我们感谢纳丁Wambsganss，优良的技术援助。通过CAG创新基金FRONTIER（海德堡大学）的资助，这项工作是由授出德意志研究联合会（GL599/1-1）和部分支持

1。协议<ol><li>准备缓冲器，如下所示: <ol><li>准备缓冲对PBMC隔离:"洗净缓冲区"= 0.02％EDTA在PBS（使用0.5 M EDTA）。 </li><li>准备的缓冲液单核细胞的分离:"MACS漂洗缓冲液"= 0.5％BSA（250毫克）+ 2mM的EDTA（200微升）+ PBS（50ml）中。脱气缓冲液中。 </li><li>准备缓冲FACS染色和存储单元:"流式细胞仪缓冲"= 10％FCS的PBS和"固定缓冲区"= 1％PFA固定。 </li></ol></li><li>从前臂静脉绘制30毫升全血。使用EDTA抗凝。 </li><li>隔离如下（PBMC HISTOPAQUE）: <ol><li>准备两个无菌的50毫升管（聚苯乙烯）。 </li><li>从第2步用PBS 1:1稀释血液。 </li><li>加入25毫升HISTOPAQUE的每管25毫升全血/ PBS。 ，确保HISTOPAQUE和血液不混合。 </li><li>以400×g离心30分钟，在室温下，不加制动。 </li><li>吸血浆和丢弃。 </li><li>吸不透明接口和吸管成清洁50毫升浴缸Ê。 </li><li>加入20毫升0.02％EDTA在PBS中。 </li><li>在4℃下离心5分钟，在250×g离心</li><li>弃上清。 </li><li>加入10毫升0.02％EDTA在PBS中。 </li></ol></li><li>计数细胞，如下所示: <ol><li>涡旋10秒拌匀。 </li><li>取200微升细胞悬液+ 300微升0.02％EDTA在PBS + 500微升台盼蓝（200-500 cells/10广场，否则改变稀释倍数）。 </li></ol></li><li>执行如下的单核细胞的负隔离: <ol><li>在步骤3.10中获得的细胞10分钟，120×g下离心。弃上清。 </li><li>通过加入10毫升的PBS + 0.02％EDTA和10分钟，120×g下离心洗涤细胞沉淀2倍。 </li><li>加入9毫升无菌水，持续3秒，加入1 ml 10X PBS。 </li><li>用PBS + 0.02％EDTA洗一次，离心10分钟，120 X G。 </li><li>伯爵在离心过程中。 </li><li> ，在EasySep缓冲液稀释，以5×10 7个/ ml。 </li><li>添加50μL/毫升的单核细胞富集公鸡尾巴。 </li><li>孵育10分钟，在4℃下</li><li>旋涡有孔玻璃珠，持续30秒。 </li><li>加入50微升/毫升的有孔玻璃珠。 </li><li>孵育5分钟，在4℃下</li><li> EasySep缓冲区填写完成量为2.5毫升。现在的解决方案出现褐色。 </li><li>放入磁铁。 </li><li>在室温下等待2.5分钟。在这段时间内将移动到管壁非单核细胞磁珠结合，并坚持在那里。 </li><li>新鲜的无菌试管中倒入缓冲液不具约束力的单核细胞。这个解决方案看起来发白。 </li><li>用PBS + 0.02％EDTA洗一次，10分钟，120×g下离心。 </li></ol></li><li>板在塑料盘或多层盘的密度为0.5×10 6个/ cm 2的细胞。加入1 ml的培养基/ 1×10 6个细胞。 </li><li>利益的条件下培养细胞为6-14天。 </li><li>更换介质后3天更换50％的媒体与新媒体（ 见表1）。 </li><li>经过6天收获细胞mRNA分离，流式细胞仪，免疫印迹法等 。 </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Gordon, S., Taylor, P. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Monocyte+and+macrophage+heterogeneity.">Monocyte and macrophage heterogeneity.</a> Nat. Rev. Immunol. 5, 953-964 (2005).</li><li>Gordon, S., Mantovani, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Diversity+and+plasticity+of+mononuclear+phagocytes.">Diversity and plasticity of mononuclear phagocytes.</a> European Journal of Immunology. 41, 2470-2472 (2011).</li><li>Martinez, F. O., Sica, A., Mantovani, A., Locati, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Macrophage+activation+and+polarization.">Macrophage activation and polarization.</a> Front. Biosci. 13, 453-461 (2008).</li><li>Ingersoll, M. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparison+of+gene+expression+profiles+between+human+and+mouse+monocyte+subsets.">Comparison of gene expression profiles between human and mouse monocyte subsets.</a> Blood. 115, 10-19 (2010).</li><li>Gleissner, C. A., Sanders, J. M., Nadler, J., Ley, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Upregulation+of+aldose+reductase+during+foam+cell+formation+as+possible+link+among+diabetes,+hyperlipidemia,+and+atherosclerosis.">Upregulation of aldose reductase during foam cell formation as possible link among diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and atherosclerosis.</a> Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 28, 1137-1143 (2008).</li><li>Gleissner, C. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=CXCL4+downregulates+the+atheroprotective+hemoglobin+receptor+CD163+in+human+macrophages.">CXCL4 downregulates the atheroprotective hemoglobin receptor CD163 in human macrophages.</a> Circ. Res. , (2009).</li><li>Gleissner, C. A., Shaked, I., Little, K. M., Ley, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=CXC+chemokine+ligand+4+induces+a+unique+transcriptome+in+monocyte-derived+macrophages.">CXC chemokine ligand 4 induces a unique transcriptome in monocyte-derived macrophages.</a> J. Immunol. 184, 4810-4818 (2010).</li><li>Martinez, F. O., Gordon, S., Locati, M., Mantovani, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transcriptional+profiling+of+the+human+monocyte-to-macrophage+differentiation+and+polarization:+New+molecules+and+patterns+of+gene+expression.">Transcriptional profiling of the human monocyte-to-macrophage differentiation and polarization: New molecules and patterns of gene expression.</a> J. Immunol. 177, 7303-7311 (2006).</li><li>Verreck, F. A. W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Human+il-23-producing+type+1+macrophages+promote+but+il-10-producing+type+2+macrophages+subvert+immunity+to+(myco)bacteria.">Human il-23-producing type 1 macrophages promote but il-10-producing type 2 macrophages subvert immunity to (myco)bacteria.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 101, 4560-4565 (2004).</li><li>Rey-Giraud, F., Hafner, M., Ries, C. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vitro+generation+of+monocyte-derived+macrophages+under+serum-free+conditions+improves+their+tumor+promoting+functions.">In vitro generation of monocyte-derived macrophages under serum-free conditions improves their tumor promoting functions.</a> PLoS One. 7, e42656 (2012).</li><li>Boyle, J. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Coronary+intraplaque+hemorrhage+evokes+a+novel+atheroprotective+macrophage+phenotype.">Coronary intraplaque hemorrhage evokes a novel atheroprotective macrophage phenotype.</a> American Journal of Pathology. 174, 1097-1108 (2009).</li><li>Cho, H. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Induction+of+dendritic+cell-like+phenotype+in+macrophages+during+foam+cell+formation.">Induction of dendritic cell-like phenotype in macrophages during foam cell formation.</a> Physiol Genomics. 29, 149-160 (2007).</li><li>Vogt, G., Nathan, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vitro+differentiation+of+human+macrophages+with+enhanced+antimycobacterial+activity.">In vitro differentiation of human macrophages with enhanced antimycobacterial activity.</a> The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 121, 3889-3901 (2011).</li><li>Mikita, T., Porter, G., Lawn, R. M., Shiffman, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Oxidized+low+density+lipoprotein+exposure+alters+the+transcriptional+response+of+macrophages+to+inflammatory+stimulus.">Oxidized low density lipoprotein exposure alters the transcriptional response of macrophages to inflammatory stimulus.</a> Journal of Biological Chemistry. 276, 45729-45739 (2001).</li><li>Qin, Z. Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+use+of+THP-1+cells+as+a+model+for+mimicking+the+function+and+regulation+of+monocytes+and+macrophages+in+the+vasculature.">The use of THP-1 cells as a model for mimicking the function and regulation of monocytes and macrophages in the vasculature.</a> Atherosclerosis. 221, 2-11 (2012).</li><li>Daigneault, M., Preston, J. A., Marriott, H. M., Whyte, M. K. B., Dockrell, D. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+identification+of+markers+of+macrophage+differentiation+in+pma-stimulated+THP-1+cells+and+monocyte-derived+macrophages.">The identification of markers of macrophage differentiation in pma-stimulated THP-1 cells and monocyte-derived macrophages.</a> PLoS One. 5, e8668 (2010).</li><li>Wahl, L. M., Wahl, S. M., Smythies, L. E., Smith, P. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isolation+of+human+monocyte+populations.">Isolation of human monocyte populations.</a> Current Protocols in Immunology. , (2001).</li><li>Waldo, S. W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Heterogeneity+of+human+macrophages+in+culture+and+in+atherosclerotic+plaques.">Heterogeneity of human macrophages in culture and in atherosclerotic plaques.</a> Am. J. Pathol. 172, 1112-1126 (2008).</li><li>Mart&#237;n-Fuentes, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Individual+variation+of+scavenger+receptor+expression+in+human+macrophages+with+oxidized+low-density+lipoprotein+is+associated+with+a+differential+inflammatory+response.">Individual variation of scavenger receptor expression in human macrophages with oxidized low-density lipoprotein is associated with a differential inflammatory response.</a> The Journal of Immunology. 179, 3242-3248 (2007).</li></ol>

作者没有透露任何利益冲突。

单核细胞源性巨噬细胞的先天免疫系统的主要细胞类型的代表。他们发挥了重要的作用，在许多炎症性疾病，包括动脉粥样硬化或癌症2。因此，巨噬细胞的生物学研究是必不可少的许多疾病的病理生理学增加我们的知识，并允许开发新的疗法。 许多研究应用小鼠模型的过度表达或缺乏某些基因的利益。在单核细胞源性巨噬细胞的情况下，这似乎不是最好的方法来研?...

单核细胞源性巨噬细胞的一个重要的先天免疫系统的细胞成分和向许多急性或慢性的炎症过程1。巨噬细胞发挥 ​​了重要作用，在许多炎症性疾病，如动脉粥样硬化或癌症2。巨噬细胞表现出高度的可塑性，能够承担不同的表型，这取决于在当地micromilieu 3。因此，巨噬细胞分化和异质性研究是必不可少的许多疾病的病理生理增加我们的知识，并让新的治疗靶点的识别和开发新的疗法。 在许多情况下，小鼠模型用于研究特定疾病的病理生理学。然而，使用小鼠模型研究巨噬细胞生物学是伴随着一些缺点:（1）白细胞子集数的比例（ 即单核细胞和粒细胞）在侏罗纪大庆外围的老鼠或人类的血液显著不同建议单核细胞在小鼠和人类生理的不同角色。 （2）建议实质性的差异，它们的功能在健康和疾病4的小鼠和人类外周血单核细胞之间的基因表达有很大差异。 （3）数的标记，用来识别小鼠单核细胞和巨噬细胞（F4/80，LYC 等 ），人类髓系细胞中不存在，使转移的小鼠模型中的结果的人的情况，而难以。 因此，为了提高我们的理解在人类疾病中的巨噬细胞分化和异质性，我们需要利用模型与人类巨噬细胞。因此，我们在这里描述的模型人原发性巨噬细胞产生的，并且容易使用，并允许在各种条件下产生的在不同的巨噬细胞婆的人单核细胞源性巨噬细胞的体外研究偏振类型。在几项研究中，我们已经使用了单核细胞衍生的原代人巨噬细胞的体外模型分析巨噬细胞生物学和其潜在的相关人类动脉粥样硬化5-7。 即使不能完全代替实验动物或人体组织获得验尸 ，这里所描述的模型允许疾病可能是高度相关的各种人类疾病的机制和治疗靶点的识别和验证。

<table border="1">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Name of Reagent/Material</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>50 ml centrifuge tube (sterile)</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>055398</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>D-PBS (1X), liquid (no calcium or magnesium)</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>14190-250</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EDTA</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>T9285</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BSA</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>A-8806</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FCS</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EasySep Human Monocyte Enrichment Kit</td>
			<td>StemCell Technologies</td>
			<td>19059</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EasySep Magnet</td>
			<td>StemCell Technologies</td>
			<td>18000</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FACS tubes</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>352008</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Macrophage-SFM (1X)</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>12065-074</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin-streptomycin</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>P-4458</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nutridoma-SP</td>
			<td>Roche</td>
			<td>11011375001</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>human M-CSF 10 &mu;g</td>
			<td>Peprotech</td>
			<td>300-25</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell Culture Plates 6-well</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>07-200-80</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

an in vitro model to study heterogeneity of human macrophage differentiation and polarization

单核细胞源性巨噬细胞的一个重要的先天免疫系统的细胞不同的。遭受巨噬细胞生物学研究的小鼠模型小鼠和人类之间的单核细胞源性巨噬细胞的表型和功能的差异。因此，我们在这里描述的生成和学习初级人类巨噬细胞的体外模型。简言之，密度梯度离心，从前臂静脉抽血周后，单核细胞分离出外周血单核细胞，使用负磁珠隔离。在这些单核细胞，然后在特定的条件下培养6天后，诱导巨噬细胞的分化或极化的不同类型的。该模型是易于使用和规避鼠标和男人之间的种属特异性的差异所造成的问题。此外，它更接近体内条件比永生化细胞系的使用。最后，这里所描述的模型适合研究巨噬细胞ê生物学，找出疾病的机制和新的治疗靶点。即使不能完全代替实验动物或人体组织获得验尸 ，这里所描述的模型允许疾病可能是高度相关的各种人类疾病的机制和治疗靶点的识别和验证。

通过上述协议，我们经常得到25.1×10 6±2.2×10 6 monocytes/100关于毫升血（平均值±标准差从26个独立的实验， 图1A）。经常由流式细胞仪染色CD14是单核细胞纯度大于95％（97.1±0.4％，平均值±标准误差由3个独立的实验中， 图1B）。新鲜分离的单核细胞，用台盼蓝染色测定细胞存活率大于95％（数据未示出）是常规。虽然最初细胞呈圆形和浮动，他们通常会开始坚持的?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about An In vitro Model to Study Heterogeneity of Human Macrophage Differentiation and Polarization at JoVE.com

An In vitro Model to Study Heterogeneity of Human Macrophage Differentiation and Polarization

单核细胞源性巨噬细胞是先天免疫系统的重要细胞。这里，我们描述一个易于使用的<em&gt;在体外</em&gt;模型来生成这些细胞。使用梯度离心法，负胎圈分离和特定的细胞培养条件，可以产生单核细胞源性巨噬细胞表型和功能的研究。

一个<em在体外</em&gt;模型研究人类巨噬细胞分化和极化的异质性

Monocyte-derived macrophages represent an important cell type of the innate immune system. Mouse models studying macrophage biology suffer from the ...

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Immunology and Infection

An In vitro Model to Study Heterogeneity of Human Macrophage Differentiation and Polarization

18.6K 次观看.  University of Heidelberg. 单核细胞源性巨噬细胞是先天免疫系统的重要细胞。这里，我们描述一个易于使用的在体外模型来生成这些细胞。使用梯度离心法，负胎圈分离和特定的细胞培养条件，可以产生单核细胞源性巨噬细胞表型和功能的研究。

视频: An In vitro Model to Study Heterogeneity of Human Macrophage Differentiation and Polarization

An In vitro Co-infection Model to Study Plasmodium falciparum-HIV-1 Interactions in Human Primary Monocyte-derived Immune Cells

Plasmodium falciparum, the causative agent of the deadliest form of malaria, and human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) are among the most important health problems worldwide, being responsible for a total of 4 million deaths annually1. Due to their extensive overlap in developing regions, especially Sub-Saharan Africa, co-infections with malaria and HIV-1 are common, but the interplay between the two diseases is poorly understood. Epidemiological reports have suggested that malarial infection transiently enhances HIV-1 replication and increases HIV-1 viral load in co-infected individuals2,3. Because this viremia stays high for several weeks after treatment with antimalarials, this phenomenon could have an impact on disease progression and transmission.
The cellular immunological mechanisms behind these observations have been studied only scarcely. The few in vitro studies investigating the impact of malaria on HIV-1 have demonstrated that exposure to soluble malarial antigens can increase HIV-1 infection and reactivation in immune cells. However, these studies used whole cell extracts of P. falciparum schizont stage parasites and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), making it hard to decipher which malarial component(s) was responsible for the observed effects and what the target host cells were4,5. Recent work has demonstrated that exposure of immature monocyte-derived dendritic cells to the malarial pigment hemozoin increased their ability to transfer HIV-1 to CD4+ T cells6,7, but that it decreased HIV-1 infection of macrophages8. To shed light on this complex process, a systematic analysis of the interactions between the malaria parasite and HIV-1 in different relevant human primary cell populations is critically needed.
Several techniques for investigating the impact of HIV-1 on the phagocytosis of micro-organisms and the effect of such pathogens on HIV-1 replication have been described. We here present a method to investigate the effects of P. falciparum-infected erythrocytes on the replication of HIV-1 in human primary monocyte-derived macrophages. The impact of parasite exposure on HIV-1 transcriptional/translational events is monitored by using single cycle pseudotyped viruses in which a luciferase reporter gene has replaced the Env gene while the effect on the quantity of virus released by the infected macrophages is determined by measuring the HIV-1 capsid protein p24 by ELISA in cell supernatants.

An In vitro Co-infection Model to Study Plasmodium falciparum-HIV-1 Interactions in Human Primary Monocyte-derived Immune Cells

We have developed an in vitro malaria-HIV-1 co-infection model to study the impact of Plasmodium falciparum on the HIV-1 replicative cycle in human primary monocyte-derived macrophages. This versatile system can easily be adapted to other primary cell types susceptible to HIV-1 infection.

一个<em&gt;在体外</em&gt;共感染模型研究<em&gt;恶性疟原虫</em人原发性单核细胞源性的免疫细胞-HIV-1相互作用

Plasmodium falciparum, the causative agent  of the deadliest form of malaria, and human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) are among the most important ...

科研

免疫与感染

Investigation of Macrophage Polarization Using Bone Marrow Derived Macrophages

The article describes a readily easy adaptive in vitro model to investigate macrophage polarization. In the presence of GM-CSF/M-CSF, hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells from the bone marrow are directed into monocytic differentiation, followed by M1 or M2 stimulation. The activation status can be tracked by changes in cell surface antigens, gene expression and cell signaling pathways.

The article describes a readily easy adaptive in vitro model to investigate macrophage polarization. In the presence of GM-CSF/M-CSF, hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells from the bone marrow are directed into monocytic differentiation, followed by M1 or M2 stimulation. The activation status can be tracked by changes in cell surface antigens, gene expression and cell signaling pathways.

使用骨髓源性巨噬细胞巨噬细胞极化的调查

The article describes a readily easy adaptive in vitro model to investigate macrophage polarization. In the presence of GM-CSF/M-CSF, hematopoietic ...

Establishment of an In vitro System to Study Intracellular Behavior of Candida glabrata in Human THP-1 Macrophages

A cell culture model system, if a close mimic of host environmental conditions, can serve as an inexpensive, reproducible and easily manipulatable alternative to animal model systems for the study of a specific step of microbial pathogen infection. A human monocytic cell line THP-1 which, upon phorbol ester treatment, is differentiated into macrophages, has previously been used to study virulence strategies of many intracellular pathogens including Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Here, we discuss a protocol to enact an in vitro cell culture model system using THP-1 macrophages to delineate the interaction of an opportunistic human yeast pathogen Candida glabrata with host phagocytic cells. This model system is simple, fast, amenable to high-throughput mutant screens, and requires no sophisticated equipment. A typical THP-1 macrophage infection experiment takes approximately 24 hr with an additional 24-48 hr to allow recovered intracellular yeast to grow on rich medium for colony forming unit-based viability analysis. Like other in vitro model systems, a possible limitation of this approach is difficulty in extrapolating the results obtained to a highly complex immune cell circuitry existing in the human host. However, despite this, the current protocol is very useful to elucidate the strategies that a fungal pathogen may employ to evade/counteract antimicrobial response and survive, adapt, and proliferate in the nutrient-poor environment of host immune cells.

Establishment of an In vitro System to Study Intracellular Behavior of Candida glabrata in Human THP-1 Macrophages

The current article outlines a protocol to establish an in vitro cell culture model system to study the interaction of a facultative intracellular human fungal pathogen Candida glabrata with human macrophages which will be a useful tool to advance our knowledge of fungal virulence mechanisms.

建立一个<em&gt;在体外</em&gt;系统来研究细胞内的行为<em&gt;光滑念珠菌</em&gt;在人THP-1巨噬细胞

A cell culture model system, if a close mimic of host environmental conditions, can serve as an inexpensive, reproducible and easily manipulatable ...

An In vitro Model to Study Immune Responses of Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells to Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection

Human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) infections present a broad spectrum of disease severity, ranging from mild infections to life-threatening bronchiolitis. An important part of the pathogenesis of severe disease is an enhanced immune response leading to immunopathology.	Here, we describe a protocol used to investigate the immune response of human immune cells to an HRSV infection. First, we describe methods used for culturing, purification and quantification of HRSV. Subsequently, we describe a human in vitro model in which peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) are stimulated with live HRSV. This model system can be used to study multiple parameters that may contribute to disease severity, including the innate and adaptive immune response. These responses can be measured at the transcriptional and translational level. Moreover, viral infection of cells can easily be measured using flow cytometry. Taken together, stimulation of PBMC with live HRSV provides a fast and reproducible model system to examine mechanisms involved in HRSV-induced disease.

An In vitro Model to Study Immune Responses of Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells to Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection

Human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) can cause severe bronchiolitis in young infants. Part of the pathogenesis of severe HRSV disease is caused by the host immune response. Stimulation of primary human immune cells with HRSV provides a fast and reproducible model system to study activation of inflammatory pathways and infection.

Human respiratory syncytial  virus (HRSV) infections present a broad spectrum of disease severity, ranging  from mild infections to life-threatening ...

In Vitro and In Vivo Model to Study Bacterial Adhesion to the Vessel Wall Under Flow Conditions

In order to cause endovascular infections and infective endocarditis, bacteria need to be able to adhere to the vessel wall while being exposed to the shear stress of flowing blood.
To identify the bacterial and host factors that contribute to vascular adhesion of microorganisms, appropriate models that study these interactions under physiological shear conditions are needed. Here, we describe an in vitro flow chamber model that allows to investigate bacterial adhesion to different components of the extracellular matrix or to endothelial cells, and an intravital microscopy model that was developed to directly visualize the initial adhesion of bacteria to the splanchnic circulation in vivo. These methods can be used to identify the bacterial and host factors required for the adhesion of bacteria under flow. We illustrate the relevance of shear stress and the role of von Willebrand factor for the adhesion of Staphylococcus aureus using both the in vitro and in vivo model.

In Vitro and In Vivo Model to Study Bacterial Adhesion to the Vessel Wall Under Flow Conditions

To study the interaction of bacteria with the blood vessels under shear stress, a flow chamber and an in vivo mesenteric intravital microscopy model are described that allow to dissect the bacterial and host factors contributing to vascular adhesion.

在体外和体内模型来研究细菌粘附于血管壁下流动条件

In order to cause endovascular infections and infective endocarditis, bacteria need to be able to adhere to the vessel wall while being exposed to the ...

Analysis of Lymphocyte Extravasation Using an In Vitro Model of the Human Blood-brain Barrier

Lymphocyte extravasation into the central nervous system (CNS) is critical for immune surveillance. Disease-related alterations of lymphocyte extravasation might result in pathophysiological changes in the CNS. Thus, investigation of lymphocyte migration into the CNS is important to understand inflammatory CNS diseases and to develop new therapy approaches. Here we present an in vitro model of the human blood-brain barrier to study lymphocyte extravasation. Human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMEC) are confluently grown on a porous polyethylene terephthalate transwell insert to mimic the endothelium of the blood-brain barrier. Barrier function is validated by zonula occludens immunohistochemistry, transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER) measurements as well as analysis of evans blue permeation. This model allows investigation of the diapedesis of rare lymphocyte subsets such as CD56brightCD16dim/- NK cells. Furthermore, the effects of other cells, cytokines and chemokines, disease-related alterations, and distinct treatment regimens on the migratory capacity of lymphocytes can be studied. Finally, the impact of inflammatory stimuli as well as different treatment regimens on the endothelial barrier can be analyzed.

Analysis of Lymphocyte Extravasation Using an In Vitro Model of the Human Blood-brain Barrier

Here, we describe a human blood-brain barrier model enabling to investigate lymphocyte transmigration into the central nervous system in vitro.

使用的淋巴细胞外渗分析<em&gt;体外</em&gt;人类血脑屏障模型

Lymphocyte extravasation into the central nervous system (CNS) is critical for immune surveillance. Disease-related alterations of lymphocyte ...

Overexpression and Purification of Human Cis-prenyltransferase in Escherichia coli

Prenyltransferases (PT) are a group of enzymes that catalyze chain elongation of allylic diphosphate using isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) via multiple condensation reactions. DHDDS (dehydrodolichyl diphosphate synthase) is a eukaryotic long-chain cis-PT (forming cis double bonds from the condensation reaction) that catalyzes chain elongation of farnesyl diphosphate (FPP, an allylic diphosphate) via multiple condensations with isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP). DHDDS is of biomedical importance, as a non-conservative mutation (K42E) in the enzyme results in retinitis pigmentosa, ultimately leading to blindness. Therefore, the present protocol was developed in order to acquire large quantities of purified DHDDS, suitable for mechanistic studies. Here, the usage of protein fusion, optimized culture conditions and codon-optimization were used to allow the overexpression and purification of functionally active human DHDDS in E. coli. The described protocol is simple, cost-effective and time sparing. The homology of cis-PT among different species suggests that this protocol may be applied for other eukaryotic cis-PT as well, such as those involved in natural rubber synthesis.

Overexpression and Purification of Human Cis-prenyltransferase in Escherichia coli

A simple protocol for overexpression and purification of codon-optimized, human cis-prenyltransferase, under non-denaturing conditions, from Escherichia coli, is described, along with an enzymatic activity assay. This protocol can be generalized for production of other cis- prenyltransferase proteins in quantity and quality suitable for mechanistic studies.

人类的过表达和纯化<em&gt;顺</emβ-肾上腺素转移酶<em&gt;大肠杆菌</em

Prenyltransferases (PT) are a group of enzymes that catalyze chain elongation of allylic diphosphate using isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) via multiple ...

Fabricating Optical-quality Glass Surfaces to Study Macrophage Fusion

Visualizing the formation of multinucleated giant cells (MGCs) from living specimens has been challenging due to the fact that most live imaging techniques require propagation of light through glass, but on glass macrophage fusion is a rare event. This protocol presents the fabrication of several optical-quality glass surfaces where adsorption of compounds containing long-chain hydrocarbons transforms glass into a fusogenic surface. First, preparation of clean glass surfaces as starting material for surface modification is described. Second, a method is provided for the adsorption of compounds containing long-chain hydrocarbons to convert non-fusogenic glass into a fusogenic substrate. Third, this protocol describes fabrication of surface micropatterns that promote a high degree of spatiotemporal control over MGC formation. Finally, fabricating glass bottom dishes is described. Examples of use of this in vitro cell system as a model to study macrophage fusion and MGC formation are shown.

This protocol describes the fabrication of optical-quality glass surfaces adsorbed with compounds containing long-chain hydrocarbons that can be used to monitor macrophage fusion of living specimens and enables super-resolution microscopy of fixed specimens.

制备光学质量玻璃表面研究巨噬细胞融合

Visualizing the formation of multinucleated giant cells (MGCs) from living specimens has been challenging due to the fact that most live imaging ...

In Vitro Differentiation of Mouse Granulocyte-macrophage-colony-stimulating Factor (GM-CSF)-producing T Helper (THGM) Cells

The granulocyte-macrophage-colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF)-producing T helper (THGM) cell is a newly identified T helper cell subset that predominantly secretes GM-CSF without producing interferon (IFN)&#947; or interleukin (IL)-17 and is found to play an essential role in the autoimmune neuroinflammation. A method of isolation of naive CD4+ T cells from a single-cell suspension of splenocytes and THGM cell generation from naive CD4+ T cells would be a useful technique in the study of T cell-mediated immunity and autoimmune diseases. Here we describe a method that differentiates mouse naive CD4+ T cells into THGM cells promoted by IL-7. The outcome of the differentiation was assessed by the analysis of the cytokines expression using different techniques, including intracellular cytokine staining combined with flow cytometry, a quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). Using the THGM differentiation protocol as described here, about 55% of the cells expressed GM-CSF with a minimal expression of IFN&#945; or IL-17. The predominant expression of GM-CSF by THGM cells was further confirmed by the analysis of the expression of GM-CSF, IFN&#945;, and IL-17 at both mRNA and protein levels. Thus, this method can be used to differentiate naive CD4+ T cells to THGM cells in vitro, which will be useful in the study of THGM cell biology.

In Vitro Differentiation of Mouse Granulocyte-macrophage-colony-stimulating Factor GM-CSF-producing T Helper THGM Cells

Here, we present a protocol to differentiate murine granulocyte-macrophage-colony-stimulating-factor-producing T helper (THGM) cells from naive CD4+ T cells, including isolation of naive CD4+ T cells, differentiation of THGM, and analysis of differentiated THGM cells. This method can be applied to studies of the regulation and function of THGM cells.

体外小鼠粒细胞-巨噬细胞集落刺激因子 (gm-CSF) 的分化--生成 t 辅助器 (tHgm) 细胞

The granulocyte-macrophage-colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF)-producing T helper (THGM) cell is a newly identified T helper cell subset that predominantly ...

An Immunohistopathologic Study to Profile the Folate Receptor Beta Macrophage and Vascular Immune Microenvironment in Giant Cell Arteritis

Giant cell arteritis (GCA) is a chronic immune-mediated disease of medium-to-large sized arteries that affects older adults. GCA manifests with arthritis and occlusive symptoms of headaches, stroke or vision loss. Macrophages and T-helper lymphocytes infiltrate the vascular wall and produce a pro-inflammatory response that lead to vessel damage and ischemia. To date, there is no GCA biomarker that can monitor disease activity and guide therapeutic response.
Folate receptor beta (FRB) is a glycosylphosphatidylinositol protein that is anchored on cell membranes and normally expressed in the myelomonocytic lineage and in the majority of myeloid leukemia cells as well as in tumor and rheumatoid synovial macrophages, where its expression correlates with disease severity. The ability of FRB to bind folate compounds, folic acid-conjugates and antifolate drugs has made it a druggable target in cancer and inflammatory disease research. This report describes the histopathologic and immunohistochemical methods used to assess expression and distribution of FRB in relation to GCAimmunopathology.
Formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded temporal artery biopsies from GCA and normal controls were stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin to review tissue histology and identify pathognomonic features.Immunohistochemistry was used to detect FRB, CD68 and CD3 expression. A microscopic analysis was performed to quantify the number of positively stained cells on 10 selected high-power-field sections and their respective locations in the arterial wall.
Lymphohistiocytic (LH) inflammation accompanied by intimal hyperplasia and disrupted elastic lamina was seen in GCA with none found in controls. The LH infiltrate was composed of approximately 60% lymphocytes and 40% macrophages. FRB expression was restricted to macrophages, comprising 31% of the total CD68+ macrophage population and localized to the media and adventitia. No FRB was seen in controls.
This protocol demonstrated a distinct numerical and spatial pattern of the FRB macrophage relative to the vascular immune microenvironment in GCA.

The protocol illustrates the use of histopathologic examination and immunohistochemistry to profile the folate receptor beta macrophage and its relationship with the total immune cell infiltrate in temporal artery biopsies in giant cell arteritis.

巨细胞动脉炎叶酸受体贝塔巨噬细胞和血管免疫微环境的免疫组织病理学分析

Giant cell arteritis (GCA) is a chronic immune-mediated disease of medium-to-large sized arteries that affects older adults. GCA manifests with arthritis ...