This project was funded by the Intramural Research Program at the National Institutes of Health Clinical Center. We acknowledge the helpful discussions with Dr. Thomas Bulea, PhD and Laurie Ohlrich, PT in refining the procedures presented in this protocol. Muyinat W. Osoba and Andrew Gravunder, MS assisted with the animations.

注：此方案经美国国立卫生研究院的机构审查委员会（ClinicalTrials.gov标识符：NCT01829724）。所有参加者有机会提问，之前，他们的参与提供了知情同意书。在考虑变化所引起的最近使用血管扩张剂和血管收缩剂的血液动力学反应，参与者被要求从酒精和咖啡因以避免在实验3。这些动画影片被定义在我们的实验室做出之前24小时，但可以用其他声音或特定的替代研究问题的图像。 1.设置室此前的参与者的到来。 <ol><li>根据该动作捕捉制造商的具体过程校准动作捕捉摄像机相对于实验室的坐标。确保摄像头位置将允许记录所有标记的​​正文上而在将要测试的任务的参与者的头上。校准过程保证了动作捕捉系统的精确度，是任何运动实验室的标准做法。使用10摄像系统，具有17米3，其中的反射标记可以可靠地识别的近似体积。 </li><li>从指令计算机的动作捕捉和fNIRS计算机的BNC输入连接触发。确保该触发器被连接到一个鼠标按钮，点击鼠标完成电路并同时发送一个脉冲给运动捕捉/肌电图数据采集板和向fNIRS数据采集板作为辅助的模拟输入。 </li><li>通过USB端口运行的指令动画视频的电脑，连接这款鼠标，这样在启动视频会同时导致电压变化对两个数据采集系统。 注：EMG信号自动同步的，并保存动作捕捉软件，所以ADDIT是不是需要EMG系统的有理假唱。 </li><li>设置屏幕和投影机的说明，显示给参与者。除去这可能是干扰项的任何不必要的物品。放置三脚架和数字视频摄像机，他们将有参加者的动作全视图。 </li><li>确认反光标记牢固地连接到探头每个光极顶。 </li><li>收集所有必要的文件：同意同意副本，临床检查表，和实验乐谱，例如。 </li></ol> 2.基本措施<ol><li>在完成知情同意过程之后，测量并记录参加者的身高，体重，年龄，和头部周长。 </li><li>爱丁堡管理库存惯用手10等临床检查所示。记录参与者报告的头发和皮肤类型。 </li><li>放置在髂后上棘反光标记（PSIS）双侧。有参加者步行在其舒适的速度跨越实验室3 - 5倍，并在整个试验中平均的速度来估计其自身选择步行步伐。 </li></ol> 3.功能近红外光谱（fNIRS）设置注意：这可以同时用肌电图和动作捕捉设置完成，如果有足够的实验者或研究人员，协助，如果参与者是舒适与几个人正在接近他们在同一时间。 <ol><li>测量鼻根（NZ）和INION（IZ）之间的距离，并在右侧（Ar）和左（Al）的耳朵前耳廓点之间。这两个措施的中点的交点是锆石，其标记在使用可洗的标记头皮。 </li><li>如果参与者长发，部分断用辫子或马尾以暴露其中光极将被放置在头皮毛发的小部分。 </li><li>将fNIRS探测到吨他参加的头，小心地对准CZ，氩。然后将头发从每个光极下，因为它是放置它在头皮上。最后，附上魔术贴绑带安全地保持光极到位。 注：在这个协议中，使用盖有一条带子的云头，一说去对面的额头，和一个去下颏后面。光极被固定在这个上限用魔术贴灵活的塑料环是环绕耳朵上。 <ol><li>如果参与者有短发（小于约2英寸长），拉出光极之间的头发用小细棍或塑料端梳子。 </li></ol></li><li>验证所有光极电缆都平放，而光极是大致垂直于头皮的表面上。 <ol><li>如果必要，可将一薄片的泡沫组成的组光极电缆下，以促进光极的垂直对齐。 </li></ol></li><li>请与对探头的舒适参与者，并如果需要进行调整。指导他们告诉实验者，如果他们的舒适在实验过程中的任何一点下降。 </li><li>打开源并检查信号。 <ol><li>在这个系统中，确保具有至少80分贝的强度和心跳信号的deltaOD（光学密度变化）清晰可见，在两个690和830纳米的波长的信号。当通道有信号，不符合这些标准，确认头发不堵光极（S），然后根据需要最大限度地提高信号强度调整探测器的收益。确保在这个时候，动作捕捉相机关闭。 注：其他fNIRS机可以在不同的波长为690和830 nm的操作;在这种情况下，检查最适合本机正在使用的波长。 </li></ol></li><li>添加反光标记，以NZ，IZ，氩气，和Al。请参与者仍然持有和收集大约2秒的动作捕捉数据，这些和fNIRS光极标记。确认所有的标志都被记录，并收集更多的审判是必要的。它可能要求参与者来改变头部位置，以改善的摄像机和所述标记之间的视线。在分析过程中使用这些收集到的三维位置的参与者的个人结构性MRI的概率注册（如果可用）。 </li><li>添加封面用黑色毡或其他光吸收材料上的fNIRS光极顶部数层，以保护从运动捕捉摄像头的干扰或饱和探测器。确保电缆和fNIRS单元的前面板也同时使用相同的光吸收材料的屏蔽。 </li></ol> 4.表面肌电图（EMG）设置<ol><li>使用解剖标志，触诊时肌肉收缩找到每个目标肌肉的肌腹和电极安置指导11。 注：针对本协议的肌肉包括BIL抵押品腓肠肌内侧，胫骨前肌，股直肌，股外侧肌，股二头肌，桡侧伸腕和桡侧腕屈肌。 </li><li>准备肌电电极放置在肌腹由剃须，用胶带去除死皮细胞，然后清洗用异丙醇垫，所推荐的SENIAM 12，等待皮肤干燥。 </li><li>放置肌电电极定向成肌肉纤维的方向。 </li><li>具有自贴包装包装紧贴。 </li><li>检查计算机上的肌肉信号，同时进行徒手肌力测试，以确保正确的电极位置，并清晰的信号变化的可视化时，肌肉处于活动状态。 </li></ol> 5.动作捕捉设置<ol><li>放置反光标记，在联合的里程碑。这些措施包括内外踝，内侧和外侧膝关节，髂前上棘（ASIS），髂后上棘（PSIS），桡骨茎突，尺骨SYLOID，中介人肱骨epicondyl和横向肱骨epicondyl。 </li><li>放置3个或更多个标志，或标记的一个刚体群集上的每个感兴趣的段，包括脚，胫，大腿，手，和前臂。 </li><li>收集大约2秒的动作捕捉数据，而参与者站在仍处于标准化的位置，如站立手臂在90°肩关节前屈90°肘关节屈曲。确保所有的标记物都清晰可见的摄像机。 </li></ol> 6.步态任务<ol><li>有参与者转移到跑步机。通过支持fNIRS光极电缆协助他们，然后将电缆固定在天花板上的支持后，病人在位置。如果患者是在高风险的瀑布，用体重支承线束是否安全这个任务中。 </li><li>开始在跑步机上，慢慢建立测得的自我选择的行走速度，以获得参加舒服的成立条件。然后缓慢停了下来再次。 </li><li>建立与听觉反馈，这将提示参与者要么休息或移动的动画文件。与参与者审查任务的说明，告诉他们保持静止，轻松地在“休息”时间，并在“任务”期间走在跑步机的设定速度，同时注重他们的注意力，以黑色小圆圈在屏幕上数据采集​​的持续时间。 </li><li>昏暗的灯光，并开始了动作捕捉计算机和fNIRS计算机上的数据采集。开始录制视频相机。 </li><li>用鼠标触发，点击与此任务相关的动画文件的播放按钮。确保收到的动作捕捉和NIRS系统既触发了。 <ol><li>切换到一个黑点位于视线参与者的线的形象，让他们对审判的持续时间焦点。 注：概述概略每个试验示于图2。 </li></ol></li><li>监视参与者的表现，并根据需要提供有关的速度，或者外来的随意运动的反馈。 </li><li>在教学动画结束，停止记录在运动捕捉，肌电图，和fNIRS系统，以及视频摄像机。让参与者有机会休息或移仓是必要的。 </li></ol> 7.双侧下肢循环任务<ol><li>有参与者过渡到可移动背部和腿部支撑一个底座，照顾，支持fNIRS光极电缆并没有碰撞或打跑了动作捕捉标记或肌电电极。具有泡沫座垫在实验过程中，以提高舒适性。 </li><li>提起周期框架到位并将其固定用皮带勒脚。 </li><li>固定脚进入踏板和根据需要调整周期的位置，以促进在踏板上了舒适和自然的距离。在的最远点，在循环中，保持其膝盖在约10度屈曲。 注意：在这一点上，参与者将处于半卧位姿势，它提供了一些支撑躯干，并在其余期间促进放松。 </li><li>与参与者审查任务的说明，告诉他们在“任务”期间大约每分钟60转，以保持静止，轻松地在“休息”时间和周期。 </li><li>重复步骤6.4至6.7。而不是切换到一个点，项目中的卡通动画，将CUE参与者要么休息或移动通过视觉和听觉反馈的图像。最大化电影窗口以使参与者不能够监视已经通过，或者是剩余，在当前的试验的时间。 </li></ol> 8.用手挤压任务<ol><li>从周期和周期本身取出脚后，将一张床表中的参与者，马金前克确保参与者的臂在一个舒适的位置上支撑在桌子上。 </li><li>指导参与者在“任务”期间挤柔软物体大约一次每秒（1赫兹），并保持尽量宽松期间“休息”时间。 </li><li>重复步骤7.5。 </li></ol> 9.踝背屈任务<ol><li>床上表中删除，并提高了底座的脚蹬部上升带来的脚到参与者的观点。 </li><li>删除参与者的鞋和袜子，并替换脚标记在适当的位置。支持小牛刚刚高于其踝关节用泡沫垫，以允许踝关节的运动。 </li><li>指导参与者在“任务”期间每秒（1赫兹），以他们的背屈脚踝约一次，并保持尽量宽松期间“休息”时间。 </li><li>重复步骤7.5。 </li></ol> 10.结论临母育<ol><li>取下盖和检查皮肤的压力或发红的区域。 </li><li>删除所有反光标志和EMG单位。 </li><li>感谢参与了他们的时间，并邀请他们的意见对主观协议的经验。这可以是一个正式的调查问卷（所使用的加维和他的同事对经颅磁刺激13），或非正式的讨论，以确定不适，可以在未来得到改善常见的来源。 </li></ol>

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H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sensory+and+motor+deficits+in+children+with+cerebral+palsy+born+preterm+correlate+with+diffusion+tensor+imaging+abnormalities+in+thalamocortical+pathways.">Sensory and motor deficits in children with cerebral palsy born preterm correlate with diffusion tensor imaging abnormalities in thalamocortical pathways.</a> Dev Med Child Neurol. 51 (9), 697-704 (2009).</li><li>Yoshida, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantitative+diffusion+tensor+tractography+of+the+motor+and+sensory+tract+in+children+with+cerebral+palsy.">Quantitative diffusion tensor tractography of the motor and sensory tract in children with cerebral palsy.</a> Dev Med Child Neurol. 52 (10), 935-940 (2010).</li><li>Lotze, M., Sauseng, P., Staudt, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Functional+relevance+of+ipsilateral+motor+activation+in+congenital+hemiparesis+as+tested+by+fMRI-navigated+TMS.">Functional relevance of ipsilateral motor activation in congenital hemiparesis as tested by fMRI-navigated TMS.</a> Exp Neurol. 217 (2), 440-443 (2009).</li><li>Phillips, J. P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ankle+dorsiflexion+fMRI+in+children+with+cerebral+palsy+undergoing+intensive+body-weight-supported+treadmill+training:+a+pilot+study.">Ankle dorsiflexion fMRI in children with cerebral palsy undergoing intensive body-weight-supported treadmill training: a pilot study.</a> Dev Med Child Neurol. 49 (1), 39-44 (2007).</li><li>Wilke, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Somatosensory+system+in+two+types+of+motor+reorganization+in+congenital+hemiparesis:+topography+and+function.">Somatosensory system in two types of motor reorganization in congenital hemiparesis: topography and function.</a> Hum Brain Mapp. 30 (3), 776-788 (2009).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

同时采集大脑活动的从皮层的目标区域，以及有关如何一个人正在呈现巨大的潜力，以便改进我们的运动神经控制的理解，无论是在一个典型的显影的人口，以及那些具有运动障碍的量化数据。也有在年龄和运动的任务，可以完成，作为参与者不限于仰卧位置，因为它们将是一个功能性磁共振成像方面具有广阔的应用。的具体设备的物品不限于那些在材料清单提示 - 有几个运动捕获和运动的量化?...

在功能性任务的神经成像变得更轻便和成本效益的使用非侵入性官能近红外光谱（fNIRS）通过测定血流动力学在皮质，以确定大脑活动的区域。 fNIRS的可移植性是在直立和功能任务，例如步态1，这是不可能与其他技术的研究中特别有用，如功能性磁共振成像（fMRI）。这种能力是在神经学和神经科学领域的关键，并可能提供新的见解基本运动障碍的儿童和成人脑瘫（CP），并影响到电机控制等神经系统疾病的机制。理解的机制提高了设计有效的干预对目标损伤和活动限制的源的能力。 电机的任务很多fNIRS研究迄今已与成人的健康人群，其中一部分icipants被指示执行某一任务，监控任务性能被限制在目视检查。这可能是足以让那些典型的运动和参与的高水平，但研究的参与者与运动障碍或谁有困难出席了任务延长的时期，包括正常发育儿童的时候是不能接受的。为了告知脑激活在这些情况下的分析，需要同时监视电动机图案的，实际上是完成。 fNIRS系统和用法的全面审查已经呈现在文献2-5指导使用和有助于说明fNIRS的精度和这些系统的灵敏度，但在收集，处理的技术问题，并解释数据仍然存在。颜色和头发厚度影响光信号的质量，以深色浓密的头发最有可能阻止或扭曲光学transmi裂变3,6。研究位于头部，其中毛囊密度是最大的冠区域中的感觉运动区时，一些研究报告非应答者6,7，这是特别相关的。已确立国际二十○分之一十系统可用于光极的放置，但特别是在那些与非典型脑解剖，共同登记光极的位置，以参加者的解剖的MRI的情况是，如果不是必要的，以正确地解释非常有用结果。 使用fNIRS，以评估在儿童期发病的脑损伤的脑激活是相当新的，但在单边脑瘫6,8,9领域获得牵引力。在考虑到前述的挑战，该协议结合fNIRS，动作捕捉，和肌电（EMG）监测期间多项任务，包括简单的单关节任务，以及更复杂的全身运动。视觉和听觉指导我们ED改善跨越多个年龄段的参与者关注和工作表现。该协议的目的是找出那些具有单侧和双侧儿童期发病的脑损伤相比，谁通常在开发大脑活动模式的差异。我们探索一个完整的身体运动（步态），一个双侧下肢多关节移动（循环），和两个单侧单关节运动（隔绝踝关节背屈，并分离手挤压）来说明各种方法的应用程序。相同或非常类似的协议可以被用来研究其它感觉或运动障碍或其他感兴趣的任务。 近红外光的连续波被发射，并在690纳米和830纳米以上使用fNIRS系统以50赫兹的速率在感觉皮质检测，使用定制设计的源 - 检测器的配置。肌电图数据收集无线在1000赫兹的频率。反光标记3-D的位置是由光学运动捕捉系统100赫兹的速率收集的。两个不同的计算机处理的数据采集，一个用于fNIRS，另一个用于动作捕捉和肌电图。使用从对应于鼠标按钮按下启动教学动画为每个任务三分之一的计算机触发脉冲数据同步。对于除步态的所有任务，教学动画设计规范参与者的性能使用任务（1赫兹），通过卡通动物跳跃或踢，以及听觉提示所代表的步伐视觉引导。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="777">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Name of Reagent/ Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:293px;">Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">CW6</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">TechEn</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">http://nirsoptix.com/</td>
			<td style="width:293px;">fNIRS machine with variable number of sources and detectors, depending on the number of modules included</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">MX system with ten T40-series cameras</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">Vicon Motion Systems Ltd., Oxford, UK</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">http://www.vicon.com/System/TSeries</td>
			<td style="width:293px;">Motion capture cameras</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">reflective 4 mm markers</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">Vicon Motion Systems Ltd., Oxford, UK</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">n/a</td>
			<td style="width:293px;">Markers used by the motion capture cameras to locate fNIRS optodes, Ar, Al, Nz, and hand coordinates.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="113">
			<td height="113" style="height:113px;width:216px;">reflective 9.5 mm markers</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">Vicon Motion Systems Ltd., Oxford, UK</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">n/a</td>
			<td style="width:293px;">Markers used by the motion capture cameras to locate arm and leg coordinates. Clusters are used for the limb segments, and markers with offsets are uses for PSIS and Iz to improve reliability in data capture.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">Trigno Wireless EMG system</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">Delsys, Inc. Natick, MA</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">http://www.delsys.com/products/wireless-emg/</td>
			<td style="width:293px;">Electromyography</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">Bertec split-belt instrumented treadmill</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">Bertec Corporation, Columbus, OH</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">http://bertec.com/products/instrumented-treadmills.html</td>
			<td style="width:293px;">Treadmill</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">ZeroG body-weight support system</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">Aretech, LLC, Ashburn, VA</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">http://www.aretechllc.com/overview.html</td>
			<td style="width:293px;">Track and passive trolley used to support cables, harness can be used for patient safety during gait trials</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">3DS Max 2013</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">Autodesk, Inc., San Francisco, CA&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">http://www.autodesk.com/</td>
			<td style="width:293px;">3-D animation software used to animate animals for instructional videos</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="84">
			<td height="84" style="height:84px;width:216px;">Windows Movie Maker</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">Microsoft Corporation, Redmond, WA</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">http://windows.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-live/movie-maker</td>
			<td style="width:293px;">software used to combine animation footage with music</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Audacity</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">open source</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">http://audacity.sourceforge.net/</td>
			<td style="width:293px;">Software used to alter musical beat to appropriate cadence</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

functional near infrared spectroscopy of the sensory and motor brain regions with simultaneous kinematic and emg monitoring during motor tasks

有几个优点，功能近红外光谱（fNIRS）呈现在人类运动神经控制的研究。它比较灵活，对于参与者的定位，并允许在任务的一些头部运动。此外，它是廉价的，重量轻，便携，极少禁忌其使用。这提供在个人谁通常显影，以及那些与运动失调，如脑性麻痹期间马达任务学习功能的大脑活动的独特机会。学习运动障碍时额外的考虑，但是，是进行实际运动的质量和额外的，意想不到的动作的可能性。因此，需要对fNIRS结果适当解释并发监测大脑中的两个血流变化以及身体的在测试期间的实际动作。这里，我们显示一个协议fNIRS与组合肌肉在运动任务运动监控。我们探讨步态，单边多关节移动（循环），和两个单侧单关节运动（隔绝踝关节背屈，并分离手挤压）。呈现的技术可以在学习典型和非典型的电机控制是有用的，并且可以被修改以调查范围广泛的任务和科学问题的。

这个协议协调并发采集3方式捕捉脑血流，肌肉电活动和关节的运动学运动的同时参与者执行电动机的任务（ 图1）。 <img alt="图1" src="/files/ftp_upload/52391/52391fig1highres.jpg" /> 图1.探针位置。该图的左侧部分示出的感觉区的近似位置（蓝色，布洛德曼区域1,2,3），主马达区域（显示为绿色，布洛德曼区域4），和运动前区（?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy of the Sensory and Motor Brain Regions with Simultaneous Kinematic and EMG Monitoring During Motor Tasks at JoVE.com

Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy of the Sensory and Motor Brain Regions with Simultaneous Kinematic and EMG Monitoring During Motor Tasks

Monitoring brain activity during upright motor tasks is of great value when investigating the neural source of movement disorders. Here, we demonstrate a protocol that combines functional near infrared spectroscopy with continuous monitoring of muscle and kinematic activity during 4 types of motor tasks.

感觉和运动脑区与运动同步和肌电图监测功能近红外光谱在运动任务

There are several advantages that functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) presents in the study of the neural control of human movement. It is ...

functional-near-infrared-spectroscopy-sensory-motor-brain-regions

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

15.0K 次观看.  National Institutes of Health. Monitoring brain activity during upright motor tasks is of great value when investigating the neural source of movement disorders. Here, we demonstrate a protocol that combines functional near infrared spectroscopy with continuous monitoring of muscle and kinematic activity during 4 types of motor tasks.

视频: Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy of the Sensory and Motor Brain Regions with Simultaneous Kinematic and EMG Monitoring During Motor Tasks

Best Current Practice for Obtaining High Quality EEG Data During Simultaneous fMRI

Simultaneous EEG-fMRI allows the excellent temporal resolution of EEG to be combined with the high spatial accuracy of fMRI. The data from these two modalities can be combined in a number of ways, but all rely on the acquisition of high quality EEG and fMRI data. EEG data acquired during simultaneous fMRI are affected by several artifacts, including the gradient artefact (due to the changing magnetic field gradients required for fMRI), the pulse artefact (linked to the cardiac cycle) and movement artifacts (resulting from movements in the strong magnetic field of the scanner, and muscle activity). Post-processing methods for successfully correcting the gradient and pulse artifacts require a number of criteria to be satisfied during data acquisition. Minimizing head motion during EEG-fMRI is also imperative for limiting the generation of artifacts.
Interactions between the radio frequency (RF) pulses required for MRI and the EEG hardware may occur and can cause heating. This is only a significant risk if safety guidelines are not satisfied. Hardware design and set-up, as well as careful selection of which MR sequences are run with the EEG hardware present must therefore be considered.
The above issues highlight the importance of the choice of the experimental protocol employed when performing a simultaneous EEG-fMRI experiment. Based on previous research we describe an optimal experimental set-up. This provides high quality EEG data during simultaneous fMRI when using commercial EEG and fMRI systems, with safety risks to the subject minimized. We demonstrate this set-up in an EEG-fMRI experiment using a simple visual stimulus. However, much more complex stimuli can be used. Here we show the EEG-fMRI set-up using a Brain Products GmbH (Gilching, Germany) MRplus, 32 channel EEG system in conjunction with a Philips Achieva (Best, Netherlands) 3T MR scanner, although many of the techniques are transferable to other systems.

Simultaneous electroencephalography (EEG) and functional Magnetic Resonance imaging (fMRI) is a powerful neuroimaging tool. However, the inside of an MRI scanner forms a difficult environment for EEG data recording and safety must be considered whenever operating EEG equipment inside a scanner. Here, we present an optimised EEG-fMRI data acquisition protocol.

获得高质量的脑电数据在同步功能磁共振成像的当前最佳实践

Simultaneous  EEG-fMRI allows the excellent temporal resolution of EEG to be combined with the  high spatial accuracy of fMRI. The data  from these two ...

科研

行为学

Simultaneous EEG Monitoring During Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a technique that delivers weak electric currents through the scalp. This constant electric current induces shifts in neuronal membrane excitability, resulting in secondary changes in cortical activity. Although tDCS has most of its neuromodulatory effects on the underlying cortex, tDCS effects can also be observed in distant neural networks. Therefore, concomitant EEG monitoring of the effects of tDCS can provide valuable information on the mechanisms of tDCS. In addition, EEG findings can be an important surrogate marker for the effects of tDCS and thus can be used to optimize its parameters. This combined EEG-tDCS system can also be used for preventive treatment of neurological conditions characterized by abnormal peaks of cortical excitability, such as seizures. Such a system would be the basis of a non-invasive closed-loop device. In this article, we present a novel device that is capable of utilizing tDCS and EEG simultaneously. For that, we describe in a step-by-step fashion the main procedures of the application of this device using schematic figures, tables and video demonstrations. Additionally, we provide a literature review on clinical uses of tDCS and its cortical effects measured by EEG techniques.

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a non-invasive brain stimulation technique that has shown initial therapeutic effects in several neurological conditions. The main mechanism underlying these therapeutic effects is the modulation of cortical excitability. Therefore, online monitoring of cortical excitability would help guide stimulation parameters and optimize its therapeutic effects. In the present article we review the use of a novel device that combines simultaneous tDCS and EEG monitoring in real time.

同时脑电图监测在经颅直流电刺激

Transcranial  direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a technique that delivers weak electric  currents through the scalp. This constant electric current ...

Simultaneous Scalp Electroencephalography (EEG), Electromyography (EMG), and Whole-body Segmental Inertial Recording for Multi-modal Neural Decoding

Recent studies support the involvement of supraspinal networks in control of bipedal human walking. Part of this evidence encompasses studies, including our previous work, demonstrating that gait kinematics and limb coordination during treadmill walking can be inferred from the scalp electroencephalogram (EEG) with reasonably high decoding accuracies. These results provide impetus for development of non-invasive brain-machine-interface (BMI) systems for use in restoration and/or augmentation of gait- a primary goal of rehabilitation research. To date, studies examining EEG decoding of activity during gait have been limited to treadmill walking in a controlled environment. However, to be practically viable a BMI system must be applicable for use in everyday locomotor tasks such as over ground walking and turning. Here, we present a novel protocol for non-invasive collection of brain activity (EEG), muscle activity (electromyography (EMG)), and whole-body kinematic data (head, torso, and limb trajectories) during both treadmill and over ground walking tasks. By collecting these data in the uncontrolled environment insight can be gained regarding the feasibility of decoding unconstrained gait and surface EMG from scalp EEG.

Simultaneous Scalp Electroencephalography EEG, Electromyography EMG, and Whole-body Segmental Inertial Recording for Multi-modal Neural Decoding

Development of an effective brain-machine-interface (BMI) system for restoration and rehabilitation of bipedal locomotion requires accurate decoding of user's intent. Here we present a novel experimental protocol and data collection technique for simultaneous non-invasive acquisition of neural activity, muscle activity, and whole-body kinematics during various locomotion tasks and conditions.

同时头皮脑电图（EEG），肌电图（EMG）和全身分部惯性录制多模态神经解码

Recent  studies support the involvement of supraspinal networks in control of bipedal  human walking. Part of this evidence  encompasses studies, ...

Study Motor Skill Learning by Single-pellet Reaching Tasks in Mice

Reaching for and retrieving objects require precise and coordinated motor movements in the forelimb. When mice are repeatedly trained to grasp and retrieve food rewards positioned at a specific location, their motor performance (defined as accuracy and speed) improves progressively over time, and plateaus after persistent training. Once such reaching skill is mastered, its further maintenance does not require constant practice. Here we introduce a single-pellet reaching task to study the acquisition and maintenance of skilled forelimb movements in mice. In this video, we first describe the behaviors of mice that are commonly encountered in this learning and memory paradigm, and then discuss how to categorize these behaviors and quantify the observed results. Combined with mouse genetics, this paradigm can be utilized as a behavioral platform to explore the anatomical underpinnings, physiological properties, and molecular mechanisms of learning and memory.

Persistent practice improves the precision of coordinated movements.&#160;Here we introduce a single-pellet reaching task, which is designed to assess the learning and memory of forelimb skill in mice.&#160;

学习运动技能通过单颗粒到达任务小鼠学习

Reaching for and retrieving objects require precise and coordinated motor movements in the forelimb. When mice are repeatedly trained to grasp and ...

Stimulating the Lip Motor Cortex with Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has proven to be a useful tool in investigating the role of the articulatory motor cortex in speech perception. Researchers have used single-pulse and repetitive TMS to stimulate the lip representation in the motor cortex. The excitability of the lip motor representation can be investigated by applying single TMS pulses over this cortical area and recording TMS-induced motor evoked potentials (MEPs) via electrodes attached to the lip muscles (electromyography; EMG). Larger MEPs reflect increased cortical excitability. Studies have shown that excitability increases during listening to speech as well as during&#160;viewing speech-related movements. TMS can be used also to disrupt the lip motor representation. A 15-min train of low-frequency sub-threshold repetitive stimulation has been shown to suppress motor excitability for a further 15-20 min. This TMS-induced disruption of the motor lip representation impairs subsequent performance in demanding speech perception tasks and modulates auditory-cortex responses to speech sounds. These findings are consistent with the suggestion that the motor cortex contributes to speech perception. This article describes how to localize the lip representation in the motor cortex and how to define the appropriate stimulation intensity for carrying out both single-pulse and repetitive TMS experiments.

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has proven to be a useful tool in investigating the role of the articulatory motor cortex in speech perception.&#160; This article describes how to record motor evoked potentials (MEPs) from the lip muscles and how to disrupt the motor lip representation using repetitive TMS.

刺激唇部运动皮层与经颅磁刺激

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has proven to be a useful tool in investigating the role of the articulatory motor cortex in speech perception. ...

Uncovering Beat Deafness: Detecting Rhythm Disorders with Synchronized Finger Tapping and Perceptual Timing Tasks

A set of behavioral tasks for assessing perceptual and sensorimotor timing abilities in the general population (i.e., non-musicians) is presented here with the goal of uncovering rhythm disorders, such as beat deafness. Beat deafness is characterized by poor performance in perceiving durations in auditory rhythmic patterns or poor synchronization of movement with auditory rhythms (e.g., with musical beats). These tasks include the synchronization of finger tapping to the beat of simple and complex auditory stimuli and the detection of rhythmic irregularities (anisochrony detection task) embedded in the same stimuli. These tests, which are easy to administer, include an assessment of both perceptual and sensorimotor timing abilities under different conditions (e.g., beat rates and types of auditory material) and are based on the same auditory stimuli, ranging from a simple metronome to a complex musical excerpt. The analysis of synchronized tapping data is performed with circular statistics, which provide reliable measures of synchronization accuracy (e.g., the difference between the timing of the taps and the timing of the pacing stimuli) and consistency. Circular statistics on tapping data are particularly well-suited for detecting individual differences in the general population. Synchronized tapping and anisochrony detection are sensitive measures for identifying profiles of rhythm disorders and have been used with success to uncover cases of poor synchronization with spared perceptual timing. This systematic assessment of perceptual and sensorimotor timing can be extended to populations of patients with brain damage, neurodegenerative diseases (e.g., Parkinson&#8217;s disease), and developmental disorders (e.g., Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder).

Behavioral tasks that allow for the assessment of perceptual and sensorimotor timing abilities in the general population (i.e., non-musicians) are presented. Synchronization of finger tapping to the beat of an auditory stimuli and detecting rhythmic irregularities provides a means of uncovering rhythm disorders.

揭开节拍耳聋：检测节律紊乱与同步手指敲击和感知定时任务

A set of behavioral tasks for assessing perceptual and sensorimotor timing abilities in the general population (i.e., non-musicians) is presented here ...

Using Fiberless, Wearable fNIRS to Monitor Brain Activity in Real-world Cognitive Tasks

Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) is a neuroimaging technique that uses near-infrared light to monitor brain activity. Based on neurovascular coupling, fNIRS is able to measure the haemoglobin concentration changes secondary to neuronal activity. Compared to other neuroimaging techniques, fNIRS represents a good compromise in terms of spatial and temporal resolution. Moreover, it is portable, lightweight, less sensitive to motion artifacts and does not impose significant physical restraints. It is therefore appropriate to monitor a wide range of cognitive tasks (e.g., auditory, gait analysis, social interaction) and different age populations (e.g., new-borns, adults, elderly people). The recent development of fiberless fNIRS devices has opened the way to new applications in neuroscience research. This represents a unique opportunity to study functional activity during real-world tests, which can be more sensitive and accurate in assessing cognitive function and dysfunction than lab-based tests. This study explored the use of fiberless fNIRS to monitor brain activity during a real-world prospective memory task. This protocol is performed outside the lab and brain haemoglobin concentration changes are continuously measured over the prefrontal cortex while the subject walks around in order to accomplish several different tasks.

Monitoring brain activity outside the lab without physical constraints presents methodological challenges. A fiberless, wearable functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) system was used to measure brain activity during an ecological prospective memory task. It was demonstrated that this system could be used to monitor brain activity during non-lab based experiments.

用无纤维，耐磨fNIRS监视在真实世界的认知任务脑活动

Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) is a neuroimaging technique that uses near-infrared light to monitor brain activity. Based on neurovascular ...

Investigating Motor Skill Learning Processes with a Robotic Manipulandum

Skilled reaching tasks are commonly used in studies of motor skill learning and motor function under healthy and pathological conditions, but can be time-intensive and ambiguous to quantify beyond simple success rates. Here, we describe the training procedure for reach-and-pull tasks with ETH Pattus, a robotic platform for automated forelimb reaching training that records pulling and hand rotation movements in rats. Kinematic quantification of the performed pulling attempts reveals the presence of distinct temporal profiles of movement parameters such as pulling velocity, spatial variability of the pulling trajectory, deviation from midline, as well as pulling success. We show how minor adjustments in the training paradigm result in alterations in these parameters, revealing their relation to task difficulty, general motor function or skilled task execution. Combined with electrophysiological, pharmacological and optogenetic techniques, this paradigm can be used to explore the mechanisms underlying motor learning and memory formation, as well as loss and recovery of function (e.g. after stroke).

A paradigm is presented for training and analysis of an automated skilled reaching task in rats. Analysis of pulling attempts reveals distinct subprocesses of motor learning.

调查运动技能的学习过程与机器人Manipulandum

Skilled reaching tasks are commonly used in studies of motor skill learning and motor function under healthy and pathological conditions, but can be ...

Using a Split-belt Treadmill to Evaluate Generalization of Human Locomotor Adaptation

Understanding the mechanisms underlying locomotor learning helps researchers and clinicians optimize gait retraining as part of motor rehabilitation. However, studying human locomotor learning can be challenging. During infancy and childhood, the neuromuscular system is quite immature, and it is unlikely that locomotor learning during early stages of development is governed by the same mechanisms as in adulthood. By the time humans reach maturity, they are so proficient at walking that it is difficult to come up with a sufficiently novel task to study de novo locomotor learning. The split-belt treadmill, which has two belts that can drive each leg at a different speed, enables the study of both short- (i.e., immediate) and long-term (i.e., over minutes-days; a form of motor learning) gait modifications in response to a novel change in the walking environment. Individuals can easily be screened for previous exposure to the split-belt treadmill, thus ensuring that all experimental participants have no (or equivalent) prior experience. This paper describes a typical split-belt treadmill adaptation protocol that incorporates testing methods to quantify locomotor learning and generalization of this learning to other walking contexts. A discussion of important considerations for designing split-belt treadmill experiments follows, including factors like treadmill belt speeds, rest breaks, and distractors. Additionally, potential but understudied confounding variables (e.g., arm movements, prior experience) are considered in the discussion.

We describe a protocol for investigating human locomotor adaptation using the split-belt treadmill, which has two belts that can drive each leg at a different speed. We specifically focus on a paradigm designed to test the generalization of adapted locomotor patterns to different walking contexts (e.g., gait speeds, walking environments).

用分体式跑步机评价人类运动适应的泛化

Understanding the mechanisms underlying locomotor learning helps researchers and clinicians optimize gait retraining as part of motor rehabilitation. ...

Simultaneous Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation and Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) is a promising tool for noninvasive investigation of brain oscillations. TACS employs frequency-specific stimulation of the human brain through current applied to the scalp with surface electrodes. Most current knowledge of the technique is based on behavioral studies; thus, combining the method with brain imaging holds potential to better understand the mechanisms of tACS. Because of electrical and susceptibility artifacts, combining tACS with brain imaging can be challenging, however, one brain imaging technique that is well suited to be applied simultaneously with tACS is functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). In our lab, we have successfully combined tACS with simultaneous fMRI measurements to show that tACS effects are state, current, and frequency dependent, and that modulation of brain activity is not limited to the area directly below the electrodes. This article describes a safe and reliable setup for applying tACS simultaneously with visual task fMRI studies, which can lend to understanding oscillatory brain function as well as the effects of tACS on the brain.

Transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) is a promising tool for noninvasive investigation of brain oscillations, though its effects are not completely understood. This article describes a safe and reliable setup for applying tACS simultaneously with functional magnetic resonance imaging, which can increase understanding oscillatory brain function and effects of tACS.