这项工作是由美国国立卫生研究院R01 CA104757格兰特（MH Manjili）的支持。我们非常感谢VCU梅西癌症中心的支持和英联邦基金会为癌症研究。

1。分离淋巴细胞5 <ol><li>分离肿瘤引流淋巴结或荷瘤FVBN202转基因小鼠的脾脏和单细胞悬液，准备在冰冷的RPMI1640含10％胎牛血清的补充。 /我在激活50毫升聚丙烯锥形管，结果在一个更大的T细胞产量相比，聚苯乙烯管。氯胺酮和甲苯噻嗪注射麻醉IP。颈椎脱位是用来作为一个"安乐死"的方法。 </li><li>文化在完全培养基中的细胞（10 6细胞/ mL）bryostatin - 1（5纳米）和离子霉素（1μM）80 U / mL的IL - 2（Peprotech）含15％胎牛血清的16小时</li><li>清洗细胞与温暖的培养基（37℃）和文化与IL - 7（10毫微克/毫升）和IL - 15（10毫微克/毫升）（Peprotech）10 6细胞/ mL的完全培养基24小时的三倍。 </li><li>脉冲的细胞与IL - 2（40 U / mL）的24小时</li><li>拆分与IL - 7和IL - 15细胞和文化，他们多为4天（10毫微克/毫升）。更改介质和细胞分裂，如果需要的话，每2天。 </li></ol> 2。确定T细胞的细胞计数和流式细胞仪分析5折的扩展<ol><li>通过光镜细胞计数<ol><li>准备在适当的细胞台盼蓝稀释液（1:100），并添加到血球数微升</li><li>共9平方，并确定数乘以稀释倍数商会除以细胞计数细胞总数。结果将目前的数量× 10 4细胞/ ml。 </li></ol></li><li> CD8 +和CD4 + T细胞的比例确定在流式细胞仪检测扩增细胞<ol><li>座与anti-CD16/CD32抗体（Biolegend）非特异性结合的抗体通过培养Fc受体的细胞在冰上20分钟，然后洗细胞两次2毫升冰冷的PBS辅以1％的叠氮化钠。 </li><li>培养FITC标记的CD4和冰20分钟的PE - CD8抗体染色的细胞，然后洗细胞两次2毫升1％FBS和0.1％的叠氮化钠的补充冰冷的PBS。 </li><li> 1％多聚甲醛固定细胞和运行在贝克曼FC 500的样本，并分析首脑会议4.3版软件。 </li></ol></li></ol> 3。确定体内的肿瘤特异性T细胞膨胀<ol><li>文化体外扩大在辐照神经阳性MMC肿瘤细胞比例为10:1（15000 RAD）完全培养基中的淋巴细胞为 5小时24 </li><li>收获上清和存放在-80℃直至使用。5,6 </li><li>检测干扰素-γ使用小鼠IFN -γELISA法设置（BD Pharmingen公司）根据制造商的协议5,6。 </li></ol> 4。确定抗肿瘤功能的前体外扩增的T 细胞 5,6 <ol><li>孵育T细胞与肿瘤细胞的效应:一个10:1的完全培养基中48小时的目标，在3 mL的完全培养基（RPMI - 1640 100U /毫升的青霉素，100μg/ mL链霉素，10％胎牛血清，谷氨酰胺和β为辅比率-巯基乙醇）和20U / mL的IL - 2在6孔培养皿中37 ° C / 5％的CO 2（Peprotech）。 </li><li>执行三色为中性抗体染色（anti-c-Erb2/c-neu，克隆- 4，Calbiochem），其次是PE抗鼠IgG，膜联蛋白V - FITC和碘化丙啶（PI）根据制造商的协议（BD Pharmingen公司） </li><li>神经阳性肿瘤细胞的门和分析的可行性（膜联蛋白V-/PI-）的肿瘤细胞</li></ol> 5。乳腺癌的小鼠模型 FVBN202转基因雌性小鼠（Charles River实验室），可用于肿瘤反应性T细胞的来源。这些小鼠MMTV启动子调控下的一个激活的大鼠神经转基因过度表达，因此开发4-10岁7个月之间的自发乳腺癌。这些小鼠癌前病变的乳腺增生，导管原位癌（DCIS）前自发carcinoma8发展。自发荷瘤小鼠的T细胞的捐助者。 6。代表性的成果: 激活T细胞与B /第一天真不与体内肿瘤致敏的T细胞杀死了16个小时。之后的B /我的选择性的肿瘤反应性T细胞，他们扩大了在为期6天的的文化与γ链细胞因子（图1）的2.8倍。 CD8 +和CD4 + T细胞也同样扩大与γ链细胞因子（图2）。 体外扩大T细胞对肿瘤的高响应，供体鼠敏感地认识到，作为评估所生产的干扰素γ神经积极小鼠乳腺癌（MMC）（图3）肿瘤细胞的存在。扩大体内的T细胞可以诱导细胞凋亡在神经积极MMC肿瘤CELLS这样的肿瘤细胞的可行性，从92％下降到61％在48小时内（图4）。 <img src="/files/ftp_upload/2381/2381fig1.jpg" alt="失踪图" /> 图1。折扩张在不同时间点淋巴细胞，激活B / I（1天）和γ链细胞因子体外扩增（3，5，7天） <img src="/files/ftp_upload/2381/2381fig2.jpg" alt="失踪图" /> 图2，前后7天的扩张与γ链细胞因子的CD4 +和CD8 + T细胞的总百分比。 <img src="/files/ftp_upload/2381/2381fig3.jpg" alt="失踪图" /> 肿瘤刺激IFN -γ的生产从荷瘤小鼠与γ链细胞因子的扩大7天之前和之后中分离出的T细胞，用IFN -γELISA法图3。 <img src="/files/ftp_upload/2381/2381fig4.jpg" alt="失踪图" /> 图4扩大与γ链细胞因子对神经积极的小鼠乳腺癌（MMC）肿瘤细胞的T 细胞的体外细胞毒性作用。

<ol>
	<li>Goodell, V., Waisman, J., Salazar, L. G., de la Rosa, C., Link, J., Coveler, A. L., Childs, J. S., Fintak, P. A., Higgins, D. M., Disis, M. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Level+of+HER-2/neu+protein+expression+in+breast+cancer+may+affect+the+development+of+endogenous+HER-2/neu-specific+immunity.">Level of HER-2/neu protein expression in breast cancer may affect the development of endogenous HER-2/neu-specific immunity.</a> Mol Cancer Ther. 7, 449-454 (2008).</li><li>Disis, M. L., Knutson, K. L., Schiffman, K., Rinn, K., McNeel, D. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pre-existent+immunity+to+the+HER-2/neu+oncogenic+protein+in+patients+with+HER-2/neu+overexpressing+breast+and+ovarian+cancer.">Pre-existent immunity to the HER-2/neu oncogenic protein in patients with HER-2/neu overexpressing breast and ovarian cancer.</a> Breast Cancer Res Treat. 62, 245-252 (2000).</li><li>Liu, S., Riley, J., Rosenberg, S., Parkhurst, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparison+of+common+gamma-chain+cytokines,+interleukin-2,+interleukin-7,+and+interleukin-15+for+the+in+vitro+generation+of+human+tumor-reactive+T+lymphocytes+for+adoptive+cell+transfer+therapy.">Comparison of common gamma-chain cytokines, interleukin-2, interleukin-7, and interleukin-15 for the in vitro generation of human tumor-reactive T lymphocytes for adoptive cell transfer therapy.</a> J. Immunother. 29, 284-293 (2006).</li><li>Bear, H. D., Roberts, J., Cornell, D., Tombes, M. B., Kyle, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Adoptive+immunotherapy+of+cancer+with+pharmacologically+activated+lymph+node+lymphocytes:+a+pilot+clinical+trial.">Adoptive immunotherapy of cancer with pharmacologically activated lymph node lymphocytes: a pilot clinical trial.</a> Cancer Immunol Immunother. 5, 269-274 (2001).</li><li>Morales, J. K., Kmieciak, M., Graham, L., Feldmesser, M., Bear, H. D., Manjili, M. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Adoptive+transfer+of+HER2/neu-specific+T+cells+expanded+with+alternating+gamma+chain+cytokines+mediate+tumor+regression+when+combined+with+the+depletion+of+myeloid-derived+suppressor+cells.">Adoptive transfer of HER2/neu-specific T cells expanded with alternating gamma chain cytokines mediate tumor regression when combined with the depletion of myeloid-derived suppressor cells.</a> Cancer Immunol Immunother. 58, 941-953 (2009).</li><li>Cha, E., Graham, L., Manjili, M. H., Bear, H. D., Guy, C. T., Webster, M. A., Schaller, M., Parsons, T. J., Cardiff, R. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=IL-7+++IL-15+are+superior+to+IL-2+for+the+ex+vivo+expansion+of+4T1+mammary+carcinoma-specific+T+cells+with+greater+efficacy+against+tumors+in+vivo.">IL-7 + IL-15 are superior to IL-2 for the ex vivo expansion of 4T1 mammary carcinoma-specific T cells with greater efficacy against tumors in vivo.</a> Breast Cancer Res Treat. 89, 10578-10582 (2009).</li><li>Kmieciak, M., Morales, J. K., Morales, J., Bolesta, E., Grimes, M., Manjili, M. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Danger+signals+and+nonself+entity+of+tumor+antigen+are+both+required+for+eliciting+effective+immune+responses+against+HER-2/neu+positive+mammary+carcinoma:+implications+for+vaccine+design.">Danger signals and nonself entity of tumor antigen are both required for eliciting effective immune responses against HER-2/neu positive mammary carcinoma: implications for vaccine design.</a> Cancer Immunol Immunother. 57, 1391-1398 (2008).</li><li>Stern, J. B., Smith, K. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Interleukin-2+induction+of+T-cell+G1+progression+and+c-myb+expression.">Interleukin-2 induction of T-cell G1 progression and c-myb expression.</a> Science. 233, 203-206 (1986).</li><li>Kittipatarin, C., Khaled, A. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=ex+vivo+expansion+of+memory+CD8+T+cells+from+lymph+nodes+or+spleen+through+in+vitro+culture+with+interleukin-7.">ex vivo expansion of memory CD8 T cells from lymph nodes or spleen through in vitro culture with interleukin-7.</a> J Immunol Methods. 344, 45-57 (2009).</li><li>Kokaji, A. I., Hockley, D. L., Kane, K. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=IL-15+transpresentation+augments+CD8++T+cell+activation+and+is+required+for+optimal+recall+responses+by+central+memory+CD8++T+cells.">IL-15 transpresentation augments CD8+ T cell activation and is required for optimal recall responses by central memory CD8+ T cells.</a> J Immunol. 180, 4391-4401 (2008).</li><li>Le, H. K., Graham, L., Miller, C. H., Kmieciak, M., Manjili, M. H., Bear, H. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Incubation+of+antigen-sensitized+T+lymphocytes+activated+with+bryostatin+1+++ionomycin+in+IL-7+++IL-15+increases+yield+of+cells+capable+of+inducing+regression+of+melanoma+metastases+compared+to+culture+in+IL-2.">Incubation of antigen-sensitized T lymphocytes activated with bryostatin 1 + ionomycin in IL-7 + IL-15 increases yield of cells capable of inducing regression of melanoma metastases compared to culture in IL-2.</a> Cancer Immunol Immunother. 58, 1565-1576 (2009).</li></ol>

肿瘤反应性T细胞的选择性扩张效应的抗肿瘤作用，可建议使用B协议实现/我的激活和γ链细胞因子IL - 2，IL - 7和IL - 15的体外扩增。 IL - 2是T细胞的生长因子，可支持抗原特异性T细胞的分化和扩张，而IL - 7可以抑制T细胞的凋亡，并支持在扩张他们的生存能力。 IL - 15可以支持，收养T细胞治疗9-11后产生长期的抗肿瘤反应的重要的记忆性T细胞。改变这些细胞因子的顺序和组合，可能影?...

<table><tbody><tr><td>Bryostatin 1</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>B7431-10ug</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ionomycin</td><td>Calbiochem</td><td>407950</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Mouse IL-7</td><td>PeproTech Inc</td><td>217-17</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Mouse IL-15</td><td>PeproTech Inc</td><td>210-15</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Human IL-2</td><td>PeproTech Inc</td><td>200-02</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>RPMI1640</td><td>Invitrogen</td><td>11875</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>FBS</td><td>Gemini Bio Products</td><td>100-106</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Penicillin/Streptomycin</td><td>Cellgro</td><td>30-002-CI</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>L- glutamine</td><td>Invitrogen</td><td>25030081</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&amp;#946;- mercapt&amp;#8211;thanol</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>M7522</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>anti-CD16/32 antibody</td><td>Biolegend</td><td>101302</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Annexin V-FITC Apoptosis Detection Kit</td><td>BD Biosciences</td><td>556547</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>FITC-CD4</td><td>Biolegend</td><td>100406</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>PE-CD8</td><td>Biolegend</td><td>100708</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>anti-c-Erb2/c&amp;#8211;Neu</td><td>Calbiochem</td><td>OP16</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>PE- anti mouse IgG</td><td>Biolegend</td><td>405307</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>formaldehyde</td><td>Polysciences, Inc.</td><td>04018</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Hemocytometer</td><td>Hycor</td><td>87144</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Light microscope</td><td>VWR international</td><td>V200073</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Mouse IFN-&amp;#947; ELISA set</td><td>BD Biosciences</td><td>555138</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Cell culture flasks</td><td>Greiner Bio-One</td><td>658175</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

ex vivo expansion of tumor-reactive t cells by means of bryostatin 1/ionomycin and the common gamma chain cytokines formulation

据报道，乳腺癌患者既存的免疫反应，对他们的肿瘤1,2。然而，这种免疫反应，未能提供完整的保护，对发展或复发的乳腺癌。为了克服这个问题，通过增加肿瘤反应性T细胞的频率，过继免疫治疗已聘用。扩大肿瘤特异性T细胞已被用于多种协议。然而，这些协议限制的肿瘤抗原体外抗原特异性T细胞的活化使用。最近，常见的伽玛链细胞因子如IL - 2，IL - 7，IL - 15和IL - 21已单独或联合使用的抗肿瘤免疫反应的3的增强。不过，目前尚不清楚制定工作，为扩大肿瘤反应性T细胞的最佳。在这里，我们提出了一个从FVBN202在收养的T细胞治疗乳腺癌HER-2/neu的阳性乳腺癌的转基因小鼠模型的肿瘤反应性T细胞的选择性激活和扩张的协议。该协议包括bryostatin-1/ionomycin（B / I）和IL - 2激活T细胞，在16个小时的肿瘤抗原的情况下。 /我的激活模仿细胞内的信号，导致T细胞的活化蛋白激酶C活性和细胞内钙离子增加， 分别为4。该协议具体激活肿瘤特异性T细胞，而造成不相关的T细胞。与IL - 7和IL - 15的B /我激活T细胞培养24小时，然后用IL - 2脉冲。 24小时后，T细胞被洗净，分割，并培养与IL - 7 + IL - 15增加4天。 前体外扩增的T细胞特异性肿瘤和抗肿瘤疗效是确定的。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Ex vivo Expansion of Tumor-reactive T Cells by Means of Bryostatin 1/Ionomycin and the Common Gamma Chain Cytokines Formulation at JoVE.com

Ex vivo Expansion of Tumor-reactive T Cells by Means of Bryostatin 1/Ionomycin and the Common Gamma Chain Cytokines Formulation

为有效的协议<em&gt;体外</em&gt;描述从肿瘤引流淋巴结或其他淋巴组织的继发性肿瘤轴承主机的肿瘤反应性T细胞的扩张。该协议有选择地扩大肿瘤特异性T细胞过继免疫治疗乳腺癌。

前肿瘤反应性T细胞的体外扩增Bryostatin 1/Ionomycin手段和共同的γ链细胞因子配方

It was reported that breast cancer patients have pre-existing immune responses against their tumors1,2. However, such immune responses fail to provide ...

ex-vivo-expansion-tumor-reactive-t-cells-means-bryostatin-1ionomycin

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

Ex vivo Expansion of Tumor-reactive T Cells by Means of Bryostatin 1/Ionomycin and the Common Gamma Chain Cytokines Formulation

14.7K 次观看.  Virginia Commonwealth University- Massey Cancer Center. 为有效的协议体外描述从肿瘤引流淋巴结或其他淋巴组织的继发性肿瘤轴承主机的肿瘤反应性T细胞的扩张。该协议有选择地扩大肿瘤特异性T细胞过继免疫治疗乳腺癌。

视频: Ex vivo Expansion of Tumor-reactive T Cells by Means of Bryostatin 1/Ionomycin and the Common Gamma Chain Cytokines Formulation

Generation of Multivirus-specific T Cells to Prevent/treat Viral Infections after Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant

Viral infections cause morbidity and mortality in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) recipients. We and others have successfully generated and infused T-cells specific for Epstein Barr virus (EBV), cytomegalovirus (CMV) and Adenovirus (Adv) using monocytes and EBV-transformed lymphoblastoid cell (EBV-LCL) gene-modified with an adenovirus vector as antigen presenting cells (APCs). As few as 2x105/kg trivirus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) proliferated by several logs after infusion and appeared to prevent and treat even severe viral disease resistant to other available therapies. The broader implementation of this encouraging approach is limited by high production costs, complexity of manufacture and the prolonged time (4-6 weeks for EBV-LCL generation, and 4-8 weeks for CTL manufacture &#x2013; total 10-14 weeks) for preparation. To overcome these limitations we have developed a new, GMP-compliant CTL production protocol. First, in place of adenovectors to stimulate T-cells we use dendritic cells (DCs) nucleofected with DNA plasmids encoding LMP2, EBNA1 and BZLF1 (EBV), Hexon and Penton (Adv), and pp65 and IE1 (CMV) as antigen-presenting cells. These APCs reactivate T cells specific for all the stimulating antigens. Second, culture of activated T-cells in the presence of IL-4 (1,000U/ml) and IL-7 (10ng/ml) increases and sustains the repertoire and frequency of specific T cells in our lines. Third, we have used a new, gas permeable culture device (G-Rex) that promotes the expansion and survival of large cell numbers after a single stimulation, thus removing the requirement for EBV-LCLs and reducing technician intervention. By implementing these changes we can now produce multispecific CTL targeting EBV, CMV, and Adv at a cost per 106 cells that is reduced by &gt;90%, and in just 10 days rather than 10 weeks using an approach that may be extended to additional protective viral antigens. Our FDA-approved approach should be of value for prophylactic and treatment applications for high risk allogeneic HSCT recipients.

A rapid, simple and cost-effective protocol for the generation of donor-derived multivirus-specific CTLs (rCTL) for infusion to allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) recipients at risk of developing CMV, Adv or EBV infections. This manufacturing process is GMP-compliant and should ensure the broader implementation of T-cell immunotherapy beyond specialized centers.

Multivirus特异性T细胞的生成，预防/治疗异基因造血干细胞移植后的病毒感染

Viral infections cause morbidity and mortality in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) recipients. We and others have successfully ...

科研

免疫与感染

HLA-Ig Based Artificial Antigen Presenting Cells for Efficient ex vivo Expansion of Human CTL

CTL with optimal effector function play critical roles in mediating protection against various intracellular infections and cancer. However, individuals may exhibit suppressive immune microenvironment and, in contrast to activating CTL, their autologous antigen presenting cells may tend to tolerize or anergize antigen specific CTL. As a result, although still in the experimental phase, CTL-based adoptive immunotherapy has evolved to become a promising treatment for various diseases such as cancer and virus infections. In initial experiments ex vivo expanded CMV (cytomegalovirus) specific CTL have been used for treatment of CMV infection in immunocompromised allogeneic bone marrow transplant patients. While it is common to have life-threatening CMV viremia in these patients, none of the patients receiving expanded CTL develop CMV related illness, implying the anti-CMV immunity is established by the adoptively transferred CTL1. Promising results have also been observed for melanoma and may be extended to other types of cancer2. 
While there are many ways to ex vivo stimulate and expand human CTL, current approaches are restricted by the cost and technical limitations. For example, the current gold standard is based on the use of autologous DC. This requires each patient to donate a significant number of leukocytes and is also very expensive and laborious. Moreover, detailed in vitro characterization of DC expanded CTL has revealed that these have only suboptimal effector function 3. 
Here we present a highly efficient aAPC based system for ex vivo expansion of human CMV specific CTL for adoptive immunotherapy (Figure 1). The aAPC were made by coupling cell sized magnetic beads with human HLA-A2-Ig dimer and anti-CD28mAb4. Once aAPC are made, they can be loaded with various peptides of interest, and remain functional for months. In this report, aAPC were loaded with a dominant peptide from CMV, pp65 (NLVPMVATV). After culturing purified human CD8+ CTL from a healthy donor with aAPC for one week, CMV specific CTL can be increased dramatically in specificity up to 98% (Figure 2) and amplified more than 10,000 fold. If more CMV-specific CTL are required, further expansion can be easily achieved by repetitive stimulation with aAPC. Phenotypic and functional characterization shows these expanded cells have an effector-memory phenotype and make significant amounts of both TNF&alpha; and IFN&gamma; (Figure 3).

HLA-Ig Based Artificial Antigen Presenting Cells for Efficient ex vivo Expansion of Human CTL

A new DC independent method for induction and expansion of antigen-specific T cells is described. HLA A2-Ig based artificial Antigen Presenting Cells (aAPC) are loaded with HLA-A2 restricted peptides to efficiently expand CTL of diverse antigen specificity. This technology holds great potential for CTL-based adoptive immunotherapy.

HLA - IG基于人工抗原提呈细胞可高效体外扩展人类的CTL

CTL with optimal effector function play critical roles in mediating protection against various intracellular infections and cancer. However, individuals ...

Expansion of Human Peripheral Blood  &gamma;&delta; T Cells using Zoledronate

Human &gamma;&delta; T cells can recognize and respond to a wide variety of stress-induced antigens, thereby developing innate broad anti-tumor and anti-infective activity.1 The majority of &gamma;&delta; T cells in peripheral blood have the V&gamma;9V&delta;2 T cell receptor. These cells recognize antigen in a major histocompatibility complex-independent manner and develop strong cytolytic and Th1-like effector functions.1Therefore, &gamma;&delta; T cells are attractive candidate effector cells for cancer immunotherapy. V&gamma;9V&#x03B4;2 T cells respond to phosphoantigens such as (E)-4-hydroxy-3-methyl-but-2-enyl pyrophosphate (HMBPP), which is synthesized in bacteria via isoprenoid biosynthesis;2 and isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP), which is produced in eukaryotic cells through the mevalonate pathway.3 In physiological condition, the generation of IPP in nontransformed cell is not sufficient for the activation of &gamma;&delta; T cells. Dysregulation of mevalonate pathway in tumor cells leads to accumulation of IPP and &gamma;&delta; T cells activation.3 Because aminobisphosphonates (such as pamidronate or zoledronate) inhibit farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase (FPPS), the enzyme acting downstream of IPP in the mevalonate pathway, intracellular levels of IPP and sensitibity to &gamma;&delta; T cells recognition can be therapeutically increased by aminobisphosphonates. IPP accumulation is less efficient in nontransfomred cells than tumor cells with a pharmacologically relevant concentration of aminobisphosphonates, that allow us immunotherapy for cancer by activating &gamma;&delta; T cells with aminobisphosphonates. 4 Interestingly, IPP accumulates in monocytes when PBMC are treated with aminobisphosphonates, because of efficient drug uptake by these cells. 5 Monocytes that accumulate IPP become antigen-presenting cells and stimulate V&gamma;9V&delta;2 T cells in the peripheral blood.6 Based on these mechanisms, we developed a technique for large-scale expansion of &gamma;&delta; T cell cultures using zoledronate and interleukin-2 (IL-2).7 Other methods for expansion of &gamma;&delta; T cells utilize the synthetic phosphoantigens bromohydrin pyrophosphate (BrHPP)8 or 2-methyl-3-butenyl-1-pyrophosphate (2M3B1PP).9 All of these methods allow ex vivo expansion, resulting in large numbers of &gamma;&delta; T cells for use in adoptive immunotherapy. However, only zoledronate is an FDA-approved commercially available reagent. Zoledronate-expanded &gamma;&delta; T cells display CD27-CD45RA- effector memory phenotype and thier function can be evaluated by IFN-&gamma; production assay. 7

Expansion of Human Peripheral Blood  &#947;&#948; T Cells using Zoledronate

A method to expand &gamma;&delta; T cells from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) is described. PBMC-derived &gamma;&delta; T cells are stimulated and expanded using zoledronate and interleukin-2 (IL-2). Large scale expansion of &gamma;&delta; T cells can be applied to autologous cellular immunotherapy of cancer.

扩展人外周血γδT细胞使用Zoledronate

Human &gamma;&delta; T cells can recognize and respond to a wide variety of stress-induced antigens, thereby developing innate broad anti-tumor and ...

Expanding Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes from Umbilical Cord Blood that Target Cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr Virus, and Adenovirus

Virus infections after stem cell transplantation are among the most common causes of death, especially after cord blood (CB) transplantation (CBT) where the CB does not contain appreciable numbers of virus-experienced T cells which can protect the recipient from infection.1-4 We and others have shown that virus-specific CTL generated from seropositive donors and infused to the recipient are safe and protective.5-8 However, until recently, virus-specific T cells could not be generated from cord blood, likely due to the absence of virus-specific memory T cells. 
In an effort to better mimic the in vivo priming conditions of na&iuml;ve T cells, we established a method that used CB-derived dendritic cells (DC) transduced with an adenoviral vector (Ad5f35pp65) containing the immunodominant CMV antigen pp65, hence driving T cell specificity towards CMV and adenovirus.9 At initiation, we use these matured DCs as well as CB-derived T cells in the presence of the cytokines IL-7, IL-12, and IL-15.10 At the second stimulation we used EBV-transformed B cells, or EBV-LCL, which express both latent and lytic EBV antigens. Ad5f35pp65-transduced EBV-LCL are used to stimulate the T cells in the presence of IL-15 at the second stimulation. Subsequent stimulations use Ad5f35pp65-transduced EBV-LCL and IL-2. 
From 50x106 CB mononuclear cells we are able to generate upwards of 150 x 106 virus-specific T cells that lyse antigen-pulsed targets and release cytokines in response to antigenic stimulation.11 These cells were manufactured in a GMP-compliant manner using only the 20% fraction of a fractionated cord blood unit and have been translated for clinical use.

Here we describe the first good manufacturing practice (GMP)-compliant method of producing virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) from umbilical cord blood, a source of predominantly na&#238;ve T cells.

扩大目标，脐血细胞毒性T淋巴细胞，巨细胞病毒，EB病毒，腺病毒

Virus infections after stem cell transplantation are among the most common causes of death, especially after cord blood (CB) transplantation (CBT) where ...

Using Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells for the Generation of Tumor Antigen-specific T Cells

The generation and expansion of functional T cells in vitro can lead to a broad range of clinical applications. One such use is for the treatment of patients with advanced cancer. Adoptive T cell transfer (ACT) of highly enriched tumor antigen-specific T cells has been shown to cause durable regression of metastatic cancer in some patients. However, during expansion, these cells may become exhausted or senescent, limiting their effector function and persistence in vivo. Induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology may overcome these obstacles by leading to in vitro generation of large numbers of less differentiated tumor antigen-specific T cells. Human iPSC (hiPSC) have the capacity to differentiate into any type of somatic cell, including lymphocytes, which retain the original T cell receptor (TCR) genomic rearrangement when a T cell is used as a starting cell. Therefore, reprogramming of human tumor antigen-specific T cells to hiPSC followed by redifferentiation to T cell lineage has the potential to produce rejuvenated tumor antigen-specific T cells. Described here is a method for generating tumor antigen-specific CD8&#945;&#946;+ single positive (SP) T cells from hiPSC using OP9/DLL1 co-culture system. This method is a powerful tool for in vitro T cell lineage generation and will facilitate the development of in vitro derived T cells for use in regenerative medicine and cell-based therapies.

This article describes a method to generate functional tumor antigen-specific induced pluripotent stem cell-derived CD8&#945;&#946;+ single positive T cells using OP9/DLL1 co-culture system.

利用人类诱导多能干细胞生成肿瘤抗原特异性T细胞

The generation and expansion of functional T cells in vitro can lead to a broad range of clinical applications. One such use is for the treatment of ...

癌症研究

Isolation and Expansion of Cytotoxic Cytokine-induced Killer T Cells for Cancer Treatment

Adoptive cellular immunotherapy focuses on restoring cancer recognition via the immune system and improves effective tumor cell killing. Cytokine-induced killer (CIK) T cell therapy has been reported to exert significant cytotoxic effects against cancer cells and to reduce the adverse effects of surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy in cancer treatments. CIK can be derived from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), bone marrow, and umbilical cord blood. CIK cells are a heterogeneous subpopulation of T cells with CD3+CD56+ and natural killer (NK) phenotypic characteristics that include major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-unrestricted antitumor activity. This study describes a qualified, clinically applicable, flow cytometry-based method for the quantification of the cytolytic capability of PBMC-derived CIK cells against hematological and solid cancer cells. In the cytolytic assay, CIK cells are co-incubated at different ratios with prestained target tumor cells. After the incubation period, the number of target cells are determined by a nucleic acid-binding stain to detect dead cells. This method is applicable to both research and diagnostic applications. CIK cells possess potent cytotoxicity that could be explored as an alternative strategy for cancer treatment upon its preclinical evaluation by a cytometer setup and tracking (CS &#38; T)-based flow cytometry system.

Here, we present a protocol to perform the isolation and expansion of peripheral blood mononuclear cells-derived cytokine-induced CD3+CD56+ killer cells and illustrate their cytotoxicity effect against hematological and solid cancer cells by using an in vitro diagnosis flow cytometry system.

细胞毒性细胞因子诱导的杀伤性T细胞的分离和扩张，用于癌症治疗

Adoptive cellular immunotherapy focuses on restoring cancer recognition via the immune system and improves effective tumor cell killing. Cytokine-induced ...

Generation of Orthotopic Pancreatic Tumors and Ex vivo Characterization of Tumor-Infiltrating T Cell Cytotoxicity

In vivo models of pancreatic cancer provide invaluable tools for studying disease dynamics, immune infiltration and new therapeutic strategies. The orthotopic murine model can be performed on large cohorts of immunocompetent mice simultaneously, is relatively inexpensive and preserves the cognate tissue microenvironment. The quantification of T cell infiltration and cytotoxic activity within orthotopic tumors provides a useful indicator of an antitumoral response.
This protocol describes the methodology for surgical generation of orthotopic pancreatic tumors by injection of a low number of syngeneic tumor cells resuspended in 5 &#181;L basement membrane directly into the pancreas. Mice bearing orthotopic tumors take approximately 30 days to reach endpoint, at which point tumors can be harvested and processed for characterization of tumor-infiltrating T cell activity. Rapid enzymatic digestion using collagenase and DNase allows a single-cell suspension to be extracted from tumors. The viability and cell surface markers of immune cells extracted from the tumor are preserved; therefore, it is appropriate for multiple downstream applications, including flow-assisted cell sorting of immune cells for culture or RNA extraction, flow cytometry analysis of immune cell populations. Here, we describe the ex vivo stimulation of T cell populations for intracellular cytokine quantification (IFN&#947; and TNF&#945;) and degranulation activity (CD107a) as a measure of overall cytotoxicity. Whole-tumor digests were stimulated with phorbol myristate acetate and ionomycin for 5 h, in the presence of anti-CD107a antibody in order to upregulate cytokine production and degranulation. The addition of brefeldin A and monensin for the final 4 h was performed to block extracellular transport and maximize cytokine detection. Extra- and intra-cellular staining of cells was then performed for flow cytometry analysis, where the proportion of IFN&#947;+, TNF&#945;+ and CD107a+ CD4+ and CD8+ T cells was quantified.
This method provides a starting base to perform comprehensive analysis of the tumor microenvironment.

Generation of Orthotopic Pancreatic Tumors and Ex vivo Characterization of Tumor-Infiltrating T Cell Cytotoxicity

This protocol describes the surgical generation of orthotopic pancreatic tumors and the rapid digestion of freshly isolated murine pancreatic tumors. Following digestion, viable immune cell populations can be used for further downstream analysis, including ex vivo stimulation of T cells for intracellular cytokine detection by flow cytometry.

正交胰腺肿瘤的产生与肿瘤渗透T细胞细胞毒性的外体特征

In vivo models of pancreatic cancer provide invaluable tools for studying disease dynamics, immune infiltration and new therapeutic strategies. The ...

Expansion and Enrichment of Gamma-Delta (&#947;&#948;) T Cells from Apheresed Human Product

Although V&#947;9V&#948;2 T cells are a minor subset of T lymphocytes, this population is sought after for its ability to recognize antigens in a major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-independent manner and develop strong cytolytic effector function that makes it an ideal candidate for cancer immunotherapy. Due to the low frequency of Gamma-Delta (&#947;&#948;) T cells in the peripheral blood, we developed an effective protocol to greatly expand a highly pure &#947;&#948; T cells drug product for first-in-human use of allogeneic &#947;&#948; T cells in patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Using healthy donor apheresis as an allogenic cell source, the lymphocytes are isolated using a validated device for a counterflow centrifugation method of separating cells by size and density. 
The lymphocyte-rich fraction is utilized, and the &#947;&#948; T cells are preferentially activated with zoledronic acid (FDA-approved) and interleukin (IL)-2 for 7 days. Following the preferential expansion of &#947;&#948; T cells, a clinical-grade magnetic cell-separation device and TCR&#945;&#946; beads are used to deplete contaminating T-cell receptor (TCR)&#945;&#946; T cells. The highly enriched &#947;&#948; T cells then undergo a second expansion using engineered artificial antigen-presenting cells (aAPCs) derived from K562 cells-genetically engineered to express single-chain variable fragment (scFv) for CD3 and CD28, 41BBL (CD137L) and IL15-RA-together with zoledronic acid and IL-2. Seeding all day-7 enriched &#947;&#948; T cells in co-culture with the aAPCs facilitates the manufacture of highly pure &#947;&#948; T cells with an average fold expansion of &gt;229,000-fold from healthy donor blood.

Expansion and Enrichment of Gamma-Delta &#947;&#948; T Cells from Apheresed Human Product

Presented is a protocol for the expansion of Gamma-Delta (&#947;&#948;) T cell drug product. Lymphocytes are isolated by elutriation and &#947;&#948;-enriched with zoledronic acid and interleukin-2. Alpha-beta T cells are depleted using a clinical-grade magnetic separation device. The &#947;&#948; cells are co-cultured with K562-derived, artificial antigen-presenting cells and expanded.

来自分离人产品的γ-Delta（γδ）T细胞的扩增和富集

Although V&#947;9V&#948;2 T cells are a minor subset of T lymphocytes, this population is sought after for its ability to recognize antigens in a major ...

Stereotactic Adoptive Transfer of Cytotoxic Immune Cells in Murine Models of Orthotopic Human Glioblastoma Multiforme Xenografts

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), the most frequent and aggressive primary brain cancer in adults, is generally associated with a poor prognosis, and scarce efficient therapies have been proposed over the last decade. Among the promising candidates for designing novel therapeutic strategies, cellular immunotherapies have been targeted to eliminate highly invasive and chemo-radioresistant tumor cells, likely involved in a rapid and fatal relapse of this cancer. Thus, administration(s) of allogeneic GBM-reactive immune cell effectors, such as human V&#978;9V&#948;2 T lymphocytes, in the vicinity of the tumor would represents a unique opportunity to deliver efficient and highly concentrated therapeutic agents directly into the site of brain malignancies. Here, we present a protocol for the preparation and the stereotaxic administration of allogeneic human lymphocytes in immunodeficient mice carrying orthotopic human primary brain tumors. This study provides a preclinical proof-of-concept for both the feasibility and the antitumor efficacy of these cellular immunotherapies that rely on stereotactic injections of allogeneic human lymphocytes within intrabrain tumor beds.

Here, we present a protocol for the preparation and the stereotaxic administration of allogeneic human lymphocytes in immunodeficient mice carrying orthotopic human primary brain tumors. This study provides a proof-of-concept for both the feasibility and the antitumor efficacy of intrabrain-delivered cellular immunotherapies.

立体定向移植人胶质瘤多形性移植小鼠细胞毒性免疫细胞模型的研究

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), the most frequent and aggressive primary brain cancer in adults, is generally associated with a poor prognosis, and scarce ...

Purification and Expansion of Mouse Invariant Natural Killer T Cells for in vitro and in vivo Studies

Invariant Natural Killer T (iNKT) cells are innate-like T Lymphocytes expressing a conserved semi-invariant T cell receptor (TCR) specific for self or microbial lipid antigens presented by the non-polymorphic MHC class I-related molecule CD1d. Preclinical and clinical studies support a role for iNKT cells in cancer, autoimmunity and infectious diseases. iNKT cells are very conserved throughout species and their investigation has been facilitated by mouse models, including CD1d-deficient or iNKT-deficient mice, and the possibility to unequivocally detect them in mice and men with CD1d tetramers or mAbs specific for the semi-invariant TCR. However, iNKT cells are rare and they need to be expanded to reach manageable numbers for any study. Because the generation of primary mouse iNKT cell line in vitro has proven difficult, we have set up a robust protocol to purify and expand splenic iNKT cells from the iV&#945;14-J&#945;18 transgenic mice (iV&#945;14Tg), in which iNKT cells are 30 times more frequent. We show here that primary splenic iV&#945;14Tg iNKT cells can be enriched through an immunomagnetic separation process, yielding about 95-98% pure iNKT cells. The purified iNKT cells are stimulated by anti-CD3/CD28 beads plus IL-2 and IL-7, resulting in 30-fold expansion by day +14 of the culture with 85-99% purity. The expanded iNKT cells can be easily genetically manipulated, providing an invaluable tool to dissect mechanisms of activation and function in vitro and, more importantly, also upon adoptive transfer in vivo.

We describe a rapid and robust protocol to enrich invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells from mouse spleen and expand them in vitro to suitable numbers for in vitro and in vivo studies.

小鼠不变自然杀伤性T细胞的纯化和扩增用于体外和体内研究

Invariant Natural Killer T (iNKT) cells are innate-like T Lymphocytes expressing a conserved semi-invariant T cell receptor (TCR) specific for self or ...