笔者想感谢安德烈斯·萨拉萨尔（Oncovir公司）聚ICLC的礼物。

1。外周血单个核细胞的分离和冷冻保存<ol><li>无菌操作 - 尖峰之一中的白细胞分离袋的接入端口使用的等离子转移集。用60毫升的注射器，转移到无菌的500毫升瓶装获得了患者的白细胞分离。 </li><li>调整音量的白细胞分离的2倍原体积，使用室温下的RPMI。调匀。 </li><li>轻轻混合的一瓶聚蔗糖 - 帕确PLUS。 12毫升聚蔗糖 - 帕确PLUS添加到无菌的50毫升锥形管。 </li><li>轻轻层30毫升稀释后的白细胞分离产品每个无菌的50毫升锥形管含聚蔗糖。要小心，不要打扰聚蔗糖和细胞悬液之间的接口。 </li><li>重复，直到所有的白细胞分离已分层的步骤1.3和1.4。 </li><li>没有制动器20分钟，在室温下，在1,000×g离心50毫升锥形管。 </li><li>小心地收获阴天从每个管和transfe的外周血单个核细胞层r到新的无菌50ml试管。 </li><li>每个试管中加入RPMI至终体积为50ml。轻轻混匀反转。 </li><li>细胞在500×g离心10分钟，在4℃下用全制动。 </li><li>从每管中取出上清液。从每管中重悬细胞沉淀，加的RPMI至终体积为50ml。轻轻混匀反转。 </li><li>细胞在500×g离心6分钟，在4℃下</li><li>从每管中取出上清液。重悬，汇集成一个50毫升的锥形管细​​胞悬液。 </li><li>将汇集的外周血单个核细胞的体积到50ml带更多的RPMI。轻轻混匀反转。 </li><li>细胞在300×g离心6分钟，在4℃下</li><li>去除上清。在50毫升的RPMI重悬细胞沉淀。轻轻混匀，以保证均匀的细胞悬液。 </li><li>的细胞数进行计数，并确定细胞存活率。计算存活细胞的总数。 </li><li>离心机的细胞在300×g下6分钟，在4℃下准备冻结的媒体。凝固介质由10％人AB血清（谷生物）的二甲基亚砜（DMSO;美天旎生物技术）。 </li><li>去除上清。重悬细胞，使最终浓度为2×10 8个细胞/ ml在寒冷的冷冻介质。 </li><li> 1毫升，1.8毫升离心管中。 </li><li>冻存管转移到的控制率冰柜，开始冻结的运行，程序1。在运行结束时，立即冷冻离心管中转移到汽相中的液氮冷冻库。 </li></ol> 2。 0天：从单核细胞分化为树突状细胞<ol><li>到无菌的50毫升锥形管中加入30毫升的RPMI / 1％自体血浆。 </li><li>解冻等份冷冻外周血单个核细胞，在37℃水浴中轻轻摇动。完全解冻时，小瓶的内容转移到无菌的50毫升锥形管。调匀。 </li><li>离心细胞6分钟在500×g下在室温下。去除上清，重悬细胞沉淀，在小体积的RPMI / 1％自体血浆。添加更多的RPMI / 1％自体血浆，至终体积为50ml。调匀。 </li><li> 6分钟，在500×g下在室温下再次离心细胞。吸出上清液，在50毫升的RPMI / 1％自体血浆和悬浮颗粒。调匀。 </li><li>的细胞数进行计数，并确定细胞存活率。计算存活细胞的总数。 </li><li>板1.40×10 8个细胞在40毫升的RPMI / 1％自体血浆到225厘米2 EasyFlask。重复以上步骤，直到所有的细胞已被镀。 </li><li>平放在其一侧上孵育EasyFlasks，1 - 2小时，在37℃在含5％CO 2的培养箱，使单核细胞附着到该烧瓶中的组织培养。 </li><li>当孵化完成后，取出EasyFlask从孵化器和洗两次，以除去非贴壁细胞USI毫微克30毫升预热的RPMI。 </li><li>第二次洗涤后，加40毫升的RPMI / 1％自体血浆400-1,000 IU / ml的IL-4和100-1,000 IU / ml的GM-CSF的5-8。对于这个协议，我们使用的是400 IU / ml的IL-4和100 IU / ml的GM-CSF。 </li><li>孵育EasyFlasks 2天在37℃，在组织培养孵化含有5％的CO 2。 </li></ol> 3。第2天：饲养的树突状细胞与IL-4和GM-CSF <ol><li>加入4毫升的RPMI / 1％自体血浆与400-1,000 IU / ml的IL-4和100-1,000 IU / ml的GM-CSF的每个EasyFlask。混合在其一侧旋转和摇摆。 </li><li>在组织培养孵化37℃，含5％CO 2孵育EasyFlasks 3天以上（直到第5天）。 </li></ol> 4。第5天：未成熟树突状细胞的收获<ol><li>收获的文化，大力摇动烧瓶和上下吹打悬浮非贴壁和松散贴壁细胞。转移收获细胞新的50毫升锥形管。 </li><li>为6分钟，在室温下，在500×g离心管。取出上清，重悬细胞沉淀在50毫升的RPMI / 1％自体血浆。调匀。 </li><li>的细胞数进行计数，并确定细胞存活率。计算存活细胞的总数。 </li><li>为6分钟，在室温下，在500×g离心管。板1-2×10 6细胞在3毫升的RPMI / 1％自体血浆，每孔用400 IU / ml的IL-4和100 IU / ml的GM-CSF在6孔组织培养板中。 </li><li>孵育板，在37℃组织培养孵化器中含5％CO 2下过夜。 </li></ol> 5。第6天：树突状细胞的成熟和抗原装载<ol><li>加入10微克/毫升KLH 6孔培养板的孔中，以1/3。旋流板混合。 KLH仅添加到孔中的1/3，因为KLH仅用于所述第一D​​C疫苗。随后的DC疫苗CON泰恩肿瘤抗原肽。 </li><li>区议会可以刺激成熟使用不同的刺激。已在临床研究中使用的最常见的成熟刺激了细胞因子（IL-1β，TNF-α和IL-6）和前列腺素E 2（PGE 2）9,10的鸡尾酒。最近，Toll样受体（TLR）激动剂的使用已经获得了普及11,12。在这个协议中，加入2毫克/毫升聚肌胞苷酸聚-L-赖氨酸羧甲基纤维素（聚ICLC）井，拌匀。聚ICLC]是稳定的聚-L-赖氨酸和羧甲基纤维素（由Oncovir，Inc制造）的聚集成电路临床级配方。 </li><li> 100微克/毫升的长肽抗原（NY-ESO-1和/或Melan-A/MART-1）添加到其指定的井，每口井接收只有一个单一的肽，以避免交叉竞争13。 </li><li>孵育板在37℃的组织培养箱含5％CO &lt;子&gt; 2 O / N </li></ol> 6。第7天：树突状细胞的冷冻保存<ol><li>准备DC冷冻解决方案采用自体血浆和10％DMSO。直流凝解，在2000×g下离心20分钟，在4℃下，以除去任何颗粒材料。上清转移到一个新的标记15毫升锥形管。储存于4℃直至使用。 </li><li>当孵育过夜后，收获和池中的所有井到50毫升锥形管含有肽树突。 </li><li> 6分钟，在500×g离心管。取出上清液。重悬细胞沉淀，在5毫升的RPMI / 1％自体血浆。使总体积至50ml用RPMI / 1％自体血浆。调匀。 </li><li>的细胞数进行计数，并确定细胞存活率。计算存活的细胞的总数。 </li><li>在500×g离心管在室温为6分钟。取出上清液，每个颗粒和悬浮在5毫升免缝LE 0.9％氯化钠，USP转移到新的15毫升锥形管。使每个细胞悬液14毫升无菌0.9％氯化钠，USP。盖颠倒混匀。 </li><li>重复上述步骤两次。最后离心后，除去上清液，得到尽可能接近的细胞沉淀的不扰乱颗粒的情况下。 </li><li>在直流冻结解重悬细胞沉淀，在4 - 20×10 6细胞/ ml等分试样1毫升每1.8毫升冻存管形瓶中。 </li><li>使用速率控制冰柜，程序1，冻结DC疫苗的等分试样，并立即转移到液氮冷冻长期储存的汽相。 </li></ol> 7。批签发测试<ol><li> DC疫苗每批必须进行评估，并满足特定的大量释放标准（ 表1），然后再注入患者的研究中，疫苗的制备通常为5〜6周后，它被释放。 </li><li> 可行性：评估使用自动细胞计数的DC疫苗的可行性。可接受的最低的可行性规范是&gt; 70％。 </li><li> 身份：评估成熟的DCS（CD11c +细胞CD14-CD83 +）的身份，通过流式细胞仪。的CD11c +细胞的百分比应为&gt; 50％。 CD11c +细胞和CD14 +细胞的百分比应为&lt;30％的百分比的CD11c +，CD14，和CD83 +细胞&gt; 50％。 </li><li> 无菌试验：测试DC疫苗的存在下厌氧和好氧细菌和真菌直接培养和革兰氏污渍。支原体的存在下，使用直接培养体系和指标细胞株的DNA的荧光染料的染色法的评估。对于这些测试，最小规格集是从所有的培养物中观察到没有增长。 </li><li> 内毒素：评估采用的动力学-QCL动力学的显色LAL检测内毒素含量，而且它必须是欧盟50个/毫升，以满足最低标准。 </li><l&gt; 功能：评估DC功能孵化同种异体T细胞混合淋巴细胞反应。比未受刺激的DC的存在下增殖（ 图3）。 </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Lesterhuis, W. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dendritic+cell+vaccines+in+melanoma:+from+promise+to+proof.">Dendritic cell vaccines in melanoma: from promise to proof.</a> Crit. Rev. Oncol. Hematol. 66, 118-134 (2008).</li><li>Sabado, R. L., Bhardwaj, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Directing+dendritic+cell+immunotherapy+towards+successful+cancer+treatment.">Directing dendritic cell immunotherapy towards successful cancer treatment.</a> Immunotherapy. 2, 37-56 (2010).</li><li>Schumacher, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Keyhole+limpet+hemocyanin+(KLH)+conjugate+vaccines+as+novel+therapeutic+tools+in+malignant+disorders.">Keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) conjugate vaccines as novel therapeutic tools in malignant disorders.</a> J. Cancer. Res. Clin. Oncol. 127, 1-2 (2001).</li><li>Jaatinen, T., Laine, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isolation+of+mononuclear+cells+from+human+cord+blood+by+Ficoll-Paque+density+gradient.">Isolation of mononuclear cells from human cord blood by Ficoll-Paque density gradient.</a> Curr. Protoc. Stem Cell Biol. Chapter 2, Unit 2A 1 (2007).</li><li>Eichler, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Multicenter+study+on+in+vitro+characterization+of+dendritic+cells.">Multicenter study on in vitro characterization of dendritic cells.</a> Cytotherapy. 10, 21-29 (2008).</li><li>Feuerstein, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+method+for+the+production+of+cryopreserved+aliquots+of+antigen-preloaded,+mature+dendritic+cells+ready+for+clinical+use.">A method for the production of cryopreserved aliquots of antigen-preloaded, mature dendritic cells ready for clinical use.</a> J. Immunol. Methods. 245, 15-29 (2000).</li><li>O'Neill, D., Bhardwaj, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Generation+of+autologous+peptide-+and+protein-pulsed+dendritic+cells+for+patient-specific+immunotherapy.">Generation of autologous peptide- and protein-pulsed dendritic cells for patient-specific immunotherapy.</a> Methods Mol. Med. 109, 97-112 (2005).</li><li>de Vries, I. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Phenotypical+and+functional+characterization+of+clinical+grade+dendritic+cells.">Phenotypical and functional characterization of clinical grade dendritic cells.</a> J. Immunother. 25, 429-438 (2002).</li><li>Jonuleit, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pro-inflammatory+cytokines+and+prostaglandins+induce+maturation+of+potent+immunostimulatory+dendritic+cells+under+fetal+calf+serum-free+conditions.">Pro-inflammatory cytokines and prostaglandins induce maturation of potent immunostimulatory dendritic cells under fetal calf serum-free conditions.</a> Eur. J. Immunol. 27, 3135-3142 (1997).</li><li>Lee, A. W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+clinical+grade+cocktail+of+cytokines+and+PGE2+results+in+uniform+maturation+of+human+monocyte-derived+dendritic+cells:+implications+for+immunotherapy.">A clinical grade cocktail of cytokines and PGE2 results in uniform maturation of human monocyte-derived dendritic cells: implications for immunotherapy.</a> Vaccine. 20, A8-A22 (2002).</li><li>Bhardwaj, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Harnessing+the+immune+system+to+treat+cancer.">Harnessing the immune system to treat cancer.</a> J. Clin. Invest. 117, 1130-1136 (2007).</li><li>Gnjatic, S., Sawhney, N. B., Bhardwaj, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Toll-like+receptor+agonists:+are+they+good+adjuvants?.">Toll-like receptor agonists: are they good adjuvants?.</a> Cancer J. 16, 382-391 (2010).</li><li>Kedl, R. M., Kappler, J. W., Marrack, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Epitope+dominance,+competition+and+T+cell+affinity+maturation.">Epitope dominance, competition and T cell affinity maturation.</a> Curr. Opin. Immunol. 15, 120-127 (2003).</li><li>Bogunovic, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=TLR4+engagement+during+TLR3-induced+proinflammatory+signaling+in+dendritic+cells+promotes+IL-10-mediated+suppression+of+antitumor+immunity.">TLR4 engagement during TLR3-induced proinflammatory signaling in dendritic cells promotes IL-10-mediated suppression of antitumor immunity.</a> Cancer Research. 71, 5467-5476 (2011).</li><li>Verdijk, R. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Polyriboinosinic+polyribocytidylic+acid+(poly(I:C))+induces+stable+maturation+of+functionally+active+human+dendritic+cells.">Polyriboinosinic polyribocytidylic acid (poly(I:C)) induces stable maturation of functionally active human dendritic cells.</a> J. Immunol. 163, 57-61 (1999).</li><li>Rouas, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Poly(I:C)+used+for+human+dendritic+cell+maturation+preserves+their+ability+to+secondarily+secrete+bioactive+IL-12.">Poly(I:C) used for human dendritic cell maturation preserves their ability to secondarily secrete bioactive IL-12.</a> Int. Immunol. 16, 767-773 (2004).</li><li>Jongmans, W., Tiemessen, D. M., van Vlodrop, I. J., Mulders, P. F., Oosterwijk, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Th1-polarizing+capacity+of+clinical-grade+dendritic+cells+is+triggered+by+Ribomunyl+but+is+compromised+by+PGE2:+the+importance+of+maturation+cocktails.">Th1-polarizing capacity of clinical-grade dendritic cells is triggered by Ribomunyl but is compromised by PGE2: the importance of maturation cocktails.</a> J. Immunother. 28, 480-487 (2005).</li><li>Krause, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Prostaglandin+E2+is+a+key+factor+for+monocyte-derived+dendritic+cell+maturation:+enhanced+T+cell+stimulatory+capacity+despite+IDO.">Prostaglandin E2 is a key factor for monocyte-derived dendritic cell maturation: enhanced T cell stimulatory capacity despite IDO.</a> J. Leukoc. Biol. 82, 1106-1114 (2007).</li><li>Morelli, A. E., Thomson, A. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dendritic+cells+under+the+spell+of+prostaglandins.">Dendritic cells under the spell of prostaglandins.</a> Trends Immunol. 24, 108-111 (2003).</li><li>Adams, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dendritic+cell+(DC)+based+therapy+for+cervical+cancer:+use+of+DC+pulsed+with+tumour+lysate+and+matured+with+a+novel+synthetic+clinically+non-toxic+double+stranded+RNA+analogue+poly+[I]:poly+[C(12)U]+(Ampligen+R).">Dendritic cell (DC) based therapy for cervical cancer: use of DC pulsed with tumour lysate and matured with a novel synthetic clinically non-toxic double stranded RNA analogue poly [I]:poly [C(12)U] (Ampligen R).</a> Vaccine. 21 (12), 787-790 (2003).</li><li>Colombo, M. P., Trinchieri, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Interleukin-12+in+anti-tumor+immunity+and+immunotherapy.">Interleukin-12 in anti-tumor immunity and immunotherapy.</a> Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 13, 155-168 (2002).</li><li>Mayordomo, J. I., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bone+marrow-derived+dendritic+cells+pulsed+with+synthetic+tumour+peptides+elicit+protective+and+therapeutic+antitumour+immunity.">Bone marrow-derived dendritic cells pulsed with synthetic tumour peptides elicit protective and therapeutic antitumour immunity.</a> Nat Med. 1, 1297-1302 (1995).</li><li>Dhodapkar, M. V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rapid+generation+of+broad+T-cell+immunity+in+humans+after+a+single+injection+of+mature+dendritic+cells.">Rapid generation of broad T-cell immunity in humans after a single injection of mature dendritic cells.</a> J. Clin. Invest. 104, 173-180 (1999).</li><li>Schuler-Thurner, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rapid+induction+of+tumor-specific+type+1+T+helper+cells+in+metastatic+melanoma+patients+by+vaccination+with+mature,+cryopreserved,+peptide-loaded+monocyte-derived+dendritic+cells.">Rapid induction of tumor-specific type 1 T helper cells in metastatic melanoma patients by vaccination with mature, cryopreserved, peptide-loaded monocyte-derived dendritic cells.</a> J. Exp. Med. 195, 1279-1288 (2002).</li></ol>

作者接受财政支持以下内容：美国国立卫生研究院（AI061684，AI071078，AI044628，K08 AI084578（米勒）），比尔和梅林达·盖茨基金会，多丽丝公爵慈善基金会，癌症研究所，狼疮研究联盟，和翡翠基金会。尼娜BHARDWAJ是一个共同发明人的专利，涉及到操纵免疫力的树突状细胞的制备方法和用途。作者有没有其他任何组织或实体的财务权益或财务冲突稿件除所披露者外讨论的题材或材料相关背景或资金介入。

I期和II期临床试验已经表明，他们的单核细胞来源的DC诱导免疫反应，患者临床成功但已被限制1。这可能是部分原因是由于缺乏共识，如何产生最佳的DC肿瘤免疫治疗应用。虽然有许多方法来产生临床级的DC，这些细胞因子抗原负载的单核细胞，刺激诱导成熟和方法用来区分使用方法不尽相同。的公式产生最佳的DC仍然被定义2。 最近的体外研究表明，?...

<table border="1">
<tbody>
 <tr>
 <td fo:width="2in">Reagent/Supplies/Equipment</td>
 <td>Manufacturer</td>
 <td>Catalog No.</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>RPMI-1640 medium with L-glutamine</td>
 <td>BioWhittaker</td>
 <td>12-702F</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>1M HEPES buffered saline</td>
 <td>BioWhittaker</td>
 <td>17-737E</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Phosphate buffered saline (PBS)</td>
 <td>BioWhittaker</td>
 <td>17-516F</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Human albumin, 25% solution USP</td>
 <td>Aventis Behring</td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Ficoll-Hypaque PREMIUM</td>
 <td>GE Healthcare</td>
 <td>17-5442-03</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Human AB serum</td>
 <td>Valley Biomedical</td>
 <td>HP1022</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Sterile saline USP</td>
 <td>Hospira</td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>CryoMACS DMSO </td>
 <td>Miltenyi Biotec</td>
 <td>170-076-303</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Leukine GM-CSF, 0.5 mg/ml</td>
 <td>Berlex</td>
 <td>A02266</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>MACS GMP IL-4</td>
 <td>Miltenyi Biotec</td>
 <td>170-076-101</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Hiltonol, Poly-ICLC, 2 mg/ml</td>
 <td>Oncovir</td>
 <td>NA</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>VACMUNE KLH</td>
 <td>Biosyn</td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>225 sq cm EasyFlasks</td>
 <td>Nalgene Nunc</td>
 <td>159934</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Falcon 6-well tissue culture plates</td>
 <td>Becton Dickinson</td>
 <td>353046</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>1.8 ml CryoTube vials</td>
 <td>Nalgene Nunc</td>
 <td>377267</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Controlled Rate Freezer</td>
 <td>Thermo</td>
 <td>CryoMed</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 </tbody>
</table>

preparation of tumor antigen-loaded mature dendritic cells for immunotherapy

虽然临床研究已证实，抗原负载DC疫苗是安全的，有前途的治疗肿瘤1，其临床疗效还有待建立。下面介绍的方法，符合良好的制造工艺（GMP）指南编制，是一种最常见的体外制备方法产生大量临床研究2区议会优化。 我们的方法利用了合成TLR 3激动剂聚肌胞苷酸聚-L-赖氨酸羧甲基纤维素（聚ICLC），以刺激区议会。我们以前的研究聚ICLC是最有力的个人所评估的上调CD83和CD86，诱导白细胞介素12（IL-12），肿瘤坏死因子（TNF），干扰素γ诱导人DCs的成熟刺激蛋白10（IP-10），interleukmin 1（IL-1），I型干扰素（IFN），以及最小的白细胞介素10（IL-10）的生产。 </p&gt; 区议会从冷冻的外周血单核细胞（PBMCs）白细胞分离得到的是有区别的。聚蔗糖梯度离心分离外周血单个核细胞，并冻结在等分。在第1天，外周血单个核细胞解冻并镀上选择坚持到塑料表面的单核细胞，经过1-2小时的潜伏期在37°C在组织培养孵化器的组织培养瓶中。孵育后，细胞被洗掉粘附单核细胞培养5天的白细胞介素4（IL-4）的存在下，和粒细胞巨噬细胞集落刺激因子（GM-CSF），分化为未成熟DCs。在第6天，未成熟DC脉冲与匙孔血蓝蛋白（KLH）的蛋白质，它作为一个控制疫苗质量，并可能提高疫苗的免疫原性。议会刺激成熟，装有肽抗原，孵育过夜。第7天，将细胞洗涤，并在1毫升等分试样中含有冻结4 - 20×10 6个细胞，使用一个受控速率冷冻。大量释放试验区议会的批次进行，必须符合最低规格之前，他们被注入患者。

之间的10 - 20％的起始外周血单个核细胞分化成区议会在培养期结束。成熟的DC的CD11c +，CD14-，CD83 +，CD40 +，CCR7 +（ 图1）。它们表达高水平的MHC I类和II类分子和共刺激分子CD80和CD86。聚ICLC也诱导了较低水平的PDL-1相比，其他TLR激动剂14。此外，这些聚集成电路成熟的区议会分泌大量IL-12（ 图2和图 15,16），诱导增殖的异基因T细胞（ 图3）...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Preparation of Tumor Antigen-loaded Mature Dendritic Cells for Immunotherapy at JoVE.com

Preparation of Tumor Antigen-loaded Mature Dendritic Cells for Immunotherapy

用于产生在肿瘤免疫治疗中使用的大量的自体树突状细胞（DC）的最常用的方法进行说明。该方法使用的IL-4和GM-CSF分化的单核细胞的树突状。未成熟DC刺激才成熟，然后装入抗原注射到病人。

制备肿瘤抗原负载成熟树突状细胞免疫治疗

While clinical studies have established that antigen-loaded DC vaccines are safe and promising therapy for tumors 1, their clinical efficacy remains to be ...

preparation-tumor-antigen-loaded-mature-dendritic-cells-for

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

18.1K 次观看.  NYU Langone Medical Center. 用于产生在肿瘤免疫治疗中使用的大量的自体树突状细胞（DC）的最常用的方法进行说明。该方法使用的IL-4和GM-CSF分化的单核细胞的树突状。未成熟DC刺激才成熟，然后装入抗原注射到病人。

视频: Preparation of Tumor Antigen-loaded Mature Dendritic Cells for Immunotherapy

Murine Model of CD40-activation of B cells

Research on B cells has shown that CD40 activation improves their antigen presentation capacity. When stimulated with interleukin-4 and CD40 ligand (CD40L), human B cells can be expanded without difficulties from small amounts of peripheral blood within 14 days to very large amounts of highly-pure CD40-B cells (&gt;109 cells per patient) from healthy donors as well as cancer patients1-4. CD40-B cells express important lymph node homing molecules and can attract T cells in vitro5. Furthermore they efficiently take up, process and present antigens to T cells6,7. CD40-B cells were shown to not only prime na&iacute;ve, but also expand memory T cells8,9. Therefore CD40-activated B cells (CD40-B cells) have been studied as an alternative source of immuno-stimulatory antigen-presenting cells (APC) for cell-based immunotherapy1,5,10. In order to further study whether CD40-B cells induce effective T cell responses in vivo and to study the underlying mechanism we established a cell culture system for the generation of murine CD40-activated B cells. Using splenocytes or purified B cells from C57BL/6 mice for CD40-activation, optimal conditions were identified as follows: Starting from splenocytes of C57BL/6 mice (haplotype H-2b) lymphocytes are purified by density gradient centrifugation and co-cultured with HeLa cells expressing recombinant murine CD40 ligand (tmuCD40L HeLa)11. Cells are recultured every 3-4 days and key components such as CD40L, interleukin-4, -Mercaptoethanol and cyclosporin A are replenished. In this protocol we demonstrate how to obtain fully activated murine CD40-B cells (mCD40B) with similar APC-phenotype to human CD40-B cells (Fig 1a,b). CD40-stimulation leads to a rapid outgrowth and expansion of highly pure (&gt;90%) CD19+ B cells within 14 days of cell culture (Fig 1c,d). To avoid contamination with non-transfected cells, expression of the murine CD40 ligand on the transfectants has to be controlled regularly (Fig 2). Murine CD40-activated B cells can be used to study B-cell activation and differentiation as well as to investigate their potential to function as APC in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, they represent a promising tool for establishing therapeutic or preventive vaccination against tumors and will help to answer questions regarding safety and immunogenicity of this approach12.

In this video, we demonstrate the procedure of CD40-activation and expansion of murine B cells from splenocytes of C57BL/6 mice, which can be used as a model antigen-presenting cell (APC) to study induction of immunity.

激活的B细胞CD40的小鼠模型

Research on B cells has shown that CD40 activation improves their antigen presentation capacity. When stimulated with interleukin-4 and CD40 ligand ...

科研

免疫与感染

Optimized Protocol for Efficient Transfection of Dendritic Cells without Cell Maturation

Dendritic cells (DCs) can be considered sentinels of the immune system which play a critical role in its initiation and response to infection1. Detection of pathogenic antigen by na&iuml;ve DCs is through pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) which are able to recognize specific conserved structures referred to as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPS). Detection of PAMPs by DCs triggers an intracellular signaling cascade resulting in their activation and transformation to mature DCs. This process is typically characterized by production of type 1 interferon along with other proinflammatory cytokines, upregulation of cell surface markers such as MHCII and CD86 and migration of the mature DC to draining lymph nodes, where interaction with T cells initiates the adaptive immune response2,3. Thus, DCs link the innate and adaptive immune systems. 
The ability to dissect the molecular networks underlying DC response to various pathogens is crucial to a better understanding of the regulation of these signaling pathways and their induced genes. It should also help facilitate the development of DC-based vaccines against infectious diseases and tumors. However, this line of research has been severely impeded by the difficulty of transfecting primary DCs4.
Virus transduction methods, such as the lentiviral system, are typically used, but carry many limitations such as complexity and bio-hazardous risk (with the associated costs)5,6,7,8. Additionally, the delivery of viral gene products increases the immunogenicity of those transduced DCs9,10,11,12. Electroporation has been used with mixed results13,14,15, but we are the first to report the use of a high-throughput transfection protocol and conclusively demonstrate its utility.
In this report we summarize an optimized commercial protocol for high-throughput transfection of human primary DCs, with limited cell toxicity and an absence of DC maturation16. Transfection efficiency (of GFP plasmid) and cell viability were more than 50% and 70% respectively. FACS analysis established the absence of increase in expression of the maturation markers CD86 and MHCII in transfected cells, while qRT-PCR demonstrated no upregulation of IFN&beta;. Using this electroporation protocol, we provide evidence for successful transfection of DCs with siRNA and effective knock down of targeted gene RIG-I, a key viral recognition receptor16,17, at both the mRNA and protein levels.

We present our optimized high-throughput nucleofection protocol as an efficient way of transfecting primary human monocyte-derived dendritic cells with either plasmid DNA or siRNA without causing cell maturation. We further provide evidence for successful siRNA silencing of targeted gene RIG-I at both the mRNA and protein levels.

高效转染树突状细胞的无细胞的成熟优化的协议

Dendritic cells (DCs) can be considered sentinels of the immune system which play a critical role in its initiation and response to infection1. Detection ...

Isolation of Mouse Lung Dendritic Cells

Lung dendritic cells (DC) play a fundamental role in sensing invading pathogens 1,2 as well as in the control of tolerogenic responses 3 in the respiratory tract. At least three main subsets of lung dendritic cells have been described in mice: conventional DC (cDC) 4, plasmacytoid DC (pDC) 5 and the IFN-producing killer DC (IKDC) 6,7. The cDC subset is the most prominent DC subset in the lung 8. 
The common marker known to identify DC subsets is CD11c, a type I transmembrane integrin (&beta;2) that is also expressed on monocytes, macrophages, neutrophils and some B cells 9. In some tissues, using CD11c as a marker to identify mouse DC is valid, as in spleen, where most CD11c+ cells represent the cDC subset which expresses high levels of the major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC-II). However, the lung is a more heterogeneous tissue where beside DC subsets, there is a high percentage of a distinct cell population that expresses high levels of CD11c bout low levels of MHC-II. Based on its characterization and mostly on its expression of F4&#47;80, an splenic macrophage marker, the CD11chiMHC-IIlo lung cell population has been identified as pulmonary macrophages 10 and more recently, as a potential DC precursor 11. 
In contrast to mouse pDC, the study of the specific role of cDC in the pulmonary immune response has been limited due to the lack of a specific marker that could help in the isolation of these cells. Therefore, in this work, we describe a procedure to isolate highly purified mouse lung cDC. The isolation of pulmonary DC subsets represents a very useful tool to gain insights into the function of these cells in response to respiratory pathogens as well as environmental factors that can trigger the host immune response in the lung.

A highly purified preparation of mouse lung dendritic cells is described. Specific emphasis is given to the isolation of conventional dendritic cell subset.

小鼠肺树突状细胞的分离

Lung dendritic cells (DC) play a fundamental role in sensing invading pathogens 1,2 as well as in the control of tolerogenic responses 3 in the ...

Isolation of Myeloid Dendritic Cells and Epithelial Cells from Human Thymus

In this protocol we provide a method to isolate dendritic cells (DC) and epithelial cells (TEC) from the human thymus. DC and TEC are the major antigen presenting cell (APC) types found in a normal thymus and it is well established that they play distinct roles during thymic selection. These cells are localized in distinct microenvironments in the thymus and each APC type makes up only a minor population of cells. To further understand the biology of these cell types, characterization of these cell populations is highly desirable but due to their low frequency, isolation of any of these cell types requires an efficient and reproducible procedure. This protocol details a method to obtain cells suitable for characterization of diverse cellular properties. Thymic tissue is mechanically disrupted and after different steps of enzymatic digestion, the resulting cell suspension is enriched using a Percoll density centrifugation step. For isolation of myeloid DC (CD11c+), cells from the low-density fraction (LDF) are immunoselected by magnetic cell sorting. Enrichment of TEC populations (mTEC, cTEC) is achieved by depletion of hematopoietic (CD45hi) cells from the low-density Percoll cell fraction allowing their subsequent isolation via fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) using specific cell markers. The isolated cells can be used for different downstream applications.

This protocol details a method to isolate antigen presenting cells from human thymus via different steps of enzymatic digestion of the tissue followed by density centrifugation of the single cell suspension and finally magnetic and/or FACS sorting of the cell populations of interest.

从人类胸腺髓样树突状细胞和上皮细胞的分离

In this protocol we provide a method to isolate dendritic cells (DC) and epithelial cells (TEC) from the human thymus. DC and TEC are the major antigen ...

Generation of CAR T Cells for Adoptive Therapy in the Context of Glioblastoma Standard of Care

Adoptive T cell immunotherapy offers a promising strategy for specifically targeting and eliminating malignant gliomas. T cells can be engineered ex vivo to express chimeric antigen receptors specific for glioma antigens (CAR T cells). The expansion and function of adoptively transferred CAR T cells can be potentiated by the lymphodepletive and tumoricidal effects of standard of care chemotherapy and radiotherapy. We describe a method for generating CAR T cells targeting EGFRvIII, a glioma-specific antigen, and evaluating their efficacy when combined with a murine model of glioblastoma standard of care. T cells are engineered by transduction with a retroviral vector containing the anti-EGFRvIII CAR gene. Tumor-bearing animals are subjected to host conditioning by a course of temozolomide and whole brain irradiation at dose regimens designed to model clinical standard of care. CAR T cells are then delivered intravenously to primed hosts. This method can be used to evaluate the antitumor efficacy of CAR T cells in the context of standard of care.

The lymphodepletive and immunomodulatory effects of chemotherapy and radiation standard of care can be leveraged to enhance the antitumor efficacy of T cell immunotherapy. We outline a method for generating EGFRvIII-specific chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells and administering them in the context of glioblastoma standard of care.

CAR性T细胞过继治疗的护理标准胶质母细胞瘤的上下文生成

Adoptive T cell immunotherapy offers a promising strategy for specifically targeting and eliminating malignant gliomas. T cells can be engineered ex vivo ...

Generation of Immature, Mature and Tolerogenic Dendritic Cells with Differing Metabolic Phenotypes

Immune response results from a complex interplay between the antigen non-specific innate immune system and the antigen specific adaptive immune system. The immune system is a constant balance in maintaining tolerance to self-molecules and reacting rapidly to pathogens. Dendritic cells (DCs) are powerful professional antigen presenting cells that link the innate immune system to the adaptive immune system and balance the adaptive response between self and non-self. Depending on the maturation signals, immature dendritic cells can be selectively stimulated to differentiate into immunogenic or tolerogenic DCs. Immunogenic dendritic cells provide proliferation signals to antigen-specific T cells for clonal expansion; while tolerogenic dendritic cells regulate tolerance by antigen-specific T-cell deletion or clonal expansion of regulatory T-cells. Due to this unique property, dendritic cells are highly sought after as therapeutic agents for cancer and autoimmune diseases. Dendritic cells can be loaded with specific antigens in vitro and injected into the human body to mount a specific immune response both immunogenic and tolerogenic. This work presents a means to generate in vitro from monocytes, immature monocyte derived dendritic cells (moDCs), tolerogenic and mature moDCs that differ in surface marker expression, function and metabolic phenotypes.

Immature dendritic cells can be selectively differentiated into tolerogenic or mature dendritic cells to regulate the balance between immunity and tolerance. This work presents a means to generate from immature monocyte derived dendritic cells (moDCs), in vitro tolerogenic and mature moDCs that differ in metabolic phenotypes.

不成熟，成熟和耐受性树突状细胞的生成与代谢不同表型

Immune response results from a complex interplay between the antigen non-specific innate immune system and the antigen specific adaptive immune system. ...

A CFSE-based Assay to Study the Migration of Murine Skin Dendritic Cells into Draining Lymph Nodes During Infection with Mycobacterium bovis Bacille Calmette-Gu&#233;rin

Dendritic cells (DCs) are important for initiating immune responses, in part through their ability to acquire and shuttle antigen to the draining lymph node (DLN). The mobilization of DCs to the DLN is complex and remains to be fully elucidated during infection. Herein described is the use of an innovative, simple assay that relies on the fluorochrome 5- and 6-carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester (CFSE) to track the migration of DCs during footpad infection with Mycobacterium bovis Bacille Calmette-Gu&#233;rin (BCG) in C57BL/6 mice. This assay enables the characterization of skin DC sub-populations that actively relocate to the draining, popliteal LN in response to BCG. This protocol originates from a BCG model where migratory skin DCs were identified by flow cytometry. The assay is amiable to the study and identification of DCs or other cells that home to the popliteal LN after inoculation of microbes, their metabolites or other inflammatory stimuli in the footpad, and consequently to study factors that regulate the migration of these cells.

A CFSE-based Assay to Study the Migration of Murine Skin Dendritic Cells into Draining Lymph Nodes During Infection with &lt;em&gt;Mycobacterium bovis&lt;/em&gt; Bacille Calmette-Gu&amp;#233;rin

An assay in mice to track cell migration from skin to draining lymph node is described which enables the characterization of skin Dendritic cells mobilized to the lymph node after footpad infection with Bacille Calmette-Gu&#233;rin.

基于CFSE-试验鼠皮肤树突状细胞的迁移习进引流淋巴结在与感染<em&gt;牛分枝杆菌</em&gt;卡介苗

Dendritic cells (DCs) are important for initiating immune responses, in part through their ability to acquire and shuttle antigen to the draining lymph ...

Generation of Human Monocyte-derived Dendritic Cells from Whole Blood

Dendritic cells (DCs) recognize foreign structures of different pathogens, such as viruses, bacteria, and fungi, via a variety of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) expressed on their cell surface and thereby activate and regulate immunity. 
The major function of DCs is the induction of adaptive immunity in the lymph nodes by presenting antigens via MHC I and MHC II molecules to na&#239;ve T lymphocytes. Therefore, DCs have to migrate from the periphery to the lymph nodes after the recognition of pathogens at the sites of infection. For in vitro experiments or DC vaccination strategies, monocyte-derived DCs are routinely used. These cells show similarities in physiology, morphology, and function to conventional myeloid dendritic cells. They are generated by interleukin 4 (IL-4) and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) stimulation of monocytes isolated from healthy donors. Here, we demonstrate how monocytes are isolated and stimulated from anti-coagulated human blood after peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) enrichment by density gradient centrifugation. Human monocytes are differentiated into immature DCs and are ready for experimental procedures in a non-clinical setting after 5 days of incubation.

Here, we demonstrate how monocytes are isolated by magnetic bead separation from peripheral blood mononuclear cells after density gradient centrifugation of human anti-coagulated blood. Following incubation for 5 days, human monocytes are differentiated into immature dendritic cells and are ready for experimental procedures in a non-clinical setting.

从全血人单核细胞来源的树突状细胞的生成

Dendritic cells (DCs) recognize foreign structures of different pathogens, such as viruses, bacteria, and fungi, via a variety of pattern recognition ...

Development and Validation of an Ultrasensitive Single Molecule Array Digital Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay for Human Interferon-&#945;

The main aim of this protocol is to describe the development and validation of an interferon (IFN)-&#945; single molecule array digital Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay (ELISA) assay. This system enables the quantification of human IFN-&#945; protein with unprecedented sensitivity, and with no cross-reactivity for other species of IFN.
The first key step of the protocol is the choice of the antibody pair, followed by the conjugation of the capture antibody to paramagnetic beads, and biotinylation of the detection antibody. Following this step, different parameters such as assay configuration, detector antibody concentration, and buffer composition can be modified until optimum sensitivity is achieved. Finally, specificity and reproducibility of the method are assessed to ensure confidence in the results. Here, we developed an IFN-&#945; single molecule array assay with a limit of detection of 0.69 fg/mL using high-affinity autoantibodies isolated from patients with biallelic mutations in the autoimmune regulator (AIRE) protein causing autoimmune polyendocrinopathy syndrome type 1/autoimmune polyendocrinopathy-candidiasis-ectodermal dystrophy (APS1/APECED). Importantly, these antibodies enabled detection of all 13 IFN-&#945; subtypes.
This new methodology allows the detection and quantification of IFN-&#945; protein in human biological samples at attomolar concentrations for the first time. Such a tool will be highly useful in monitoring the levels of this cytokine in human health and disease states, most particularly infection, autoimmunity, and autoinflammation.

Development and Validation of an Ultrasensitive Single Molecule Array Digital Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay for Human Interferon-&amp;#945;

Here we present a protocol to describe the development and validation of a single molecule array digital ELISA assay, which enables the ultra-sensitive detection of all IFN-&#945; subtypes in human samples.

人干扰素α超灵敏单分子阵列数字酶联免疫吸附试验的研制与验证

The main aim of this protocol is to describe the development and validation of an interferon (IFN)-&#945; single molecule array digital Enzyme-Linked ...

Novel Protocol for Generating Physiologic Immunogenic Dendritic Cells

Extracorporeal photochemotherapy (ECP) is a widely used cancer immunotherapy for cutaneous T cell lymphoma (CTCL), operative in over 350 university centers worldwide. While ECP&#8217;s clinical efficacy and exemplary safety profile have driven its widespread use, elucidation of the underlying mechanisms has remained a challenge, partly owing to lack of a laboratory ECP model. To overcome this obstacle and create a simple, user-friendly platform for ECP research, we developed a scaled-down version of the clinical ECP leukocyte-processing device, suitable for work with both mouse models, and small human blood samples. This device is termed the Transimmunization (TI) chamber, or plate. In a series of landmark experiments, the miniaturized device was used to produce a cellular vaccine that regularly initiated therapeutic anti-cancer immunity in several syngeneic mouse tumor models. By removing individual factors from the experimental system and ascertaining their contribution to the in vivo anti-tumor response, we then elucidated key mechanistic drivers of ECP immunizing potential. Collectively, our results revealed that anti-tumor effects of ECP are initiated by dendritic cells (DC), physiologically generated through blood monocyte interaction with platelets in the TI plate, and loaded with antigens from tumor cells whose apoptotic cell death is finely titrated by exposure to the photoactivatable DNA cross-linking agent 8-methoxypsoralen and UVA light (8-MOPA). When returned to the mouse, this cellular vaccine leads to specific and transferable anti-tumor T cell immunity. We verified that the TI chamber is also suitable for human blood processing, producing human DCs fully comparable in activation state and profile to those derived from the clinical ECP chamber. The protocols presented here are intended for ECP studies in mouse and man, controlled generation of apoptotic tumor cells with 8-MOPA, and rapid production of physiologic human and mouse monocyte-derived DCs for a variety of applications.

The transimmunization (TI) device or plate and related protocols have been developed to replicate the key features of extracorporeal photochemotherapy (ECP), in an experimental setting, allowing for production of physiologically activated, tunable dendritic cells (DCs) for cancer immunotherapy.

一种新的生理免疫原树突状细胞生成方法

Extracorporeal photochemotherapy (ECP) is a widely used cancer immunotherapy for cutaneous T cell lymphoma (CTCL), operative in over 350 university ...