这项工作是支持的Charyk基金会和弗莱彻·琼斯基金会下的授权号码9900600。作者非常感谢Kavli纳米科学研究所纳米加工工具的使用，在加州理工学院贝克曼研究所的分子材料研究中心在加州理工学院的XPS使用的技术和接触角测角仪，司加州理工学院地质与行星科学利用SEM。

1。碳纳米管（CNT）阵列增长<ol><li>准备一个硅晶片，与至少一个抛光面。有没有具体的要求的大小，结晶取向，掺杂型，电阻率，和氧化层的厚度。我们通常使用&lt;100&gt; n型用磷掺杂的硅晶片，具有一个直径为3英寸，厚度为381微米，和5-10Ωcm的电阻率。一般，此硅晶片具有热氧化物层的厚度为300nm。 </li><li>如果所制备的硅晶片不具有氧化物层，添加在晶片上的抛光面的厚度为300nm的氧化物层。此氧化物层可以热生长，或通过物理气相沉积（PVD）沉积，优选使用电子束蒸发器。 </li><li>定金的三氧化二铝（Al 2 O 3的 ）的缓冲层上的晶片的抛光侧的平均厚度为10nm。使用电子束蒸发器，在沉积的平均沉积速率为0.5＆环保相关讯息;/秒是优选的。使用氧化铝球团，纯度为99.99％或更高。 </li><li>定金的铁（Fe）上的晶片的抛光侧催化剂层的平均厚度为1nm。由于该缓冲层的均匀性，是非常关键的，使用电子束蒸发器，并且平均沉积速率为0.3埃/秒或更低的沉积是优选的。使用球团矿，纯度为99.95％或更高。 </li><li>剪切和切块的催化剂涂硅晶片分割成多个更小的芯片，最好为1x1厘米的样品。 </li><li>装入到一个直径为1英寸的石英管式炉（ 图2）的几个催化剂涂覆的硅芯片。 </li><li>的炉中的温度提高到750℃下在一个恒定的流量为400 sccm的氩（Ar）的气体，在600乇的压力下。 </li><li>一旦达到的生长温度为750℃，开始的预处理过程中通过流动200sccm的氩气和285 sccm的氢（H 2）气体的混合物中，同时保持吨他在600毫米汞柱压力恒定。运行5分钟的预处理过程。 </li><li>的预处理过程被完成后，开始的生长过程中通过流过的混合物210 sccm的氢的气体和490 sccm的乙烯（C 2 H 4）气体，同时在600乇的压力保持恒定。运行的成长过程中，最多1小时，同时保持生长温度恒定在750℃。碳纳米管阵列的长度的确定的生长时间。碳纳米管阵列的平均长度1毫米可以通过以下来实现他们成长1小时。2 </li><li>一个恒定的流量为400 sccm的氩气下，在600乇的压力下，使温度回至室温的炉。卸载样品的炉中，一旦温度达到室温。 </li><li>的整体增长特性，包括增长的质量，长度，直径，堆积密度大，用电子显微镜的特点。 </li></ol> 2。氧气广告或佩蒂翁诱导UV /臭氧处理<ol><li>将碳纳米管阵列的几个样品，一个高强度的汞蒸气灯，产生的波长为185nm和254nm的紫外辐射下。这些样品需要被放置在从灯5 - 20厘米的距离。作为替代（ 图3），可以使用商业的UV /臭氧吸尘器。 </li><li>公开这些阵列于紫外线辐射，在空气中在标准室温的温度和压力。的总的曝光时间依赖于它们的物理性能，紫外线辐射的功率，和希望要达到的程度的润湿性。作为近似，大概需要30分钟的紫外线照射于100毫瓦/平方厘米 ，高15微米的碳纳米管阵列从超疏水，超亲水完全切换。 </li><li>测量的UV /臭氧处理的碳纳米管阵列，使用接触角测角计的水的静态接触角。第5节中描述的协议来执行此测量。 </li><li>再暴露的碳纳米管阵列ANOT她圆圆的UV /臭氧治疗，如果他们不亲水性不够。 </li><li> UV /臭氧处理的碳纳米管阵列的表面化学特性，用X-射线光电子能谱。 </li></ol> 3。吸附氧诱导的氧等离子体处理<ol><li>将几个样品碳纳米管阵列室中的氧离子清洗机/抛光机/刻蚀机（ 图4）。远程氧等离子体清洗机/抛光机/刻蚀机是最好的，因为它的各向同性的性质比直接。 </li><li>设置到第150 sccm的腔室压力至500毫乇的氧气流速。设置至50瓦的射频功率。 </li><li>这些阵列暴露于氧等离子体几分钟。的总的曝光时间依赖于它们的物理性质和希望要达到的程度的润湿性。避免要采取因为氧等离子体是非常能够完全氧化成CO和CO 2分子的CNT。一个近似值，它应该小于30英里n来切换高一毫米的碳纳米管阵列从超疏水，超亲水。 </li><li>测量的氧等离子体处理的碳纳米管阵列为使用接触角测角计的水的静态接触角。第5节中描述的协议来执行此测量。 </li><li>重新暴露在新一轮的氧等离子体处理的碳纳米管阵列，如果他们不亲水性不够。 </li><li>检定的表面化学性质的氧等离子体处理的碳纳米管阵列，通过X-射线光电子能谱。 </li></ol> 4。真空热处理氧解吸的影响<ol><li>将碳纳米管阵列的几个样品，在真空烘箱中（ 图5）的腔室。 </li><li>减少的腔室的压力至少为2.5乇。 </li><li>增加的腔室的温度为250℃或更高。 </li><li>公开这些阵列的真空退火处理好几个小时。的总的曝光时间依赖于它们的物理性质和润湿性，要实现的程度。一个近似值，它完全切换至少需要3小时15微米高的碳纳米管阵列超亲水到超疏水和超过24小时转换成一毫米高的碳纳米管阵列超亲水到超疏水。 </li><li>测量的真空退火处理后的碳纳米管阵列为使用接触角测角计的水的静态接触角。第5节中描述的协议来执行此测量。 </li><li>重新暴露的阵列新一轮的真空退火处理，如果他们是不是足够的疏水性。 </li><li>表征通过X-射线光电子能谱的真空退火的碳纳米管阵列的表面化学性质。 </li></ol> 5。润湿性能表征<ol><li>准备的接触角测角仪。用离子交换水填充微量组件。此注射器具有要配备22号平头的直针或更小的针头。打开上的照明器。 </lI&gt; <li>将碳纳米管阵列的样本的接触角测角仪样品表。确保样品不朝一个方向倾斜。 </li><li>带来的微针组件接近的样品，并慢慢地分配5μl水的CNT阵列的顶表面上的液滴。 </li><li>捕捉一个画面的水滴一旦它已经到了其余的顶表面上的碳纳米管阵列。确保图像之前，已经取得了平衡条件。 </li><li>计算的接触角24通过处理所捕获的图像与一个专用的，由RAME-鹿或LBADSA的软件（如DROPimage）。 </li></ol>

<ol>
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作者声明我们有没有利益冲突。

我们认为，因为它可以在空气中进行，在一个标准间的温度和压力达到几个小时，取决于碳纳米管阵列的长度和功率的UV辐射的UV /臭氧处理，最方便的氧化技术。紫外线辐射，所产生的高强度的汞蒸气灯，在185 nm和254 nm，打破的分子键的外壁上的CNT，使臭氧，同时从空气转换由UV辐射，它们的表面氧化。26,27的氧化过程停止一旦CNT表面的完全官能化，防止被完全氧化成CO和CO 2分子?...

具有可调的润湿性能的合成材料的引入已使许多应用，包括自清洁表面和流体动力减阻装置。6,7许多研究报道表明成功地调谐的材料的润湿性，能够以改变其表面化学和地形的表面粗糙度。8-11在许多其他可用的合成材料，纳米材料已吸引了最多的关注，由于其固有的多尺度的表面粗糙度和其表面可容易地由普通的方法官能化。这些纳米结构材料的几个例子，包括氧化锌的SiO 2，12,13，12,14的ITO，12和碳纳米管（CNT）。15-17我们相信，可逆地调谐的CNT的润湿性的能力有其自己的美德，因为它们被认为是为未来的应用的最有前途的材料之一系统蒸发散。 碳纳米管可以被亲水性的官能化含氧氧化处理过程中引入的官能团，它们的表面。迄今为止，最常用的方法，引入氧吸附的CNT是公知的湿式氧化技术，涉及使用强酸和氧化剂如硝酸和过氧化氢​​。18-20这些湿氧化技术是难以向上扩展到工业水平，因为安全和环境问题，和相当长的时间来完成氧化过程。此外，可能需要一个临界点干燥方法可以采用，以尽量减少毛细管力的影响，可能会破坏在干燥过程中的微观结构和总体取向的CNT阵列。干的氧化处理，如UV /臭氧和氧等离子体处理，提供一个更安全，更快，更容易控制的氧化过程，相比于上述的湿式氧化处理。 碳纳米管可以通过除去从它们的表面上的附加的含氧官能团的疏水性。到目前为止，复杂的过程总是涉及高度疏水性的碳纳米管阵列。通常情况下，都必须在这些阵列涂有非润湿性的化学物质，如PTFE，氧化锌，和氟烷基硅烷，15,21,22或安抚被氟或烃等离子处理，如CF4和CH 4。16,23虽然上述治疗方法是不是太困难，将其推广到工业级的，他们是不可逆的。一旦在CNT暴露这些治疗，他们可以不再被赋予亲水性，通过使用共同的氧化方法。 本文所提出的方法表明碳纳米管阵列的润湿性的影响可以被调谐直截了当地和方便地通过干氧化和真空退火处理（ 图1）的组合。氧一通过这些处理而诱导的夏文建，梁国庆和解吸过程是高度可逆的，因为他们的非破坏性的性质和其它杂质的情况下。因此，这些处理允许碳纳米管阵列要重复的亲水性和疏水性之间的切换。另外，这些处理是非常实用的，经济的，并且可以很容易地按比例放大，因为它们可以使用任何商业真空烘箱和UV /臭氧或氧等离子体清洁器执行。 请注意，垂直取向的碳纳米管阵列用在这里是由标准的热化学气相沉积（CVD）技术生长。这些阵列通常是含碳的前体在升高的温度下的气体的流动的下在石英管式炉中的催化剂涂覆的硅晶片基板上生长。阵列的平均长度，可以改变从几微米至一毫米长，通过改变生长时间。

<table border="1">
<tbody>
 <tr>
 <td> Material Name</td>
 <td> Company</td>
 <td> Catalogue Number</td>
 <td> Comments (optional)</td>
 </tr>
 <tr >
 <td>Lindberg Blue M Mini-Mite tube furnace</td>
 <td>Thermo Scientific</td>
 <td>TF55030A</td>
 <td>1" tube furnace for CNT array growth</td>
 </tr>
 <tr >
 <td>Electronic mass flow controllers</td>
 <td>MKS</td>
 <td>PFC-50 &pi;MFC</td>
 <td>Max flow rate of 1000 sccm </td>
 </tr>
 <tr >
 <td>Electronic pressure controller</td>
 <td>MKS</td>
 <td>PC-90 &pi;PC</td>
 <td>Max pressure of 1000 Torr</td>
 </tr>
 <tr >
 <td>1" quartz tube</td>
 <td>MTI Corp.</td>
 <td>>EQ-QZTube-25GE-610</td>
 <td>1" D x 24" L</td>
 </tr>
 <tr >
 <td>Hydrogen gas</td>
 <td>Airgas</td>
 <td>HY UHP200</td>
 <td>CNT array growth precursor gas, 99.999% purity</td>
 </tr>
 <tr >
 <td>Ethylene gas</td>
 <td>Matheson</td>
 <td>G2250101</td>
 <td>CNT array growth precursor gas, 99.999% purity</td>
 </tr>
 <tr >
 <td>Argon gas</td>
 <td>Airgas</td>
 <td>AR UHP200</td>
 <td>CNT array growth precursor gas, 99.999% purity</td>
 </tr>
 <tr >
 <td>Silicon wafer</td>
 <td>El-Cat</td>
 <td>2449</td>
 <td>With 300 nm polished thermal oxide layer</td>
 </tr>
 <tr >
 <td>Iron pellets</td>
 <td>Kurt J Lesker</td>
 <td>EVMFE35EXEA</td>
 <td>99.95% purity</td>
 </tr>
 <tr >
 <td>Aluminum oxide pellets</td>
 <td>Kurt J Lesker</td>
 <td>EVMALO-1220B</td>
 <td>99.99% purity</td>
 </tr>
 <tr >
 <td>E-beam evaporator</td>
 <td>CHA Industries</td>
 <td>CHA Mark 40</td>
 <td>For buffer and catalyst layer deposition</td>
 </tr>
 <tr >
 <td>UV/ozone cleaner</td>
 <td>BioForce Nanosciences</td>
 <td>ProCleaner Plus</td>
 <td>For oxidizing CNT array</td>
 </tr>
 <tr >
 <td>Oxygen plasma cleaner</td>
 <td>PVA TePla</td>
 <td>M4L</td>
 <td>For oxidizing CNT array</td>
 </tr>
 <tr >
 <td>Vacuum oven</td>
 <td>VWR</td>
 <td>97027-664 </td>
 <td>For deoxidizing CNT array</td>
 </tr>
 <tr >
 <td>SEM</td>
 <td>Zeiss</td>
 <td>1550 VP</td>
 <td>For CNT array growth characterization</td>
 </tr>
 <tr >
 <td>XPS</td>
 <td>Surface Science </td>
 <td>M-Probe</td>
 <td>For surface chemistry characterization</td>
 </tr>
 <tr >
 <td>Contact angle goniometer</td>
 <td>ram&eacute;-hart</td>
 <td>Model 190</td>
 <td>For wetting properties characterization</td>
 </tr>
 </tbody>
</table>

dry oxidation and vacuum annealing treatments for tuning the wetting properties of carbon nanotube arrays

在这篇文章中，我们将介绍一个简单的方法来可逆调整的润湿性垂直排列的碳纳米管（CNT）阵列。在这里，被定义为碳纳米管阵列密集的多壁碳纳米管的取向垂直于所述生长衬底的生长过程的结果的标准热化学气相沉积（CVD）技术。1,2这些碳纳米管阵列，然后暴露于真空退火处理，以使它们更疏水性或干燥氧化处理，以使它们更具亲水性。疏水性的碳纳米管阵列可以被亲水性的暴露它们干燥氧化处理，通过将它们暴露到真空退火处理，而亲水性的碳纳米管阵列可以打开疏水。使用两种治疗的组合，可以反复切换碳纳米管阵列之间的亲水性和疏水性， 因此 ，这样的组合在许多工业和消费者应用中显示出非常高的电位，包括药物递送系统和高功率密度超级电容器。3-5 不同的润湿性的碳纳米管阵列的关键是控制氧吸附物的表面浓度。氧吸附物基本上可以被引入通过暴露任何氧化处理的碳纳米管阵列。在这里，我们使用干式氧化的处理，如氧等离子体和UV /臭氧，与含氧的官能团的官能化的CNT的表面。这些含氧的官能团允许的表面之间的CNT与水分子形成氢键，使CNT的亲水性。要打开他们的疏水性，吸附的氧气必须从碳纳米管的表面。在这里，我们采用真空退火处理，以诱导氧脱附过程。碳纳米管阵列具有极低的表面浓度的氧吸附表现出了超疏水性的​​行为。

CVD法上述的查询结果密密麻麻垂直对齐的多壁碳纳米管阵列与一个典型的直径，数量的壁，和碳纳米管间的间距为约12 - 20纳米，8 - 16的墙壁，和40 - 100nm的分别。阵列的平均长度，可以改变从几微米长（ 图6a）到毫米长（ 图6b），通过改变生长分别从5分钟至1小时的时间。典型的垂直对齐方式是在长度规模较大，存在一些纠葛在长度规模较小。 <p class="jove_...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Dry Oxidation and Vacuum Annealing Treatments for Tuning the Wetting Properties of Carbon Nanotube Arrays at JoVE.com

Dry Oxidation and Vacuum Annealing Treatments for Tuning the Wetting Properties of Carbon Nanotube Arrays

本文介绍了一种简单的方法来制作垂直排列的碳纳米管阵列化学气相沉积，并随后调整其润湿性能，使他们暴露在真空退火或干式氧化处理。

干式氧化及真空退火处理调整的润湿性能的碳纳米管阵列

In this article, we describe a simple method to reversibly  tune the wetting properties of vertically aligned carbon nanotube (CNT) arrays.  Here, CNT ...

dry-oxidation-vacuum-annealing-treatments-for-tuning-wetting

Research

JoVE Journal

Engineering

14.9K 次观看.  California Institute of Technology. 本文介绍了一种简单的方法来制作垂直排列的碳纳米管阵列化学气相沉积，并随后调整其润湿性能，使他们暴露在真空退火或干式氧化处理。

视频: Dry Oxidation and Vacuum Annealing Treatments for Tuning the Wetting Properties of Carbon Nanotube Arrays

Fabrication, Densification, and Replica Molding of 3D Carbon Nanotube Microstructures

The introduction of new materials and processes to microfabrication has, in large part, enabled many important advances in microsystems, lab-on-a-chip devices, and their applications. In particular, capabilities for cost-effective fabrication of polymer microstructures were transformed by the advent of soft lithography and other micromolding techniques 1, 2, and this led a revolution in applications of microfabrication to biomedical engineering and biology. Nevertheless, it remains challenging to fabricate microstructures with well-defined nanoscale surface textures, and to fabricate arbitrary 3D shapes at the micro-scale. Robustness of master molds and maintenance of shape integrity is especially important to achieve high fidelity replication of complex structures and preserving their nanoscale surface texture. The combination of hierarchical textures, and heterogeneous shapes, is a profound challenge to existing microfabrication methods that largely rely upon top-down etching using fixed mask templates. On the other hand, the bottom-up synthesis of nanostructures such as nanotubes and nanowires can offer new capabilities to microfabrication, in particular by taking advantage of the collective self-organization of nanostructures, and local control of their growth behavior with respect to microfabricated patterns. 
Our goal is to introduce vertically aligned carbon nanotubes (CNTs), which we refer to as CNT "forests", as a new microfabrication material. We present details of a suite of related methods recently developed by our group: fabrication of CNT forest microstructures by thermal CVD from lithographically patterned catalyst thin films; self-directed elastocapillary densification of CNT microstructures; and replica molding of polymer microstructures using CNT composite master molds. In particular, our work shows that self-directed capillary densification ("capillary forming"), which is performed by condensation of a solvent onto the substrate with CNT microstructures, significantly increases the packing density of CNTs. This process enables directed transformation of vertical CNT microstructures into straight, inclined, and twisted shapes, which have robust mechanical properties exceeding those of typical microfabrication polymers. This in turn enables formation of nanocomposite CNT master molds by capillary-driven infiltration of polymers. The replica structures exhibit the anisotropic nanoscale texture of the aligned CNTs, and can have walls with sub-micron thickness and aspect ratios exceeding 50:1. Integration of CNT microstructures in fabrication offers further opportunity to exploit the electrical and thermal properties of CNTs, and diverse capabilities for chemical and biochemical functionalization 3.

We present methods for fabrication of patterned microstructures of vertically aligned carbon nanotubes (CNTs), and their use as master molds for production of polymer microstructures with organized nanoscale surface texture. The CNT forests are densified by condensation of solvent onto the substrate, which significantly increases their packing density and enables self-directed formation of 3D shapes.

制备，致密，副本三维碳纳米管微结构成型

The introduction of new materials and processes to microfabrication has, in large part, enabled many important advances in microsystems, lab-on-a-chip ...

科研

工程学

Synthesis and Functionalization of Nitrogen-doped Carbon Nanotube Cups with Gold Nanoparticles as Cork Stoppers

Nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes consist of many cup-shaped graphitic compartments termed as nitrogen-doped carbon nanotube cups (NCNCs). These as-synthesized graphitic nanocups from chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method were stacked in a head-to-tail fashion held only through noncovalent interactions. Individual NCNCs can be isolated out of their stacking structure through a series of chemical and physical separation processes. First, as-synthesized NCNCs were oxidized in a mixture of strong acids to introduce oxygen-containing defects on the graphitic walls. The oxidized NCNCs were then processed using high-intensity probe-tip sonication which effectively separated the stacked NCNCs into individual graphitic nanocups. Owing to their abundant oxygen and nitrogen surface functionalities, the resulted individual NCNCs are highly hydrophilic and can be effectively functionalized with gold nanoparticles (GNPs), which preferentially fit in the opening of the cups as cork stoppers. These graphitic nanocups corked with GNPs may find promising applications as nanoscale containers and drug carriers.

We discussed the synthesis of individual graphitic nanocups using a series of techniques including chemical vapor deposition, acid oxidation and probe-tip sonication. By citrate reduction of HAuCl4, the graphitic nanocups were effectively corked with gold nanoparticles due to the chemically reactive edges of the cups.

黄金纳米粒子作为软木塞氮掺杂碳纳米管杯的合成与功能构造

Nitrogen-doped carbon  nanotubes consist of many cup-shaped graphitic compartments termed as  nitrogen-doped carbon nanotube cups (NCNCs).  These ...

Fine-tuning the Size and Minimizing the Noise of Solid-state Nanopores

Solid-state nanopores have emerged as a versatile tool for the characterization of single biomolecules such as nucleic acids and proteins1. However, the creation of a nanopore in a thin insulating membrane remains challenging. Fabrication methods involving specialized focused electron beam systems can produce well-defined nanopores, but yield of reliable and low-noise nanopores in commercially available membranes remains low2,3 and size control is nontrivial4,5. Here, the application of high electric fields to fine-tune the size of the nanopore while ensuring optimal low-noise performance is demonstrated. These short pulses of high electric field are used to produce a pristine electrical signal and allow for enlarging of nanopores with subnanometer precision upon prolonged exposure. This method is performed in situ in an aqueous environment using standard laboratory equipment, improving the yield and reproducibility of solid-state nanopore fabrication.

A methodology for preparing solid-state nanopores in solution for biomolecular translocation experiments is presented. By applying short pulses of high electric fields, the nanopore diameter can be controllably enlarged with subnanometer precision and its electrical noise characteristics significantly improved. This procedure is performed in situ using standard laboratory equipment under experimental conditions.

微调尺寸和最小化固态纳米孔的噪音

Solid-state nanopores have emerged as a versatile tool for the characterization of single biomolecules such as nucleic acids and proteins1. However, the ...

Ambient Method for the Production of an Ionically Gated Carbon Nanotube Common Cathode in Tandem Organic Solar Cells

A method of fabricating organic photovoltaic (OPV) tandems that requires no vacuum processing is presented. These devices are comprised of two solution-processed polymeric cells connected in parallel by a transparent carbon nanotubes (CNT) interlayer. This structure includes improvements in fabrication techniques for tandem OPV devices. First the need for ambient-processed cathodes is considered. The CNT anode in the tandem device is tuned via ionic gating to become a common cathode. Ionic gating employs electric double layer charging to lower the work function of the CNT electrode. Secondly, the difficulty of sequentially stacking tandem layers by solution-processing is addressed. The devices are fabricated via solution and dry-lamination in ambient conditions with parallel processing steps. The method of fabricating the individual polymeric cells, the steps needed to laminate them together with a common CNT cathode, and then provide some representative results are described. These results demonstrate ionic gating of the CNT electrode to create a common cathode and addition of current and efficiency as a result of the lamination procedure.

A method of fabricating, in ambient conditions, organic photovoltaic tandem devices in a parallel configuration is presented. These devices feature an air-processed, semi-transparent, carbon nanotube common cathode.

对于一个以离子门控碳纳米管共阴极的串联有机太阳能电池的生产环境法

A method of fabricating organic photovoltaic (OPV) tandems that requires no vacuum processing is presented. These devices are comprised of two ...

Fabrication of Low Temperature Carbon Nanotube Vertical Interconnects Compatible with Semiconductor Technology

We demonstrate a method for the low temperature growth (350 &#176;C) of vertically-aligned carbon nanotubes (CNT) bundles on electrically conductive thin-films. Due to the low growth temperature, the process allows integration with modern low-&#954; dielectrics and some flexible substrates. The process is compatible with standard semiconductor fabrication, and a method for the fabrication of electrical 4-point probe test structures for vertical interconnect test structures is presented. Using scanning electron microscopy the morphology of the CNT bundles is investigated, which demonstrates vertical alignment of the CNT and can be used to tune the CNT growth time. With Raman spectroscopy the crystallinity of the CNT is investigated. It was found that the CNT have many defects, due to the low growth temperature. The electrical current-voltage measurements of the test vertical interconnects displays a linear response, indicating good ohmic contact was achieved between the CNT bundle and the top and bottom metal electrodes. The obtained resistivities of the CNT bundle are among the average values in the literature, while a record-low CNT growth temperature was used.

A method for the growth of low temperature vertically-aligned carbon nanotubes, and the subsequent fabrication of vertical interconnect electrical test structures using semiconductor fabrication is presented.

低温碳纳米管垂直互连的制作兼容半导体技术

We demonstrate a method for the low temperature growth (350 &#176;C) of vertically-aligned carbon nanotubes (CNT) bundles on electrically conductive ...

Development of an Experimental Setup for the Measurement of the Coefficient of Restitution under Vacuum Conditions

The Discrete Element Method is used for the simulation of particulate systems to describe and analyze them, to predict and afterwards optimize their behavior for single stages of a process or even an entire process. For the simulation with occurring particle-particle and particle-wall contacts, the value of the coefficient of restitution is required. It can be determined experimentally. The coefficient of restitution depends on several parameters like the impact velocity. Especially for fine particles the impact velocity depends on the air pressure and under atmospheric pressure high impact velocities cannot be reached. For this, a new experimental setup for free-fall tests under vacuum conditions is developed. The coefficient of restitution is determined with the impact and rebound velocity which are detected by a high-speed camera. To not hinder the view, the vacuum chamber is made of glass. Also a new release mechanism to drop one single particle under vacuum conditions is constructed. Due to that, all properties of the particle can be characterized beforehand.

The coefficient of restitution is a parameter that describes the loss of kinetic energy during collision. Here, a free-fall setup under vacuum conditions is developed to be able to determine the coefficient of restitution parameter for particles in micrometer range with high impact velocities.

实验装置的研制归还系数在真空条件下测量

The Discrete Element Method is used for the simulation of particulate systems to describe and analyze them, to predict and afterwards optimize their ...

Seedless Growth of Bismuth Nanowire Array via Vacuum Thermal Evaporation

Here a seedless and template-free technique is demonstrated to scalably grow bismuth nanowires, through thermal evaporation in high vacuum at RT. Conventionally reserved for the fabrication of metal thin films, thermal evaporation deposits bismuth into an array of vertical single crystalline nanowires over a flat thin film of vanadium held at RT, which is freshly deposited by magnetron sputtering or thermal evaporation. By controlling the temperature of the growth substrate the length and width of the nanowires can be tuned over a wide range. Responsible for this novel technique is a previously unknown nanowire growth mechanism that roots in the mild porosity of the vanadium thin film. Infiltrated into the vanadium pores, the bismuth domains (~ 1 nm) carry excessive surface energy that suppresses their melting point and continuously expels them out of the vanadium matrix to form nanowires. This discovery demonstrates the feasibility of scalable vapor phase synthesis of high purity nanomaterials without using any catalysts.

A protocol for seedless and high yield growth of bismuth nanowire arrays through vacuum thermal evaporation technique is presented.

铋纳米线阵列通过真空热蒸发无核增长

Here a seedless and template-free technique is demonstrated to scalably grow bismuth nanowires, through thermal evaporation in high vacuum at RT. ...

Two-way Valorization of Blast Furnace Slag: Synthesis of Precipitated Calcium Carbonate and Zeolitic Heavy Metal Adsorbent

The aim of this work is to present a zero-waste process for storing CO2 in a stable and benign mineral form while producing zeolitic minerals with sufficient heavy metal adsorption capacity. To this end, blast furnace slag, a residue from iron-making, is utilized as the starting material. Calcium is selectively extracted from the slag by leaching with acetic acid (2 M CH3COOH) as the extraction agent. The filtered leachate is subsequently physico-chemically purified and then carbonated to form precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC) of high purity (&lt;2 wt% non-calcium impurities, according to ICP-MS analysis). Sodium hydroxide is added to neutralize the regenerated acetate. The morphological properties of the resulting calcitic PCC are tuned for its potential application as a filler in papermaking. In parallel, the residual solids from the extraction stage are subjected to hydrothermal conversion in a caustic solution (2 M NaOH) that leads to the predominant formation of a particular zeolitic mineral phase (detected by XRD), namely analcime (NaAlSi2O6&#8729;H2O). Based on its ability to adsorb Ni2+, as reported from batch adsorption experiments and ICP-OES analysis, this product can potentially be used in wastewater treatment or for environmental remediation applications.

A protocol for the parallel production of precipitated calcium carbonate and zeolitic material from blast furnace slag via mineral carbonation and alkaline hydrothermal conversion, respectively, is presented. The performance of the zeolitic material towards nickel adsorption is tested.

高炉矿渣的双向稳定物价：沉淀碳酸钙和沸石重金属吸附剂的合成

The aim of this work is to present a zero-waste process for storing CO2 in a stable and benign mineral form while producing zeolitic minerals with ...

Precision Milling of Carbon Nanotube Forests Using Low Pressure Scanning Electron Microscopy

A nanoscale fabrication technique appropriate for milling carbon nanotube (CNT) forests is described. The technique utilizes an environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM) operating with a low pressure water vapor ambient. In this technique, a portion of the electron beam interacts with the water vapor in the vicinity of the CNT sample, dissociating the water molecules into hydroxyl radicals and other species by radiolysis. The remainder of the electron beam interacts with the CNT forest sample, making it susceptible to oxidation from the chemical products of radiolysis. This technique may be used to trim a selected region of an individual CNT, or it may be used to remove hundreds of cubic microns of material by adjusting ESEM parameters. The machining resolution is similar to the imaging resolution of the ESEM itself. The technique produces only small quantities of carbon residue along the boundaries of the cutting zone, with minimal effect on the native structural morphology of the CNT forest.

Low pressure scanning electron microscopy in a water vapor ambient is used to machine nanoscale to microscale features in carbon nanotube forests.

碳纳米管森林精密铣床使用低压扫描电子显微镜

A nanoscale fabrication technique appropriate for milling carbon nanotube (CNT) forests is described. The technique utilizes an environmental scanning ...

Orientational Transition in a Liquid Crystal Triggered by the Thermodynamic Growth of Interfacial Wetting Sheets

In liquid crystal (LC) physical chemistry, molecules near the surface play a great role in controlling bulk orientation. Thus far, mainly to achieve desired molecular orientation states in LC displays, the "static" surface property of LCs, so-called surface anchoring, has been intensively studied. As a rule of thumb, once the initial orientation of LCs is "locked" by specific surface treatments, such as rubbing or treatment with a specific alignment layer, it hardly changes with temperature. Here, we present a system exhibiting an orientational transition upon temperature variation, which conflicts with the consensus. Right on the transition, the bulk LC molecules experience the orientational rotation, with 90&#176; between the planar (P) orientation at high temperatures and the vertical (V) orientation at low temperatures in the first-order transitional manner. We have tracked thermodynamic surface anchoring behavior by means of polarizing optical microscopy (POM), dielectric spectroscopy (DS), high-resolution differential scanning calorimetry (HR-DSC), and grazing incidence X-ray diffraction (GI-XRD) and reached a plausible physical explanation: that the transition is triggered by a growth of surface wetting sheets, which impose the V orientation locally against the P orientation in the bulk. This landscape would provide a general link explaining how the equilibrium bulk orientation is affected by surface-localized orientation in many LC systems. In our characterization, POM and DS are advantageous by offering information on the spatial distribution of the orientation of LC molecules. HR-DSC gives information about the precise thermodynamic information on transitions, which cannot be addressed by conventional DSC instruments due to limited resolution. GI-XRD provides information on surface-specific molecular orientation and short-range orderings. The goal of this paper is to present a protocol for preparing a sample that exhibits the transition and to demonstrate how the thermodynamic structural variation, both in the bulk and on surfaces, can be analyzed through the abovementioned methods.

Here, we present a protocol to trigger an orientational transition of a liquid crystal in response to temperature. Methodologies are described for preparing a sample in order to observe the transition and the detailed transitional evolution.

由界面润湿片的热力学生长触发的液晶中的定向转变

In liquid crystal (LC) physical chemistry, molecules near the surface play a great role in controlling bulk orientation. Thus far, mainly to achieve ...