作者感谢特雷西年轻，皮尔斯和神谷笃提供质粒。 这项工作是由神经元ERANET发现为OR和CK（BMBF 01EW1003），东风集团（柯1679/3-1; GRK1033）到CK，和（DE 792/2-4）大规模

按照国家和欧洲的立法;所有的动物实验是由负责Landesministerium献给天然色，UMWELT UND Verbraucherschutz（87-51.05.2010.A​​301 LANUV北威州）的授权。 1， 在子宫内电穿孔此方法已被详细描述的朱庇特的大鼠由Walantus 等人的 心情 ，以及Rice 等 4，并在这里总结仅简要介绍。 6-8幼崽一窝大小产生一个好的结果。应该有至少两个非电穿孔胚胎以增加整体存活率（见下文）。 <ol><li>制备DNA混合物含有1.5微克/微升的目标质粒（shRNA的:载体pENTR-U6; Invitrogen公司，俄勒冈州尤金/ DISC1表达:pCAX 21），0.5微克/微升含有质粒（pCAX），0.5微克/微升GFP的荧光素酶含在1x PBS溶液染色灯蓝光质粒（pCAGGS中22）e为快速绿色染料。 </li><li>准备注射针头出玻璃毛细管用针吸取拔轮器。和手术器械消毒或者通过高压灭菌或孵化与含酒精的消毒剂（克坦Tinktur长处）。 </li><li>辖手术前剂量丁丙诺啡（0.05毫克/千克）的15分钟手术前的孕鼠受精（E16）后16天。然后麻醉动物在异氟醚室。 <ol><li>麻醉后，将大鼠在与呼吸面罩连接到麻醉设备37℃温的手术台上仰卧位，用氧设定在0.4升/分钟和异氟醚1.8％。 </li><li>妆腹部后，消毒剃区域三次克坦Tinktur复地（基于醇的消毒剂）。 </li><li>盖上消毒布鼠，只露出剃操作字段。 </li></ol></li><li>执行在子宫内电穿孔。 <ol><li>切开腹部有一个scisso沿着白线 R（〜2个厘米）。 </li><li>用环钳小心地暴露子宫角。 </li><li>照顾与温暖无菌PBS保留子宫壁湿整个手术过程。 </li><li>注入的DNA溶液用细玻璃针插入胚胎的侧脑室中的一个。 </li><li>将7毫米电极周围胚胎的头部。打上部皮质层的细胞群，执行IUE在E16 23和上喷射的心室上面的半球正极有轻微的背/横向定位的倾向。针对海马细胞改变正极放置到相对侧比注入脑室侧稍微背方向（ 图1）。 </li><li>由五个50毫秒的脉冲进行电穿孔在55 V与950毫秒打破了方波脉冲电穿孔。 </li><li>饶在每个子宫角的阴道端的第一胚胎以增加吨他的所有胚胎的生存机会。 </li><li>把子宫角放回母鼠。 </li><li>与可吸收薇乔外科缝合材料施蒂希腹壁起来。 </li><li>关闭与薇乔缝合材料或缝合剪辑皮肤。 </li><li>将母鼠放回原笼，并保持它温暖2-3小时。 </li><li>单独持有大鼠在动物设施的房间自己的家笼和饲料自由采食 。他们给E22-24的诞生。 </li><li>保持幼鼠与他们的母亲三个星期和性别之后将它们分开。 </li></ol></li></ol> 2。生物发光Live中的酶荧光素酶反应的成像这种方法被用来分析在子宫内的转染细胞中的位置。共电穿孔的萤火虫荧光素酶的cDNA转化为活性的荧光素酶，其在代谢D-荧光素向氧化萤光素，发射一个光子（ 图2中 </strong&gt;的）。所得到的发光可以在正面电穿孔的幼鼠中的IVIS光谱多达约35天龄的脑中被检测到出生后（ 图4）。 在本研究中，进行了萤光素酶测定和生物发光成像开始在P7。这个时间点被选择，让母亲和幼仔从出生应力恢复。当最初的工作与幼崽在P0，幼崽的生存受到严重影响，该幼仔被发现死亡或母亲吃掉。 最初，幼鼠与成功电穿孔是由一个二维的生物发光图像以三分钟的曝光时间。随后，正幼仔被用于以指定电穿孔区的位置产生的三维图像。 <ol><li>稀D-荧光素钠盐在PBS中的15毫克/毫升的浓度，并通过无菌注射器过滤器进行过滤杀菌。 </li><li>称取幼崽。 </li><li>带你的小狗，一手在顶部的腹部和伸展腹部轻微。注入10微升/克体重的荧光素溶液腹腔的。对于年龄较大的和更敏捷的人，注射荧光素之前预麻醉与异氟醚在感应室内的幼崽。 </li><li>打开XGI-8气体​​麻醉系统的IVIS频谱内的异氟醚涌入与3％异氟醚。 </li><li>把动物的口鼻部到麻醉系统的玻璃鼻锥。 </li><li>握住动物俯卧位，直到它在深麻醉（2-3分钟）。然后降低异氟醚涌入到1.5％。 </li><li>选择一个二维生物发光测量，选择从整个窝仔兔阳性。使用以下设置 <img alt="屏幕1" src="/files/ftp_upload/50146/50146screen1.jpg" /> <a href="http:///www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/50146/50146screen1large.jpg" target="_blank">点击这里查看大图</a> 。 <ol><li>设置CHECkmark照片上中等分级和F /停止8，相机将照片从上面开始测量后。 </li><li>设置激发滤色片:块。 </li><li>设置发射滤光片:开路。 </li><li>设置分级到中等。 </li><li>设置F /停止1。 </li><li>舞台设置水平A </li><li>发光设置曝光时间为180秒。 </li></ol></li><li>对于为了更好地从正面幼仔量化电穿孔区域，请使用以下DLIT设置萤火虫荧光素酶的生成3D照片。 <img alt="屏幕3" src="/files/ftp_upload/50146/50146screen3.jpg" /> <a href="http:///www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/50146/50146screen3large.jpg" target="_blank">点击这里查看大图</a> 。 <ol><li>照片上设置一个复选标记;相机拍摄一张照片从上面开始测量后。 </li><li>设置复选标记的结构，在动物的表面由IVIS现有的生物发光测量进行扫描。 </li><li> üSE以下排放过滤器和曝光时间设置，直到两个星期的年龄: 发射滤波器1:590纳米，曝光时间300秒 发射滤光片2:600纳米，曝光时间240秒 发射滤波器3:620纳米，曝光时间为180秒 发射滤光片4:640纳米，曝光时间120秒 对于年龄大于P20鼠 发射滤波器1:600纳米，照射时间300秒 发射滤波器2:620纳米，照射时间300秒 发射滤波器3:640纳米，曝光时间300秒 <img alt="屏幕3" src="/files/ftp_upload/50146/50146screen3.jpg" /> <a href="http:///www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/50146/50146screen3large.jpg" target="_blank">点击这里查看大图</a> 。 由于在中老年动物的信号强度的降低，曝光时间被扩大为三个最佳发射滤波器。 </li><li>设置阶段B级</li><li>设置分级到中等。 </li><li>设置F /停止1 </li></ol></li><li>经过测量，擦伤<html>由耳孔代码K老鼠来相互区分他们，并给他们匹配到IVIS实时成像图片</li><li>在测量过程结束，关闭异氟醚涌入，将其返回到它的笼子前，保持在温暖板老鼠了几分钟。 </li></ol> 3。生物发光图像分析 3D影像，3D电影和信号源的音量的量化的产生是通过在IVIS频谱预装的生活图像软件制作。 <ol><li> 3D影像生成<ol><li>首先，重构的表面形貌，因此在20-30％之间设定的阈值。 <img alt="屏幕4" src="/files/ftp_upload/50146/50146screen4.jpg" /> <a href="http:///www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/50146/50146screen4large.jpg" target="_blank">点击这里查看大图</a> 。 <img alt="屏幕5" src="/files/ftp_upload/50146/50146screen5.jpg" /> EEN 6"SRC ="/ files/ftp_upload/50146/50146screen6.jpg"/&gt; </li><li>开始DLIT三维重建的10％为每个波长的图像的阈值。 <img alt="屏幕7" src="/files/ftp_upload/50146/50146screen7.jpg" /> <a href="http:///www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/50146/50146screen7large.jpg" target="_blank">点击这里查看大图</a> 。 <img alt="屏幕8" src="/files/ftp_upload/50146/50146screen8.jpg" /> <a href="http:///www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/50146/50146screen8large.jpg" target="_blank">点击这里查看大图</a> 。 <img alt="屏幕9" src="/files/ftp_upload/50146/50146screen9.jpg" /> <a href="http:///www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/50146/50146screen9large.jpg" target="_blank">点击这里查看大图</a> 。 </li><li>通过使用3D工具栏中的按钮，动画制作3D电影。 </li><li>选择3D图像的不同方位，以及缩放的意见，关键帧，然后按"记录＆＃39;按钮，记录转换从一个位置/方向到另一个。 <img alt="屏幕10" src="/files/ftp_upload/50146/50146screen10.jpg" /> <a href="http:///www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/50146/50146screen10large.jpg" target="_blank">点击这里查看大图</a> 。 </li></ol></li></ol> 4。行为测试为了确定在大鼠IUE介导的基因操作是否会发起了持续到成年期的长期影响进行行为测试。在本特定的情况下，瞬间的效果，IUE后单方面全长人DISC1皮质过度表达通过检测的运动在一个开放的字段（OF），有和没有安非他明的低剂量，对于多巴胺相关的一个特定的测试研究行为24。在通过执行类似的过程Niwa 等。在使用DISC1击倒，IUE小鼠，但不IUE小鼠控件显示过敏症安非他明18。 在实验室条件下举行了从早上7点至晚上7时12小时的光，是在子宫内电穿孔与DISC1过表达载体大鼠和自由采食 。在3个月的年龄，大鼠行行为测试。 定量运动作为读出的安非他明的影响，一个开放的场坐落在一个声音和光隔离室的超铀扫描活动系统的使用。该系统测量的持续时间和距离的动物的动作，时间和距离在开阔地的边缘或中心度过的，以及养育行为25。 <ol><li>在第一天，生理盐水注射后测试<ol><li>称重动物。 </li><li>腹膜内注射1微升/ g体重的生理盐水溶液（1×PBS）中。 </li><li>正确的注射后，把动物变成开放式的现场，并启动相应TruScan系统的测量。记录15分钟的ð细分数据转换成3×5分钟的部分。 </li><li>把动物放回笼子。 </li></ol></li><li>第二天，在测试注射安非他明<ol><li>称重动物。 </li><li>腹膜内注射1微升/克体重的0.5毫克/毫升的苯异丙胺溶液。 </li><li>右后喷射将动物放入开放野和启动的TruScan系统的测量。记录15分钟，并细分数据转换成3×5分钟的部分。 </li><li>返回动物的笼子。 </li></ol></li><li>分析运动并通过具体的Tru扫描软件生成的养育行为。用的GraphPad（棱镜）创建图表并通过SPSS统计软件计算统计。 </li></ol>

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B., Sidiqi, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=New+and+improved+tools+for+in+utero+electroporation+studies+of+developing+cerebral+cortex.">New and improved tools for in utero electroporation studies of developing cerebral cortex.</a> Cereb Cortex. 19, 120-125 (2009).</li><li>Featherstone, R. E., Kapur, S., Fletcher, P. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+amphetamine-induced+sensitized+state+as+a+model+of+schizophrenia.">The amphetamine-induced sensitized state as a model of schizophrenia.</a> Progress in Neuro-psychopharmacology &amp; Biological Psychiatry. 31, 1556-1571 (2007).</li><li>Pum, M., Carey, R. J., Huston, J. P., Muller, C. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dissociating+effects+of+cocaine+and+d-amphetamine+on+dopamine+and+serotonin+in+the+perirhinal,+entorhinal,+and+prefrontal+cortex+of+freely+moving+rats.">Dissociating effects of cocaine and d-amphetamine on dopamine and serotonin in the perirhinal, entorhinal, and prefrontal cortex of freely moving rats.</a> Psychopharmacology. 193, 375-390 (2007).</li><li>dal Maschio, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High-performance+and+site-directed+in+utero+electroporation+by+a+triple-electrode+probe.">High-performance and site-directed in utero electroporation by a triple-electrode probe.</a> Nature Communications. 3, 960 (2012).</li></ol>

这项研究的作者没有经济利益在这项研究中，并未赞助行业研究。开放获取费用由珀金埃尔默公司出版后的贡献。

我们的研究表明，IUE适合于生成成年大鼠神经元表达的转基因在大脑中的一个选择区域，而且，由于该干预的结果，这些动物显示出指示进行操作的功能行为的改变。在这项研究中，作为一个例子，在大鼠前额叶皮层的一小部分，单方面过度DISC1表现出对安非他明超敏反应（ 图9）。 选择大鼠进行电穿孔成功通过体内生物发光成像，有效地控制了IUE细胞转染的固有变异性，被用于产生基团的低个体间变异性购买调查的均匀IUE区域。 在这项研究中，我们无法通过检测新生儿动物的共电GFP诱导荧光的选择从垃圾电穿孔幼仔，甚至寿啊在同一时间和同一动物的平均共电穿孔的荧光素酶的生物发光信号可注射荧光素（ 图6）后，进行检测，并表达神经元的GFP仍然存在于大脑在六个月的年龄。我们的结论是，在大鼠中，萤光素酶/萤光素反应是非常适合于区分动物的成功电穿孔的大脑（ 图3）。 IUE成功的定量监测涉及的生物发光信号，这是由光子的计数测得的相同的曝光时间（ 图3）内，且对应于共表达的荧光素酶的酶活性的强度。小的生物发光信号是可检测的由100-200计数的光子，并且在〜1×10 4光子/秒/ cm 2 /球面度显示1000-2000的GFP染色的细胞在6个月大的大鼠脑组织学的光泽。最高的信号DISP奠定的光辉高达〜5×10 6光子/秒/厘米2 /球面度和〜64,000计数。 中所使用的只SD大鼠品系中，我们观察到的生物发光信号的弱化纵向随着年龄的增加，信号消失超出P35的年龄（ 图4）。在这一点上，我们并不知道任何瞬态，质粒载体为基础的荧光素酶的表达是否降低，或者如果生物发光信号减弱时，由于增加脑质量，或者两者都是原因消失的信号。在成年大鼠本功能测定法，基于所述信号的位置被仅仅作出行为研究的选择，而不是由生物发光信号的强度。 尽管三维定量生物发光监控允许不同地区的电穿孔（ 图5）之间的差异，其准确性是为细胞位于深度毛钱限制大脑nsion， 图6示出了海马电穿孔，其中在2D和3D图象的生物发光测量所指示的电穿孔的良好定位的一个示例。在解剖验尸脑，GFP的荧光信号在检测到大约相同的位置上的生物发光信号，表明海马正确定位。但组织学表明，还细胞在海马皮层背侧被靶向（ 图7）。这表明生物发光法是一种有用的工具来检测阳性，IUE幼崽，又要有电穿孔区域的想法，但最终成像不能代替验尸组织学，积极靶细胞准确地定位。 我们的演示表明承诺为IUE技术的应用产生的皮质或海马脑区的微妙针对性的操作，以模拟在C aberrancesortical迁移或其他神经发育缺陷，可能影响成年动物。而双边电穿孔26具有对行为可能更大的效果的优点，也有胚的更死亡率。单侧电被选为为了两个半球有一个作为内部控制，以及用于比较显示，在一个单边，小区域甚至IUE操纵足以改变人们的行为。 IUE引起的变化在神经元之间的连接性或体系结构可因此没有唤起的病变和所需的要被IUE操纵的区域的匹配与适当的行为测试被诱导依赖于科学问题。 故障排除 降低产仔数有关于提高IUE幼崽的生存几点建议。首先，为了尽量减少组织lesio电穿孔过程中的使用非常薄的玻璃毛细管n为推荐。第二，不要电穿孔第一胚胎在每个角子宫的阴道底:第一个出生的胚胎死亡增加了其他所有的胚胎中止的机会。三，出生后，母鼠往往杀死他们的后代的部分原因是由于围生期的压力。为了减少额外的压力，不与出生后右实时成像启动，但等待了七天。 GFP的荧光检测的幼崽 在出生后一周，荧光任何一方根据实时双目荧光显微成像和荧光成像与IVIS频谱无信号（落射荧光和transfluorescence模式; GFP的激发/发射:五百二十○分之四百六十五nm和540分之500纳米）。这是可能的，这两个，通过像皮肤的颅骨和高的自体荧光背景组织的有限传输的短波长的激发和发射光防止使用递减下荧光ribed条件的大鼠。 如图6所示，在活的动物中的荧光素酶信号也可在解剖脑（无头盖骨）检测，并在那里，也荧光信号是可检测的（ 图6D）。 生物发光的间隔紧密的大脑区域分化 即使在3D图中的生物发光区的位置不​​能预测到100％。尤其是细胞上的或比预测的区域的上方，也可以偶然地靶向和转染。确切的位置必须由验尸（荧光）组织学进行控制（ 见图7）。

该在子宫内电（IUE）方法，它允许基因表达的调节在发育中的大脑的发展，一直是一个突破，因为它使研究神经发育相对容易。1-7变化的靶基因的表达水平在啮齿类动物胚胎和/或围产期发育过程中一个特定的大脑区域进行了论证，审慎影响神经细胞的增殖，迁移，树枝状和连接。8-10 精神分裂症是一种复杂的精神疾病与已经涉及到神经发育异常的11，12，因此，许多所确定的候选基因用于治疗精神分裂症进行了研究，以神经发育潜力的调制效果，如例如用于急性和慢性症状的破坏，在精神分裂症-1（DISC1）基因13-15。 大脑发育是品REGULAT由遗传因素及其与环境的相互作用而在产前，产期和出生后发育时期扮演的角色主编。关于各种行为障碍的一个主要遗传危险因素是DISC1 16基因。DISC1拦截导致小鼠13,17迁移缺陷，并操纵在显影皮层由IUE DISC1的表达已被证明影响成年小鼠18的行为。 通过IUE操纵大脑基因表达有几个优点超过19转基因动物纹路的产生。首先，在感兴趣的领域基因表达周内实现到几个月，而不是几代育种转基因啮齿动物系。第二，避免早期发育过程中的补偿机制，可能会屏蔽表型生殖细胞工程的动物20。第三，通过仅针对特定的细胞群，或大脑的特定区域，migrati或增殖的不同，可以直接与非突变体相比，或控制对侧如果单侧电穿孔被选择。另一方面，IUE没有表达的启动子驱动的CRE / lox位引起的定时，将细胞在一定区域内的唯一对象导致的马赛克样的基因表达模式的一个亚群的准确度。 许多实验性应用在成年啮齿类动物，细胞在大脑区域数目有限的瞬时转染可能是足够的，甚至是所希望的，这样的稳定​​的，种系的转基因啮齿动物的主要优点是可以忽略的。事实上，IUE是有益的探讨一些异常发达细胞是否会影响细胞或电路的整个网络。另一个优点可能是证明一个基因的非细胞自主性的影响，由于命中的镶嵌性质的能力。此外，转基因和基因敲除鼠的产生仍处于起步阶段，使用IUE该物种为研究异常的脑发育影响的是高息。 到目前为止，使用IUE调查这些动物作为成人的干预后果的一个主要障碍是缺乏监测电成功。到目前为止，在不能适当的双目荧光显微镜下或用IVIS光谱的荧光成像检测的活新生大鼠幼崽的GFP共转染的荧光神经元。 为了克服这个障碍，我们共转染的荧光素酶报告基因和由IUE大脑区域的3维（3D）的定量进行幼仔的生物发光实时成像。 作为证明本方法的适用性在稍后的功能测定法测试的神经发育的遗传操作中，共注射含有人DISC1，萤光素酶，绿色荧光蛋白和成鼠胚胎侧脑室质粒的一个例子<suP&gt; 3，然后在电用拔毛钳电极进行。而荧光信号不能在产后阶段被检测体内 ，通过共转染的荧光素酶基因来自于萤光素代谢的固体生物发光信号中检测到出生后五个星期。三维测量大脑电穿孔面积允许的量化据此幼仔与不足或放错地方的电是从一开始就确定的，因此，使IUE动物的分配（目的基因和炒控制），以实验组与低变异的匹配电穿孔脑区。使用成人IUE大鼠行为范式被证明是本协议的有效性的一个例子。

<table border="1">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Reagent name</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dulbecco&#39;s Phosphate-Buffered Saline (PBS)</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>14190-250</td>
			<td>without calcium, without magnesium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>D-luciferin, sodium salt</td>
			<td>SynChem OHG, Germany</td>
			<td>BC218</td>
			<td>CAS number: 103404-75-7 substrate for firefly-luciferase</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fast Green FCF</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich, USA</td>
			<td>F7258-25G</td>
			<td>CAS: 2353-45-9</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>D-Amphetamine</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich, USA</td>
			<td>A 5880</td>
			<td>CAS: 51-63-8</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>kodan Tinktur forte</td>
			<td>Sch&#252;lke &#38; Mayr GmbH, Germany</td>
			<td>104 005</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Material / product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glass capillaries</td>
			<td>Sutter Instrument</td>
			<td>Novato, California, USA</td>
			<td>borosilicate glass O.D.:1 mm, I.D.: 0.78 mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Needle Pipette Puller</td>
			<td>David Kopf Instruments</td>
			<td>Tujunga, California, USA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tweezer electrode</td>
			<td>Nepa Gene CO., LTD.</td>
			<td>Shioyaki, Ichikawa, Chiba, Japan</td>
			<td>7 mm in diameter platinum disc electrodes (<a href="http://www.sonidel.com/product_info.php?products_id=129" target="_blank">CUY650P7</a>)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Surgical Scissors - sharp</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>Heidelberg, Germany</td>
			<td>Straight, 12 cm (14002-12)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ring Forceps</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>Heidelberg, Germany</td>
			<td>2.2 mm ID, 3 mm OD (11021-12)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Square wave pulse electroporator (CUY21SC)</td>
			<td>Nepa Gene CO., LTD.</td>
			<td>Shioyaki, Ichikawa, Chiba, Japan</td>
			<td>(CUY21SC)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vicryl surgical suture material</td>
			<td>Ethicon</td>
			<td>Norderstedt, Germany</td>
			<td>3-0; 2 Ph. Eur;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Wound Clip Applicator</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>Heidelberg, Germany</td>
			<td>Reflex 9 mm (12032-09)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Syringe filter</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>Darmstadt, Germany</td>
			<td>0.45 &#956;m cellulose acetate</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>IVIS Spectrum</td>
			<td>Caliper Life Science / PerkinElmer</td>
			<td>Waltham, MassachusettsUSA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>XGI-8 Gas Anesthesia System</td>
			<td>PerkinElmer</td>
			<td>Waltham, Massachuset tsUSA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Open-field</td>
			<td>Coulbourn Instruments</td>
			<td>Allentown, USA</td>
			<td>(40 x 40 x 39 cm)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tru Scan activity system</td>
			<td>Coulbourn Instruments</td>
			<td>Allentown, USA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>
			<table border="1">
				<tbody>
					<tr>
						<td colspan="4">Table of recipes</td>
					</tr>
					<tr>
						<td>Number</td>
						<td>Buffer name</td>
						<td>Content</td>
						<td>Comments </td>
					</tr>
					<tr>
						<td>1</td>
						<td>DNA-Mixture for DISC-1 overexpressing</td>
						<td>1.5 &#956;g/&#956;l pCAX humanDISC-1, 
						0.5 &#956;g/&#956;l pCAX-luciferase, 
						10x PBS (10%) Fast Green Dye (0.5%) add H2O</td>
						<td>100 &#956;l of the mixture are enough for ~5 IUE</td>
					</tr>
					<tr>
						<td>2</td>
						<td>DNA-Mixure for control</td>
						<td>0,75 &#956;g/&#956;l control shRNA1, 0,75 &#956;g/&#956;l control shRNA2, 0.5 &#956;g/&#956;l pCAX-luciferase, 0.5 &#956;g/&#956;l pCAGGS-GFP 10x PBS (10%) Fast Green Dye (0.5%) add H2O</td>
						<td>100 &#956;l of the mixure are enough for ~5 IUE</td>
					</tr>
					<tr>
						<td>3</td>
						<td>Fast green Dye</td>
						<td>10 mg/ml Fast Green FCF in ddH2O</td>
						<td></td>
					</tr>
					<tr>
						<td>4</td>
						<td>D-luciferin solution</td>
						<td>15 mg/ml D-luciferin, sodium salt in PBS</td>
						<td></td>
					</tr>
					<tr>
						<td>5</td>
						<td>Amphetamine solution</td>
						<td>0.5 mg/ml D-Amphetamine in PBS</td>
						<td></td>
					</tr>
				</tbody>
			</table>
			</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

generation of topically transgenic rats by in utero electroporation and in vivo bioluminescence screening

在子宫内的电穿孔（IUE）是一种技术，它允许细胞的遗传修饰在大脑中用于调查神经元发育。到目前为止，使用IUE的调查在成人大脑行为或神经病理学已由方法监测IUE转染成功通过在出生后的动物的非侵入性技术不足的限制。 对于本研究中，E16大鼠用于IUE。脑室注射的核酸导入胚胎后，将镊子电极的定位是用于确定目标的显影皮质或海马的关键。 心室共注射和转染细胞的荧光素酶基因允许监测产后后腹膜内注射荧光素在麻醉活P7小狗通过体内生物发光，用IVIS光谱装置与三维量化软件的电穿孔。 <p类="jove_content"&gt;区域由生物发光定义可以皮层和海马电穿孔之间的明确区分和纵向检测信​​号随时间可达〜5周出生后。这种成像技术使我们能够选择的幼崽与转染细胞的假定，来带动的生物效应，并随后以3月龄执行行为的调查有足够数量的。作为一个例子，这项研究表明，IUE与人全长DISC1基因到大鼠皮质导致苯丙胺超敏反应。可以在神经元验尸荧光显微镜检测冰冻切片显示在出生后≥6个月基因表达共转染绿色荧光蛋白。 我们的结论是出生后的生物发光成像能够评估瞬时转染与IUE大鼠的成功。对局部基因操作过程中neurodevelopmen的影响调查t关于成人的大脑，其连通性都大大促进。对于许多科学问题，这种技术可以补充甚至代替了利用转基因大鼠，并提供了一​​种新的技术，行为神经科学。

<html> 图3显示了住三幼鼠成像测量在P7注射150毫克素/公斤体重后。的信号强度的差异表示在IUE的效率的变化是可见的。强大的生物发光信号记录到P36（ 图4）。在图5中 ，通过生物 ​​发光成像来定义皮层（ 图5A和5C）和海马（ 图5B和5D）电穿孔的能力被描述。生物发光信号（ 图7A）与颅骨切除（ 图7B）和相应的GFP-电穿孔的细胞在cryosectioned脑（ 图8）在P14后其荧光信号的相关性被描绘值得注意的是在图6-8中。，没有检测在活老鼠的荧光信号的任何时间点。 帐篷"&gt; 在体内生物发光成像使不同电穿孔的大脑区域的二维近似的判别（ 图5A和5B），其大大的IVIS光谱软件生成三维图像（ 图5C和5D）的DLIT方案改善。在所示的例子，前额叶皮层和海马的电穿孔可以进行区分。应当指出，虽然目的是电穿孔海马，对海马皮层躺在背一些祖细胞也可以击中（ 图7）。 单方面大鼠子宫内电穿孔pCAX载体进入皮层，随后过表达全长人DISC1进行了调查和自发苯丙胺诱发多动症的成年人。大鼠电穿孔pCAX-DISC1是过敏的安非他明的低剂量。这些老鼠显著移动MO再后，安非他明治疗后比生理盐水注射，而对照动物没有（ 图10）。 <img alt="图1" fo:content-width="6in" src="/files/ftp_upload/50146/50146fig1.jpg" /> 图1。计划电极位置A）皮层电和B）海马电;绿色=注入的DNA混合的心室中。 <img alt="图2" fo:content-width="4in" src="/files/ftp_upload/50146/50146fig2.jpg" /> 图2。荧光素酶反应。 <img alt="图3" fo:content-width="6in" src="/files/ftp_upload/50146/50146fig3.jpg" /> 图3。 P7大鼠注射150毫克/公斤体重荧光素后的发光测量，曝光时间为180秒，A）的大鼠没有发光信号，B）鼠<html>用生物发光微弱信号，C）的大鼠具有较强的发光信号。 <img alt="图4" fo:content-width="6in" src="/files/ftp_upload/50146/50146fig4.jpg" /> 图4。时间线注射150毫克/公斤荧光素展现在那里可以检测IUE成功的一个大的时间窗口后，同一大鼠连续的生物发光测量。 <img alt="图5" fo:content-width="6in" src="/files/ftp_upload/50146/50146fig5.jpg" /> 图5插图皮层和海马之间的电在P7 a）和b 2D图像的差别）;。从海马B）＆D），C）和D）的 3D画面，A）和C）从皮层。files/ftp_upload/50146/50146fig5highres.jpg"&gt;点击这里查看大图。 <img alt="图6" fo:content-width="6in" src="/files/ftp_upload/50146/50146fig6.jpg" /> 图6。插图大鼠小狗在P14 A的E16海马电）2D画面生物发光的B）三维说明这个生物发光信号C）脑解剖与生物发光信号D）的大脑与GFP落射荧光信号。 <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/50146/50146fig6large.jpg" target="_blank">点击这里查看大图</a> 。 <img alt="图7" fo:content-width="5in" src="/files/ftp_upload/50146/50146fig7.jpg" /> 图7。细节从同一P14大鼠脑电穿孔用含有GFP的质粒和萤光素酶的20微米深冷部的荧光图像的矢量，细胞核染色用DAPI，CA1-3 =大角Ammonis 1-3; DG =齿状回; FC = Fasciolarum cinereum。 视频1。一个海马的3D动画电穿孔的大鼠在P14。 <img alt="图8" fo:content-width="4in" src="/files/ftp_upload/50146/50146fig8.jpg" /> 图8。安非他明测试计划:第一天注射生理盐水15分钟前试验，24小时后注射安非他明测试在田野室之前。 <img alt="图9" fo:content-width="4in" src="/files/ftp_upload/50146/50146fig9.jpg" /> 图9。安非他明测试。条形图显示记录的一个TrueScan系统超过15分钟白条=对照组动物的移动距离（厘米）;。灰色条= DISC1过表达组，对照组10例; DISC1表达组N = 11;方差分析:基因型*治疗P = 0.043，t检验为总时间的盐水对安非他明ns =不显著PControl则= 0.172，pDISC1 = 0.001。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Generation of Topically Transgenic Rats by In utero Electroporation and In vivo Bioluminescence Screening at JoVE.com

Generation of Topically Transgenic Rats by In utero Electroporation and In vivo Bioluminescence Screening

基因可以在E16 在子宫内的电穿孔（IUE）的皮质或大鼠的海马通过的开发过程中进行操作，以使在神经元的连接的快速和有针对性的修改对于成年动物的行为或神经病理学的后来的研究。产后体内成像为IUE成功的控制是通过激活共转染的荧光素酶的生物发光进行的。

外用转基因大鼠通过代<em&gt;在子宫内</em&gt;电穿孔和<em&gt;在体内</em&gt;生物发光筛选

 In utero electroporation (IUE) is a technique which allows genetic modification of cells in the brain for investigating neuronal development. So far, the ...

generation-topically-transgenic-rats-utero-electroporation-vivo

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Generation of Topically Transgenic Rats by In utero Electroporation and In vivo Bioluminescence Screening

13.4K 次观看.  Medical School Düsseldorf. 基因可以在E16 在子宫内的电穿孔（IUE）的皮质或大鼠的海马通过的开发过程中进行操作，以使在神经元的连接的快速和有针对性的修改对于成年动物的行为或神经病理学的后来的研究。产后体内成像为IUE成功的控制是通过激活共转染的荧光素酶的生物发光进行的。 

视频: Generation of Topically Transgenic Rats by In utero Electroporation and In vivo Bioluminescence Screening

In utero Electroporation followed by Primary Neuronal Culture for Studying Gene Function in Subset of Cortical Neurons

In vitro study of primary neuronal cultures allows for quantitative analyses of neurite outgrowth. In order to study how genetic alterations affect neuronal process outgrowth, shRNA or cDNA constructs can be introduced into primary neurons via chemical transfection or viral transduction. However, with primary cortical cells, a heterogeneous pool of cell types (glutamatergic neurons from different layers, inhibitory neurons, glial cells) are transfected using these methods. The use of in utero electroporation to introduce DNA constructs in the embryonic rodent cortex allows for certain subsets of cells to be targeted: while electroporation of early embryonic cortex targets deep layers of the cortex, electroporation at late embryonic timepoints targets more superficial layers. Further, differential placement of electrodes across the heads of individual embryos results in the targeting of dorsal-medial versus ventral-lateral regions of the cortex. Following electroporation, transfected cells can be dissected out, dissociated, and plated in vitro for quantitative analysis of neurite outgrowth. Here, we provide a step-by-step method to quantitatively measure neuronal process outgrowth in subsets of cortical cells.
The basic protocol for in utero electroporation has been described in detail in two other JoVE articles from the Kriegstein lab 1, 2. We will provide an overview of our protocol for in utero electroporation, focusing on the most important details, followed by a description of our protocol that applies in utero electroporation to the study of gene function in neuronal process outgrowth.

In utero Electroporation followed by Primary Neuronal Culture for Studying Gene Function in Subset of Cortical Neurons

In utero electroporation is a valuable method for transfecting neuronal progenitor cells in vivo. Depending upon the placement of the electrodes and the developmental timepoint of electroporation, certain subsets of cortical cells can be targeted. Targeted cells can then be analyzed in vivo or in vitro for effects of genetic alteration.

在子宫内的电穿孔其次原发性神经文化为研究基因的功能在皮层神经元的一个子集

In vitro study of primary neuronal cultures allows for quantitative analyses of neurite outgrowth. In order to study how genetic alterations affect ...

科研

神经科学

Transfection of Mouse Retinal Ganglion Cells by in vivo Electroporation

The targeting and refinement of RGC projections to the midbrain is a popular and powerful model system for studying how precise patterns of neural connectivity form during development. In mice, retinofugal projections are arranged in a topographic manner and form eye-specific layers in the Lateral Geniculate Nucleus (dLGN) of the thalamus and the Superior Colliculus (SC). The development of these precise patterns of retinofugal projections has typically been studied by labeling populations of RGCs with fluorescent dyes and tracers, such as horseradish peroxidase1-4. However, these methods are too coarse to provide insight into developmental changes in individual RGC axonal arbor morphology that are the basis of retinotopic map formation. They also do not allow for the genetic manipulation of RGCs.
Recently, electroporation has become an effective method for providing precise spatial and temporal control for delivery of charged molecules into the retina5-11. Current retinal electroporation protocols do not allow for genetic manipulation and tracing of retinofugal projections of a single or small cluster of RGCs in postnatal mice. It has been argued that postnatal in vivo electroporation is not a viable method for transfecting RGCs since the labeling efficiency is extremely low and hence requires targeting at embryonic ages when RGC progenitors are undergoing differentiation and proliferation6. 
In this video we describe an in vivo electroporation protocol for targeted delivery of genes, shRNA, and fluorescent dextrans to murine RGCs postnatally. This technique provides a cost effective, fast and relatively easy platform for efficient screening of candidate genes involved in several aspects of neural development including axon retraction, branching, lamination, regeneration and synapse formation at various stages of circuit development. In summary we describe here a valuable tool which will provide further insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying sensory map development.

Transfection of Mouse Retinal Ganglion Cells by in vivo Electroporation

We demonstrate an in vivo electroporation protocol for transfecting single or small clusters of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and other retinal cell types in postnatal mice over a wide range of ages. The ability to label and genetically manipulate postnatal RGCs in vivo is a powerful tool for developmental studies.

小鼠视网膜神经节细胞的转染在体内电穿孔

The targeting and refinement of RGC projections to the midbrain is a popular and powerful model system for studying how precise patterns of neural ...

Efficient Gene Delivery into Multiple CNS Territories Using In Utero Electroporation

The ability to manipulate gene expression is the cornerstone of modern day experimental embryology, leading to the elucidation of multiple developmental pathways. Several powerful and well established transgenic technologies are available to manipulate gene expression levels in mouse, allowing for the generation of both loss- and gain-of-function models. However, the generation of mouse transgenics is both costly and time consuming. Alternative methods of gene manipulation have therefore been widely sought. In utero electroporation is a method of gene delivery into live mouse embryos1,2 that we have successfully adapted3,4. It is largely based on the success of in ovo electroporation technologies that are commonly used in chick5. Briefly, DNA is injected into the open ventricles of the developing brain and the application of an electrical current causes the formation of transient pores in cell membranes, allowing for the uptake of DNA into the cell. In our hands, embryos can be efficiently electroporated as early as embryonic day (E) 11.5, while the targeting of younger embryos would require an ultrasound-guided microinjection protocol, as previously described6. Conversely, E15.5 is the latest stage we can easily electroporate, due to the onset of parietal and frontal bone differentiation, which hampers microinjection into the brain. In contrast, the retina is accessible through the end of embryogenesis. Embryos can be collected at any time point throughout the embryonic or early postnatal period. Injection of a reporter construct facilitates the identification of transfected cells.
To date, in utero electroporation has been most widely used for the analysis of neocortical development1,2,3,4. More recent studies have targeted the embryonic retina7,8,9 and thalamus10,11,12. Here, we present a modified in utero electroporation protocol that can be easily adapted to target different domains of the embryonic CNS. We provide evidence that by using this technique, we can target the embryonic telencephalon, diencephalon and retina. Representative results are presented, first showing the use of this technique to introduce DNA expression constructs into the lateral ventricles, allowing us to monitor progenitor maturation, differentiation and migration in the embryonic telencephalon. We also show that this technique can be used to target DNA to the diencephalic territories surrounding the 3rd ventricle, allowing the migratory routes of differentiating neurons into diencephalic nuclei to be monitored. Finally, we show that the use of micromanipulators allows us to accurately introduce DNA constructs into small target areas, including the subretinal space, allowing us to analyse the effects of manipulating gene expression on retinal development.

Efficient Gene Delivery into Multiple CNS Territories Using In Utero Electroporation

In utero electroporation allows for rapid gene delivery in a spatially- and temporally-controlled manner in the developing central nervous system (CNS). Here we describe a highly adaptable in utero electroporation protocol that can be used to deliver expression constructs into multiple embryonic CNS domains, including the telencephalon, diencephalon and retina.

高效的基因传递到多个中枢神经系统使用新界在子宫内电穿孔

The ability to manipulate gene expression is the cornerstone of modern day experimental embryology, leading to the elucidation of multiple developmental ...

Mouse in Utero Electroporation: Controlled Spatiotemporal Gene Transfection

In order to understand the function of genes expressed in specific region of the developing brain, including signaling molecules and axon guidance molecules, local gene transfer or knock- out is required. Gene targeting knock-in or knock-out into local regions is possible to perform with combination with a specific CRE line, which is laborious, costly, and time consuming. Therefore, a simple transfection method, an in utero electroporation technique, which can be performed with short time, will be handy to test the possible function of candidate genes prior to the generation of transgenic animals 1,2. In addition to this, in utero electroporation targets areas of the brain where no specific CRE line exists, and will limit embryonic lethality 3,4. Here, we present a method of in utero electroporation combining two different types of electrodes for simple and convenient gene transfer into target areas of the developing brain. First, a unique holding method of embryos using an optic fiber optic light cable will make small embryos (from E9.5) visible for targeted DNA solution injection into ventricles and needle type electrodes insertion to the targeted brain area 5,6. The patterning of the brain such as cortical area occur at early embryonic stage, therefore, these early electroporation from E9.5 make a big contribution to understand entire area patterning event. Second, the precise shape of a capillary prevents uterine damage by making holes by insertion of the capillary. Furthermore, the precise shape of the needle electrodes are created with tungsten and platinum wire and sharpened using sand paper and insulated with nail polish 7, a method which is described in great detail in this protocol. This unique technique allows transfection of plasmid DNA into restricted areas of the brain and will enable small embryos to be electroporated. This will help to, open a new window for many scientists who are working on cell differentiation, cell migration, axon guidance in very early embryonic stage. Moreover, this technique will allow scientists to transfect plasmid DNA into deep parts of the developing brain such as thalamus and hypothalamus, where not many region-specific CRE lines exist for gain of function (GOF) or loss of function (LOF) analyses.

Mouse in Utero Electroporation: Controlled Spatiotemporal Gene Transfection

A gene transfer method into the developing mouse brain is described by using a unique surgical method and special shape of electrodes. This unique technique allows transfection of plasmid DNA temporally and spatially, which will aid many neuroscientists in studying brain development.

在子宫内电穿孔:鼠标控制时空基因Transefection

In order to understand the function of genes expressed in specific region of the developing brain, including signaling molecules and axon guidance ...

Functional Neuroimaging Using Ultrasonic Blood-brain Barrier Disruption and Manganese-enhanced MRI

Although mice are the dominant model system for studying the genetic and molecular underpinnings of neuroscience, functional neuroimaging in mice remains technically challenging. One approach, Activation-Induced Manganese-enhanced MRI (AIM MRI), has been used successfully to map neuronal activity in rodents 1-5. In AIM MRI, Mn2+ acts a calcium analog and accumulates in depolarized neurons 6,7. Because Mn2+ shortens the T1 tissue property, regions of elevated neuronal activity will enhance in MRI. Furthermore, Mn2+ clears slowly from the activated regions; therefore, stimulation can be performed outside the magnet prior to imaging, enabling greater experimental flexibility. However, because Mn2+ does not readily cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB), the need to open the BBB has limited the use of AIM MRI, especially in mice.
One tool for opening the BBB is ultrasound. Though potentially damaging, if ultrasound is administered in combination with gas-filled microbubbles (i.e., ultrasound contrast agents), the acoustic pressure required for BBB opening is considerably lower. This combination of ultrasound and microbubbles can be used to reliably open the BBB without causing tissue damage 8-11.
Here, a method is presented for performing AIM MRI by using microbubbles and ultrasound to open the BBB. After an intravenous injection of perflutren microbubbles, an unfocused pulsed ultrasound beam is applied to the shaved mouse head for 3 minutes. For simplicity, we refer to this technique of BBB Opening with Microbubbles and UltraSound as BOMUS 12. Using BOMUS to open the BBB throughout both cerebral hemispheres, manganese is administered to the whole mouse brain. After experimental stimulation of the lightly sedated mice, AIM MRI is used to map the neuronal response.
To demonstrate this approach, herein BOMUS and AIM MRI are used to map unilateral mechanical stimulation of the vibrissae in lightly sedated mice 13. Because BOMUS can open the BBB throughout both hemispheres, the unstimulated side of the brain is used to control for nonspecific background stimulation. The resultant 3D activation map agrees well with published representations of the vibrissae regions of the barrel field cortex 14. The ultrasonic opening of the BBB is fast, noninvasive, and reversible; and thus this approach is suitable for high-throughput and/or longitudinal studies in awake mice.

A technique is described for broadly opening the blood-brain barrier in the mouse using microbubbles and ultrasound. Using this technique, manganese can be administered to the mouse brain. Because manganese is an MRI contrast agent that accumulates in depolarized neurons, this approach enables imaging of neuronal activity.

使用超声波血脑屏障破坏和锰增强MRI的脑功能成像

Although mice are the dominant model system for studying the genetic and molecular underpinnings of neuroscience, functional neuroimaging in mice remains ...

Expansion of Embryonic and Adult Neural Stem Cells by In Utero Electroporation or Viral Stereotaxic Injection

Somatic stem cells can divide to generate additional stem cells (expansion) or more differentiated cell types (differentiation), which is fundamental for tissue formation during embryonic development and tissue homeostasis during adulthood 1. Currently, great efforts are invested towards controlling the switch of somatic stem cells from expansion to differentiation because this is thought to be fundamental for developing novel strategies for regenerative medicine 1,2. However, a major challenge in the study and use of somatic stem cell is that their expansion has been proven very difficult to control.
Here we describe a system that allows the control of neural stem/progenitor cell (altogether referred to as NSC) expansion in the mouse embryonic cortex or the adult hippocampus by manipulating the expression of the cdk4/cyclinD1 complex, a major regulator of the G1 phase of the cell cycle and somatic stem cell differentiation 3,4. Specifically, two different approaches are described by which the cdk4/cyclinD1 complex is overexpressed in NSC in vivo. By the first approach, overexpression of the cell cycle regulators is obtained by injecting plasmids encoding for cdk4/cyclinD1 in the lumen of the mouse telencephalon followed by in utero electroporation to deliver them to NSC of the lateral cortex, thus, triggering episomal expression of the transgenes 5-8. By the second approach, highly concentrated HIV-derived viruses are stereotaxically injected in the dentate gyrus of the adult mouse hippocampus, thus, triggering constitutive expression of the cell cycle regulators after integration of the viral construct in the genome of infected cells 9. Both approaches, whose basic principles were already described by other video protocols 10-14, were here optimized to i) reduce tissue damage, ii) target wide portions of very specific brain regions, iii) obtain high numbers of manipulated cells within each region, and iv) trigger high expression levels of the transgenes within each cell. Transient overexpression of the transgenes using the two approaches is obtained by different means i.e. by natural dilution of the electroporated plasmids due to cell division or tamoxifen administration in Cre-expressing NSC infected with viruses carrying cdk4/cyclinD1 flanked by loxP sites, respectively 9,15.
These methods provide a very powerful platform to acutely and tissue-specifically manipulate the expression of any gene in the mouse brain. In particular, by manipulating the expression of the cdk4/cyclinD1 complex, our system allows the temporal control of NSC expansion and their switch to differentiation, thus, ultimately increasing the number of neurons generated in the mammalian brain. Our approach may be critically important for basic research and using somatic stem cells for therapy of the mammalian central nervous system while providing a better understanding of i) stem cell contribution to tissue formation during development, ii) tissue homeostasis during adulthood, iii) the role of adult neurogenesis in cognitive functions, and perhaps, iv) better using somatic stem cells in models of neurodegenerative diseases.

Expansion of Embryonic and Adult Neural Stem Cells by In Utero Electroporation or Viral Stereotaxic Injection

Controlling the expansion of somatic stem cells is a major factor hampering their study and use in therapy. Here we describe a system to temporally control neural stem cells expansion during development and adulthood, which can be used to increase the number of neurons generated in the mouse brain.

扩展胚胎及成体神经干细胞<em&gt;在子宫内</em电穿孔或病毒立体定向注射

Somatic stem cells can divide to generate additional stem cells (expansion) or more differentiated cell types (differentiation), which is fundamental for ...

Visualization and Genetic Manipulation of Dendrites and Spines in the Mouse Cerebral Cortex and Hippocampus using In utero Electroporation

In utero electroporation (IUE) has become a powerful technique to study the development of different regions of the embryonic nervous system 1-5. To date this tool has been widely used to study the regulation of cellular proliferation, differentiation and neuronal migration especially in the developing cerebral cortex 6-8. Here we detail our protocol to electroporate in utero the cerebral cortex and the hippocampus and provide evidence that this approach can be used to study dendrites and spines in these two cerebral regions.
Visualization and manipulation of neurons in primary cultures have contributed to a better understanding of the processes involved in dendrite, spine and synapse development. However neurons growing in vitro are not exposed to all the physiological cues that can affect dendrite and/or spine formation and maintenance during normal development. Our knowledge of dendrite and spine structures in vivo in wild-type or mutant mice comes mostly from observations using the Golgi-Cox method 9. However, Golgi staining is considered to be unpredictable. Indeed, groups of nerve cells and fiber tracts are labeled randomly, with particular areas often appearing completely stained while adjacent areas are devoid of staining. Recent studies have shown that IUE of fluorescent constructs represents an attractive alternative method to study dendrites, spines as well as synapses in mutant / wild-type mice 10-11 (Figure 1A). Moreover in comparison to the generation of mouse knockouts, IUE represents a rapid approach to perform gain and loss of function studies in specific population of cells during a specific time window. In addition, IUE has been successfully used with inducible gene expression or inducible RNAi approaches to refine the temporal control over the expression of a gene or shRNA 12. These advantages of IUE have thus opened new dimensions to study the effect of gene expression/suppression on dendrites and spines not only in specific cerebral structures (Figure 1B) but also at a specific time point of development (Figure 1C).
Finally, IUE provides a useful tool to identify functional interactions between genes involved in dendrite, spine and/or synapse development. Indeed, in contrast to other gene transfer methods such as virus, it is straightforward to combine multiple RNAi or transgenes in the same population of cells. 
In summary, IUE is a powerful method that has already contributed to the characterization of molecular mechanisms underlying brain function and disease and it should also be useful in the study of dendrites and spines.

Visualization and Genetic Manipulation of Dendrites and Spines in the Mouse Cerebral Cortex and Hippocampus using In utero Electroporation

This article describes in detail a protocol to electroporate in utero the cerebral cortex and the hippocampus at E14.5 in mice. We also show that this is a valuable method to study dendrites and spines in these two cerebral regions.

可视化和遗传操作在小鼠大脑皮层和使用海马树突和棘<em&gt;在子宫内</em&gt;电穿孔

In utero electroporation (IUE) has become a powerful technique to study the development of different regions of the embryonic nervous system 1-5. To date ...

Genetic Manipulation of the Mouse Developing Hypothalamus through In utero Electroporation

Genetic modification of specific regions of the developing mammalian brain is a very powerful experimental approach. However, generating novel mouse mutants is often frustratingly slow. It has been shown that access to the mouse brain developing in utero with reasonable post-operatory survival is possible. Still, results with this procedure have been reported almost exclusively for the most superficial and easily accessible part of the developing brain, i.e. the cortex. The thalamus, a narrower and more medial region, has proven more difficult to target. Transfection into deeper nuclei, especially those of the hypothalamus, is perhaps the most challenging and therefore very few results have been reported. Here we demonstrate a procedure to target the entire hypothalamic neuroepithelium or part of it (hypothalamic regions) for transfection through electroporation. The keys to our approach are longer narcosis times, injection in the third ventricle, and appropriate kind and positioning of the electrodes. Additionally, we show results of targeting and subsequent histological analysis of the most recessed hypothalamic nucleus, the mammillary body.

Genetic Manipulation of the Mouse Developing Hypothalamus through In utero Electroporation

Despite the functional and medical importance of the hypothalamus, in utero genetic manipulation of its development has rarely been attempted. We show a detailed procedure for in utero electroporation into the mouse hypothalamus and show representative results of total and partial (regional) hypothalamic transfection.

遗传操纵鼠标的发展下丘脑通过<em&gt;在子宫内</em&gt;电穿孔

Genetic  modification of specific regions of the developing mammalian brain is a very  powerful experimental approach. However, generating novel mouse ...

Simultaneous ex vivo Functional Testing of Two Retinas by in vivo Electroretinogram System

An In vivo electroretinogram (ERG) signal is composed of several overlapping components originating from different retinal cell types, as well as noise from extra-retinal sources. Ex vivo ERG provides an efficient method to dissect the function of retinal cells directly from an intact isolated retina of animals or donor eyes. In addition, ex vivo ERG can be used to test the efficacy and safety of potential therapeutic agents on retina tissue from animals or humans. We show here how commercially available in vivo ERG systems can be used to conduct ex vivo ERG recordings from isolated mouse retinas. We combine the light stimulation, electronic and heating units of a standard in vivo system with custom-designed specimen holder, gravity-controlled perfusion system and electromagnetic noise shielding to record low-noise ex vivo ERG signals simultaneously from two retinas with the acquisition software included in commercial in vivo systems. Further, we demonstrate how to use this method in combination with pharmacological treatments that remove specific ERG components in order to dissect the function of certain retinal cell types.

Simultaneous ex vivo Functional Testing of Two Retinas by in vivo Electroretinogram System

Ex vivo ERG can be used to record electrical activity of retinal cells directly from isolated intact retinas of animals or humans. We demonstrate here how common in vivo ERG systems can be adapted for ex vivo ERG recordings in order to dissect the electrical activity of retinal cells.

同时<em&gt;体外</em两个由视网膜&gt;功能测试<em&gt;在体内</em&gt;电图系统

An In vivo electroretinogram (ERG) signal is composed of several overlapping components originating from different retinal cell types, as well as noise ...

Bioluminescence Imaging of Neuroinflammation in Transgenic Mice After Peripheral Inoculation of Alpha-Synuclein Fibrils

To study the prion-like behavior of misfolded alpha-synuclein, mouse models are needed that allow fast and simple transmission of alpha-synuclein prionoids, which cause neuropathology within the central nervous system (CNS). Here we describe that intraglossal or intraperitoneal injection of alpha-synuclein fibrils into bigenic Tg(M83+/-:Gfap-luc+/-) mice, which overexpress human alpha-synuclein with the A53T mutation from the prion protein promoter and firefly luciferase from the promoter for glial fibrillary acidic protein (Gfap), is sufficient to induce neuropathologic disease. In comparison to homozygous Tg(M83+/+) mice that develop severe neurologic symptoms beginning at an age of 8 months, heterozygous Tg(M83+/-:Gfap-luc+/-) animals remain free of spontaneous disease until they reach an age of 22 months. Interestingly, injection of alpha-synuclein fibrils via the intraperitoneal route induced neurologic disease with paralysis in four of five Tg(M83+/-:Gfap-luc+/-) mice with a median incubation time of 229 &#177;17 days. Diseased animals showed severe deposits of phosphorylated alpha-synuclein in their brains and spinal cords. Accumulations of alpha-synuclein were sarkosyl-insoluble and colocalized with ubiquitin and p62, and were accompanied by an inflammatory response resulting in astrocytic gliosis and microgliosis. Surprisingly, inoculation of alpha-synuclein fibrils into the tongue was less effective in causing disease with only one of five injected animals showing alpha-synuclein pathology after 285 days. Our findings show that inoculation via the intraglossal route and more so via the intraperitoneal route is suitable to induce neurologic illness with relevant hallmarks of synucleinopathies in Tg(M83+/-:Gfap-luc+/-) mice. This provides a new model for studying prion-like pathogenesis induced by alpha-synuclein prionoids in greater detail.

Peripheral injection of alpha-synuclein fibrils into the peritoneum or tongue of Tg(M83+/-:Gfap-luc+/-) mice, which express human alpha-synuclein with the familial A53T mutation and firefly luciferase, can induce neuropathology, including neuroinflammation, in their central nervous system.