从基底哺乳动物支系文化准备

Due to the inherent difficulty and time involved with studying the myogenic program in vivo, primary culture systems derived from the resident adult stem ...