我们要感谢美国国立卫生研究院的资金补助R01-AI026328（KAK）和R01-AI079004（KAK）。

1。去除生殖道<ol><li>安乐死鼠标采用批准的指引。低正中切口，并收回皮肤。 </li><li>隔离和删除整个生殖道，由输卵管阴道口。 </li><li>打开整个道纵向剪下来的。 </li><li>良好的手术剪刀切下生殖道细小的碎片（&lt;1毫米左右），一个培养皿完整的RPMI-10/EDTA（见下面的公式），并于125毫升容量瓶中，在室温下搅拌组织在磁力搅拌器上设置15分钟。此过程重复两次，然后将上清液，其中包含上皮细胞和其他碎片，被丢弃。 </li><li>倒入烧瓶的内容，通过细胞过滤器（40微米）。洗掉EDTA的残余物用完全培养基。 完整RPMI/10::RPMI500毫升（Gibco）中，10％胎儿牛血清（FBS），热灭活，5 ml青霉素/链霉素，5毫升1M HEPES。 完整RPMI-10/EDTA:10％RPMI（定义如上）与5μMÊDTA </li></ol> 2。消化生殖道组织<ol><li>组织片转移到一个新的的烧瓶用20毫升新鲜RPMI-10/collagenase（见下面的配方），并设置为大力搅拌组织在磁力搅拌器上的1小时，在37℃下消化组织。 以完整的RPMI-10/collagenase:用鼠标右键，重组型胶原酶VIII（Sigma公司;储存在-20°C，或根据制造商的说明。），在使用前，添加到完整的RPMI/10终浓度为450-500U/ml。 </li><li>第一消化后，收集上清液，通过100μm的细胞过滤网，将细胞置于冰上保持。 </li><li>未消化的组织转移到新的烧瓶中，并重复执行步骤2.1两次使用的新鲜完全RPMI-10/collagenase为共3个独立的消化。此时，无肉眼可见的组织片应该是在溶液中。 </li><li>池的上清液一起从样本收集到100微米的细胞过滤。旋转的c英语学习生下来。将使用Percoll密度梯度分离细胞沉淀。 </li></ol> 3。使用Percoll密度梯度分离生殖道细胞<ol><li>使用前准备每个浓度的Percoll: <ul><li> 100％等渗Percoll密度:混合9:1股票的Percoll（Pharmacia公司Biot​​ch）与10倍的PBS。 pH值7.4使用HCL。 </li><li> 40％的Percoll溶液:混合40毫升100％等渗Percoll密度和60毫升的完全RPMI中。 </li><li> 70％的Percoll溶液:混合70毫升100％等渗的Percoll用30毫升完全RPMI。 </li></ul></li><li>每个细胞沉淀重悬，从40％的Percoll解决方案中的步骤6。将等体积的70％的Percoll将被用于使梯度。建立梯度管的方法有两种: <ol><li>在层:细胞悬液与40％的Percoll成梯度管，然后小心地根据层70％的Percoll。 </li><li>过层:第一管中加入70％的Percoll，然后小心地慢慢地加载含有上的细胞的40％的Percoll顶部。 </li></ol></li><li>将样品离心梯度@ 900×g离心，室温，20分钟，与制动切断。 </li><li>淋巴细胞，将在40％和70％的Percoll层之间的界面层。小心收获的接口层，洗与RPMI 1:3，在740 XG降速。淋巴细胞的细胞沉淀中，并准备好以供进一步使用。 </li></ol> 4。代表性的成果从小鼠生殖道和流式细胞术（FACS）分析淋巴细胞的隔离的一个例子是在图1中所示。生殖道衣原体muridarum从阴道内感染的小鼠在感染后7天。两个生殖道汇集在一起​​，以便有足够的淋巴细胞的功能和表型检测用流式细胞仪。解剖组织进行处理，正如上文所述的步骤的消化和隔离。单细胞悬浮液染色各种荧光染料共轭对小鼠CD3，CD4和CD8的单克隆抗体。图1示出的CD4阳性T细胞与CD8阳性T细胞对CD3阳性T淋巴细胞门控的点积呈列。我们的程序可以检查不同的疾病模型生殖道分离出的淋巴细胞，在不同的疾病小鼠模型，以评估各种免疫细胞的功能和表型特征。这些包括不同的免疫细胞，如树突状细胞，中性粒细胞，巨噬细胞的NK细胞，NKT细胞，T细胞（抗原特异性的T细胞），B细胞等3-10。 <img alt="图1" src="/files/ftp_upload/4391/4391fig1.jpg" /> 图1。淋巴细胞中分离出小鼠的生殖道感染衣原体muridarum的 ，这里介绍的方法使用。后完整的分离过程中，与荧光染料共轭的CD3，CD4和CD8淋巴细胞染色。象限数据选通淋巴细胞CD3 +，显示CD4 +与CD8 +和门控细胞的百分比。

<ol>
	<li>M, . <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+impact+of+perinatal+immune+development+on+mucosal+homeostasis+and+chronic+inflammation.">The impact of perinatal immune development on mucosal homeostasis and chronic inflammation.</a> Nat. Rev Immunol. 12, 9-23 (2011).</li><li>Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> 2010 Sexually Transmitted Diseases Surveillance. , (2010).</li><li>Jain, S., Patrick, A. J., Rosenthal, K. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Multiple+tandem+copies+of+conserved+gp41+epitopes+incorporated+in+gag+virus-like+particles+elicit+systemic+and+mucosal+antibodies+in+an+optimized+heterologous+vector+delivery+regimen.">Multiple tandem copies of conserved gp41 epitopes incorporated in gag virus-like particles elicit systemic and mucosal antibodies in an optimized heterologous vector delivery regimen.</a> Vaccine. 28, 7070-7080 (2010).</li><li>Tang, V. A., Rosenthal, K. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intravaginal+infection+with+herpes+simplex+virus+type-2+(HSV-2)+generates+a+functional+effector+memory+T+cell+population+that+persists+in+the+murine+genital+tract.">Intravaginal infection with herpes simplex virus type-2 (HSV-2) generates a functional effector memory T cell population that persists in the murine genital tract.</a> J. Reprod. Immunol. 87, 39-44 (2010).</li><li>Gillgrass, A. E., Tang, V. A., Towarnicki, K. M., Rosenthal, K. L., Kaushic, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Protection+against+genital+herpes+infection+in+mice+immunized+under+different+hormonal+conditions+correlates+with+induction+of+vagina-associated+lymphoid+tissue.">Protection against genital herpes infection in mice immunized under different hormonal conditions correlates with induction of vagina-associated lymphoid tissue.</a> J. Virol. 79, 3117-3126 (2005).</li><li>Sajic, D., Patrick, A. J., Rosenthal, K. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mucosal+delivery+of+CpG+oligodeoxynucleotides+expands+functional+dendritic+cells+and+macrophages+in+the+vagina.">Mucosal delivery of CpG oligodeoxynucleotides expands functional dendritic cells and macrophages in the vagina.</a> Immunology. 114, 213-224 (2005).</li><li>Jiang, J. Q., Patrick, A., Moss, R. B., Rosenthal, K. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=CD8++T-cell-mediated+cross-clade+protection+in+the+genital+tract+following+intranasal+immunization+with+inactivated+human+immunodeficiency+virus+antigen+plus+CpG+oligodeoxynucleotides.">CD8+ T-cell-mediated cross-clade protection in the genital tract following intranasal immunization with inactivated human immunodeficiency virus antigen plus CpG oligodeoxynucleotides.</a> J. Virol. 79, 393-400 (2005).</li><li>Gill, N., Chenoweth, M. J., Verdu, E. F., Ashkar, A. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=NK+cells+require+type+I+IFN+receptor+for+antiviral+responses+during+genital+HSV-2+infection.">NK cells require type I IFN receptor for antiviral responses during genital HSV-2 infection.</a> Cell Immunol. 269, 29-37 (2011).</li><li>Thatte, A., DeWitte-Orr, S. J., Lichty, B., Mossman, K. L., Ashkar, A. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+critical+role+for+IL-15+in+TLR-mediated+innate+antiviral+immunity+against+genital+HSV-2+infection.">A critical role for IL-15 in TLR-mediated innate antiviral immunity against genital HSV-2 infection.</a> Immunol. Cell Biol. 89, 663-669 (2011).</li><li>Kwant-Mitchell, A., Ashkar, A. A., Rosenthal, K. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mucosal+innate+and+adaptive+immune+responses+against+herpes+simplex+virus+type+2+in+a+humanized+mouse+model.">Mucosal innate and adaptive immune responses against herpes simplex virus type 2 in a humanized mouse model.</a> J. Virol. 83, 10664-10676 (2009).</li><li>Gallichan, W. S., Rosenthal, K. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+the+estrous+cycle+on+local+humoral+immune+responses+and+protection+of+intranasally+immunized+female+nice+against+herpes+simplex+virus+type+2+infection+in+the+genital+tract.">Effects of the estrous cycle on local humoral immune responses and protection of intranasally immunized female nice against herpes simplex virus type 2 infection in the genital tract.</a> Virology. , 224-487 (1996).</li></ol>

没有利益冲突的声明。

在这个协议中，它展示了如何准备淋巴细胞小鼠生殖道，很容易掌握。在此过程中最关键的一点是维持细胞活力的保持将细胞置于冰上。从该方法的细胞产量取决于技术，处理技能，鼠标（幼稚或感染后的天）的感染状态，病原体（细菌，病毒，真菌）和部分的小鼠生殖道年审（输卵管，子宫，阴道内段或整个生殖道）。本集团及其他已出版了各种不同的淋巴细胞群的研究小鼠生殖道5-7。</sup...

<table border="1"><tbody><tr><td> 名称 </td><td> 公司 </td><td> 目录编号 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td>胶原酶</td><td>西格玛生命科学</td><td> C2139-1G </td><td></td></tr><tr><td>珀</td><td>自GE Healthcare Bio-Sciences公司</td><td> 17-0891-01 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> RPMI1640 </td><td> Gibco公司由Life Technologies </td><td> 11875 </td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

isolation of lymphocytes from mouse genital tract mucosa

粘膜表面，包括胃肠道，泌尿生殖道，呼吸道，进入门户网站的病原体，如病毒和细菌1。粘膜也电感的网站中的一个主机，以产生对病原体的免疫力，如Peyers在肠道中的补丁和在呼吸道的鼻相关的淋巴网状组织。这种独特的功能使黏膜免疫的宿主防御系统的一个重要参与者。许多研究都集中在胃肠道和呼吸道粘膜部位。然而，生殖黏膜部位出现了小调查。生殖道粘膜是性传播疾病（STD），包括细菌和病毒感染的主要感染部位。性传播疾病是当今世界面临的最严重的健康挑战之一。美国疾病控制和预防中心估计，有19万个新的传染病，每年在美国。 STDS成本，美国的医疗保健系统每年的170亿美元的2，个人成本更在近期和终身的健康后果。为了应对这一挑战，需要更深入的了解生殖黏膜免疫和分离淋巴细胞，这些研究是一个必不可少的组成部分。在这里，我们提出了一种方法，再现分离淋巴细胞小鼠女性生殖道的免疫学研究，可以修改为其他物种适应。下面描述的方法是基于在一个鼠标。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Isolation of Lymphocytes from Mouse Genital Tract Mucosa at JoVE.com

Isolation of Lymphocytes from Mouse Genital Tract Mucosa

淋巴细胞从小鼠生殖道隔离的一种有效的方式来进行说明。此方法利用酶消化和Percoll梯度分离，以允许有效地隔离。此技术是用于在其他物种中也适应

小鼠生殖道黏膜淋巴细胞分离

Mucosal surfaces, including in the gastrointestinal, urogenital, and respiratory tracts, provide portals of entry for pathogens, such as viruses and ...

isolation-of-lymphocytes-from-mouse-genital-tract-mucosa

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

14.3K 次观看.  University of California, Los Angeles. 淋巴细胞从小鼠生殖道隔离的一种有效的方式来进行说明。此方法利用酶消化和Percoll梯度分离，以允许有效地隔离。此技术是用于在其他物种中也适应

视频: Isolation of Lymphocytes from Mouse Genital Tract Mucosa

Transurethral Induction of Mouse Urinary Tract Infection

Uropathogenic bacterial strains of interest are grown on agar. Generally, uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC) and other strains can be grown overnight on Luria-Bertani (LB) agar at 37&deg;C in ambient air. UPEC strains grow as yellowish-white translucent colonies on LB agar. Following confirmation of appropriate colony morphology, single colonies are then picked to be cultured in broth. LB broth can be used for most uropathogenic bacterial strains. Two serial, overnight LB broth cultures can be employed to enhance expression of type I pili, a well-defined virulence factor for uropathogenic bacteria. Broth cultures are diluted to the desired concentration in phosphate buffered saline (PBS). Eight to 12 week old female mice are placed under isoflurane anesthesia and transurethrally inoculated with bacteria using polyethylene tubing-covered 30 gauge syringes. Typical inocula, which must be empirically determined for each bacterial/mouse strain combination, are 106 to 108 cfu per mouse in 10 to 50 microliters of PBS. After the desired infection period (one day to several weeks), urine samples and the bladder and both kidneys are harvested. Each organ is minced, placed in PBS, and homogenized in a Blue Bullet homogenizer. Urine and tissue homogenates are serially diluted in PBS and cultured on appropriate agar. The following day, colony forming units are counted.

This video will demonstrate methods to transurethrally induce mouse urinary tract infections and quantify the extent of resulting infections.

经尿道诱导小鼠尿路感染

Uropathogenic bacterial strains of interest are grown on agar. Generally, uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC) and other strains can be grown overnight on ...

科研

免疫与感染

RNA Isolation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Colonizing the Murine Gastrointestinal Tract

Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) infections result in significant morbidity and mortality in hosts with compromised immune systems, such as patients with leukemia, severe burn wounds, or organ transplants1. In patients at high-risk for developing PA bloodstream infections, the gastrointestinal (GI) tract is the main reservoir for colonization2, but the mechanisms by which PA transitions from an asymptomatic colonizing microbe to an invasive, and often deadly, pathogen are unclear. Previously, we performed in vivo transcription profiling experiments by recovering PA mRNA from bacterial cells residing in the cecums of colonized mice 3 in order to identify changes in bacterial gene expression during alterations to the host&#x2019;s immune status.
As with any transcription profiling experiment, the rate-limiting step is in the isolation of sufficient amounts of high quality mRNA. Given the abundance of enzymes, debris, food residues, and particulate matter in the GI tract, the challenge of RNA isolation is daunting. Here, we present a method for reliable and reproducible isolation of bacterial RNA recovered from the murine GI tract. This method utilizes a well-established murine model of PA GI colonization and neutropenia-induced dissemination4. Once GI colonization with PA is confirmed, mice are euthanized and cecal contents are recovered and flash frozen. RNA is then extracted using a combination of mechanical disruption, boiling, phenol/chloroform extractions, DNase treatment, and affinity chromatography. Quantity and purity are confirmed by spectrophotometry (Nanodrop Technologies) and bioanalyzer (Agilent Technologies) (Fig 1). This method of GI microbial RNA isolation can easily be adapted to other bacteria and fungi as well.

RNA Isolation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Colonizing the Murine Gastrointestinal Tract

A reliable method for the RNA isolation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa recovered from murine cecums is described. The RNA recovered is of sufficient quantity and quality for subsequent qPCR, transcription profiling, and RNA Seq experiments. This technique can be adapted for RNA isolation of other intestinal microbes.

RNA的分离绿脓杆菌殖民小鼠胃肠道

Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) infections result in significant morbidity and mortality in hosts with compromised immune systems, such as patients with ...

Isolation and Characterization of Dendritic Cells and Macrophages from the Mouse Intestine

Within the intestine reside unique populations of innate and adaptive immune cells that are involved in promoting tolerance towards commensal flora and food antigens while concomitantly remaining poised to mount inflammatory responses toward invasive pathogens1,2. Antigen presenting cells, particularly DCs and macrophages, play critical roles in maintaining intestinal immune homeostasis via their ability to sense and appropriately respond to the microbiota3-14. Efficient isolation of intestinal DCs and macrophages is a critical step in characterizing the phenotype and function of these cells. While many effective methods of isolating intestinal immune cells, including DCs and macrophages, have been described6,10,15-24, many rely upon long digestions times that may negatively influence cell surface antigen expression, cell viability, and/or cell yield. Here, we detail a methodology for the rapid isolation of large numbers of viable, intestinal DCs and macrophages. Phenotypic characterization of intestinal DCs and macrophages is carried out by directly staining isolated intestinal cells with specific fluorescence-labeled monoclonal antibodies for multi-color flow cytometric analysis. Furthermore, highly pure DC and macrophage populations are isolated for functional studies utilizing CD11c and CD11b magnetic-activated cell sorting beads followed by cell sorting.

Here, we detail a methodology for the rapid isolation of mouse intestinal dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages. Phenotypic characterization of intestinal DCs and macrophages is performed using multi-color flow cytometric analysis while magnetic bead enrichment followed by cell sorting is used to yield highly pure populations for functional studies.

从老鼠肠道树突状细胞和巨噬细胞的分离和表征

Within the intestine reside unique populations of innate and adaptive immune cells that are involved in promoting tolerance towards commensal flora and ...

Isolation and Th17 Differentiation of Na&iuml;ve CD4 T Lymphocytes

Th17 cells are a distinct subset of T cells that have been found to produce interleukin 17 (IL-17), and differ in function from the other T cell subsets including Th1, Th2, and regulatory T cells. Th17 cells have emerged as a central culprit in overzealous inflammatory immune responses associated with many autoimmune disorders. In this method we purify T lymphocytes from the spleen and lymph nodes of C57BL/6 mice, and stimulate purified CD4+ T cells under control and Th17-inducing environments. The Th17-inducing environment includes stimulation in the presence of anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 antibodies, IL-6, and TGF-&#946;. After incubation for at least 72 hours and for up to five days at 37 &#176;C, cells are subsequently analyzed for the capability to produce IL-17 through flow cytometry, qPCR, and ELISAs. Th17 differentiated CD4+CD25- T cells can be utilized to further elucidate the role that Th17 cells play in the onset and progression of autoimmunity and host defense. Moreover, Th17 differentiation of CD4+CD25- lymphocytes from distinct murine knockout/disease models can contribute to our understanding of cell fate plasticity.

Isolation and Th17 Differentiation of Na&#239;ve CD4 T Lymphocytes

With effector functions distinct from other T cell subsets, Th17 cells have been centrally implicated in inflammatory autoimmunity. This in vitro Th17 differentiation protocol provides a means to determine whether na&#239;ve CD4+ T lymphocytes can differentiate into Th17 cells, and to further examine their role in autoimmunity and host response.

隔离和幼稚的CD4 T细胞的Th17细胞分化

Th17 cells are a distinct subset of T cells that have been found to produce interleukin 17 (IL-17), and differ in function from the other T cell subsets ...

Rapid Analysis of Chromosome Aberrations in Mouse B Lymphocytes by PNA-FISH

Defective DNA repair leads to increased genomic instability, which is the root cause of mutations that lead to tumorigenesis. Analysis of the frequency and type of chromosome aberrations in different cell types allows defects in DNA repair pathways to be elucidated. Understanding mammalian DNA repair biology has been greatly helped by the production of mice with knockouts in specific genes. The goal of this protocol is to quantify genomic instability in mouse B lymphocytes. Labeling of the telomeres using PNA-FISH probes (peptide nucleic acid - fluorescent in situ hybridization) facilitates the rapid analysis of genomic instability in metaphase chromosome spreads. B cells have specific advantages relative to fibroblasts, because they have normal ploidy and a higher mitotic index. Short-term culture of B cells therefore enables precise measurement of genomic instability in a primary cell population which is likely to have fewer secondary genetic mutations than what is typically found in transformed fibroblasts or patient cell lines.

DNA repair pathways are essential for maintenance of genomic integrity and preventing mutation and cancer. The goal of this protocol is to quantify genomic instability by direct observation of chromosome aberrations in metaphase spreads from mouse B cells using fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) for telomeric DNA repeats.

在小鼠B淋巴细胞染色体畸变所PNA-FISH快速分析

Defective DNA repair leads to increased genomic instability, which is the root cause of mutations that lead to tumorigenesis. Analysis of the frequency ...

Efficient Isolation Protocol for B and T Lymphocytes from Human Palatine Tonsils

Tonsils form a part of the immune system providing the first line of defense against inhaled pathogens. Usually the term &#8220;tonsils&#8221; refers to the palatine tonsils situated at the lateral walls of the oral part of the pharynx. Surgically removed palatine tonsils provide a convenient accessible source of B and T lymphocytes to study the interplay between foreign pathogens and the host immune system. This video protocol describes the dissection and processing of surgically removed human palatine tonsils, followed by the isolation of the individual B and T cell populations from the same tissue sample. We present a method, which efficiently separates tonsillar B and T lymphocytes using an antibody-dependent affinity protocol. Further, we use the method to demonstrate that human adenovirus infects specifically the tonsillar T cell fraction. The established protocol is generally applicable to efficiently and rapidly isolate tonsillar B and T cell populations to study the role of different types of pathogens in tonsillar immune responses.

Palatine tonsils are a rich source of B and T lymphocytes. Here we provide an easy, efficient and rapid protocol to isolate B and T lymphocytes from human palatine tonsils. The method described has been specifically adapted for studies of the viral etiology of tonsil inflammation known as tonsillitis.

从人类腭扁桃体B和T淋巴细胞有效隔离协议

Tonsils form a part of the immune system providing the first line of defense against inhaled pathogens. Usually the term &#8220;tonsils&#8221; refers to ...

Isolation and Flow Cytometric Characterization of Murine Small Intestinal Lymphocytes

The intestines &#8212; which contain the largest number of immune cells of any organ in the body &#8212; are constantly exposed to foreign antigens, both microbial and dietary. Given an increasing understanding that these luminal antigens help shape the immune response and that education of immune cells within the intestine is critical for a number of systemic diseases, there has been increased interest in characterizing the intestinal immune system. However, many published protocols are arduous and time-consuming. We present here a simplified protocol for the isolation of lymphocytes from the small-intestinal lamina propria, intraepithelial layer, and Peyer&#39;s patches that is rapid, reproducible, and does not require laborious Percoll gradients. Although the protocol focuses on the small intestine, it is also suitable for analysis of the colon. Moreover, we highlight some aspects that may need additional optimization depending on the specific scientific question. This approach results in the isolation of large numbers of viable lymphocytes that can subsequently be used for flow cytometric analysis or alternate means of characterization.

There is growing interest in the quantitative characterization of intestinal lymphocytes owing to increasing recognition that these cells play a critical role in a variety of intestinal and systemic diseases. In this protocol, we describe how to isolate single cell populations from different small-intestinal compartments for subsequent flow cytometric characterization.

小鼠小肠淋巴细胞的分离和流式细胞表征

The intestines &#8212; which contain the largest number of immune cells of any organ in the body &#8212; are constantly exposed to foreign antigens, both ...

Isolation and Activation of Murine Lymphocytes

B and T cells, with their extremely diverse antigen-receptor repertoires, have the ability to mount specific immune responses against almost any invading pathogen1,2. Understandably, such intricate abilities are controlled by a large number of molecules involved in various cellular processes to ensure timely and spatially regulated immune responses3. Here, we describe experimental procedures that allow rapid isolation of highly purified murine lymphocytes using magnetic cell sorting technology. The resulting purified lymphocytes can then be subjected to various in vitro or in vivo functional assays, such as the determination of lymphocyte signaling capacity upon stimulation by immunoblotting4 and the investigation of proliferative abilities by 3H-thymidine incorporation or carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester (CFSE) labeling5-7. In addition to comparing the functional capacities of control and genetically modified lymphocytes, we can also determine the T cell stimulatory capacity of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) in vivo, as shown in our representative results using transplanted CFSE-labeled OT-I T cells.

Lymphocytes are the major players in adaptive immune responses. Here, we present a lymphocyte purification protocol to determine the physiological functions of the desired molecules in lymphocyte activation in vitro and in vivo. The described experimental procedures are suitable for comparing functional capacities between control and genetically modified lymphocytes.

分离及小鼠淋巴细胞的激活

B and T cells, with their extremely diverse antigen-receptor repertoires, have the ability to mount specific immune responses against almost any invading ...

Ex Vivo Infection of Human Lymphoid Tissue and Female Genital Mucosa with Human Immunodeficiency Virus 1 and Histoculture

Histocultures allow studying intercellular interactions within human tissues, and they can be employed to model host-pathogen interactions under controlled laboratory conditions. Ex vivo infection of human tissues with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), among other viruses, has been successfully used to investigate early disease pathogenesis, as well as a platform to test the efficacy and toxicity of antiviral drugs. In the present protocol, we explain how to process and infect with HIV-1 tissue explants from human tonsils and cervical mucosae, and maintain them in culture on top of gelatin sponges at the liquid-air interface for about two weeks. This non-polarized culture setting maximizes access to nutrients in culture medium and oxygen, although progressive loss of tissue integrity and functional architectures remains its main limitation. This method allows monitoring HIV-1 replication and pathogenesis using several techniques, including immunoassays, qPCR, and flow cytometry. Of importance, the physiologic variability between tissue donors, as well as between explants from different areas of the same specimen, may significantly affect experimental results. To ensure result reproducibility, it is critical to use an adequate number of explants, technical replicates, and donor-matched control conditions to normalize the results of the experimental treatments when compiling data from multiple experiments (i.e., conducted using tissue from different donors) for statistical analysis.

Ex Vivo Infection of Human Lymphoid Tissue and Female Genital Mucosa with Human Immunodeficiency Virus 1 and Histoculture

Infection of human tissues with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) ex vivo provides a valuable 3D model of virus pathogenesis. Here, we describe a protocol to process and infect tissue specimens from human tonsils and female genital mucosae with HIV-1 and maintain them in culture at the liquid-air interface.

体内人淋巴组织和女性生殖器粘膜与人体免疫机能丧失病毒1和 Histoculture 的感染

Histocultures allow studying intercellular interactions within human tissues, and they can be employed to model host-pathogen interactions under ...

Isolation of Dendritic Cells from the Human Female Reproductive Tract for Phenotypical and Functional Studies

The characterization of the human dendritic cells (DCs) resident in mucosal tissues is challenging due to the difficulty in obtaining samples, and the low numbers of DCs present per tissue. Yet, as the phenotype and function of DCs is modified by the tissue environment, it is necessary to analyze tissue resident DC populations, since blood derived DCs incompletely reflect the complexities of DCs in tissues. Here we present a protocol to isolate DCs from the human female reproductive tract (FRT) using hysterectomy specimens that allows both phenotypical and functional analyses. The protocol consists of tissue digestion to generate a single cell mixed cell suspension, followed by positive magnetic bead selection. Our tissue digestion protocol does not cleave surface markers, which allows phenotypical and functional analysis of DCs in the steady state, without overnight incubation or cell activation. This protocol can be adapted for the isolation of other immune cell types or isolation of DCs from other tissues.

We describe here a method to isolate and purify dendritic cells from different anatomical compartments in the human female reproductive tract for the evaluation of their phenotypical and functional characteristics. This method can be adapted to isolate other immune cells or dendritic cells from other mucosal tissues.

人雌性生殖道树突状细胞表型鉴定的分离及功能研究

The characterization of the human dendritic cells (DCs) resident in mucosal tissues is challenging due to the difficulty in obtaining samples, and the low ...