我们非常感谢来自美国国立卫生研究院（NS047073 HJC）的支持。我们也感谢凯瑟琳凯尔佳柏实，鼓励我们为我们的应用程序中使用它与她的早期实验。

1。电极的制作<ol><li>要创建的电极，用剪刀切了一块搪瓷涂层0.001英寸直径的不锈钢丝约2英尺长。每个线端连接一个小球的腻子，折了一半的线，和自旋创建一个双绞线的两端，称为差分电极。 </li><li>胶带两端的导线，以防止解开。四个差分电极，使用不同的颜色为每个用于识别目的的差分电极（图1A）的磁带。 </li><li>在另一端的差分电极一起离开两英寸，两个扭无捻一端和1英寸。重复其余的差分电极对（图1B）。 </li><li>扭在一起，使两个差分电极两套确保两端保持无捻。托起电极装配和家庭硅酮胶，适用于四个差分电极交界离开两端自由。恒和让胶干燥至少4小时（图1C）。 </li><li>隔离分支，奠定一个单位，可移动，表面上的电极装配了一块木头。风扇的两端，并用胶带固定。使用的塑料小片提升，只是在它分支的电极组件，并确保与磁带。 </li><li>在解剖显微镜下，使用硅酮胶钳大衣分行。 1英寸长的两端，将里面的动物，所以他们应该有一个非常薄外套的胶水。让胶干燥至少3个小时。 </li><li>一个差分电极1英寸长的结束，缩短到两厘米。在每根导线，取出硅胶和搪瓷1厘米。卷曲成一个记录挂钩裸线。弯曲线和离钩，这将作为地线。重复余下的三个电极。 </li><li>选择一个2英寸的四个电极。使用钳刮硅和搪瓷2线，露出光秃秃的不锈钢丝1厘米。焊接金两条线的每个接头。使用一块实验室磁带，以确保年底和保持地面和录音引脚之间的分离。重复余下的三个电极。 </li><li>连接电缆的硅酮胶1 - 2cm的球，约1.5英寸钩端锚内动物的电极。晾干至少一小时（图1D）。 <img src="/files/ftp_upload/1791/1791fig1.jpg" alt="图1" /> 图1电极的制造。 （一）单一的差分电极组成一个折叠和双绞线，其两端用胶带固定。 （b）两个差电极绞在一起，留在两端无捻空间。应使用不同颜色的磁带或另一个标志，以确定两端。 （三）所有四个差分电极组合成一个单一的电极形成一个单独的分支，在每年年底个人电极标有不同颜色的胶带，单电缆的装配。 （四）最终形成的电极组件。在左边，有卷曲的录音和每个差分电极接地线的挂钩。在右侧，金连接器的针脚已被焊接的导线连接到放大器。硅酮胶锚球也被放在对大会的左侧。 </li></ol> 2。植入动物的制备<ol><li>选择健康的动物，重约350 -450克。响应小块的海藻，动物应每隔3至5秒生成的叮咬。电极植入手术应采取大约一个小时。 </li><li>麻醉的动物，30％W / V等渗MgCl 2的注入。为了防止损失的血淋巴和MgCl 2的 ，注射部位可以涂在强力胶，然后取出针。 <img src="/files/ftp_upload/1791/1791fig2.jpg" alt="图2" /> 图2示意图固定电极植入的动物是如何，切口的位置（一个栏表示） 。 </li><li>麻醉动物在解剖它的脚托盘下来。面对动物的头，鳃区转移到你的左等动物的部分在其一侧，扶着走。牵制前的触角（图2）。 </li><li>放置在托盘上的阶段，在解剖显微镜。螺旋桨在约20度角，托盘垫高头部和收集血淋巴在尾部，远离切口。 </li><li>使用夹层剪刀，一个切口开始略有你的眼点的权利，并延长1至1.5厘米前方。使用托盘的边缘，按住切口开放拉钩（图2，注意轮纹病表明切口附近的酒吧）。 </li><li>要揭露颊质量，使用forceps到解除清晰膜下方的皮肤，并用剪刀削减主要切口相匹配的开放。塔克拉钩膜边缘。 </li></ol> 3。电极植入<ol><li>将一个显微电极装配和移动到动物的切口。 </li><li> radular神经是最困难的访问，首先要走近。有两个选项访问radular神经。 </li><li>第一个选项，这是可取的，是寻找下颊神​​经节之间BN1型和BN2。如果是可见的radular神经的一个分支，用细尖镊子弯曲成钩解除分支（图3，RN的循环下标为1节）。 </li><li>如果以上的肌肉的radular神经的一个分支，第二个选择是通过旁边的一个小切口在I2基地颊神经节（图3，下方标有2的肌肉RN）的结缔组织访问。在I2切口必须经过两层I2的肌肉。不放的肌肉直钳切口的边缘和使用的钩钳拉出一个护士分公司。 </li><li>钩钳的神经，虽然使用不同的镊子操纵电极上神经钩。 </li><li>使用的显微提高挂钩，使神经远离颊大规模向上抬起，并清除任何其他神经或组织。不要过分紧张的神经。 </li><li>关闭多余的液体用注射器使用一个金擦拭或吸入干电极。水紧张，可能会导致神经崩溃本身，或水封下形成的神经。在这两种情况下，该地区应完全干燥，应用胶之前。 </li><li>应用强力胶小的钩基底部的神经联系是民建联。应用生理盐水或血淋巴中海兔下降到设定的强力胶。当胶水湿都不应移动之间的电线和神经胶块电气连接。 </li><li>再次干钩。混合佳银胶上的冰袋。 </li><li>使用一针应用少量佳银胶尖，完全覆盖任何暴露的钩线，但没有地线。 </li><li>允许胶水设置为5分钟左右，如果它拉离钩部分调整胶水。胶水设置时不再枝与引脚的感动（图4显示了最终的配置）。 </li><li>一旦radular神经电极设置，可以访问的I2肌肉。在BN1型和BN2之间的区域，使用的钩钳，挂钩和2 I2的肌肉带，轻轻向上拉动的乐队分开的肌肉休息。连接电极，使用相同的步骤。 </li><li> 2和3颊神经，很容易访问和连接电极具有相同的程序。 </li><li>一旦所有的电极连接，滑动电极装配到动物的硅锚。 </li><li>关闭缝合切口周围的突起电极电缆，里面的动物饲养锚。强力胶针，以确保良好的密封。 </li><li>在另一端电极插入成小块状发泡胶金连接器的提示。返回动物恢复一夜之间充气隔离容器中的主坦克。 </li></ol><img src="/files/ftp_upload/1791/1791fig3.jpg" alt="图3" /> 图3。被称为颊大规模的海兔喂养仪器图。显示颊神经（BN1，BN2，BN3），radular神经（RN）的退出颊神经节的底部，然后下方的肌肉掉价，和电极连接的I2肌肉的位置。 <img src="/files/ftp_upload/1791/1791fig4.jpg" alt="图4" /> 图4。附着到神经（或肌肉）和地方粘单电极的示意图。请注意，钩卷曲绝缘地区与神经（或肌肉），挂靠在与强力胶的地方，直接接触，从流体介质使用佳- SIL和电气绝缘。还要注意deinsulated接地电极尖端接触到流体介质。 4。记录<ol><li>在加气的容器中驯化的动物，而至少1.5小时的录音设备。而动物acclimating验证，所有电极的工作和噪音水平低，监测信号。 </li><li>使用一台摄像机，记录摄食行为，而使用电脑从神经和肌肉电极记录信号。而它同时Axosc额外的通道在电脑上记录使用方波信号，控制在相机视图中的一个数字计数器同步的视频和电极录音OPE。 </li><li>取食行为引起莫顿和Chiel 1993年中所描述的技术。 </li></ol>虽然无脊椎动物不需要由一个机构使用动物及护理委员会的正式批准，我们已确保的海兔所有的治疗，最大限度地减少伤害和痛苦的动物，并完成所有的手术技巧，而动物完全麻醉。 代表性的成果<img src="/files/ftp_upload/1791/1791fig5.jpg" alt="图5" /> 图5（一）从肌肉（量角器肌肉I2）的四通道同时录音，并从三个颊神经（radular神经，护士，颊神经2，BN2，颊神经3，BN3）在一个吞咽反应。 （b）从静止画面同步视频录制的自由表现的动物，因为它吞下一个预切紫菜条（宽0.5厘米），已在0.5厘米的白色条纹间隔标记，因此，它的运动可以很容易地可视化动物饲料。

<ol>
	<li>Lu, H., Chestek, C. A., Shaw, K. M., Chiel, H. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Selective+extracellular+stimulation+of+individual+neurons+in+ganglia.">Selective extracellular stimulation of individual neurons in ganglia.</a> J. Neural Eng. 5, 287-309 (2008).</li><li>Morton, D. W., Chiel, H. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vivo+buccal+nerve+activity+that+distinguishes+ingestion+from+rejection+can+be+used+to+predict+behavioral+transitions+in+Aplysia.">In vivo buccal nerve activity that distinguishes ingestion from rejection can be used to predict behavioral transitions in Aplysia.</a> J Comp. Physiol. A. 172, 17-32 (1993).</li><li>Warman, E. N., Chiel, H. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+new+technique+for+chronic+single+extracellular+recording+in+freely+behaving+animals+using+pipette+electrodes.">A new technique for chronic single extracellular recording in freely behaving animals using pipette electrodes.</a> J. Neurosci. Methods. 57, 161-169 (1995).</li><li>Ye, H., Morton, D. W., Chiel, H. J., J, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=nbsp;Neuromechanics+of+multifunctionality+during+rejection+in+Aplysia+californica.">nbsp;Neuromechanics of multifunctionality during rejection in Aplysia californica.</a> J. Neurosci. 26, 10743-10755 (2006).</li></ol>

这些录音成功的一个关键的创新是结合成一个电缆的电极。已使用过的两个电极录音，而是扩大到四个独立的电极在手术后粘连的形成，往往无法正常进食运动动物。结合成一个电缆的电极，降低了大部分内的动物，从而降低免疫反应的电极，使动物更自由地移动。 此过程中的创新等方面的强力胶和佳- SIL的组合，连接电极的神经或肌肉。在此之前，只有强力胶使用，但两...

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electrode fabrication and implantation in aplysia californica for multi-channel neural and muscular recordings in intact, freely behaving animals

从主要神经和肌肉的录制<em&gt;海兔</em&gt;在摄食行为，让我们在一个完整的动物研究的神经控制模式。同时记录多个神经和肌肉，为我们提供了准确的信息有关的神经活动的时间。以前的记录方法有两个电极的工作，但更多的神经和肌肉的研究所需的多种动物的录音，这使得它难以确定的时机和逐步精细的细节，因为变性，合并和平均响应响应，并从动物动物。植入四个独立的电极，具有非常低的成功率，由于形成粘连，防止动物执行正常进食运动。我们开发新的方法，减少了大量的动物允许正常进食运动的内部电极的电极制造。使用胶水的组合，附加在一个更可靠的绝缘，持续时间较长的电极，电极的结果，使得它可以记录长达一个星期的时期。描述的制造技术，我们可以扩展到包含一些额外的电极，将适用于脊椎动物。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Electrode Fabrication and Implantation in Aplysia californica for Multi-channel Neural and Muscular Recordings in Intact, Freely Behaving Animals at JoVE.com

Electrode Fabrication and Implantation in Aplysia californica for Multi-channel Neural and Muscular Recordings in Intact, Freely Behaving Animals

一种技术是植入四个描述<em&gt;在体内</em&gt;电极监测摄食行为的神经肌肉控制<em&gt;海兔californica</em&gt;。

电极的制作及植入海兔californica完整的，自由的行为的动物多通道的神经和肌肉的录音

Recording from key nerves and muscles of Aplysia during feeding behavior allows us to study the patterns of neural control in an intact animal.  ...

electrode-fabrication-implantation-aplysia-californica-for-multi

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Electrode Fabrication and Implantation in Aplysia californica for Multi-channel Neural and Muscular Recordings in Intact, Freely Behaving Animals

13.0K 次观看.  Case Western Reserve University. 一种技术是植入四个描述在体内电极监测摄食行为的神经肌肉控制海兔californica。

视频: Electrode Fabrication and Implantation in Aplysia californica for Multi-channel Neural and Muscular Recordings in Intact, Freely Behaving Animals

High-density EEG Recordings of the Freely Moving Mice using Polyimide-based Microelectrode

Electroencephalogram (EEG) indicates the averaged electrical activity of the neuronal populations on a large-scale level. It is widely utilized as a noninvasive brain monitoring tool in cognitive neuroscience as well as a diagnostic tool for epilepsy and sleep disorders in neurology. However, the underlying mechanism of EEG rhythm generation is still under the veil. Recently introduced polyimide-based microelectrode (PBM-array) for high resolution mouse EEG1 is one of the trials to answer the neurophysiological questions on EEG signals based on a rich genetic resource that the mouse model contains for the analysis of complex EEG generation process. This application of nanofabricated PBM-array to mouse skull is an efficient tool for collecting large-scale brain activity of transgenic mice and accommodates to identify the neural correlates to certain EEG rhythms in conjunction with behavior. However its ultra-thin thickness and bifurcated structure cause a trouble in handling and implantation of PBM-array. In the presented video, the preparation and surgery steps for the implantation of PBM-array on a mouse skull are described step by step. Handling and surgery tips to help researchers succeed in implantation are also provided.

In this article, we described the surgery procedure and handling tips for implantation of ultra-thin polyimide-based microelectrode array (PBM-array) on the mouse skull for acquisition of high-density encephalography (EEG) in a mouse model.

高密度的自由移动，使用基于聚酰亚胺的微电极的小鼠的脑电图记录

Electroencephalogram (EEG) indicates the averaged electrical activity of the neuronal populations on a large-scale level. It is widely utilized as a ...

科研

神经科学

Design and Assembly of an Ultra-light Motorized Microdrive for Chronic Neural Recordings in Small Animals

The ability to chronically record from populations of neurons in freely behaving animals has proven an invaluable tool for dissecting the function of neural circuits underlying a variety of natural behaviors, including navigation1 , decision making 2,3, and the generation of complex motor sequences4,5,6. Advances in precision machining has allowed for the fabrication of light-weight devices suitable for chronic recordings in small animals, such as mice and songbirds. The ability to adjust the electrode position with small remotely controlled motors has further increased the recording yield in various behavioral contexts by reducing animal handling.6,7
 Here we describe a protocol to build an ultra-light motorized microdrive for long-term chronic recordings in small animals. Our design evolved from an earlier published version7, and has been adapted for ease-of use and cost-effectiveness to be more practical and accessible to a wide array of researchers. This proven design 8,9,10,11 allows for fine, remote positioning of electrodes over a range of ~ 5 mm and weighs less than 750 mg when fully assembled. We present the complete protocol for how to build and assemble these drives, including 3D CAD drawings for all custom microdrive components.

The design, fabrication and assembly of an ultra-light motorized microdrive is described. The device provides a cost-effective and easy-to-use solution for chronic recordings of single units in small behaving animals.

设计和组装的超轻型电动微型硬盘（Microdrive）慢性神经录音的小动物

The ability to chronically record from populations of neurons in freely behaving animals has proven an invaluable tool for dissecting the function of ...

An In Vitro Preparation for Eliciting and Recording Feeding Motor Programs with Physiological Movements in Aplysia californica

Multifunctionality, the ability of one peripheral structure to generate multiple, distinct behaviors1, allows animals to rapidly adapt their behaviors to changing environments. The marine mollusk Aplysia californica provides a tractable system for the study of multifunctionality. During feeding, Aplysia generates several distinct types of behaviors using the same feeding apparatus, the buccal mass. The ganglia that control these behaviors contain a number of large, identified neurons that are accessible to electrophysiological study. The activity of these neurons has been described in motor programs that can be divided into two types, ingestive and egestive programs, based on the timing of neural activity that closes the food grasper relative to the neural activity that protracts or retracts the grasper2. However, in isolated ganglia, the muscle movements that would produce these behaviors are absent, making it harder to be certain whether the motor programs observed are correlates of real behaviors. In vivo, nerve and muscle recordings have been obtained corresponding to feeding programs2,3,4, but it is very difficult to directly record from individual neurons5. Additionally, in vivo, ingestive programs can be further divided into bites and swallows1,2, a distinction that is difficult to make in most previously described in vitro preparations.
The suspended buccal mass preparation (Figure 1) bridges the gap between isolated ganglia and intact animals. In this preparation, ingestive behaviors - including both biting and swallowing - and egestive behaviors (rejection) can be elicited, at the same time as individual neurons can be recorded from and stimulated using extracellular electrodes6. The feeding movements associated with these different behaviors can be recorded, quantified, and related directly to the motor programs. The motor programs in the suspended buccal mass preparation appear to be more similar to those observed in vivo than are motor programs elicited in isolated ganglia. Thus, the motor programs in this preparation can be more directly related to in vivo behavior; at the same time, individual neurons are more accessible to recording and stimulation than in intact animals. Additionally, as an intermediate step between isolated ganglia and intact animals, findings from the suspended buccal mass can aid in interpretation of data obtained in both more reduced and more intact settings. The suspended buccal mass preparation is a useful tool for characterizing the neural control of multifunctionality in Aplysia.

An In Vitro Preparation for Eliciting and Recording Feeding Motor Programs with Physiological Movements in Aplysia californica

We describe a technique to extracellularly record and stimulate from nerves, muscles, and individual identified neurons in vitro while eliciting and observing different types of feeding behaviors in the feeding apparatus of Aplysia.

一个<em在体外</em制备与生理变动，为激发和记录进给电机程序<em&gt;海兔夜蛾</em

Multifunctionality, the ability of one peripheral  structure to generate multiple, distinct behaviors1, allows animals  to rapidly adapt their behaviors ...

Extracellularly Identifying Motor Neurons for a Muscle Motor Pool in Aplysia californica

In animals with large identified neurons (e.g. mollusks), analysis of motor pools is done using intracellular techniques1,2,3,4. Recently, we developed a technique to extracellularly stimulate and record individual neurons in Aplysia californica5. We now describe a protocol for using this technique to uniquely identify and characterize motor neurons within a motor pool.
This extracellular technique has advantages. First, extracellular electrodes can stimulate and record neurons through the sheath5, so it does not need to be removed. Thus, neurons will be healthier in extracellular experiments than in intracellular ones. Second, if ganglia are rotated by appropriate pinning of the sheath, extracellular electrodes can access neurons on both sides of the ganglion, which makes it easier and more efficient to identify multiple neurons in the same preparation. Third, extracellular electrodes do not need to penetrate cells, and thus can be easily moved back and forth among neurons, causing less damage to them. This is especially useful when one tries to record multiple neurons during repeating motor patterns that may only persist for minutes. Fourth, extracellular electrodes are more flexible than intracellular ones during muscle movements. Intracellular electrodes may pull out and damage neurons during muscle contractions. In contrast, since extracellular electrodes are gently pressed onto the sheath above neurons, they usually stay above the same neuron during muscle contractions, and thus can be used in more intact preparations.
To uniquely identify motor neurons for a motor pool (in particular, the I1/I3 muscle in Aplysia) using extracellular electrodes, one can use features that do not require intracellular measurements as criteria: soma size and location, axonal projection, and muscle innervation4,6,7. For the particular motor pool used to illustrate the technique, we recorded from buccal nerves 2 and 3 to measure axonal projections, and measured the contraction forces of the I1/I3 muscle to determine the pattern of muscle innervation for the individual motor neurons.
We demonstrate the complete process of first identifying motor neurons using muscle innervation, then characterizing their timing during motor patterns, creating a simplified diagnostic method for rapid identification. The simplified and more rapid diagnostic method is superior for more intact preparations, e.g. in the suspended buccal mass preparation8 or in vivo9. This process can also be applied in other motor pools10,11,12 in Aplysia or in other animal systems2,3,13,14.

Extracellularly Identifying Motor Neurons for a Muscle Motor Pool in Aplysia californica

In animals with large identified neurons (e.g. mollusks), analysis of motor pools is done using intracellular techniques1,2,3,4. Recently, we developed a technique to extracellularly stimulate and record individual neurons in Aplysia californica5. We now describe a protocol for using this technique to uniquely identify and characterize motor neurons within a motor pool.

运动神经元细胞外识别的肌肉运动游泳池<em&gt;海兔夜蛾</em

In animals with large  identified neurons (e.g. mollusks), analysis of motor pools is done using  intracellular techniques1,2,3,4. Recently,  we developed ...

Isolation of Sensory Neurons of Aplysia californica for Patch Clamp Recordings of Glutamatergic Currents

The marine gastropod mollusk Aplysia californica has a venerable history as a model of nervous system function, with particular significance in studies of learning and memory. The typical preparations for such studies are ones in which the sensory and motoneurons are left intact in a minimally dissected animal, or a technically elaborate neuronal co-culture of individual sensory and motoneurons. Less common is the isolated neuronal preparation in which small clusters of nominally homogeneous neurons are dissociated into single cells in short term culture. Such isolated cells are useful for the biophysical characterization of ion currents using patch clamp techniques, and targeted modulation of these conductances. A protocol for preparing such cultures is described. The protocol takes advantage of the easily identifiable glutamatergic sensory neurons of the pleural and buccal ganglia, and describes their dissociation and minimal maintenance in culture for several days without serum.

Isolation of Sensory Neurons of Aplysia californica for Patch Clamp Recordings of Glutamatergic Currents

We describe the dissection of the nervous system of the marine sea hare Aplysia after anesthesia, the isolation of neurons for short term-tissue culture, and recordings of single cell ion currents via the patch clamp technique.

隔离的感觉神经元中<em&gt;海兔丫</em谷氨酸能电流膜片钳记录

The marine gastropod mollusk Aplysia californica has a venerable  history as a model of nervous system function, with particular significance in  studies ...

A Procedure for Implanting Organized Arrays of Microwires for Single-unit Recordings in Awake, Behaving Animals

In vivo electrophysiological recordings in the awake, behaving animal provide a powerful method for understanding neural signaling at the single-cell level. The technique allows experimenters to examine temporally and regionally specific firing patterns in order to correlate recorded action potentials with ongoing behavior. Moreover, single-unit recordings can be combined with a plethora of other techniques in order to produce comprehensive explanations of neural function. In this article, we describe the anesthesia and preparation for microwire implantation. Subsequently, we enumerate the necessary equipment and surgical steps to accurately insert a microwire array into a target structure. Lastly, we briefly describe the equipment used to record from each individual electrode in the array. The fixed microwire arrays described are well-suited for chronic implantation and allow for longitudinal recordings of neural data in almost any behavioral preparation. We discuss tracing electrode tracks to triangulate microwire positions as well as ways to combine microwire implantation with immunohistochemical techniques in order to increase the anatomical specificity of recorded results.

Implanting organized arrays of microwires for use in single-unit electrophysiological recordings presents a number of technical challenges.&#160;Methods for performing this technique and the equipment necessary are described.&#160;Also, the beneficial use of organized microwire arrays to record from distinct neural subregions with high spatial selectivity is discussed.

一个程序植入微丝的有组织阵列的单机录音清醒，举止动物

In vivo electrophysiological recordings in the awake, behaving animal provide a powerful method for understanding neural signaling at the single-cell ...

Design and Fabrication of Ultralight Weight, Adjustable Multi-electrode Probes for Electrophysiological Recordings in Mice

The number of physiological investigations in the mouse, mus musculus, has experienced a recent surge, paralleling the growth in methods of genetic targeting for microcircuit dissection and disease modeling. The introduction of optogenetics, for example, has allowed for bidirectional manipulation of genetically-identified neurons, at an unprecedented temporal resolution. To capitalize on these tools and gain insight into dynamic interactions among brain microcircuits, it is essential that one has the ability to record from ensembles of neurons deep within the brain of this small rodent, in both head-fixed and freely behaving preparations. To record from deep structures and distinct cell layers requires a preparation that allows precise advancement of electrodes towards desired brain regions. To record neural ensembles, it is necessary that each electrode be independently movable, allowing the experimenter to resolve individual cells while leaving neighboring electrodes undisturbed. To do both in a freely behaving mouse requires an electrode drive that is lightweight, resilient, and highly customizable for targeting specific brain structures.
A technique for designing and fabricating miniature, ultralight weight, microdrive electrode arrays that are individually customizable and easily assembled from commercially available parts is presented. These devices are easily scalable and can be customized to the structure being targeted; it has been used successfully to record from thalamic and cortical regions in a freely behaving animal during natural behavior.

Understanding the neural substrates of behavior requires brain circuit ensemble recording. Because of its genetic tractability, the mouse offers a model for circuit dissection and disease mimicry. Here, a method of designing and fabricating miniaturized probes is described that is suitable for targeting deep brain structure in the mouse.

设计和超轻重量的制作，可调节的多电极电生理记录小鼠探头

The number of physiological investigations in the mouse, mus musculus, has experienced a recent surge, paralleling the growth in methods of genetic ...

Visual Evoked Potential Recordings in Mice Using a Dry Non-invasive Multi-channel Scalp EEG Sensor

For scalp EEG research environments with laboratory mice, we designed a dry-type 16 channel EEG sensor which is non-invasive, deformable, and re-usable because of the plunger-spring-barrel structural facet and mechanical strengths resulting from metal materials. The whole process for acquiring the VEP responses in vivo from a mouse consists of four steps: (1) sensor assembly, (2) animal preparation, (3) VEP measurement, and (4) signal processing. This paper presents representative measurements of VEP responses from multiple mice with a submicro-voltage signal resolution and sub-hundred millisecond temporal resolution. Although the proposed method is safer and more convenient compared to other previously reported animal EEG acquiring methods, there are remaining issues including how to enhance the signal-to-noise ratio and how to apply this technique with freely moving animals. The proposed method utilizes easily available resources and shows a repetitive VEP response with a satisfactory signal quality. Therefore, this method could be utilized for longitudinal experimental studies and reliable translational research exploiting non-invasive paradigms.

We designed a dry-type 16 channel EEG sensor which is non-invasive, deformable, and re-usable. This paper describes the whole process from manufacturing the proposed EEG electrode to signal processing of visual evoked potential (VEP) signals measured on a mouse scalp using a dry non-invasive multi-channel EEG sensor.

干无创多通道头皮脑电传感器在小鼠视觉诱发电位记录中的应用

For scalp EEG research environments with laboratory mice, we designed a dry-type 16 channel EEG sensor which is non-invasive, deformable, and re-usable ...

Simultaneous Recordings of Cortical Local Field Potentials, Electrocardiogram, Electromyogram, and Breathing Rhythm from a Freely Moving Rat

Monitoring the physiological dynamics of the brain and peripheral tissues is necessary for addressing a number of questions about how the brain controls body functions and internal organ rhythms when animals are exposed to emotional challenges and changes in their living environments. In general experiments, signals from different organs, such as the brain and the heart, are recorded by independent recording systems that require multiple recording devices and different procedures for processing the data files. This study describes a new method that can simultaneously monitor electrical biosignals, including tens of local field potentials in multiple brain regions, electrocardiograms that represent the cardiac rhythm, electromyograms that represent awake/sleep-related muscle contraction, and breathing signals, in a freely moving rat. The recording configuration of this method is based on a conventional micro-drive array for cortical local field potential recordings in which tens of electrodes are accommodated, and the signals obtained from these electrodes are integrated into a single electrical board mounted on the animal's head. Here, this recording system was improved so that signals from the peripheral organs are also transferred to an electrical interface board. In a single surgery, electrodes are first separately implanted into the appropriate body parts and the target brain areas. The open ends of all of these electrodes are then soldered to individual channels of the electrical board above the animal's head so that all of the signals can be integrated into the single electrical board. Connecting this board to a recording device allows for the collection of all of the signals into a single device, which reduces experimental costs and simplifies data processing, because all data can be handled in the same data file. This technique will aid the understanding of the neurophysiological correlates of the associations between central and peripheral organs.

This study introduces a method for the simultaneous recording of local field potentials in the brain, electrocardiograms, electromyograms, and breathing signals of a freely moving rat. This technique, which reduces experimental costs and simplifies data analysis, will contribute to the understanding of the interactions between the brain and peripheral organs.

自由运动大鼠皮质局部电位、心电图、肌电图和呼吸节律的同步记录

Monitoring the physiological dynamics of the brain and peripheral tissues is necessary for addressing a number of questions about how the brain controls ...

Long-term Sensory Conflict in Freely Behaving Mice

Long-term sensory conflict protocols are a valuable means of studying motor learning. The presented protocol produces a persistent sensory conflict for experiments aimed at studying long-term learning in mice. By permanently wearing a device fixed on their heads, mice are continuously exposed to a sensory mismatch between visual and vestibular inputs while freely moving in home cages. Therefore, this protocol readily enables the study of the visual system and multisensory interactions over an extended timeframe that would not be accessible otherwise. In addition to lowering the experimental costs of long-term sensory learning in naturally behaving mice, this approach accommodates the combination of in vivo and in vitro experiments. In the reported example, video-oculography is performed to quantify the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) and optokinetic reflex (OKR) before and after learning. Mice exposed to this long-term sensory conflict between visual and vestibular inputs presented a strong VOR gain decrease but exhibited few OKR changes. Detailed steps of device assembly, animal care, and reflex measurements are hereby reported.

The presented protocol produces a persistent sensory conflict for experiments aimed at studying long-term learning. By permanently wearing a fixed device on their heads, mice are continuously exposed to a sensory mismatch between visual and vestibular inputs while freely moving in home cages.

自由生育小鼠的长期感觉冲突

Long-term sensory conflict protocols are a valuable means of studying motor learning. The presented protocol produces a persistent sensory conflict for ...