The authors would like to thank Andres Salazar (Oncovir, Inc.) for the gift of the Poly-ICLC.

1. Isolation and Cryopreservation of PBMCs 4
<ol>
	<li>Aseptically spike one of the access ports in the leukapheresis bag using a plasma transfer set. Using a 60 ml syringe, transfer the leukapheresis obtained from patients into a sterile 500 ml bottle.</li>
	<li>Adjust the volume of the leukapheresis to 2x its original volume using room temperature RPMI. Mix thoroughly.</li>
	<li>Gently mix the bottle of Ficoll-Paque PLUS. Add 12 ml Ficoll-Paque PLUS into sterile 50 ml conical tube.</li>
	<li>Gently layer 3...

<ol>
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Immunol. 15, 120-127 (2003).</li><li>Bogunovic, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=TLR4+engagement+during+TLR3-induced+proinflammatory+signaling+in+dendritic+cells+promotes+IL-10-mediated+suppression+of+antitumor+immunity.">TLR4 engagement during TLR3-induced proinflammatory signaling in dendritic cells promotes IL-10-mediated suppression of antitumor immunity.</a> Cancer Research. 71, 5467-5476 (2011).</li><li>Verdijk, R. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Polyriboinosinic+polyribocytidylic+acid+(poly(I:C))+induces+stable+maturation+of+functionally+active+human+dendritic+cells.">Polyriboinosinic polyribocytidylic acid (poly(I:C)) induces stable maturation of functionally active human dendritic cells.</a> J. Immunol. 163, 57-61 (1999).</li><li>Rouas, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Poly(I:C)+used+for+human+dendritic+cell+maturation+preserves+their+ability+to+secondarily+secrete+bioactive+IL-12.">Poly(I:C) used for human dendritic cell maturation preserves their ability to secondarily secrete bioactive IL-12.</a> Int. Immunol. 16, 767-773 (2004).</li><li>Jongmans, W., Tiemessen, D. M., van Vlodrop, I. J., Mulders, P. F., Oosterwijk, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Th1-polarizing+capacity+of+clinical-grade+dendritic+cells+is+triggered+by+Ribomunyl+but+is+compromised+by+PGE2:+the+importance+of+maturation+cocktails.">Th1-polarizing capacity of clinical-grade dendritic cells is triggered by Ribomunyl but is compromised by PGE2: the importance of maturation cocktails.</a> J. Immunother. 28, 480-487 (2005).</li><li>Krause, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Prostaglandin+E2+is+a+key+factor+for+monocyte-derived+dendritic+cell+maturation:+enhanced+T+cell+stimulatory+capacity+despite+IDO.">Prostaglandin E2 is a key factor for monocyte-derived dendritic cell maturation: enhanced T cell stimulatory capacity despite IDO.</a> J. Leukoc. Biol. 82, 1106-1114 (2007).</li><li>Morelli, A. E., Thomson, A. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dendritic+cells+under+the+spell+of+prostaglandins.">Dendritic cells under the spell of prostaglandins.</a> Trends Immunol. 24, 108-111 (2003).</li><li>Adams, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dendritic+cell+(DC)+based+therapy+for+cervical+cancer:+use+of+DC+pulsed+with+tumour+lysate+and+matured+with+a+novel+synthetic+clinically+non-toxic+double+stranded+RNA+analogue+poly+[I]:poly+[C(12)U]+(Ampligen+R).">Dendritic cell (DC) based therapy for cervical cancer: use of DC pulsed with tumour lysate and matured with a novel synthetic clinically non-toxic double stranded RNA analogue poly [I]:poly [C(12)U] (Ampligen R).</a> Vaccine. 21 (12), 787-790 (2003).</li><li>Colombo, M. P., Trinchieri, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Interleukin-12+in+anti-tumor+immunity+and+immunotherapy.">Interleukin-12 in anti-tumor immunity and immunotherapy.</a> Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 13, 155-168 (2002).</li><li>Mayordomo, J. I., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bone+marrow-derived+dendritic+cells+pulsed+with+synthetic+tumour+peptides+elicit+protective+and+therapeutic+antitumour+immunity.">Bone marrow-derived dendritic cells pulsed with synthetic tumour peptides elicit protective and therapeutic antitumour immunity.</a> Nat Med. 1, 1297-1302 (1995).</li><li>Dhodapkar, M. 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The authors have received financial support from the following: NIH (AI061684, AI071078, AI044628, and K08 AI084578 (Miller)), the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, Doris Duke Charitable Foundation, Cancer Research Institute, Alliance for Lupus Research, and the Emerald Foundation. Nina Bhardwaj is a coinventor on patents relating to the preparation and use of dendritic cells to manipulate immunity. The authors have no other relevant affiliations or financial involvement with any organization or entity with a financial interest in or financial conflict with the subject matter or materials discussed in the manuscript apart from those disclosed.

Phase I and II clinical trials of monocyte-derived DCs have shown that they induce immune responses in patients however clinical success has been limited 1. This may be partly due to the lack of consensus on how to generate the optimal DCs for tumor immunotherapeutic use. Although there are numerous ways to generate clinical-grade DCs, these methods vary in terms of the use of cytokines used to differentiate the monocytes, stimuli used to induce maturation, and methods of antigen loading. The formula for gener...

<table border="1">
<tbody>
 <tr>
 <td fo:width="2in">Reagent/Supplies/Equipment</td>
 <td>Manufacturer</td>
 <td>Catalog No.</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>RPMI-1640 medium with L-glutamine</td>
 <td>BioWhittaker</td>
 <td>12-702F</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>1M HEPES buffered saline</td>
 <td>BioWhittaker</td>
 <td>17-737E</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Phosphate buffered saline (PBS)</td>
 <td>BioWhittaker</td>
 <td>17-516F</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Human albumin, 25% solution USP</td>
 <td>Aventis Behring</td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Ficoll-Hypaque PREMIUM</td>
 <td>GE Healthcare</td>
 <td>17-5442-03</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Human AB serum</td>
 <td>Valley Biomedical</td>
 <td>HP1022</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Sterile saline USP</td>
 <td>Hospira</td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>CryoMACS DMSO </td>
 <td>Miltenyi Biotec</td>
 <td>170-076-303</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Leukine GM-CSF, 0.5 mg/ml</td>
 <td>Berlex</td>
 <td>A02266</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>MACS GMP IL-4</td>
 <td>Miltenyi Biotec</td>
 <td>170-076-101</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Hiltonol, Poly-ICLC, 2 mg/ml</td>
 <td>Oncovir</td>
 <td>NA</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>VACMUNE KLH</td>
 <td>Biosyn</td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>225 sq cm EasyFlasks</td>
 <td>Nalgene Nunc</td>
 <td>159934</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Falcon 6-well tissue culture plates</td>
 <td>Becton Dickinson</td>
 <td>353046</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>1.8 ml CryoTube vials</td>
 <td>Nalgene Nunc</td>
 <td>377267</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Controlled Rate Freezer</td>
 <td>Thermo</td>
 <td>CryoMed</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 </tbody>
</table>

preparation of tumor antigen-loaded mature dendritic cells for immunotherapy

While clinical studies have established that antigen-loaded DC vaccines are safe and promising therapy for tumors 1, their clinical efficacy remains to be established. The method described below, prepared in accordance with Good Manufacturing Process (GMP) guidelines, is an optimization of the most common ex vivo preparation method for generating large numbers of DCs for clinical studies 2.
Our method utilizes the synthetic TLR 3 agonist Polyinosinic-Polycytidylic Acid-poly-L-lysine Carboxymethylcellulose (Poly-ICLC) to stimulate the DCs. Our previous study established that Poly-ICLC is the most potent individual maturation stimulus for human DCs as assessed by an upregulation of CD83 and CD86, induction of interleukin-12 (IL-12), tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interferon gamma-induced protein 10 (IP-10), interleukmin 1 (IL-1), and type I interferons (IFN), and minimal interleukin 10 (IL-10) production.
DCs are differentiated from frozen peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) obtained by leukapheresis. PBMCs are isolated by Ficoll gradient centrifugation and frozen in aliquots. On Day 1, PBMCs are thawed and plated onto tissue culture flasks to select for monocytes which adhere to the plastic surface after 1-2 hr incubation at 37 &deg;C in the tissue culture incubator. After incubation, the lymphocytes are washed off and the adherent monocytes are cultured for 5 days in the presence of interleukin-4 (IL-4) and granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) to differentiate to immature DCs. On Day 6, immature DCs are pulsed with the keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) protein which serves as a control for the quality of the vaccine and may boost the immunogenicity of the vaccine 3. The DCs are stimulated to mature, loaded with peptide antigens, and incubated overnight. On Day 7, the cells are washed, and frozen in 1 ml aliquots containing 4 - 20 x 106 cells using a controlled-rate freezer. Lot release testing for the batches of DCs is performed and must meet minimum specifications before they are injected into patients.

Between 10 - 20% of starting PBMCs differentiate into DCs at the end of the culture period. Mature DCs are CD11c+, CD14-, CD83+, CD40+, and CCR7+ (Figure 1). They express high levels of MHC class I and II molecules and the costimulatory molecules CD80 and CD86. Poly-ICLC also induced lower levels of PDL-1 as compared to other TLR agonists 14. Additionally, these Poly-IC-matured DCs secrete large amounts of IL-12 (Figure 2 and 15,16) and induce the proliferation of a...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Preparation of Tumor Antigen-loaded Mature Dendritic Cells for Immunotherapy at JoVE.com

Preparation of Tumor Antigen-loaded Mature Dendritic Cells for Immunotherapy

The most commonly used method for generating large numbers of autologous dendritic cells (DCs) for use in tumor immunotherapy is described. The method uses IL-4 and GM-CSF to differentiate DCs from monocytes. The immature DCs are stimulated to mature and then loaded with antigens before they are injected back into the patient.

While clinical studies have established that antigen-loaded DC vaccines are safe and promising therapy for tumors 1, their clinical efficacy remains to be ...

preparation-tumor-antigen-loaded-mature-dendritic-cells-for

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

18.1K Görüntüleme.  NYU Langone Medical Center. Tümör immünoterapide kullanım için otolog dendritik hücreler, çok sayıda (DC'ler) oluşturmak için en yaygın olarak kullanılan yöntem tarif edilmektedir. Gibi bir yöntem monositlerden DC'ler ayırt etmek için, IL-4 ve GM-CSF kullanır. Bu hastaya geri enjekte edilmeden önce olgunlaşmamış DC'lerin olgun ve daha sonra antijen ile yüklenir için uyarılır.