研究提出支持的查尔斯河。

<ol>
	<li>Turner, P. V., Brabb, T., Pekow, C., Vasbinder, M. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Administration+of+substances+to+laboratory+animals:+routes+of+administration+and+factors+to+consider.">Administration of substances to laboratory animals: routes of administration and factors to consider.</a> JAALAS. 50, 600-613 (2011).</li><li>Diehl, K. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+good+practice+guide+to+the+administration+of+substances+and+removal+of+blood,+including+routes+and+volumes.">A good practice guide to the administration of substances and removal of blood, including routes and volumes.</a> J. Appl. Toxicol. 21, 15-23 (2001).</li><li>Hurst, J. L., West, R. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Taming+anxiety+in+laboratory+mice.">Taming anxiety in laboratory mice.</a> Nat. Methods. 7, 825-826 (2010).</li><li>Maurer, B. M., D&#246;ring, D., Scheipl, F., K&#252;chenhoff, H., Erhard, M. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+a+gentling+programme+on+the+behaviour+of+laboratory+rats+towards+humans.">Effects of a gentling programme on the behaviour of laboratory rats towards humans.</a> Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 111, 329-341 (2008).</li><li>Cloutier, S., Newberry, R. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Use+of+a+conditioning+technique+to+reduce+stress+associated+with+repeated+intra-peritoneal+injections+in+laboratory+rats.">Use of a conditioning technique to reduce stress associated with repeated intra-peritoneal injections in laboratory rats.</a> Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 112, 158-173 (2008).</li><li>Romanovsky, A. A., Kulchitsky, V. A., Simons, C. T., Sugimoto, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Methodology+of+fever+research:+why+are+polyphasic+fevers+often+thought+to+be+biphasic.">Methodology of fever research: why are polyphasic fevers often thought to be biphasic.</a> Am. J. Physiol. 275, 332-338 (1998).</li><li>Turner, P. V., Pekow, C., Vasbinder, M. A., Brabb, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Administration+of+substances+to+laboratory+animals:+equipment+considerations,+vehicle+selection,+and+solute+preparation.">Administration of substances to laboratory animals: equipment considerations, vehicle selection, and solute preparation.</a> JAALAS. 50, 614-627 (2011).</li><li>Lukas, G., Brindle, S. D., Greengard, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+route+of+absorption+of+intraperitoneally+administered+compounds.">The route of absorption of intraperitoneally administered compounds.</a> J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 178, 562-564 (1971).</li><li>AALAS. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Laboratory Mouse Handbook. , (2009).</li><li>AALAS. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> LAT Training Manual. , (2009).</li><li>AALAS. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> LATg Training Manual. , (2009).</li><li>Barnett, S. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Manual of Animal Technology. , 440 (2007).</li><li>Baumans, V., Pekow, C. A., Hau, J., Schapiro, S. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Handbook of Laboratory Animal Science. 1, 401-446 (2010).</li><li>Bogdanske, J. J., Hubbard-Van Stelle, S., Riley, M. R., Schiffman, B. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Laboratory Mouse Procedural Techniques. , (2011).</li><li>Danneman, P., Suckow, M. A., Brayton, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> The Laboratory Mouse. , (2000).</li><li>Sharp, P. E., La Regina, M. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> The Laboratory Rat. , (1998).</li></ol>

作者是查尔斯河的员工。

该协议应被看作是介绍动物的处理和内容管理意味着补充双手上在研究者的设施提供的培训。物质管理的路线，在实验设计中应考虑和研究方案或伦理委员会的协议写入时将使用的手段约束。 在动物相关程序的培训研究的成功是至关重要的。要执行实验，动物必须由研究人员来处理，更好的动物处理，强调了动物3。习惯的动物，以温和的人接触，可以减轻压力，使动物更容易处理的研究课题4,5。处理压力已被证明是影响某些类型的研究6，它可以影响其他人也有可能。约束的啮齿动物，应仔细完成，但公司处理（暂定抓地力是很容易造成人身伤害的啮齿动物和处理程序），并应在最短的时间实际。约束的方法的基础上的动物的大小，通常是选择或寻求访问。例如，处理成年大鼠的颈背，尽管是可能的，往往会遇到强大的阻力的影响，特别是如果处理程序是没有经验的。用手按住鼠标或​​大鼠可以使困难，往往选择的约束装置尽可能保持保持动物的访问到尾静脉。 当研究人员处理的动物，它们经常寻求管理，为进一步研究的化合物或生物。管理物质的途径可影响吸收，生物利用度和适用性的实验。熟悉各种途径为研究人员提供的最好的方式为他们的研究能力管理他们的物质。例如，一个路由促进快速吸收的一种物质（如静脉内或腹膜内），不应该使用如果研究者要管理的物质在一个较慢的作用的方式。量，设备和溶质的一些技巧和注意事项的最近的评论可能会被发现的两篇文章中，特纳等人。1,7 每当物质是被给予到实验室啮齿动物，应考虑的设备和体积的物质（在表1中概述）为适当的尺寸。大小的设备或大量不当可能会导致不适，人身伤害或死亡的动物。一般来说，胃肠外给药的物质是无菌的，但其中的研究目标，这是不可能的（ 即细菌研究）。化合物和生物制剂应该是在溶质中或车辆，将有至少对动物。甲生理pH（7.3 -7.4）通常是良好的，特别是接受皮下，肌内，和intraperitoneal路线。非生理的pH值，在由这些路线管理的物质可能会导致疼痛或坏死和组织损伤。更广泛的范围内的pH值耐受性，灌胃和静脉内给药7。在小型啮齿动物，另一个重要的考虑是让人不寒而栗，如果大量的室温流体的可能性。如果液体，静脉注射或腹腔注射，尤其是在生病的动物的支持，他们应该被加热到人体温度（37°C）。 在本协议中所讨论的给药途径，常用的许多研究计划，是简单的高手，一般不需要麻醉。几乎是无限的各种不同的给药途径是可能的，但是，包括颅内，椎管内硬膜外麻醉，气管内，骨内和关节内的名字，但一些。在这些专门的给药途径的培训，应寻求从人的who有路线的丰富的经验和良好的成果。 在啮齿类动物，鼻内途径通常用于研究物质通过引入到肺部的更"自然";比气管内滴注方法。大鼠和小鼠是专鼻子呼吸，从而诱使他们吸入极少量的流体并不难，即使是在有意识的动物。由于鼻粘膜的血管，鼻腔给药的一些物质可以提供类似静脉给药。这条路线不建议过敏性鼻炎的动物，但是，因为这可能会影响吸收。管理大量鼻内途径的尝试，可能会导致呼吸困难或溺水的动物。 肌肉注射提供快速吸收的物质。由于其体积小，相应的小肌肉群在大鼠和小鼠肌肉注射是具有挑战性的。它们执行在后腿第由于坐骨神经损伤的潜力，股四头肌肌肉的选择。 虽然两者的皮下和​​皮内途径涉及的皮肤，有放置在皮肤与皮下组织的物质的生物利用度之间的差异。皮下注射通常被认为是"沉积"的路线，比其他路线，如静脉或腹腔吸收较慢。皮内给药用于非常小的体积的物质，典型的如佐剂抗原混合物的免疫刺激物质。在这两种情况下，给药的物质应该是生理pH值和无刺激性的。皮内或皮下注射不应在颈背执行，因为这是一种常用的用于抑制啮齿动物的站点。 静脉注射和腹腔给药通常被认为是等同于啮齿动物。静脉内给药的剂量提供更多的RAPID吸收的化合物，然而，腹腔内给药时，应考虑大致相当于口服给药8。应采取腹腔注射的化合物，因为它们可能会引起疼痛，如果不正确的缓冲。静脉注射，管理在啮齿类动物中常见的途径是通过尾静脉注射。如果需要，慢性静脉内给药的一种物质注入静脉或动脉插管应予以考虑。无菌静脉给药应交付的物质，被证明是安全管理静脉注射。例如，可能会引起溶血，血栓形成或血管炎的物质不适合于静脉内给药。 胃内或口腔管饲法路由经常被用来模仿在人类中的一个共同的给药路线。它也允许精确计量的物质相比，口服通过食物或水。化合物的生物利用度会根据进料/空腹状态下的动物，以及化合物或生物的溶质或车辆的管理，通过灌胃。 ，灌胃或喂食针应是正在使用适当大小的动物，应清洗干净的动物，如果一次性灌胃针是不实际的。通过灌胃造成的伤害并不少见，包括该物质沉积到肺或胃或食道破裂。培训应该由经验丰富的党的监督，并承诺在实施安乐死的动物，然后再灌胃对清醒动物的麻醉动物（将被安乐死）前尝试。第一次灌胃尝试对清醒动物应包括中等大小的动物和少量的一种物质，如盐水，将不会造成伤害，如果该程序就会出差错。动物应被密切评估窘迫的迹象，如喘气，脸色发青，出血，唾液过多，灌胃和安乐死，如果有必要。如果euthanasia是必需的，动物的，应验尸，以确定灌胃程序失败的原因。

<table border="1"><tbody><tr><td> 的试剂的名称 </td><td> 公司 </td><td> 目录编号 </td><td> 评论 </td></tr><tr><td>针</td><td>各个</td><td>各个</td><td>销售的规格和长度针。订购前，检查。 </td></tr><tr><td>注射器</td><td>各个</td><td>各个</td><td>一定要选择一个合适大小的卷管理。 </td></tr><tr><td> DecapiCones </td><td>布伦特里科学</td><td> DC-200，DCL-120，MDC-200 </td><td>在小鼠和大鼠的大小。 </td></tr><tr><td>啮齿动物限制器</td><td>布伦特里科学仪器，哈佛，塑料实验室，其他</td><td></td><td>有明确的有机玻璃，塑料可调，尺寸为小鼠和大鼠。 </td></tr><tr><td> 50毫升锥形管</td><td>各个</td><td> ＆nb的SP; </td><td></td></tr><tr><td>送料针</td><td> VWR，波普尔和儿子， </td><td>各个</td><td>适合的针距和长度如上述那样的动物。一次性和可重复使用的喂养针。 </td></tr></tbody></table>

manual restraint and common compound administration routes in mice and rats

能够安全，有效地抑制小鼠和大鼠进行研究的重要组成部分。小鼠和大鼠的自信和人道工作需要的基本能力，处理和克制的方法。本文将介绍安全地处理动物的基本原则。单手，双手，约束与特别设计的约束对象进行说明。通常情况下，另一部分使用动物的研究或测试的化合物对小鼠和大鼠的有效管理。虽然有大量的可能的给药途径（限于只的规模和器官的动物），最不经常使用的研究。此视频将说明几个较常见的路由，包括静脉内，肌内，皮下和口服灌胃。这篇文章的目的是揭露一个观众不熟悉这些技术的基本约束和物质给药途径。此视频不能取代必要的手在您的工厂培训，但为了增加和补充，培训。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Manual Restraint and Common Compound Administration Routes in Mice and Rats at JoVE.com

Manual Restraint and Common Compound Administration Routes in Mice and Rats

研究啮齿动物的安全和人道工作需要处理的核心竞争力和克制的方法。本文将介绍安全地处理和有效地管理化合物的小鼠和大鼠的基本原则。

手动约束和常见的化合物在小鼠和大鼠的给药途径

Being able to safely and effectively restrain mice and rats is an important part of conducting research.  Working confidently and humanely with mice and ...

manual-restraint-common-compound-administration-routes-mice

Research

Education

JoVE Core

JoVE Journal

Pharmacology

Biology

Unit 1

General Pharmacological Principles

SCIENTISTS IN ACTION

290.0K 次观看.  Charles River. 研究啮齿动物的安全和人道工作需要处理的核心竞争力和克制的方法。本文将介绍安全地处理和有效地管理化合物的小鼠和大鼠的基本原则。

视频: Manual Restraint and Common Compound Administration Routes in Mice and Rats

Induction and Monitoring of Active Delayed Type Hypersensitivity (DTH) in Rats

Delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) is an inflammatory reaction mediated by CCR7- effector memory T lymphocytes that infiltrate the site of injection of an antigen against which the immune system has been primed. The inflammatory reaction is characterized by redness and swelling of the site of antigenic challenge. It is a convenient model to determine the in vivo efficacy of immunosuppressants. Cutaneous DTH can be induced either by adoptive transfer of antigen-specific T lymphocytes or by active immunization with an antigen, and subsequent intradermal challenge with the antigen to induce the inflammatory reaction in a given skin area. DTH responses can be induced to various antigens, for example ovalbumin, tuberculin, tetanus toxoid, or keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH).
Here we demonstrate how to induce an active DTH reaction in Lewis rats. We will first prepare a water-in-oil emulsion of KLH, our antigen of interest, in complete Freund's adjuvant and inject this emulsion subcutaneously to rats. This will prime the immune system to develop memory T cells directed to KLH. Seven days later we will challenge the rats intradermally on the back with KLH on one side and with ovalbumin, an irrelevant antigen, on the other side. The inflammatory reaction will be visible 16-72 hours later and the red and swollen area will be measured as an indication of DTH severity.

Induction and Monitoring of Active Delayed Type Hypersensitivity DTH in Rats

Delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) is an inflammatory reaction mediated by CCR7- effector memory T lymphocytes. Here we demonstrate how to induce active DTH in Lewis rats and monitor the inflammatory response.

大鼠主动迟发型超敏反应（DTH）的诱导和监控

Delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) is an inflammatory reaction mediated by CCR7- effector memory T lymphocytes that infiltrate the site of injection of ...

科研

生物学

Induction and Monitoring of Adoptive Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity in Rats

Delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) is an inflammatory reaction mediated by CCR7- effector memory T lymphocytes that infiltrate the site of injection of an antigen against which the immune system has been primed. The inflammatory reaction is characterized by redness and swelling of the site of antigenic challenge. It is a convenient model to determine the in vivo efficacy of immunosuppressants. Cutaneous DTH can be induced either by adoptive transfer of antigen-specific T lymphocytes or by active immunization with an antigen, and subsequent intradermal challenge with the antigen to induce the inflammatory reaction in a given skin area. DTH responses can be induced to various antigens, for example ovalbumin, tuberculin, tetanus toxoid, or keyhole limpet hemocyanin. Such reactions can also be induced against autoantigen, for example to myelin basic protein (MBP) in rats with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis induced with MBP, an animal model for multiple sclerosis (1).
Here we demonstrate how to induce an adoptive DTH reaction in Lewis rats. We will first stimulate ovalbumin-specific T cells in vitro and inject these activated cells intraperitoneally to naive rats. After allowing the cells to equilibrate in vivo for 2 days, we will challenge the rats with ovalbumin in the pinna of one ear, while the other ear wil receive saline. The inflammatory reaction will be visible 3-72 hours later and ear thickness will be measured as an indication of DTH severity.

Delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) is an inflammatory reaction mediated by CCR7- effector memory T (TEM) lymphocytes. Here we demonstrate how to activate antigen-specific TEM cells, induce adoptive DTH in Lewis rats and monitor the inflammatory response.

收养大鼠迟发型超敏反应的感应和监测

Changes in Mammary Gland Morphology and Breast Cancer Risk in Rats

Studies in rodent models of breast cancer show that exposures to dietary/hormonal factors during the in utero and pubertal periods, when the mammary gland undergoes extensive modeling and re-modeling, alter susceptibility to carcinogen-induced mammary tumors. Similar findings have been described in humans: for example, high birthweight increases later risk of developing breast cancer, and dietary intake of soy during childhood decreases breast cancer risk. It is thought that these prenatal and postnatal dietary modifications induce persistent morphological changes in the mammary gland that in turn modify breast cancer risk later in life. These morphological changes likely reflect epigenetic modifications, such as changes in DNA methylation, histones and miRNA expression that then affect gene transcription . In this article we describe how changes in mammary gland morphology can predict mammary cancer risk in rats. Our protocol specifically describes how to dissect and remove the rat abdominal mammary gland and how to prepare mammary gland whole mounts. It also describes how to analyze mammary gland morphology according to three end-points (number of terminal end buds, epithelial elongation and differentiation) and to use the data to predict risk of developing mammary cancer.

Our protocol describes how to dissect the rat abdominal mammary gland and how to prepare mammary gland whole mounts. It also describes how to analyze mammary gland morphology using three end-points (number of terminal end buds, epithelial elongation and differentiation) and to use these results to predict mammary cancer risk in rats which were exposed to dietary modifications in utero or during prepuberty.

变化在大鼠乳腺形态和患乳腺癌的风险

Studies in rodent models of breast cancer show that exposures to dietary/hormonal factors during the in utero and pubertal periods, when the mammary gland ...

Diagnostic Necropsy and Selected Tissue and Sample Collection in Rats and Mice

There are multiple sample types that may be collected from a euthanized animal in order to help diagnose or discover infectious agents in an animal colony. Proper collection of tissues for further histological processing can impact the quality of testing results. This article describes the conduct of a basic gross examination including identification of heart, liver, lungs, kidneys, and spleen, as well as how to collect those organs. Additionally four of the more difficult tissue/sample collection techniques are demonstrated. Lung collection and perfusion can be particularly challenging as the tissue needs to be properly inflated with a fixative in order for inside of the tissue to fix properly and to enable thorough histologic evaluation. This article demonstrates the step by step technique to remove the lung and inflate it with fixative in order to achieve optimal fixation of the tissue within 24 hours. Brain collection can be similarly challenging as the tissue is soft and easily damaged. This article demonstrates the step by step technique to expose and remove the brain from the skull with minimal damage to the tissue. The mesenteric lymph node is a good sample type in which to detect many common infectious agents as enteric viruses persist longer in the lymph node than they are shed in feces. This article demonstrates the step by step procedure for locating and aseptically removing the mesenteric lymph node. Finally, identification of infectious agents of the respiratory tract may be performed by bacterial culture or PCR testing of nasal and/or bronchial fluid aspirates taken at necropsy. This procedure describes obtaining and preparing the respiratory aspirate sample for bacterial culture and PCR testing.

This article describes the procedures for conducting a basic postmortem examination of a mouse or rat, and the collection of basic organs, as well as more challenging sample types from for histological, microbiological, and PCR evaluation.

剖检诊断，并选择在大鼠和小鼠的组织和样品收集

There are multiple sample types that may be collected from a euthanized animal in order to help diagnose or discover infectious agents in an animal ...

Ovariectomy and 17&beta;-estradiol Replacement in Rats and Mice: A Visual Demonstration

Estrogens are a family of female sexual hormones with an exceptionally wide spectrum of effects. When rats and mice are used in estrogen research they are commonly ovariectomized in order to ablate the rapidly cycling hormone production, replacing the 17&beta;-estradiol exogenously. There is, however, lack of consensus regarding how the hormone should be administered to obtain physiological serum concentrations. This is crucial since the 17&beta;-estradiol level/administration method profoundly influences the experimental results1-3. We have in a series of studies characterized the different modes of 17&beta;-estradiol administration, finding that subcutaneous silastic capsules and per-oral nut-cream Nutella are superior to commercially available slow-release pellets (produced by the company Innovative Research of America) and daily injections in terms of producing physiological serum concentrations of 17&beta;-estradiol4-6. Amongst the advantages of the nut-cream method, that previously has been used for buprenorphine administration7, is that when used for estrogen administration it resembles peroral hormone replacement therapy and is non-invasive. The subcutaneous silastic capsules are convenient and produce the most stable serum concentrations. This video article contains step-by-step demonstrations of ovariectomy and 17&beta;-estradiol hormone replacement by silastic capsules and peroral Nutella in rats and mice, followed by a discussion of important aspects of the administration procedures.

Ovariectomy and 17&#946;-estradiol Replacement in Rats and Mice: A Visual Demonstration

Ovariectomy and subsequent replacement of 17&beta;-estradiol by means of silastic capsules and peroral Nutella are demonstrated in rats and mice.

在大鼠和小鼠的卵巢切除和17β-雌二醇更换:一个可视化示范

Estrogens are a family of female sexual hormones with an exceptionally wide spectrum of effects. When rats and mice are used in estrogen research they are ...

Detection of Live Escherichia coli O157:H7 Cells by PMA-qPCR

A unique open reading frame (ORF) Z3276 was identified as a specific genetic marker for E. coli O157:H7. A qPCR assay was developed for detection of E. coli O157:H7 by targeting ORF Z3276. With this assay, we can detect as low as a few copies of the genome of DNA of E. coli O157:H7. The sensitivity and specificity of the assay were confirmed by intensive validation tests with a large number of E. coli O157:H7 strains (n = 369) and non-O157 strains (n = 112). Furthermore, we have combined propidium monoazide (PMA) procedure with the newly developed qPCR protocol for selective detection of live cells from dead cells. Amplification of DNA from PMA-treated dead cells was almost completely inhibited in contrast to virtually unaffected amplification of DNA from PMA-treated live cells. Additionally, the protocol has been modified and adapted to a 96-well plate format for an easy and consistent handling of a large number of samples. This method is expected to have an impact on accurate microbiological and epidemiological monitoring of food safety and environmental source.

Detection of Live Escherichia coli O157:H7 Cells by PMA-qPCR

A qPCR assay was developed for detection of Escherichia coli O157:H7 targeting a unique genetic marker, Z3276. The qPCR was combined with propidium monoazide (PMA) treatment for live cell detection. This protocol has been modified and adapted to a 96-well plate format for easy and consistent handling of numerous samples

检测现场的<em&gt;大肠杆菌</em&gt; O157:H7细胞的PMA-qPCR的

A unique open reading frame (ORF) Z3276 was identified as a specific genetic marker for E. coli O157:H7. A qPCR assay was developed for detection of E. ...

Construction of an Affordable and Easy-to-Build Zebrafish Facility

In vivo biomedical research is pivotal to translate in vitro findings into clinical advances. Small academic institutions with limited resources find it virtually impossible to build and maintain typical rodent facilities for research. Zebrafish research has been demonstrated to be a valuable alternative for in vivo research in pharmacology, physiology, development and genetic studies. This article demonstrates that a functional zebrafish facility can be built in an easy and affordable manner. We demonstrate that such a facility could be built in about one working day with minimal tools and expertise. The cost of the 27 1.8 L fish tank zebrafish facility constructed in this study was approximately $1,500. We estimate that the maintenance of an initial working 150 fish colony for 3 months is $1,000. This project involved students, who were introduced to aquaculturing of zebrafish for research proposes.

A Zebrafish facility suitable for breeding and in vivo research is built in an easy and affordable manner. Maintenance is minimal. This facility is ideal for student involvement and independent research.

一个经济实惠，易于构建斑马鱼设施建设

In vivo biomedical research is pivotal to translate in vitro findings into clinical advances. Small academic institutions with limited resources find it ...

Plant Promoter Analysis: Identification and Characterization of Root Nodule Specific Promoter in the Common Bean

The upstream sequences of gene coding sequences are termed as promoter sequences. Studying the expression patterns of promoters are very significant in understanding the gene regulation and spatiotemporal expression patterns of target genes. On the other hand, it is also critical to establish promoter evaluation tools and genetic transformation techniques that are fast, efficient, and reproducible. In this study, we investigated the spatiotemporal expression pattern of the rhizobial symbiosis-specific nodule inception (NIN) promoter of Phaseolus vulgaris in the transgenic hairy roots. Using plant genome databases and analysis tools we identified, isolated, and cloned the P. vulgaris NIN promoter in a transcriptional fusion to the chimeric reporter &#946;-glucuronidase (GUS) GUS-enhanced::GFP. Further, this protocol describes a rapid and versatile system of genetic transformation in the P. vulgaris using Agrobacterium rhizogenes induced hairy roots. This system generates &#8805;2 cm hairy roots at 10 to 12 days after transformation. Next, we assessed the spatiotemporal expression of NIN promoter in Rhizobium inoculated hairy roots at periodic intervals of post-inoculation. Our results depicted by GUS activity show that the NIN promoter was active during the process of nodulation. Together, the present protocol demonstrates how to identify, isolate, clone, and characterize a plant promoter in the common bean hairy roots. Moreover, this protocol is easy to use in non-specialized laboratories.

Promoter expression analyses are crucial to improving the understanding of gene regulation and the spatiotemporal expression of target genes. Herein we present a protocol to identify, isolate, and clone a plant promoter. Further, we describe the characterization of the nodule-specific promoter in the common bean hairy roots.

植物启动子分析: 菜豆根瘤特异启动子的鉴定与表征

The upstream sequences of gene coding sequences are termed as promoter sequences. Studying the expression patterns of promoters are very significant in ...

Determination of Reproductive Competence by Confirming Pubertal Onset and Performing a Fertility Assay in Mice and Rats

Assessment of reproductive competence is critical for understanding the impact of a treatment or genetic manipulation on the reproductive axis, also termed the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. The reproductive axis is a key integrator of environmental and internal input adapting fertility to favorable conditions for reproduction. Prior to embarking upon a fertility study in mice and rats, sexual maturity is evaluated to exclude the possibility that the observed reproductive phenotypes are caused by delayed or absent pubertal onset. This protocol describes a non-invasive approach to assess pubertal onset in males through the determination of preputial separation, and in females through vaginal opening and first estrus. After the confirmation of the completion of puberty and the achievement of sexual maturity, a fertility study can be initiated. The procedure describes the optimal breeding conditions for mice and rats, how to set up a fertility study, and what parameters to evaluate and determine if the treatment or gene deletion has an impact on fertility.

Many treatments and genetic mutations impact the timing of sexual maturity and fertility. This protocol describes a non-invasive method to evaluate pubertal onset in mice and rats prior to setting up a fertility study in sexually mature animals.

在小鼠和大鼠中确认青春期发作和执行生育力测定生殖能力

Assessment of reproductive competence is critical for understanding the impact of a treatment or genetic manipulation on the reproductive axis, also ...

Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification for Screening Salmonella in Animal Food and Confirming Salmonella from Culture Isolation

Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) has emerged as a powerful nucleic acid amplification test for the rapid detection of numerous bacterial, fungal, parasitic, and viral agents. Salmonella is a bacterial pathogen of worldwide food safety concern, including food for animals. Presented here is a multi-laboratory-validated Salmonella LAMP protocol that can be used to rapidly screen animal food for the presence of Salmonella contamination and can also be used to confirm presumptive Salmonella isolates recovered from all food categories. The LAMP assay specifically targets the Salmonella invasion gene (invA) and is rapid, sensitive, and highly specific. Template DNAs are prepared from enrichment broths of animal food or pure cultures of presumptive Salmonella isolates. The LAMP reagent mixture is prepared by combining an isothermal master mix, primers, DNA template, and water. The LAMP assay runs at a constant temperature of 65 &#176;C for 30 min. Positive results are monitored via real-time fluorescence and can be detected as early as 5 min. The LAMP assay exhibits high tolerance to inhibitors in animal food or culture medium, serving as a rapid, reliable, robust, cost-effective, and user-friendly method for screening and confirming Salmonella. The LAMP method has recently been incorporated into the U.S. Food and Drug Administration&#8217;s Bacteriological Analytical Manual (BAM) Chapter 5.

Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification for Screening Salmonella in Animal Food and Confirming Salmonella from Culture Isolation

Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) is an isothermal nucleic acid amplification test (iNAAT) that has attracted broad interest in the pathogen detection field. Here, we present a multi-laboratory-validated Salmonella LAMP protocol as a rapid, reliable, and robust method for screening Salmonella in animal food and confirming presumptive Salmonella from culture isolation.

循环介制的对热放大，用于在动物食品中筛查沙门氏菌，并确认来自文化隔离的沙门氏菌

Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) has emerged as a powerful nucleic acid amplification test for the rapid detection of numerous bacterial, ...