支持这项研究是由美国农业部的支持，通过国家粮食和农业研究院（粮农），授予数量2007-35504-05381格兰特。从NYSERDA和纽约-123444 58872康乃尔大学农业试验站通过从美国农业部的nifA联邦公式资金。

1。沼气池建设<ol><li>选择一个沼气池船只，包含了所有的功能图。 1（锥是没有必要的），您所需的工作容积（通常是1-10之间大号）。如果您的沼气池船只不配备一个加热水套，将沼气池，如热水浴或孵化室温度控制在其他一些环境。 </li><li>确保船只在安置剩余组件（ 见表2）有足够水平的工作台空间领域的垂直位置。 </li><li>按图建造的船只盖。 2。进水和污水管的端口应该是足够宽，以防止堵塞。生物反应器内管应该有足够的长度留在调迁过程中，从盖子的顶部，同时延长允许油管附件淹没在沼气池中等。叶轮护套应延长尽量为POS进入沼气池介质（淹没管和护套防止逃避生物反应器顶沼气）sible。 </li><li>硅为基础的真空润滑脂适用于接触面的盖子，钳蒸煮容器的顶部。 </li><li>确保沼气池使用一个环形支架和夹子，然后贴上叶轮的轴的垂直轴平行的变速搅拌机。由于搅拌机电机的振动和运动，重要的是要使用一个独立和自由移动的立场。 </li><li>连接软管的进水和污水管节，然后连接油管的另一部分，以气口被用来行气。 </li><li>连接线的各个组成部分，每年沼气沼气池以上，可放置在搁置。组件应连接顺序是:取样口，泡沫陷阱，H 2 S的洗涤器，气藏，起泡，煤气表，通风线（ 图3）。为了方便隔离或重新moval解决或清洁用途的各个组成部分，考虑增加阀门和组件之间的连接器配件。确保出气适当的通风外或化学罩，因为沼气是爆炸性的。 <ol><li>气体采样口的位置应靠近反应堆顶空。 </li><li>可以使用一个简单的瓶或瓶子的泡沫陷阱，应该是至少25％的反应器体积。它应该包含两个端口，一个用于沼气进线和其他为沼气插座线。这些端口可以在橡胶瓶塞通过刚性管插入孔钻。沼气入口管应扩展到更大的深度比沼气出口管（ 图4）。泡沫俘获气体处理系统，以防止可能的沼气池泡沫是必要的。 </li><li> H 2 S的洗涤器由一个长玻璃管，内径大于2厘米，与钢的填充，两端用沼气进气口和出气口升羊毛。应包装好钢丝绒，提供足够的表面积剥离，但不是那么紧，沼气流动受阻。清理是必要的保护金属部件的腐蚀性化学品的燃气表。 </li><li>气藏，可以作出任何可折叠的，不透气的材料，如煤气包，或者甚至一个儿童游乐球，超过两次有针对性的饲料量的体积。这是必要的，以防止在调迁污水和可能的顶空空气吸压降。 </li></ol></li><li>如果该系统将循环热水器的温度控制，加热器加热夹套使用软管连接。将加热夹套的液位以上的单位。设置加热到适当的温度中温或高温消化（ 见表1）。 </li><li>执行泄漏测试系统的泄漏检测与Soapy水。开始注水沼气池坦克，然后稍微加压气体进水压力小于5 PSI线。首先，遏止沼气线和污水线检查反应堆盖周围的泄漏，然后取出沼气线夹整个气体处理系统泄漏测试。请注意，过度加压进水线将迫使水通过叶轮护套管。 </li><li>打开叶轮和加热元件，让通宵运行，以确保混频器和加热器可以保持连续运行。叶轮的旋转速度足够快，以确保混合反应堆媒体的完整。混频器的共同问题包括轴的不对的，过度的摩擦，和不足，确保电机环架。 </li></ol> 2。沼气池的接种和空调使用Active的甲烷量<ol><li>储存在CL活跃的甲烷量（接种）osed容器在冰箱在4°C，而准备的沼气池。理想情况下，接种应存放尽可能少的时间，应该有足够的完全填补了沼气池的整个体积。然而，某些厌氧生物量（如颗粒污泥），可以保存很长时间。淡化水的接种，如有必要，适当的音量厌氧气体刷新。 </li><li>冲洗几分钟厌氧气体空蒸煮系统，通过它连接到鼻饲管，污水线夹紧，和录音搅拌机轴和护套之间的空间，以防止厌氧气体的过度损失。 </li><li>冲洗期间，确保冲洗出的气藏。 </li><li>冲洗完成后，连接一个漏斗鼻饲管和确保定期，以确保均匀混合接种的接种。 </li><li>厌氧气体重新喂食管，回合的mixer和冲洗至少15分钟的消化酒。然后断开气，夹进料管，松开气藏。这沼气池现已开始运作。 </li><li>让沼气池运行了两天，才开始喂养和监控生产沼气。在此期间，执行总固体和挥发性固体浓度接种（ 见表1）分析。如果固体含量大大高于目标混合液浓度，消除和淡化相应的沼气池内容才开始喂养。这样做是为了防止在营运期间，可能会增加整个启动期间的食品微生物（男/女）的比例过猛量的过度冲刷。 </li><li>通过测量总挥发性固体浓度，生物或化学需氧量，或基板的有机碳总量确定的基板可生物降解的有机部分。使用THI价值计算一个保守的初始有机负荷率（OLR）。 </li><li>经营者应逐渐增加，直到达到目标值（启动期）的OLR。在初创时期的一个方法是解决饲料中的有机力量，然后逐步减少水力停留时间（HRT），直到实现目标的OLR（一个过程，可能需要数个月到一年，视质量接种和使用的基板）。增加的OLR太快会导致挥发性脂肪酸浓度过高（&gt; 2000毫克/升）为醋酸图。 5。经营者应减少的OLR挥发性脂肪酸浓度增加次优水平（ 见表1）。如挥发性脂肪酸浓度过高，可能需要用水稀释的生物反应器中的内容。 </li><li>让沼气池目标的OLR一个为期HRTs，实验前建立一个STABLE基地行条件。 </li></ol> 3。沼气池运行<ol><li>污水滗总是先于基板除了沼气池，所以立即前调迁，混合饲料和商店准备在4°C，直到它喂的时间。 </li><li>倒出沼气池的污水通过污水管连接泵（下侧臂保温瓶是一个调迁的可能性），并移除等量的饲料量相比。储存在4°C以供日后分析的污水。请注意，许多分析是时间敏感。例如，应立即测量pH值，因为二氧化碳从溶液中逸出，提高pH值。 </li><li>从冰箱中取出的饲料混合物。连接一个漏斗进料管和倒在确保定期混合，以确保散装液体固体得意忘形（基板）的饲料。 </li><li> 表3所列的故障排除步骤执行，如果NEcessary。 </li></ol> 4。系统监控<ol><li>在操作过程中经常检查沼气池系统及其部件。特别应注意搅拌和加热系统。不足混合将体现在污水固体浓度急剧下降（ 图6）。定期检查是在煤气表，油或水在适当的水平，需要取代的H 2 S的陷阱中钢丝绒。请注意，将成为钢丝绒黑色，有光泽，因 ​​为它与H 2 S的反应，形成硫化铁。 </li><li>执行这些分析诊断系统的性能和稳定性上沼气池污水。要坚持属于表1所示的范围内指定的最佳值。 <ol><li>测量沼气产率和pH值每饲养周期。 </li><li>测量挥发性脂肪酸浓度，碱度，沼气含量多次一个星期。注:沼气含量应在同一时间，饲养周期相对测量，因为它的组成会改变循环过程。理想的情况下，沼气应在一个饲养周期结束时采样，只​​是前喂养。 </li><li>一旦一个星期或更经常获得每个伪稳态条件下的实验条件下，至少有三个数据点测量的生物或化学需氧量和总挥发性固体。 </li></ol></li></ol> 5。代表结果沼气池的成功接种的特点是在几天内生产沼气。碳沼气的二氧化碳比甲烷的驯化期间将增加更多的产甲烷生物招聘。到acidogens相比增长缓慢的甲烷使得长期驯化期间逐步必要的业务变化。 图。 5，我们证明了动态respon过早在起步阶段时，高有机负荷率（OLR）介绍了沼气池本身。在这个例子中，有不足的甲烷量，删除（即，利用）的挥发性脂肪酸（VFAs）从基质降解的第一步，酸化演变。这导致VFAs的积累，并随后在降低pH值。为了纠正这种情况，OLR的减少限制由acidogens的VFAs生产，并允许更大的产甲烷招聘，然后返回到更高的OLR。沼气池，然后表现为三个水力停留期间稳定的消化。 稳定消化或准稳态条件时，可以假设的测量参数，如沼气产率，总VFA浓度，挥发性固体浓度，pH值，始终保持在10％的平均值，最低一段时间HRT的一个。这个分配的意义，显示我列印图。 6，这表明CSTR系统的长期不足混合所造成的扰动响应。由于缺乏适当的搅拌使固体定居的反应堆，这意味着减少固体在污水滗删除。他们的积累造成高浓度废水固体，充分搅拌后恢复。花了约一水力停留时间（即25天），返回到正常浓度污水固体沼气池。 厌氧消化是生物系统，因此，它会表现出一些性能的内部变化。这种变化必须量化之前，实验者可以看出由实验系统（需要使用适当的统计）施加扰动所造成的具体影响。三个HRT的时期，因为这通常被认为是足够的时间内以承担稳定concentrat的前一个实验性的变化作出反应器系统离子化学物质的混合酒（ 图7）。这个区间的结束，实验者应该能够建立一个可靠的基准，每个测量参数。此基准作为未来实验的基础上的比较。 沼气池的总体性能可以监测协议，这就需要经常执行各种标准分析评估。这个时间表，提供足够的时空分辨率，识别大多数系统问题和利时，以防止他们的前兆。此外，这些诊断测试的结果意味着要在结合表1，以确定次优的性能。 表3提供的解决方案时，设立一个沼气池通常遇到的问题很多。不能按照其中提到的指示纠正问题的事件，经营者应在征询其他资源与CES上，如厌氧生物技术有关的参考文本。 <table border="1"><tbody><tr><td> 操作参数 </td><td> 方法标准指数 </td><td colspan="2"> 典型的范围 </td><td colspan="2"> 极端的范围 </td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td>温</td><td>嗜热</td><td>温</td><td>嗜热</td></tr><tr><td> 温度 </td><td> 2550（一） </td><td> 32-37 17°C间</td><td> 50-60 17°C间</td><td> 20-42 17°C间</td><td> 45-65 17°C间</td></tr><tr><td> 有机负荷率 </td><td> NL </td><td> 0.8-2.017克 VS-L-1-D -1 </td><td> 1.5-5.017克 VS-L-1-D -1 </td><td> 0.4-6.417克 VS-L-1-D <sup&gt; -1 </td><td> 1.0-7.517克 VS-L-1-D -1 </td></tr><tr><td> 水力停留时间 </td><td> NL </td><td colspan="2"> 15 - 35天</td><td colspan="2"> &lt;15&gt; 35天</td></tr><tr><td> 碳:氮比 </td><td> NL </td><td colspan="2"> 25:1 17 </td><td colspan="2"> &gt; 25:1 </td></tr><tr><td> 监测参数 </td><td> 方法标准指数 </td><td colspan="2"> 最佳范围 </td><td colspan="2"> 次优范围 </td></tr><tr><td> pH值 </td><td> （二）4500-H +的</td><td colspan="2"> 6.5 - 8.2 10 </td><td colspan="2"> &lt;6.5&gt; 8.2; </td></tr><tr><td> 碱度 </td><td> 2320（二） </td><td colspan="2"> 1300 - 3000 17 毫克碳酸钙3-L-1 </td><td colspan="2"&gt; &lt;1300 毫克碳酸钙 - L-1， </td></tr><tr><td> 挥发酸 </td><td> 5560（三） </td><td colspan="2"> &lt;200 10 AC-L-1毫克</td><td colspan="2"> &gt; 200 10 AC-L-1毫克</td></tr><tr><td> 固体去除效率 </td><td> 2540（B，E） </td><td colspan="2"> &gt; 50％ </td><td colspan="2"> &lt;50％ </td></tr><tr><td> 沼气的内容 </td><td> 2720​​（三） </td><td colspan="2"> 55-70 CH 4; 30-45二氧化碳2％ </td><td colspan="2"> &lt;55 CH 4&gt; 45 CO 2％ </td></tr></tbody></table> 表1。选择常规操作指南和监测参数的CSTR系统 。 <table border="1"><tbody><tr><td> 元件 </td><td> 规格（设计注意事项） </td><td> 评论 </STRONG&gt; </td></tr><tr><td>温度控制循环水加热器</td><td>温度范围:25-65°C间 （制热量，最大压头，体积流量） </td><td>在一个足够高的流量和足够的压力，充分流通，必须提供热水。 </td></tr><tr><td>采样口</td><td>不适用</td><td>靠近顶是理想的。 </td></tr><tr><td>泡沫陷阱</td><td>成交量:反应器容积的25％ </td><td>可以用简单的侧臂瓶或玻璃​​瓶。单位应清洗。 </td></tr><tr><td>氢硫化物洗涤</td><td> （气体接触时间） </td><td>应使用玻璃或塑料管（没有金属）。浆纱长度应提供足够的气体接触的时间。 </td></tr><tr><td>油气藏</td><td>音量:&gt; 2X排放量材料:半弹性（刚） </td><td>在污水的量应超过伪善。材料应允许收缩和扩张。 </td></tr><tr><td>喷水式饮水口</td><td>不适用</td><td>应尽量限制在天然气输送系统的压力建立水位的水头压力。 </td></tr><tr><td>煤气表</td><td> （气体流量检测范围） </td><td>优于金属塑料煤气表。气体流量检测范围应该是准确的预期沼气生产速率。 </td></tr></tbody></table> 表2。辅助堆内构件的规格和意见 。 <table border="1"><tbody><tr><td> 错误的症状 </td><td> 可能的解决方案 </td></tr><tr><td>喂养或污水管经常堵塞</td><td> •使用直径较大的管道​​和/或配件。 •减少颗粒基板尺寸（例如，使用搅拌器或筛）。 混合饲料更加频繁，而喂养。 •确保沼气池的内容充分混合。 </td></tr><tr><td>过多的泡沫</td><td> •减少的OLR •减少沼气池混合的强度。 •增加降低了积极的沼气池容积沼气池顶空。 </td></tr><tr><td>不一致的沼气产量之间的沼气池复制</td><td> •确认没有泄漏是目前在任沼气池气体处理系统。 •检查，燃气表和加热元件的正常工作和校准。 •验证等效，混合饲料的准备。 </td></tr><tr><td>不一致或高度可变的固体浓度在T他出水之间沼气池复制（ 图6） </td><td> •验证沼气池内容充分混合。 •确保反应堆出水的滗线相当于堆之间。 </td></tr><tr><td>沼气中的甲烷含量减少</td><td> •验证，pH值最佳范围内的甲烷（即6.5至8.2）。如果不是，补充适当的酸度或碱度。 如果是重大氮沼气检测（即&gt; 10％），检查泄漏的采样口附近。 •规范沼气采样周期。 •验证VFA浓度的最佳范围内。如果没有，按照上市长期高挥发性脂肪酸浓度的故障排除步骤。 </td></tr><t<html> R&gt; <td>长期高挥发性脂肪酸浓度（ 图5） </td><td> •减少的OLR。 •克服补充养分或微量金属不足。 •验证反应堆的内容是从氧气入侵密封。 •增加饲料周期频率。 •消除液压短路。 •克服补充碱度不足。 </td></tr></tbody></table> 表3。沼气池操作疑难解答协议 。 <img alt="图1" src="/files/ftp_upload/3978/3978fig1.jpg" /> 图1。基本的例子，反应堆设计 :主体材料玻璃材料不锈钢管/铝盖材料PVC /有机玻璃。 内容"&gt; <img alt="图2" src="/files/ftp_upload/3978/3978fig2.jpg" /> 图2。反应堆盖设计:盖材料- PVC /有机玻璃;配件材料不锈钢/塑料管材料不锈钢/铝基本的例子 。 <img alt="图3" src="/files/ftp_upload/3978/3978fig3.jpg" /> 图3。系统图，显示元件的安排 。 <img alt="图4" src="/files/ftp_upload/3978/3978fig4.jpg" /> 图4。泡沫陷阱设计 :罐材料，塑料/玻璃管材，塑料/玻璃基本的例子 。 <img alt="图5" src="/files/ftp_upload/3978/3978fig5.jpg" /> 图5。典型的系统响应，以较高的有机负荷率（OLR）在反应堆启动。1.35 GVS-L-1的OLR开始引起总挥发性脂肪酸（TVFA）的积累。酸积累CAU<html>桑达沼气产量减少，在pH值下降。降低1.15克VS天-1 OLR的，这两个系统能够恢复和建立足够的产甲烷生物量浓度容忍1.35 GVS-L-1的OLR。之间的pH值和总挥发性脂肪酸积累的反应堆中的差异表现出独特的动态混合社区。 <img alt="图6" src="/files/ftp_upload/3978/3978fig6.jpg" /> 图6典型的系统响应不足搅拌（反应器A）充分混合系统（反应器B）相比，在贫困混合，解决固体反应器的底部和滗水（280 - 290天）期间未删除。当混合返回到足够的强度（300天），逐步消除积累的固体（305 - 330天），系统将返回到稳定的固体浓度。 ig7.jpg"/&gt; 图7。一个保守的化学物质的浓度和水力停留时间（HRT）的一个理想的CSTR系统的理论之间的关系。论文集[C]沼气池的化学物质的实际浓度三个HRTs的是最初的95％浓度在饲料中[J]。

<ol>
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没有利益冲突的声明。

在这篇文章中提出的厌氧消化体系提供了一个大致的介绍，在实验范围内，大多数基材的治疗的一些基本准则。概述很难量化的指标，可普遍适用的各种基材类型，沼气池配置，运行参数，也是独特的混合微生物，这些基本制度的社会生态排除。尽管这种变化，所有厌氧消化系统遵循的生物降解途径，这是由物理和化学过程，很好地理解和原则可以应用到所有的系统介导的一系列特色。正是从这?...

厌氧消化（AD）是一种成熟的技术，涉及复杂的有机废物基板生物介导转化成有用的沼气作为能源载体的甲烷。厌氧处理有许多好处，包括最小的能量和养分的投入和生产减少污泥好氧处理10相比。此外，多功能的混合微生物群落，这些系统的固有呈现多种适合作为原料11,12有机基质。事实上，这是一个AD的应用越来越多采用传统的市政污水处理，特别是在工业，市政（例如，食物渣滓），部门和农业部门4,7,13，由于这些好处。公元经历在过去十年的国家能源危机的回应，其在20世纪80年代的第一个主要的扩散开始。作为世界面临着日益严重的全球能源危机，加上环境退化，更加注重现正放在生物燃料技术和浪费，特别是对能源的概念。例如，在美国，厌氧消化可产生5.5％的总电力需求8。 这增加了试验和实验室规模的控制实验研究的需求，以评估是否适合新的有机废物材料和废物混合厌氧消化14。我们打​​算建设，接种，操作和监测的实验室规模的厌氧消化，这将是适用于强大的评估提供了一个通用模型。厌氧消化中存在许多不同的配置。有几个常见的配置包括:连续进水喂养连续搅拌槽反应器（CSTR）;不断搅拌与进水定期喂养厌氧消化（CSAD）;塞流（PF），上流式厌氧污泥床（ü上海贝尔）;式污泥厌氧迁移床反应器（）;厌氧折流板反应器（ABR），厌氧序批式反应器（ASBR）配置9,15。 CSTR反应器和CSAD配置的已被广泛采用实验室规模的实验，由于它易于安装和良好的经营条件。由于连续搅拌，水力停留时间（HRT）是平等的污泥停留时间（SRT）。 SRT是重要的设计参数，为广告。配置也有利于控制实验，因为一个更大的空间均匀性的参数，如化学物质的浓度，温度，扩散率。然而，应当指出，厌氧​​消化的最优规模配置取决于有机基板之间的其他非技术方面，如出水水质目标，在特定的物理和化学的素质。例如，稀释相对较高的可溶性有机内容和littl的废物流é微粒，如啤酒废水，通常会遇到更大的能量转换，高速率的上流式反应器的配置（例如，UASB反应器），而不是一个CSAD配置。无论如何，有成功消化和相关的所有配置，这证明了使用这种配置的通用解释是必不可少的基本​​运行参数。 事实上，每一个广告系统，包含一个多元化，开放的社会厌氧微生物会连续代谢甲烷（每个电子的自由能最低可用的最终产品）的基板。在这个过程中所涉及的代谢途径构成一个复杂的食物网松散的分类分为四个营养阶段:水解酸化;氢产酸;和甲烷。在水解，复杂的有机聚合物（例如，碳水化合物，脂类，蛋白质）被打破，他们各自的单体（如糖，长链不饱和脂肪酸，氨基酸）路政署rolyzing，发酵菌。酸化，这些单体是由产酸菌发酵挥发性脂肪酸（VFAs）和醇，氢产酸，进一步氧化成醋酸和氢由homoacetogenic和强制性产氢细菌，恭敬地5。在最后一步的甲烷，醋酸和氢代谢甲烷acetoclastic和hydrogenotrophic甲烷。重要的是要认识到整体广告的过程中，依靠互联系列由不同的微生物群体的代谢，将取决于对每个成员的成功功能之前，作为一个整体的系统将执行最佳。 AD生物反应器系统的设计和建设应始终考虑的要求，完全密封的生物反应器。在生物反应器的顶部（顶空分离）或气体处理系统中的小泄漏可能难以察觉，因此该系统应该是压力确保在使用前测试。确保无泄漏的安装后，与厌氧消化研究的失败往往源于接种，培养，以及日常的日常运作过程中的错误。因此，沼气池有本质上不稳定，容易出现意外故障的声誉。那么为什么几十年的13稳定的条件下运作，全面的沼气池已？故障可能是由运营商，特别是在启动期间它必须慢慢适应新环境的微生物群落有机废物的组成和实力，源于处理不当。因此，我们的目标是不仅提供一种方法，构建广告系统，但也澄清接种，操作和监控这些系统的过程。 文章的第一部分将解释如何构建CStr或CSAD系统，而第二部分将提供一个沼气池接种程序与积极methanogENIC量。这是更为实用和耗时少，接种积极的甲烷量的沼气池，从混合酒或污水经营沼气池，处理类似的基板，而不是试图从初期的文化发展有足够的生物量。文章第三部分将包括经营方面的考虑，如喂养基板，滗出水，解决各种反应堆问题。喂养基板和调迁此系统的污水将进行半连续的基础上（即，定期喂养和调迁，而大多数的生物量和混合酒停留在生物反应器）。在送入蒸煮/倒出频率的运营商的特权。在一般情况下，更加频繁和定期喂养/滗将促进更大的沼气池稳定，饲养周期之间的性能和一致性。第四部分将介绍在艰难的一个基本的监测协议rimental时期。表征基板和适当的监控系统，将需要几个标准的分析，这是在水和废水 16（ 表1，2） 考试的标准方法概述。除了测量变量，监测的一个重要方面是检查沼气池系统组件是否正常。定期保养，以沼气池系统将抢占主要系统的问题，否则可能危及沼气池的长期性能和稳定。例如，一个加热元件故障，导致温度下降，可能会导致挥发性脂肪酸的积累，通过减少甲烷的代谢率。如果系统缺乏足够的碱度维持上述抑制甲烷水平的pH值，这个问题将加剧。同样重要的是检测和关闭后，在生产沼气大鼠意外跌落可能泄漏ES。因此，在实验设计中的重复，例如，确切的操作条件下运行的两个生物反应器由方方，重要的是要检测系统故障，如小的泄漏，造成意想不到的性能损失。

<table border="1"><tbody><tr><td> 反应堆设备 </td><td> 公司 </td><td> 目录编号 </td><td> 评论 </td></tr><tr><td>加热再循环装置</td><td>厂商VWR科学</td><td> 13271-063厂商VWR </td><td>对于与加热夹克反应堆系统的使用</td></tr><tr><td>变频调速电机实验室搅拌器</td><td>克利夫兰混频器有限公司</td><td> （5VB型号） </td><td>该混频器模型，便于安装与环站</td></tr><tr><td>湿型精密燃气表</td><td>里特尔Gasmeters </td><td> （TG-01型） </td><td>这种模式需要的最小流量（0.1 L / h时），并可以处理最大流量为30 L / h时</td></tr><tr><td>气体鼓泡</td><td> chemglass </td><td> （型号:AF-0513-20） </td><td></td></tr><tr><td>气体采样管</td><td> chemglass </td><td> （型号:CG-1808） </td><td></td></tr><tr> &lt;TD&gt;轴流式叶轮</td><td>赖特宁" </td><td> R04560-25科尔 - 帕默</td><td>与7.9375毫米叶轮叶片内径</td></tr><tr><td>轮轴</td><td>格兰杰</td><td> 2EXC9格兰杰</td><td>不锈钢棒与7.9375毫米OD（需要切成适当的大小1.83米） </td></tr><tr><td>铸铁支持架</td><td>美国的教育产品</td><td> （7-G16型号） </td><td>混频器安装</td></tr><tr><td>三管齐下扩展钳</td><td>爪</td><td> 21572-803厂商VWR </td><td>混频器安装</td></tr><tr><td>定期夹持器</td><td>爪</td><td> 21572-501厂商VWR </td><td>混频器安装</td></tr><tr><td>蠕动泵</td><td>的Masterflex </td><td>吴-07523-80科尔 - 帕默</td><td>对于污水滗</td></tr><tr><td> L / s标准泵头</td><td>的Masterflex </td><td> EW-07018-21科尔 - 帕默</td><td>对于污水倒出ING-蠕动泵配件</td></tr><tr><td>的L ​​/ S精密泵管</td><td>的Masterflex </td><td> EW-06508-18科尔 - 帕默</td><td>对于污水配件蠕动泵滗 - </td></tr><tr><td> 分析设备/试剂 </td><td> 公司 </td><td> 目录编号 </td><td> 评论 </td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> pH值分析</td></tr><tr><td> pH计</td><td>赛默飞世尔科技 - 猎户座</td><td> 1212000 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>总挥发性固体分析（标准方法:2540-B，E） </td></tr><tr><td>玻璃真空干燥器</td><td> kimax </td><td>吴-06536-30科尔 - 帕默</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>瓷蒸发菜</td><td>厂商VWR </td><td> 89038-082厂商VWR </td><td></td></tr><tr><td>实验室烘箱</td><td>赛默飞世尔科技</td><td> （型号13-246-516GAQ） </td><td></td></tr><tr><td>中商会马弗炉</td><td> barnstead / Thermolyne </td><td> F6010热科技</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>总挥发性脂肪酸分析（标准方法:5560 - C） </td></tr><tr><td>大容量变频调速离心机</td><td>西格玛</td><td>吴-17451-00科尔 - 帕默</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>实验室热轧板</td><td> Thermo Scientific的</td><td> （HP53013A型号） </td><td></td></tr><tr><td>大型冷凝器</td><td> kemtech美国</td><td> （C150190示范） </td><td></td></tr><tr><td>乙酸试剂[CAS:64-19-7] </td><td>阿法埃莎</td><td> AA33252-AK </td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td> &lt;TD&gt;化学需氧量（标准方法:5520 - C） </td></tr><tr><td> COD机体加热器</td><td>哈希</td><td> （DRB的型号-200） </td><td></td></tr><tr><td>高硼硅文化管</td><td>耐热</td><td> （示范9825-13） </td><td></td></tr><tr><td>重铬酸钾试剂CAS:7778-50-9] </td><td> avantor性能材料</td><td> 3090-01 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td>水星二硫酸试剂CAS号:7783-35-9] </td><td> avantor性能材料</td><td> 2640-04 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> ferroin指标解决方案[CAS:14634-91-4] </td><td> ricca化学</td><td> R3140000-120C </td><td></td></tr><tr><td>铵硫酸水合铁（II）[CAS号:7783-85-9] </td><td>阿法埃莎</td><td> 13448-36 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>通过气相色谱分析气体成分</td></tr><tr><td>气相色谱仪</td><td> SRI的仪器</td><td>型号8610C </td><td>必须配备热传导检测器（TCD），使用下面提到的列载气，在105°C的恒温操作</td></tr><tr><td>氦气</td><td>公司Airgas </td><td>他HP300 </td><td>被用作载气</td></tr><tr><td>盒装柱</td><td>雷斯德</td><td> 80484-800 </td><td>将用于为N 2，CH 4，CO 2分离</td></tr></tbody></table>

continuously-stirred anaerobic digester to convert organic wastes into biogas: system setup and basic operation

厌氧消化（AD）是一个常用的生物过程，到复杂的有机废物转化成有用的沼气1-3甲烷作为能源载体。越来越多的广告被使用在工业，农业和市政废物（水）处理中的应用4,5。 AD技术的使用，使工厂操作人员，以减少废物处置成本和抵消能源公用事业费用。除了 ​​治疗有机废弃物，能源作物正在转化为能源载体甲烷6,7。作为AD技术的应用，拓宽新的基板和共基质混合物8治疗，所以不可靠的测试方法，在试验和实验室规模的需求。 厌氧消化系统有多种配置，包括连续搅拌槽反应器（CSTR），插头流量（PF），厌氧序批式反应器（ASBR）配置9， </suP&gt;。的CSTR中经常使用的研究，由于其在设计和操作简单，同时也为在实验中的优势。其他配置相比，CSTR反应器提供了更大的系统参数，如温度，搅拌，化学物质的浓度，底物浓度，均匀。最终，当设计一个全规模的反应堆，优化反应器的配置将取决于字符之间的许多其他非技术性的考虑基板上。然而，所有的配置共享基本的设计特点和运行参数，呈现最初步的评估适当的CSTR反应。如果研究人员和工程师使用相对高浓度的固体进水流，然后实验室规模的生物反应器配置不能被送入不断，由于实验室规模的泵问题堵塞与固体或固体油管解决。对于连续搅拌要求的情况下，饲喂定期实验室规模的生物反应器我们指连续搅拌厌氧沼气池（CSADs）等配置。 本文介绍了用于建设，接种，操作和监测系统的一个长期的厌氧消化有机基板的适用性测试的目的CSAD的一般方法。本文的建设部分将涵盖建设的实验室规模的反应器系统。接种节将解释如何创建一个厌氧环境适合一个活跃的甲烷接种播种。操作部分将覆盖操作，维护和故障排除。监测部分将介绍使用标准的分析测试协议。使用这些措施是必要的可靠的实验基板的适用性进行评估，为AD。本议定书应提供对在AD研究的一个常见的​​错误，这是结束，反应堆故障是由基材造成更大的保障，我使用N时，它实际上是用户操作不当10。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Continuously-stirred Anaerobic Digester to Convert Organic Wastes into Biogas: System Setup and Basic Operation at JoVE.com

Continuously-stirred Anaerobic Digester to Convert Organic Wastes into Biogas: System Setup and Basic Operation

实验室规模的厌氧沼气池让科学家来研究优化现有的厌氧生物技术应用的新途径，并评估各种有机废弃物的沼气生产潜力。本文介绍了实验室规模的建设，接种，操作，监测的广义模型，不断搅拌厌氧消化。

连续搅拌厌氧消化有机废物转化为沼气系统的安装和基本操作

Anaerobic digestion (AD) is a bioprocess that is commonly used to convert complex organic wastes into a useful biogas with methane as the energy carrier ...

continuously-stirred-anaerobic-digester-to-convert-organic-wastes

Research

JoVE Journal

Bioengineering

33.7K 次观看.  Cornell University. 实验室规模的厌氧沼气池让科学家来研究优化现有的厌氧生物技术应用的新途径，并评估各种有机废弃物的沼气生产潜力。本文介绍了实验室规模的建设，接种，操作，监测的广义模型，不断搅拌厌氧消化。

视频: Continuously-stirred Anaerobic Digester to Convert Organic Wastes into Biogas: System Setup and Basic Operation

Design of a Cyclic Pressure Bioreactor for the Ex Vivo Study of Aortic Heart Valves

The aortic valve, located between the left ventricle and the aorta, allows for unidirectional blood flow, preventing backflow into the ventricle. Aortic valve leaflets are composed of interstitial cells suspended within an extracellular matrix (ECM) and are lined with an endothelial cell monolayer. The valve withstands a harsh, dynamic environment and is constantly exposed to shear, flexion, tension, and compression. Research has shown calcific lesions in diseased valves occur in areas of high mechanical stress as a result of endothelial disruption or interstitial matrix damage1-3. Hence, it is not surprising that epidemiological studies have shown high blood pressure to be a leading risk factor in the onset of aortic valve disease4. 
The only treatment option currently available for valve disease is surgical replacement of the diseased valve with a bioprosthetic or mechanical valve5. Improved understanding of valve biology in response to physical stresses would help elucidate the mechanisms of valve pathogenesis. In turn, this could help in the development of non-invasive therapies such as pharmaceutical intervention or prevention. Several bioreactors have been previously developed to study the mechanobiology of native or engineered heart valves6-9. Pulsatile bioreactors have also been developed to study a range of tissues including cartilage10, bone11 and bladder12. The aim of this work was to develop a cyclic pressure system that could be used to elucidate the biological response of aortic valve leaflets to increased pressure loads. 
The system consisted of an acrylic chamber in which to place samples and produce cyclic pressure, viton diaphragm solenoid valves to control the timing of the pressure cycle, and a computer to control electrical devices. The pressure was monitored using a pressure transducer, and the signal was conditioned using a load cell conditioner. A LabVIEW program regulated the pressure using an analog device to pump compressed air into the system at the appropriate rate. The system mimicked the dynamic transvalvular pressure levels associated with the aortic valve; a saw tooth wave produced a gradual increase in pressure, typical of the transvalvular pressure gradient that is present across the valve during diastole, followed by a sharp pressure drop depicting valve opening in systole. The LabVIEW program allowed users to control the magnitude and frequency of cyclic pressure. The system was able to subject tissue samples to physiological and pathological pressure conditions. This device can be used to increase our understanding of how heart valves respond to changes in the local mechanical environment.

Design of a Cyclic Pressure Bioreactor for the Ex Vivo Study of Aortic Heart Valves

A cyclic pressure bioreactor capable of subjecting heart valve tissue to physiological and pathological pressure conditions has been designed. A LabVIEW program allows users to control pressure magnitude, amplitude and frequency. This device can be used to study the mechanobiology of heart valve tissue or isolated cells.

循环压力为生物反应器的设计体外主动脉心脏瓣膜的研究

The aortic valve, located between the left ventricle and the aorta, allows for unidirectional blood flow, preventing backflow into the ventricle. Aortic ...

科研

生物工程

Microfluidic Picoliter Bioreactor for Microbial Single-cell Analysis: Fabrication, System Setup, and Operation

In this protocol the fabrication, experimental setup and basic operation of the recently introduced microfluidic picoliter bioreactor (PLBR) is described in detail. The PLBR can be utilized for the analysis of single bacteria and microcolonies to investigate biotechnological and microbiological related questions concerning, e.g.&#160;cell growth, morphology, stress response, and metabolite or protein production on single-cell level. The device features continuous media flow enabling constant environmental conditions for perturbation studies, but in addition allows fast medium changes as well as oscillating conditions to mimic any desired environmental situation. To fabricate the single use devices, a silicon wafer containing sub micrometer sized SU-8 structures served as the replication mold for rapid polydimethylsiloxane casting. Chips were cut, assembled, connected, and set up onto a high resolution and fully automated microscope suited for time-lapse imaging, a powerful tool for spatio-temporal cell analysis. Here, the biotechnological platform organism Corynebacterium glutamicum&#160;was seeded into the PLBR and cell growth and intracellular fluorescence were followed over several hours unraveling time dependent population heterogeneity on single-cell level, not possible with conventional analysis methods such as flow cytometry. Besides insights into device fabrication, furthermore, the preparation of the preculture, loading, trapping of bacteria, and the PLBR cultivation of single cells and colonies is demonstrated. These devices will add a new dimension in microbiological research to analyze time dependent phenomena of single bacteria under tight environmental control. Due to the simple and relatively short fabrication process the technology can be easily adapted at any microfluidics lab and simply tailored towards specific needs.

In this protocol the fabrication, setup and basic operation of a microfluidic picoliter bioreactor (PLBR) for single-cell analysis of prokaryotic microorganisms is introduced. Industrially relevant microorganisms were analyzed as proof of principle allowing insights into growth rate, morphology, and phenotypic heterogeneity over certain time periods, hardly possible with conventional methods.

In this protocol the fabrication, experimental setup and basic operation of the recently introduced microfluidic picoliter bioreactor (PLBR) is described ...

Operation of a Benchtop Bioreactor

Fermentation systems are used to provide an optimal growth environment for many different types of cell cultures. The ability afforded by fermentors to carefully control temperature, pH, and dissolved oxygen concentrations in particular makes them essential to efficient large scale growth and expression of fermentation products. This video will briefly describe the advantages of the fermentor over the shake flask. It will also identify key components of a typical benchtop fermentation system and give basic instruction on setup of the vessel and calibration of its probes. The viewer will be familiarized with the sterilization process and shown how to inoculate the growth medium in the vessel with culture. Basic concepts of operation, sampling, and harvesting will also be demonstrated. Simple data analysis and system cleanup will also be discussed.

Fermentors are used to increase culture yield and productivity of bioengineered cells. After screening multiple microbial or animal cell culture candidates in shake flasks, the next logical step is to increase the selected culture&#x2019;s biomass with the fermentor. This video demonstrates the setup and operation of a typical benchtop bioreactor system.

一个台式生物反应器的操作

Fermentation systems are used to provide an optimal growth environment for many different types of cell cultures. The ability afforded by fermentors to ...

Sensing of Barrier Tissue Disruption with an Organic Electrochemical Transistor

The gastrointestinal tract is an example of barrier tissue that provides a physical barrier against entry of pathogens and toxins, while allowing the passage of necessary ions and molecules. A breach in this barrier can be caused by a reduction in the extracellular calcium concentration. This reduction in calcium concentration causes a conformational change in proteins involved in the sealing of the barrier, leading to an increase of the paracellular flux. To mimic this effect the calcium chelator ethylene glycol-bis(beta-aminoethyl ether)-N,N,N&#39;,N&#39;-tetra acetic acid (EGTA) was used on a monolayer of cells known to be representative of the gastrointestinal tract. Different methods to detect the disruption of the barrier tissue already exist, such as immunofluorescence and&#160;permeability assays. However, these methods are time-consuming and costly and not suited to dynamic or high-throughput measurements. Electronic methods for measuring barrier tissue integrity also exist for measurement of the transepithelial resistance (TER), however these are often costly and complex. The development of rapid, cheap, and sensitive methods is urgently needed as the integrity of barrier tissue is a key parameter in drug discovery and pathogen/toxin diagnostics. The organic electrochemical transistor (OECT) integrated with barrier tissue forming cells has been shown as a new device capable of dynamically monitoring barrier tissue integrity. The device is able to measure minute variations in ionic flux with unprecedented temporal resolution and sensitivity, in real time, as an indicator of barrier tissue integrity. This new method is based on a simple device that can be compatible with high throughput screening applications and fabricated at low cost.

The Organic Electrochemical Transistor is integrated with live cells and used to monitor ion flux across the gastrointestinal epithelial barrier. In this study, an increase in ion flux, related to disruption of tight junctions, induced by the presence of the calcium chelator EGTA (ethylene glycol-bis(beta-aminoethyl ether)-N,N,N',N'-tetra acetic acid), is measured.

阻隔组织破坏与有机电化学晶体管传感

The gastrointestinal tract is an example of barrier tissue that provides a physical barrier against entry of pathogens and toxins, while allowing the ...

Wet Chemistry and Peptide Immobilization on Polytetrafluoroethylene for Improved Cell-adhesion

Endowing materials surface with cell-adhesive properties is a common strategy in biomaterial research and tissue engineering. This is particularly interesting for already approved polymers that have a long standing use in medicine because these materials are well characterized and legal issues associated with the introduction of newly synthesized polymers may be avoided. Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) is one of the most frequently employed materials for the manufacturing of vascular grafts but the polymer lacks cell adhesion promoting features. Endothelialization, i.e., complete coverage of the grafts inner surface with a confluent layer of endothelial cells is regarded key to optimal performance, mainly by reducing thrombogenicity of the artificial interface.
This study investigates the growth of endothelial cells on peptide-modified PTFE and compares these results to those obtained on unmodified substrate. Coupling with the endothelial cell adhesive peptide Arg-Glu-Asp-Val (REDV) is performed via activation of the fluorin-containing polymer using the reagent sodium naphthalenide, followed by subsequent conjugation steps. Cell culture is accomplished using Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells (HUVECs) and excellent cellular growth on peptide-immobilized material is demonstrated over a two-week period.

Cell-adhesiveness is key to many approaches in biomaterial research and tissue engineering. A step-by-step technique is presented using wet-chemistry for the surface modification of the important polymer PTFE with peptides.

湿化学和肽固定在聚四氟乙烯为改善细胞粘附

Endowing materials surface with cell-adhesive properties is a common strategy in biomaterial research and tissue engineering. This is particularly ...

Dry Film Photoresist-based Electrochemical Microfluidic Biosensor Platform: Device Fabrication, On-chip Assay Preparation, and System Operation

In recent years, biomarker diagnostics became an indispensable tool for the diagnosis of human disease, especially for the point-of-care diagnostics. An easy-to-use and low-cost sensor platform is highly desired to measure various types of analytes (e.g., biomarkers, hormones, and drugs) quantitatively and specifically. For this reason, dry film photoresist technology - enabling cheap, facile, and high-throughput fabrication - was used to manufacture the microfluidic biosensor presented here. Depending on the bioassay used afterwards, the versatile platform is capable of detecting various types of biomolecules. For the fabrication of the device, platinum electrodes are structured on a flexible polyimide (PI) foil in the only clean-room process step. The PI foil serves as a substrate for the electrodes, which are insulated with an epoxy-based photoresist. The microfluidic channel is subsequently generated by the development and lamination of dry film photoresist (DFR) foils onto the PI wafer. By using a hydrophobic stopping barrier in the channel, the channel is separated into two specific areas: an immobilization section for the enzyme-linked assay and an electrochemical measurement cell for the amperometric signal readout.
The on-chip bioassay immobilization is performed by the adsorption of the biomolecules to the channel surface. The glucose oxidase enzyme is used as a transducer for electrochemical signal generation. In the presence of the substrate, glucose, hydrogen peroxide is produced, which is detected at the platinum working electrode. The stop-flow technique is applied to obtain signal amplification along with rapid detection. Different biomolecules can quantitatively be measured by means of the introduced microfluidic system, giving an indication of different types of diseases, or, in regard to therapeutic drug monitoring, facilitating a personalized therapy.

A microfluidic biosensor platform was designed and fabricated using low-cost dry film photoresist technology for the rapid and sensitive quantification of various analytes. This single-use system allows for the electrochemical readout of on-chip-immobilized enzyme-linked assays by means of the stop-flow technique.

干膜 Photoresist-based 电化学微流控生物传感器平台: 器件制备、片上检测制备及系统运行

In recent years, biomarker diagnostics became an indispensable tool for the diagnosis of human disease, especially for the point-of-care diagnostics. An ...

Optimized Setup and Protocol for Magnetic Domain Imaging with In Situ Hysteresis Measurement

This paper elaborates the sample preparation protocols required to obtain optimal domain patterns using the Bitter method, focusing on the extra steps compared to standard metallographic sample preparation procedures. The paper proposes a novel bespoke rig for dynamic domain imaging with in situ BH (magnetic hysteresis) measurements and elaborates the protocols for the sensor preparation and the use of the rig to ensure accurate BH measurement. The protocols for static and ordinary dynamic domain imaging (without in situ BH measurements) are also presented. The reported method takes advantage of the convenience and high sensitivity of the traditional Bitter method and enables in situ BH measurement without interrupting or interfering with the domain wall movement processes. This facilitates establishing a direct and quantitative link between the domain wall movement processes&#8211;microstructural feature interactions in ferritic steels with their BH loops. This method is anticipated to become a useful tool for the fundamental study of microstructure&#8211;magnetic property relationships in steels and to help interpret the electromagnetic sensor signals for non-destructive evaluation of steel microstructures.

Optimized Setup and Protocol for Magnetic Domain Imaging with In Situ Hysteresis Measurement

This paper elaborates the sample and sensor preparation procedures and the protocols for using the test rig particularly for dynamic domain imaging with in situ BH measurements in order to achieve optimal domain pattern quality and accurate BH measurements.

用原位滞后测量进行磁畴成像的优化设置和协议

This paper elaborates the sample preparation protocols required to obtain optimal domain patterns using the Bitter method, focusing on the extra steps ...

Focused Ion Beam Lithography to Etch Nano-architectures into Microelectrodes

With advances in electronics and fabrication technology, intracortical microelectrodes have undergone substantial improvements enabling the production of sophisticated microelectrodes with greater resolution and expanded capabilities. The progress in fabrication technology has supported the development of biomimetic electrodes, which aim to seamlessly integrate into the brain parenchyma, reduce the neuroinflammatory response observed after electrode insertion and improve the quality and longevity of electrophysiological recordings. Here we describe a protocol to employ a biomimetic approach recently classified as nano-architecture. The use of focused ion beam lithography (FIB) was utilized in this protocol to etch specific nano-architecture features into the surface of non-functional and functional single shank intracortical microelectrodes. Etching nano-architectures into the electrode surface indicated possible improvements of biocompatibility and functionality of the implanted device. One of the benefits of using FIB is the ability to etch on manufactured devices, as opposed to during the fabrication of the device, facilitating boundless possibilities to modify numerous medical devices post-manufacturing. The protocol presented herein can be optimized for various material types, nano-architecture features, and types of devices. Augmenting the surface of implanted medical devices can improve the device performance and integration into the tissue.

We have shown that the etching of nano-architecture into intracortical microelectrode devices may reduce the inflammatory response and has the potential to improve electrophysiological recordings. The methods described herein outline an approach to etch nano-architectures into the surface of non-functional and functional single shank silicon intracortical microelectrodes.

聚焦 Ion 光束平版印刷到蚀刻纳米架构到微电极

With advances in electronics and fabrication technology, intracortical microelectrodes have undergone substantial improvements enabling the production of ...

Magnetic-, Acoustic-, and Optical-Triple-Responsive Microbubbles for Magnetic Hyperthermia and Pothotothermal Combination Cancer Therapy

The precision delivery of anti-cancer agents which aim for targeted and deep-penetrated delivery as well as a controlled release at the tumor site has been challenged. Here, we fabricate iron oxide nanoparticle shelled microbubbles (NSMs) through self-assembly, synergizing magnetic, acoustic, and optical responsiveness in one nanotherapeutic platform. Iron oxide nanoparticles serve as both magnetic and photothermal agents. Once intravenously injected, NSMs can be magnetically guided to the tumor site. Ultrasound triggers the release of iron oxide nanoparticles, facilitating the penetration of nanoparticles deep into the tumor due to the cavitation effect of microbubbles. Thereafter, magnetic hyperthermia and photothermal therapy can be performed on the tumor for combinational cancer therapy, a solution for cancer resistance due to the tumor heterogeneity. In this protocol, the synthesis and characterization of NSMs including structural, chemical, magnetic and acoustic properties were performed. In addition, the anti-cancer efficacy by thermal therapy was investigated using in vitro cell cultures. The proposed delivery strategy and combination therapy holds great promise in cancer treatment to improve both delivery and anticancer efficacies.

Presented here is a protocol for the fabrication of iron oxide nanoparticle-shelled microbubbles (NSMs) through self-assembly, synergizing magnetic, acoustic, and optical responsiveness in one nanotherapeutic platform for magnetic hyperthermia and photothermal combination cancer therapy.

磁性、声学和光学三响应性微泡，用于磁性高温和波托托热组合癌症治疗

The precision delivery of anti-cancer agents which aim for targeted and deep-penetrated delivery as well as a controlled release at the tumor site has ...

Self-Assembly of Gamma-Modified Peptide Nucleic Acids into Complex Nanostructures in Organic Solvent Mixtures

Current strategies in DNA and RNA nanotechnology enable the self-assembly of a variety of nucleic acid nanostructures in aqueous or substantially hydrated media. In this article, we describe detailed protocols that enable the construction of nanofiber architectures in organic solvent mixtures through the self-assembly of uniquely addressable, single-stranded, gamma-modified peptide nucleic acid (&#947;PNA) tiles. Each single-stranded tile (SST) is a 12-base &#947;PNA oligomer composed of two concatenated modular domains of 6 bases each. Each domain can bind to a mutually complimentary domain present on neighboring strands using programmed complementarity to form nanofibers that can grow to microns in length. The SST motif is made of 9 total oligomers to enable the formation of 3-helix nanofibers. In contrast with analogous DNA nanostructures, which form diameter-monodisperse structures, these &#947;PNA systems form nanofibers that bundle along their widths during self-assembly in organic solvent mixtures. Self-assembly protocols described here therefore also include a conventional surfactant, Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate (SDS), to reduce bundling effects.

This article provides protocols for the design and self-assembly of nanostructures from gamma-modified peptide nucleic acid oligomers in organic solvent mixtures.

将伽马改性肽核酸自组装成有机溶剂混合物中复杂的纳米结构

Current strategies in DNA and RNA nanotechnology enable the self-assembly of a variety of nucleic acid nanostructures in aqueous or substantially hydrated ...