经过细胞分离整个协议大约需要2小时。 1。显微准备<ol><li>从供体骨髓和分离的亚群中的荧光标记，根据标准化的协议9,12允许细胞时进行动物操作的休息时间进行干细胞分离。对于荧光标记，我们建议CFDA（二醋酸盐琥珀酰亚胺酯）。 </li><li>麻醉雄性小鼠体重20-25克用氯胺酮（75毫克/千克）和赛拉嗪（2.5毫克/千克）。在整个手术过程中和实验方案，麻醉应由补充剂根据需要（通常每30-60分钟）保持（初始注入的10％，IP）。 </li><li>轻轻地刮右阴囊前壁方面以及右大腿和腹股沟。收集所有失去的头发用浸湿的棉签。将鼠标腹侧的有机玻璃观看舞台和固定费t使用弹性悬垂性。该阶段是定制的，包括一个底板和一个第二板的底板为两脚和阴囊抬高的尾缘。在舞台上放置一个加热垫，以保持体温在37°C。固定在舞台上后，将动物在手术显微镜下，用10执行下列操作步骤 - 到16倍的放大倍率。 </li><li>使用皮肤剪刀在右大腿，从膝盖股骨血管只是直到前向腹股沟进行初始切口。 </li><li>确定股动脉，并按照其近端，从周围的软组织动员动脉。识别和使用thermocautery切一个大的分支，以左侧睾丸。此后表面上放置一个留缝在左睾丸。温柔的牵引将有利于进一步调动近端股动脉。 </li><li>近端动员完成后，识别和切一个大的分支运行mediallŸ在大腿由thermocautery。此后结扎的股动脉在右大腿的远端部分。在结扎温柔的牵引力，将有助于进一步的准备。 </li><li>将注意力现在的股骨近端动脉再次并将动脉周围缝合的近端越好。准备一个结，但不打领带下来呢。适用温柔的牵引缝线，营造动脉扭结。 </li><li>建立扭结后，切开动脉小心使用microscissor。要特别小心，不要损坏股静脉。 </li><li>通过切口插入准备好的微导管（内径0.28毫米）。导管必须被强制脱气（0.9％氯化钠，NaCl）中，并连接到一个1ml注射器之前插入。 </li><li>导管插入成功后，小心地松开扭结，以利于导管的通道。动脉的血流量，应立即可见导管内。轻轻将导管几毫米用言语以前的扭结。此后，领带下来的导管固定的准备结扎。 </li><li>轻轻冲洗导管（0.9％NaCl）中并吸出，以确认正确的位置。用一块胶布，以进一步确保导管的操作阶段。 </li><li>经过充分固定，把导管留做以下准备步骤，提睾肌。为了防止血块形成适用定期冲洗和导管每隔5-10分钟的愿望。 </li><li>关闭关注，现在到右边阴囊和切割皮肤和筋膜以上的阴囊右侧的腹侧方面做一个切口。小心不要触摸下面的组织与任何仪器。 </li><li>延长切口至腹股沟折起和尾端到阴囊的前端。 </li><li>仔细分离底层软，结缔组织上面提睾麻袋，而不触及它。确定提睾肌的远端，并放置一个留缝线这里SLightly延长肌肉。轻轻拉动肌肉和尾端现在前方切除剩余的软组织下方的肌肉麻袋。 </li><li>从结缔组织完全分离后，打开提睾肌袋在一个点上用剪刀颅边缘。从该开口向下的肌肉的远端延伸的切口。 </li><li>密封小血管连接睾丸和副睾使用thermocautery，其后用剪刀剪断肌肉和睾丸之间的剩余连接。 </li><li>放下睾丸，出了显微镜领域。 </li><li>打开提睾现在在舞台上平放。将在组织的边缘的四个6-0普理灵缝线逗留并修复它们与弹性悬垂性，以分散提睾肌组织。从现在起，连续地润湿所述组织用磷酸盐缓冲盐水（PBS），使用1ml注射器（ 图1）。 </li><li>现在让准备休息15分钟。此后注入0.05-0.1毫升1％的若丹明-葡聚糖通过左侧股动脉的微血管的对比度增强。如果计划在应用程序的任何趋化因子或消炎药，你现在应该局部滋润肌用1毫升注射器各自的试剂。在对照实验的情况下，继续用PBS润燥。 </li></ol> 2。活体显微镜<ol><li>保持鼠标固定在操作阶段和修改后用于落射照明，并连接到一个CCD（电荷耦合器件）摄像机，在荧光显微镜下移动。请特别注意不要打乱股动脉导管。 </li><li>使用水浸泡的目的进行实验。 </li><li>调整客观上为足够的提睾肌微循环的可视化和细胞注射前，后，随机确定6毛细血管静脉为公司干细胞的粘附，以后的分析。 </li><li>辖荧光标记的干细胞，溶解于200μlPBS中，在每次注射0.4×10 6个细胞，总的利用股动脉导管5连续注射液和1ml注射器。细胞样品仔细撼动第一次注射之前。 </li><li>记录干细胞细胞注射后立即滚动，从而确定"滚动"作为电解槽的速度超过50％，沿血管内皮衬里与典型的蜂窝组合"大棒和释放"的动作。进行轧干细胞计数和所有的干细胞通过一个预定义的小静脉的距离在观察1分钟以下每单次注射。干细胞滚动的量表示为所有通过细胞的百分比。不要指望细胞表现出随机简短圈养现象滚动细胞。 </li><li>以下通过计算最后细胞注射决定牢牢附着的干细胞的数量和表达有关次方计算的内皮细胞表面的量Ë六个预定义的小静脉（直径×长×π）为贴壁细胞/毫米2。牢固粘结被认为是在没有细胞的运动是可检测的，持续30秒。 </li><li>在活体显微镜完成后小心地取下提睾肌，并将其对应储存到以后的分析（免疫组化和分子生物学）。通过颈脱位牺牲动物。的活体显微镜录音为干细胞的滚动和坚定的内皮细胞的粘附，以及微血管血流动力学，如红细胞速度（mm /秒），血管长度（微米），血管直径（μm），墙分担率的定量分析（秒-1）;应脱机蒙蔽利用图像处理软件各自的实验治疗组织的调查员进行。 </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Madlambayan, G. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=marrow+stem+and+progenitor+cell+contribution+to+neovasculogenesis+is+dependent+on+model+system+with+SDF-1+as+a+permissive+trigger.">marrow stem and progenitor cell contribution to neovasculogenesis is dependent on model system with SDF-1 as a permissive trigger.</a> Blood. 114, 4310-4319 (2009).</li><li>Lapidot, T., Dar, A., Kollet, O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=How+do+stem+cells+find+their+way+home?.">How do stem cells find their way home?.</a> Blood. 106, 1901-1910 (2005).</li><li>Lehr, H. A., Vollmar, B., Vajkoczy, P., Menger, M. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intravital+fluorescence+microscopy+for+the+study+of+leukocyte+interaction+with+platelets+and+endothelial+cells.">Intravital fluorescence microscopy for the study of leukocyte interaction with platelets and endothelial cells.</a> Methods Enzymol. 300, 462-481 (1999).</li><li>Gavins, F. N., Chatterjee, B. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intravital+microscopy+for+the+study+of+mouse+microcirculation+in+anti-inflammatory+drug+research:+focus+on+the+mesentery+and+cremaster+preparations.">Intravital microscopy for the study of mouse microcirculation in anti-inflammatory drug research: focus on the mesentery and cremaster preparations.</a> J. Pharmacol. Toxicol. Methods. 49, 1-14 (2004).</li><li>Leister, I., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+peritoneal+cavity+chamber+for+intravital+microscopy+of+the+liver+under+conditions+of+pneumoperitoneum.">A peritoneal cavity chamber for intravital microscopy of the liver under conditions of pneumoperitoneum.</a> Surg. Endosc. 17, 939-942 (2003).</li><li>Sriramarao, P., Anderson, W., Wolitzky, B. A., Broide, D. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mouse+bone+marrow-derived+mast+cells+roll+on+P-selectin+under+conditions+of+flow+in+vivo.">Mouse bone marrow-derived mast cells roll on P-selectin under conditions of flow in vivo.</a> Lab Invest. 74, 634-643 (1996).</li><li>Baez, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+open+cremaster+muscle+preparation+for+the+study+of+blood+vessels+by+in+vivo+microscopy.">An open cremaster muscle preparation for the study of blood vessels by in vivo microscopy.</a> Microvasc. Res. 5, 384-394 (1973).</li><li>Bagher, P., Segal, S. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+mouse+cremaster+muscle+preparation+for+intravital+imaging+of+the+microcirculation.">The mouse cremaster muscle preparation for intravital imaging of the microcirculation.</a> J. Vis. Exp. , e2874 (2011).</li><li>Kaminski, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Endothelial+NOS+is+required+for+SDF-1alpha/CXCR4-mediated+peripheral+endothelial+adhesion+of+c-kit++bone+marrow+stem+cells.">Endothelial NOS is required for SDF-1alpha/CXCR4-mediated peripheral endothelial adhesion of c-kit+ bone marrow stem cells.</a> Lab Invest. 88, 58-69 (2008).</li><li>Furlani, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=HMGB-1+induces+c-kit++cell+microvascular+rolling+and+adhesion+via+both+toll-like+receptor-2+and+toll-like+receptor-4+of+endothelial+cells.">HMGB-1 induces c-kit+ cell microvascular rolling and adhesion via both toll-like receptor-2 and toll-like receptor-4 of endothelial cells.</a> J. Cell Mol. Med. 16, 1094-1105 (2012).</li><li>Furlani, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Is+the+intravascular+administration+of+mesenchymal+stem+cells+safe?+Mesenchymal+stem+cells+and+intravital+microscopy.">Is the intravascular administration of mesenchymal stem cells safe? Mesenchymal stem cells and intravital microscopy.</a> Microvasc. Res. 77, 370-376 (2009).</li><li>Donndorf, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Analysing+migratory+properties+of+human+CD+133(+)+stem+cells+in+vivo+after+intraoperative+sternal+bone+marrow+isolation.">Analysing migratory properties of human CD 133(+) stem cells in vivo after intraoperative sternal bone marrow isolation.</a> Cell Transplant. , (2012).</li></ol>

所有的动物实验，这个稿子进行已获当地动物护理和使用委员会。 作者宣称，他们有没有竞争的财务权益。

<html>活体荧光显微镜可以直接可视化和干细胞与血管内皮细胞相互作用的定量分析。提睾肌模型是非常有用的，因为显微曝光和技术活体可视化已经确立的白细胞 - 内皮细胞相互作用和各种化学组分的研究过程中可以选择性地施加到目标组织通过简单灌流技术。由于没有运动伪影和严重的图像噪声，这种特殊的模式，相较于其他的活体，镜设置，提供了用于细胞 - 细胞相互作用的可视化的最佳条?...

本条款的目的是描述活体显微镜的应用对小鼠提睾肌微循环直接观察外周血骨髓干细胞迁移和分析技术（IVM）。 干细胞的当前概念的基础组织和器官再生涉及骨髓来源的干细胞的归巢向受损组织1。对于成功的干细胞迁移的一个关键步骤包括干受伤器官其次是跨内皮迁移，最终器官移植2内与当地内皮细胞间的相互作用。这些干细胞的活体分析-内皮细胞相互作用形成了一个理想的参数用于在体内的病理生理不同设置的干细胞为基础的再生反应的定量。此外，似乎可以设想，即，在将来，特定的干细胞P上的迁移能力的活体分析在标准化的微循环环境opulations，可能会被应用之前推进这些人群进一步临床试验。 活体显微镜已初步开发了白细胞-内皮细胞相互作用在体内的观察和量化在炎症研究3的视场。活体显微镜研究的第一个成功的录音报道了Cohnheim已经在19世纪，研究在光学显微镜下4青蛙的舌头和肠系膜。自从第一次使用IVM发生了翻天覆地的技术发展到今天的某些基本组件构成，以便进行定量IVM的先决条件:（一）组织筹备工作，允许光纤接入，（II），可以通过显微镜来检测分子探针，（三），连接到检测系统及（iv）基于计算机分析系统，可以从图像数据中提取感兴趣的参数的显微镜设置4。 各种组织筹备工作已引入体外成熟的研究，包括肠系膜和小鼠和大鼠5，6小鼠和仓鼠，兔子耳朵和地鼠颊囊，仅举几例背侧皮褶室的肝脏。 然而，在下文中，我们将重点放在鼠标提睾肌，表示用于观察活体的理想的组织，作为制备和可视化是可能的通过公标准化的外科手术过程，和在一般的运动伪影的问题没有发生。开提睾肌的准备进行了第一次在20世纪70年代由贝兹和他的同事7。原本为大鼠描述，已经成功地采用了也鼠标8。经过以前的研究主要集中在与血管壁白细胞的相互作用，我们自己的小组最近推出的鼠标提睾肌整理作为VALUABLE工具直接观察和定义的微环境9内干细胞与血管内皮细胞相互作用的定量分析。各种干细胞亚群进行了研究，利用该模型，包括鼠的c-kit +骨髓干细胞和间充质干细胞，以及人类的CD133 +骨髓干细胞10-12。以下从供体骨髓和可视化的荧光标记细胞的分离，干细胞被选择性地施加到经股动脉，利用动脉注射提睾微循环，从而避免远端器官内的任何细胞截留。此外，由于各种趋化因子的相应设置内潜在介导局部干细胞的迁移，可局部施用于靶组织以简单灌流技术提睾肌模型是特别有用的。

<table border="1">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Name of Reagent</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Carboxy-fluorescein diacetate succinimidylester (CFDA)</td>
			<td>Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA</td>
			<td>C1157</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rhodamine 6 G (1%)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich, Munich, Germany</td>
			<td>83697</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ketamin (Ketanest)</td>
			<td>Pfizer, Berlin, Germany</td>
			<td>not available</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Xylacin (Rompun)</td>
			<td>Bayer, Leverkusen, Germany</td>
			<td>not available</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dulbecco&#39;s Phosphate - buffered saline (PBS)</td>
			<td>PAN Biotech, Aidenbach, Germany</td>
			<td>P04-36500</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

intravital microscopy of the microcirculation in the mouse cremaster muscle for the analysis of peripheral stem cell migration

在在再生细胞疗法的背景下血管内细胞应用协议的时代，干细胞迁移的基本机制，以nonmarrow组织尚未完全阐明。我们在这里描述的活体显微镜应用到小鼠提睾肌微循环在体内外周骨髓干细胞迁移的分析技术。分枝睾的活体显微镜已经在发炎的研究直接观察白细胞相互作用与血管内皮的字段先前介绍。因为充足的外周干细胞和祖细胞的迁移，包括沿与牢固粘附在轧制内皮衬里可以想到应用分枝睾模型intravasculary施用干细胞与内皮细胞的相互作用的观测和量化的相似的初始步骤。作为各种化学组分可以选择性地施加到目标吨问题通过简单的灌流技术，它可以建立必要的微环境的先决条件，初始的干细胞募集到发生在骨髓外的活的有机体。

一般情况下，直接的互动注射干细胞或祖细胞内提睾肌微循环血管内皮是一个罕见的事件，并专门在毛细血管静脉（直径30-80微米）时发生。由于荧光标记的滚动和牢固附着的干细胞可以清楚地量化，在从循环内源性白细胞中所观察到的微静脉（ 图2）的分离。 由血流速度和壁剪切速率表示的微循环条件下通常不显著各实验组之间具有不同的趋化因子治疗（ <strong...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Intravital Microscopy of the Microcirculation in the Mouse Cremaster Muscle for the Analysis of Peripheral Stem Cell Migration at JoVE.com

Intravital Microscopy of the Microcirculation in the Mouse Cremaster Muscle for the Analysis of Peripheral Stem Cell Migration

鼠标M.提睾肌微循环活体显微镜提供了一个独特和良好的标准化的体内模型外围骨髓干细胞迁移的分析。

在鼠标提睾肌为外周干细胞迁移分析的微循环活体显微镜

In the era of intravascular cell application protocols in the context of regenerative cell therapy, the underlying mechanisms of stem cell migration to ...

intravital-microscopy-microcirculation-mouse-cremaster-muscle-for

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

15.2K 次观看.  University Rostock. 鼠标M.提睾肌微循环活体显微镜提供了一个独特和良好的标准化的体内模型外围骨髓干细胞迁移的分析。 

视频: Intravital Microscopy of the Microcirculation in the Mouse Cremaster Muscle for the Analysis of Peripheral Stem Cell Migration

The Mouse Cremaster Muscle Preparation for Intravital Imaging of the Microcirculation

Throughout the body, the maintenance of homeostasis requires the constant supply of oxygen and nutrients concomitant with removal of metabolic by-products. This balance is achieved by the movement of blood through the microcirculation, which encompasses the smallest branches of the vascular supply throughout all tissues and organs. Arterioles branch from arteries to form networks that control the distribution and magnitude of oxygenated blood flowing into the multitude of capillaries intimately associated with parenchymal cells. Capillaries provide a large surface area for diffusional exchange between tissue cells and the blood supply. Venules collect capillary effluent and converge as they return deoxygenated blood towards the heart. To observe these processes in real time requires an experimental approach for visualizing and manipulating the living microcirculation.
The cremaster muscle of rats was first used as a model for studying inflammation using histology and electron microscopy post mortem1,2. 
The first in vivo report of the exposed intact rat cremaster muscle investigated microvascular responses to vasoactive drugs using reflected light3. However 
curvature of the muscle and lack of focused illumination limited the usefulness of this preparation. The major breakthrough entailed opening the muscle, 
detaching it from the testicle and spreading it radially as a flat sheet for transillumination under a compound microscope4. While shown to be a valuable 
preparation to study the physiology of the microcirculation in rats5 and hamsters6, the cremaster muscle in mice7 has proven particularly useful in dissecting 
cellular pathways involved in regulating microvascular function8-11 and real-time imaging of intercellular signaling12. 
The cremaster muscle is derived from the internal oblique and transverse abdominus muscles as the testes descend through the inguinal canal13. 
It serves to support (Greek: cremaster = suspender) and maintain temperature of the testes. As described here, the cremaster muscle is prepared as a thin flat sheet 
for outstanding optical resolution. With the mouse maintained at a stable body temperature and plane of anesthesia, surgical preparation involves freeing the muscle 
from surrounding tissue and the testes, spreading it onto transparent pedestal of silastic rubber and securing the edges with insect pins while irrigating it 
continuously with physiological salt solution. The present protocol utilizes transgenic mice expressing GCaMP2 in arteriolar endothelial cells. GCaMP2 is a 
genetically encoded fluorescent calcium indicator molecule12. Widefield imaging and an intensified charge-coupled device camera enable in vivo study of 
calcium signaling in the arteriolar endothelium.

A tissue preparation is described for visualization and experimental manipulation of the living microcirculation. In anesthetized male mice, the thin, highly vascularized cremaster muscle is prepared for intravital microscopy to study microvascular networks including arterioles, capillaries and venules. This preparation is readily adapted for rats and hamsters.

鼠标提睾肌肌肉制备的微循环活体成像

Throughout the body, the maintenance of homeostasis requires the constant supply of oxygen and nutrients concomitant with removal of metabolic ...

科研

生物学

Microiontophoresis and Micromanipulation for Intravital Fluorescence Imaging of the Microcirculation

Microiontophoresis entails passage of current through a micropipette tip to deliver a solute at a designated site within an experimental preparation. Microiontophoresis can simulate synaptic transmission1 by delivering neurotransmitters and neuropeptides onto neurons reproducibly2. Negligible volume (fluid) displacement avoids mechanical disturbance to the experimental preparation. Adapting these techniques to the microcirculation3 has enabled mechanisms of vasodilation and vasoconstriction to be studied at the microscopic level in vivo4,5. A key advantage of such localized delivery is enabling vasomotor responses to be studied at defined sites within a microvascular network without evoking systemic or reflexive changes in blood pressure and tissue blood flow, thereby revealing intrinsic properties of microvessels.
A limitation of microiontophoresis is that the precise concentration of agent delivered to the site of interest is difficult to ascertain6. Nevertheless, its release from the micropipette tip is proportional to the intensity and duration of the ejection current2,7, such that reproducible stimulus-response relationships can be readily determined under defined experimental conditions (described below). Additional factors affecting microiontophoretic delivery include solute concentration and its ionization in solution. The internal diameter of the micropipette tip should be &tilde; 1 &mu;m or less to minimize diffusional 'leak', which can be counteracted with a retaining current. Thus an outward (positive) current is used to eject a cation and a negative current used to retain it within the micropipette.
Fabrication of micropipettes is facilitated with sophisticated electronic pullers8. Micropipettes are pulled from glass capillary tubes containing a filament that 'wicks' solution into the tip of the micropipette when filled from the back end ("backfilled"). This is done by inserting a microcapillary tube connected to a syringe containing the solution of interest and ejecting the solution into the lumen of the micropipette. Micromanipulators enable desired placement of micropipettes within the experimental preparation. Micromanipulators mounted on a movable base can be positioned around the preparation according to the topography of microvascular networks (developed below). 
The present protocol demonstrates microiontophoresis of acetylcholine (ACh+ Cl-) onto an arteriole of the mouse cremaster muscle preparation (See associated protocol: JoVE ID#2874) to produce endothelium-dependent vasodilation. Stimulus delivery is synchronized with digitized image acquisition using an electronic trigger. The use of Cx40BAC-GCaMP2 transgenic mice9 enables visualization of intracellular calcium responses underlying vasodilation in arteriolar endothelial cells in the living microcirculation.

Microiontophoresis entails movement of ions from a micropipette in response to a difference in electrical potential between the inside and outside of the micropipette. Biologically active molecules are thereby delivered in proportion to electrical current. We illustrate acetylcholine microiontophoresis in conjunction with micromanipulation to study endothelium-dependent vasodilation in the microcirculation.

Microiontophoresis和显微操作的微循环活体荧光成像

Microiontophoresis entails passage of current through a micropipette tip to deliver a solute at a designated site within an experimental  preparation. ...

Generation of Mice Derived from Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

The production of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from somatic cells provides a means to create valuable tools for basic research and may also produce a source of patient-matched cells for regenerative therapies. iPSCs may be generated using multiple protocols and derived from multiple cell sources. Once generated, iPSCs are tested using a variety of assays including immunostaining for pluripotency markers, generation of three germ layers in embryoid bodies and teratomas, comparisons of gene expression with embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and production of chimeric mice with or without germline contribution2. Importantly, iPSC lines that pass these tests still vary in their capacity to produce different differentiated cell types2. This has made it difficult to establish which iPSC derivation protocols, donor cell sources or selection methods are most useful for different applications.
The most stringent test of whether a stem cell line has sufficient developmental potential to generate all tissues required for survival of an organism (termed full pluripotency) is tetraploid embryo complementation (TEC)3-5. Technically, TEC involves electrofusion of two-cell embryos to generate tetraploid (4n) one-cell embryos that can be cultured in vitro to the blastocyst stage6. Diploid (2n) pluripotent stem cells (e.g. ESCs or iPSCs) are then injected into the blastocoel cavity of the tetraploid blastocyst and transferred to a recipient female for gestation (see Figure 1). The tetraploid component of the complemented embryo contributes almost exclusively to the extraembryonic tissues (placenta, yolk sac), whereas the diploid cells constitute the embryo proper, resulting in a fetus derived entirely from the injected stem cell line.
Recently, we reported the derivation of iPSC lines that reproducibly generate adult mice via TEC1. These iPSC lines give rise to viable pups with efficiencies of 5-13%, which is comparable to ESCs3,4,7 and higher than that reported for most other iPSC lines8-12. These reports show that direct reprogramming can produce fully pluripotent iPSCs that match ESCs in their developmental potential and efficiency of generating pups in TEC tests. At present, it is not clear what distinguishes between fully pluripotent iPSCs and less potent lines13-15. Nor is it clear which reprogramming methods will produce these lines with the highest efficiency. Here we describe one method that produces fully pluripotent iPSCs and "all- iPSC" mice, which may be helpful for investigators wishing to compare the pluripotency of iPSC lines or establish the equivalence of different reprogramming methods.

Generating induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) lines produces lines of differing developmental potential even when they pass standard tests for pluripotency. Here we describe a protocol to produce mice derived entirely from iPSCs, which defines the iPSC lines as possessing full pluripotency1.

诱导多能干细胞来源于小鼠的生成

The production of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from somatic cells provides a means to create valuable tools for basic research and may also ...

Isolation of Blood-vessel-derived Multipotent Precursors from Human Skeletal Muscle

Since the discovery of mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs), the native identity and localization&#160;of MSCs have been obscured by their retrospective isolation in culture. Recently, using fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS), we and other researchers prospectively identified and purified three subpopulations of multipotent precursor cells associated with the vasculature of human skeletal muscle. These three cell populations: myogenic endothelial cells (MECs), pericytes (PCs), and adventitial cells (ACs), are localized respectively to the three structural layers of blood vessels: intima, media, and adventitia. All of these human blood-vessel-derived stem cell (hBVSC) populations not only express classic MSC markers but also possess mesodermal developmental potentials similar to typical MSCs. Previously, MECs, PCs, and ACs have been isolated through distinct protocols and subsequently characterized in separate studies. The current isolation protocol, through modifications to the isolation process and adjustments in the selective cell surface markers, allows us to simultaneously purify all three hBVSC subpopulations by FACS from a single human muscle biopsy. This new method will not only streamline the isolation of multiple BVSC subpopulations but also facilitate future clinical applications of hBVSCs for distinct therapeutic purposes.

Blood vessels within human skeletal muscle harbor several multi-lineage precursor populations that are ideal for regenerative applications. This isolation method allows simultaneous purification of three multipotent precursor cell populations respectively from three structural layers of blood vessels: myogenic endothelial cells from intima, pericytes from media, and adventitial cells from adventitia.

从人骨骼肌隔离血管源性多能前体

Since the discovery of mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs), the native identity and localization&#160;of MSCs have been obscured by their retrospective ...

Identification of Key Factors Regulating Self-renewal and Differentiation in EML Hematopoietic Precursor Cells by RNA-sequencing Analysis

Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are used clinically for transplantation treatment to rebuild a patient&#39;s hematopoietic system in many diseases such as leukemia and lymphoma. Elucidating the mechanisms controlling HSCs self-renewal and differentiation is important for application of HSCs for research and clinical uses. However, it is not possible to obtain large quantity of HSCs due to their inability to proliferate in vitro. To overcome this hurdle, we used a mouse bone marrow derived cell line, the EML (Erythroid, Myeloid, and Lymphocytic) cell line, as a model system for this study.
RNA-sequencing (RNA-Seq) has been increasingly used to replace microarray for gene expression studies. We report here a detailed method of using RNA-Seq technology to investigate the potential key factors in regulation of EML cell self-renewal and differentiation. The protocol provided in this paper is divided into three parts. The first part explains how to culture EML cells and separate Lin-CD34+ and Lin-CD34- cells. The second part of the protocol offers detailed procedures for total RNA preparation and the subsequent library construction for high-throughput sequencing. The last part describes the method for RNA-Seq data analysis and explains how to use the data to identify differentially expressed transcription factors between Lin-CD34+ and Lin-CD34- cells. The most significantly differentially expressed transcription factors were identified to be the potential key regulators controlling EML cell self-renewal and differentiation. In the discussion section of this paper, we highlight the key steps for successful performance of this experiment.
In summary, this paper offers a method of using RNA-Seq technology to identify potential regulators of self-renewal and differentiation in EML cells. The key factors identified are subjected to downstream functional analysis in vitro and in vivo.

RNA-sequencing and bioinformatics analyses were used to identify significantly and differentially expressed transcription factors in Lin-CD34+ and Lin-CD34- subpopulations of mouse EMLcells. These transcription factors might play important roles in determining the switch between self-renewing Lin-CD34+ and partially differentiated Lin-CD34- cells.

在EML造血前体细胞调节自我更新和分化的关键因素，通过RNA测序分析鉴定

Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are used clinically for transplantation treatment to rebuild a patient&#39;s hematopoietic system in many diseases such as ...

Visualization and Quantification of the Cell-free Layer in Arterioles of the Rat Cremaster Muscle

The cell-free layer is defined as the parietal plasma layer in the microvessel flow, which is devoid of red blood cells. The measurement of the in vivo cell-free layer width and its spatiotemporal variations can provide a comprehensive understanding of hemodynamics in microcirculation. In this study, we used an intravital microscopic system coupled with a high-speed video camera to quantify the cell-free layer widths in arterioles in vivo. The cremaster muscle of Sprague-Dawley rats was surgically exteriorized to visualize the blood flow. A custom-built imaging script was also developed to automate the image processing and analysis of the cell-free layer width. This approach enables the quantification of spatiotemporal variations more consistently than previous manual measurements. The accuracy of the measurement, however, partly depends on the use of a blue filter and the selection of an appropriate thresholding algorithm. Specifically, we evaluated the contrast and quality of images acquired with and without the use of a blue filter. In addition, we compared five different image histogram-based thresholding algorithms (Otsu, minimum, intermode, iterative selection, and fuzzy entropic thresholding) and illustrated the differences in their determination of the cell-free layer width.

This study demonstrates the surgical preparation of the rat cremaster muscle for the visualization of the in vivo cell-free layer. Considerable factors affecting the accuracy of the cell-free layer width measurement are discussed in this study.

在大鼠提睾肌的小动脉的可视化和量化的无细胞层

The cell-free layer is defined as the parietal plasma layer in the microvessel flow, which is devoid of red blood cells. The measurement of the in vivo ...

Analysis of the Gap Junction-dependent Transfer of miRNA with 3D-FRAP Microscopy

Small antisense RNAs, like miRNA and siRNA, play an important role in cellular physiology and pathology and, moreover, can be used as therapeutic agents in the treatment of several diseases. The development of new, innovative strategies for miRNA/siRNA therapy is based on an extensive knowledge of the underlying mechanisms. Recent data suggest that small RNAs are exchanged between cells in a gap junction-dependent manner, thereby inducing gene regulatory effects in the recipient cell. Molecular biological techniques and flow cytometric analysis are commonly used to study the intercellular exchange of miRNA. However, these methods do not provide high temporal resolution, which is necessary when studying the gap junctional flux of molecules. Therefore, to investigate the impact of miRNA/siRNA as intercellular signaling molecules, novel tools are needed that will allow for the analysis of these small RNAs at the cellular level. The present protocol describes the application of three-dimensional fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (3D-FRAP) microscopy to elucidating the gap junction-dependent exchange of miRNA molecules between cardiac cells. Importantly, this straightforward and non-invasive live-cell imaging approach allows for the visualization and quantification of the gap junctional shuttling of fluorescently labeled small RNAs in real time, with high spatio-temporal resolution. The data obtained by 3D-FRAP confirm a novel pathway of intercellular gene regulation, where small RNAs act as signaling molecules within the intercellular network.

Here, we describe the application of three-dimensional fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (3D-FRAP) for the analysis of the gap junction-dependent shuttling of miRNA. In contrast to commonly applied methods, 3D-FRAP allows for the quantification of the intercellular transfer of small RNAs in real time, with high spatio-temporal resolution.

用3D-FRAP显微镜分析miRNA的间隙连接依赖性转移

Small antisense RNAs, like miRNA and siRNA, play an important role in cellular physiology and pathology and, moreover, can be used as therapeutic agents ...

Analysis of Beta-cell Function Using Single-cell Resolution Calcium Imaging in Zebrafish Islets

Pancreatic beta-cells respond to increasing blood glucose concentrations by secreting the hormone insulin. The dysfunction of beta-cells leads to hyperglycemia and severe, life-threatening consequences. Understanding how the beta-cells operate under physiological conditions and what genetic and environmental factors might cause their dysfunction could lead to better treatment options for diabetic patients. The ability to measure calcium levels in beta-cells serves as an important indicator of beta-cell function, as the influx of calcium ions triggers insulin release. Here we describe a protocol for monitoring the glucose-stimulated calcium influx in zebrafish beta-cells by using GCaMP6s, a genetically encoded sensor of calcium. The method allows monitoring the intracellular calcium dynamics with single-cell resolution in ex vivo mounted islets. The glucose-responsiveness of beta-cells within the same islet can be captured simultaneously under different glucose concentrations, which suggests the presence of functional heterogeneity among zebrafish beta-cells. Furthermore, the technique provides high temporal and spatial resolution, which reveals the oscillatory nature of the calcium influx upon glucose stimulation. Our approach opens the doors to use the zebrafish as a model to investigate the contribution of genetic and environmental factors to beta-cell function and dysfunction.

Beta-cell functionality is important for blood-glucose homeostasis, which is evaluated at single-cell resolution using a genetically encoded reporter for calcium influx.

斑马鱼胰岛单细胞分辨率钙成像对β细胞功能的分析

Pancreatic beta-cells respond to increasing blood glucose concentrations by secreting the hormone insulin. The dysfunction of beta-cells leads to ...

Intravital Subcellular Microscopy of the Mammary Gland

The mammary gland constitutes a model par excellence for investigating epithelial functions, including tissue remodeling, cell polarity, and secretory mechanisms. During pregnancy, the gland expands from a primitive ductal tree embedded in a fat pad to a highly branched alveolar network primed for the formation and secretion of colostrum and milk. Post-partum, the gland supplies all the nutrients required for neonatal survival, including membrane-coated lipid droplets (LDs), proteins, carbohydrates, ions, and water. Various milk components, including lactose, casein micelles, and skim-milk proteins, are synthesized within the alveolar cells and secreted from vesicles by exocytosis at the apical surface. LDs are transported from sites of synthesis in the rough endoplasmic reticulum to the cell apex, coated with cellular membranes, and secreted by a unique apocrine mechanism. Other preformed constituents, including antibodies and hormones, are transported from the serosal side of the epithelium into milk by transcytosis. These processes are amenable to intravital microscopy because the mammary gland is a skin gland and, therefore, directly accessible to experimental manipulation. In this paper, a facile procedure is described to investigate the kinetics of LD secretion in situ, in real-time, in live anesthetized mice. Boron-dipyrromethene (BODIPY)665/676&#160;or monodansylpentane are used to label the neutral lipid fraction of transgenic mice, which either express soluble EGFP (enhanced green fluorescent protein) in the cytoplasm, or a membrane-targeted peptide fused to either EGFP or tdTomato. The membrane-tagged fusion proteins serve as markers of cell surfaces, and the lipid dyes resolve LDs &#8805; 0.7 &#181;m. Time-lapse images can be recorded by standard laser scanning confocal microscopy down to a depth of 15-25 &#181;m or by multiphoton microscopy for imaging deeper in the tissue. The mammary gland may be bathed with pharmacological agents or fluorescent dyes throughout the surgery, providing a platform for acute experimental manipulations as required.

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>乳腺活体亚细胞显微镜检查

The present protocol describes a facile technique for the intravital imaging of the lactating mouse mammary gland by laser scanning confocal and multiphoton microscopy.

乳腺活体亚细胞显微镜检查

The mammary gland constitutes a model par excellence for investigating epithelial functions, including tissue remodeling, cell polarity, and secretory ...

在鼠标提睾肌为外周干细胞迁移分析的微循环活体显微镜

摘要

探索更多视频

此视频中的章节

鼠标提睾肌肌肉制备的微循环活体成像

Microiontophoresis和显微操作的微循环活体荧光成像

诱导多能干细胞来源于小鼠的生成

从人骨骼肌隔离血管源性多能前体

在EML造血前体细胞调节自我更新和分化的关键因素，通过RNA测序分析鉴定

在大鼠提睾肌的小动脉的可视化和量化的无细胞层

用3D-FRAP显微镜分析miRNA的间隙连接依赖性转移

斑马鱼胰岛单细胞分辨率钙成像对β细胞功能的分析

乳腺活体亚细胞显微镜检查

乳腺活体亚细胞显微镜检查