笔者想感谢里克实验室的所有成员，过去和现在。我们感谢卡尔文彭定康，小，DVM和碧姬拉贝，数字电压表，了解有关的协议有帮助的意见。我们要感谢的NIDDK，NCI和NIEHS他们对这些研究的资金支持：R01DK093690，R01CA123199，RC2ESO18764。 TMN是在医学家训练计划学员在罗切斯特大学由美国国立卫生研究院的T32 GM07356资助;下露丝属Kirschstein国家研究服务奖F30DK093173美国国立卫生研究院也支持这个项目。在威斯康星大学麦迪逊分校的支持，T32ES007015 CDV是支持T32CA157322和ABT。内容完全是作者的责任，并不一定代表一般医学科学院或美国国立卫生研究院国立研究所的官方意见。

1。压缩激素/药物颗粒的制备<ol><li>此过程应在化学安全罩来完成，而穿着实验室的外套，手套，口罩，防护眼镜和帽子。以防止交叉污染，这是至关重要的颗粒制造设备彻底用70％乙醇之前和生产每种粒料的后清洗。 </li><li>使用分析天平和称量纸，测量激素/药物粉末的所需量。约5％的额外材料，建议，以适应压制过程中的损失。 </li><li>一些激素/药物需要结合剂或填料，其沉淀生产混合之前。例如，为了制造17β-雌二醇2.5毫克小球，结合激素与22.5毫克的胆固醇，这导致25毫克沉淀。 </li><li>小心地转移到芯片组，地方新闻和下杆推用力向下压缩颗粒。使用一致的压力，以保持恒定的表面是一个与体积之比。 </li><li>接着扭转模座和杠杆再次向下推以释放颗粒。 </li><li>检查颗粒的完整性，并确定最终质量是理想的范围内。可接受的范围是在最终质量为±5％的差异（例如，在可接受的范围为25毫克丸是23.8-26.3毫克）。 </li><li>粒料可以在手术之前并存储（条件和存储的时间长度取决于粒料制造中使用的激素或药物的稳定性）。激素粒料可购买作为替代沉淀制造。购买颗粒避免使用非药用级药物，因为它们将被制定和复杂。 </li></ol> 2。重组细胞移植瘤的制备<ol><li>采收和文化原代小鼠泌尿生殖系统间充质（UGM）间质细胞少于4周被收集用于计数之前。 </li><li>培养永生化前列腺上皮细胞株以通常的烦恼离子和收集计数。在这个例子中，通过将每接枝100000 BPH-1上皮细胞以每接枝250000 UGM基质细胞在悬浮液中制备的重组细胞移植。 </li><li>颗粒细胞一起，再暂停足够的中和1型鼠尾胶原，使在25微升至50微升体积移植所需的数量，每个。 </li><li>设置重组移植物在37℃15分钟，然后盖上存储生长培养基，在37℃下长达48小时嫁接前。 </li></ol> 3。组织异种移植物的制备<ol><li>维持组织采购和手术过程中对血源性病原体普遍预防。下列机构审查委员会的批准和知情同意，获得新的前列腺组织从手术切除。对于前列腺增生的增长研究，组织可以从经尿道前列腺切除术或单纯前列腺程序有所收获。 PRCA或良性普罗斯特的主要移植吃的组织可以从前列腺癌根治术标本中获得。 </li><li>贮存于等渗缓冲细胞介质或冰生理盐水收获的组织。取决于组织和储存条件下，样品可以保存长达24小时之前制备的组织移植物。常见的做法是将试样分成三部分，其中一个部分固定在福尔马林中，并定期地处理用于组织学，连衣裙快速冷冻用于分子分析和1枚进一步分为组织异种移植物（1-3毫米大小）。 </li></ol> 4。抛光的玻璃吸管火的制备<ol><li>佩戴眼镜保护眼睛，实验室外套，耐热手套，代替玻璃巴斯德吸管尖端插入本生灯火焰在大约60°角开始。 </li><li>保持一个恒定的，轻微的运动，以移液管，以避免产生热点。 </li><li>绘制尖薄和火抛光的目标是略微弯曲端采用了圆角，收小费。 </li></醇&gt; 5。仪器的准备和手术套房<ol><li>高压灭菌所有仪器。手术前，检查所有仪表，注意保持无菌区。 </li><li>设置无菌手术区与吸收垫，清扫范围，麻醉鼻锥体，手术器械和加热灯朝向工作区域。消毒小鼠，prewarm珠灭菌的工具。 </li><li>组装和测试麻醉机;权衡气体清除剂。 </li><li>使用微波，热蜡垫长达5分钟（以1分钟为增量，揉捏蜡垫，以便熔化和未熔化的蜡结合）在70-80％的功率，直到所有的蜡均匀地熔化。通过触摸屏，保证了空灭鼠笼复苏下的垫是不是太热和地点。 </li><li>唐的个人防护设备啮齿动物外科手术，包括外科口罩，帽子，手套和礼服。 </li></ol> 6。外科手术：肾胶囊异种移植<ol><li>所有涉及实验动物的程序应与机构动物护理和使用委员会批准后执行。前麻醉诱导，观察鼠标，以确保健康和福祉。 </li><li>将鼠标放到室内诱导异氟醚麻醉在3-5％。当动物已经停止移动和呼吸频率有所降低，转移到鼻锥俯卧位，并在1-3％维持麻醉。 </li><li>如有必要，使用指甲钳刮胡子鼠标的背面。这种利用无胸腺裸鼠（女/女）小鼠时，是没有必要的。 </li><li>适用于公司的压力，延长后足的织带评估麻醉是否足够。如果鼠标响应的压力，更多的时间是需要的麻醉生效。如果有必要，调整麻醉流量略有达到足够的麻醉。 </li><li>当鼠标被充分麻醉后，消毒与外科碘（聚维酮碘）溶液中，随后外科手术部位70％的酒精。 </li><li>唐无菌手套和礼服，运用无菌单手术部位。抬起背部皮肤有一对带齿的钳，并使用粗剪刀进行2-3厘米背中线切口。 </li><li>使用钝的剪刀或探头，独立的真皮底层离体壁（上切口双边嫁接两侧或一侧单边嫁接）。 </li><li>重新定位鼠标变成侧卧位，并通过肌壁观察肾轮廓识别肾脏的位置。采用温和的手动压力用拇指和食指放在腹部可协助可视化内脏。 </li><li>用细虹膜剪，和照顾，以避免大血管和脊柱神经，制成1厘米的切口平行于脊椎体壁。轻轻打开放置在最初的切口后，将剪刀更宽扩大此切口1.5-2.0厘米（比肾脏的长轴稍长）。 </li><li>通过施加温和的压力肌壁使用食指和拇指肾脏两侧外Exteriorize肾脏。塔克皮肤边缘下方的形象化的肾脏，这将休息的体壁。而肾是形象化，通过应用无菌生理盐水维持肾小囊的水合作用。 </li><li>用细＃5镊子从肾脏的实质轻轻抬起肾囊，并用细手术刀，做一个2-4毫米的切口囊中。切口的大小是由移植物的尺寸来确定，而是应该以保持胶囊的完整性被最小化。 </li><li>方式管理已经绘制的薄和火抛光的胶囊相切于肾脏的表面之下一个圆形封闭端的玻璃巴斯德吸管。轻轻地打开一个小囊袋的移植，使用非常小心，不要损坏肾实质。 </li><li>肾囊切割边缘抬起与细镊子，和移植物我s，使用火抛光的玻璃吸管包膜下插入口袋。几个移植物可以被放置在肾囊和间隔均匀的肾脏表面。 </li><li>如果，接枝过程中，胶囊变得脱水，应该通过将无菌生理盐水润湿。 </li><li>当接枝完成后，轻轻抬起肌壁切口的两侧，以代替肾脏背面进入体腔。观察到移植物不从胶囊下滑出。 </li><li>与单个缝合（4-0，FS-2薇乔缝线）关闭肌壁。手术过程可以通过重新定位鼠标重复在对侧肾。 </li><li>当嫁接完成后，鼠标可在同一手术过程中发生皮下植入颗粒（见议定书第7步）。 </li><li>用齿镊，使皮肤切口边缘及应用2-3手术创口夹子，关闭切口。管理镇痛（我们用5〜10毫克/千克carprof恩用皮下注射），然后将鼠标在恢复笼的外侧卧位。确保维修体温热，从一盏灯或加热垫。观察鼠标，应该发生在不到15分钟的全面复苏。 </li><li>老鼠应该在未来24小时的手术后疼痛的迹象观察，出血和/或其他并发症。定期检查手术切口感染的迹象。 </li><li>手术后7〜14天，手术创口夹子拆除设备中取出伤口剪辑。 </li></ol> 7。外科手术：皮下植入颗粒<ol><li>重复肾胶囊异种移植的手术步骤6.1-6.5。 </li><li>抬起背部皮肤有一对镊子的皮肤，并用粗剪刀做成1-2厘米背中线切口。 </li><li>使用钝的剪刀或探头，独立的真皮底层由体壁中颅方向。 </li><li>使用皮肤镊子，轻轻抬起的皮肤切口颅方面，并保持激素的颗粒轻轻伸直，锯齿钳，插入颗粒并释放在颈背，在您的钝探头产生的口袋。 </li><li>重复肾胶囊异种移植的手术步骤6.18-6.20。如果执行皮下植入颗粒仅使用1手术创口夹子关闭手术切口。 </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Cancer Facts Figures. 4, (2010).</li><li>McVary, K. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=BPH:+epidemiology+and+comorbidities.">BPH: epidemiology and comorbidities.</a> Am. J. Manag. Care. 12, S122-S128 (2006).</li><li>Nicholson, T. M., Ricke, W. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Androgens+and+estrogens+in+benign+prostatic+hyperplasia:+past,+present+and+future.">Androgens and estrogens in benign prostatic hyperplasia: past, present and future.</a> Differentiation. 82, 184-199 (2011).</li><li>Ricke, W. A., Wang, Y., Cunha, G. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Steroid+hormones+and+carcinogenesis+of+the+prostate:+the+role+of+estrogens.">Steroid hormones and carcinogenesis of the prostate: the role of estrogens.</a> Differentiation. 75, 871-882 (2007).</li><li>Ricke, W. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Steroid+hormones+stimulate+human+prostate+cancer+progression+and+metastasis.">Steroid hormones stimulate human prostate cancer progression and metastasis.</a> Int. J. Cancer. 118, 2123-2131 (2006).</li><li>Belanger, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Changes+in+serum+concentrations+of+conjugated+and+unconjugated+steroids+in+40-+to+80-year-old+men.">Changes in serum concentrations of conjugated and unconjugated steroids in 40- to 80-year-old men.</a> J. Clin. Endocrinol. 79, 1086-1090 (1994).</li><li>Nicholson, T. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Testosterone+and+17beta-estradiol+induce+glandular+prostatic+growth,+bladder+outlet+obstruction,+and+voiding+dysfunction+in+male+mice.">Testosterone and 17beta-estradiol induce glandular prostatic growth, bladder outlet obstruction, and voiding dysfunction in male mice.</a> Endocrinology. 153, 5556-5565 (2012).</li><li>Str&#246;m, J. O., Theodorsson, A., Ingberg, E., Isaksson, I. M., Theodorsson, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ovariectomy+and+17&#946;-estradiol+Replacement+in+Rats+and+Mice:+A+Visual+Demonstration.">Ovariectomy and 17&#946;-estradiol Replacement in Rats and Mice: A Visual Demonstration.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (64), e4013 (2012).</li><li>Szot, G. L., Koudria, P., Bluestone, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transplantation+of+Pancreatic+Islets+Into+the+Kidney+Capsule+of+Diabetic+Mice.">Transplantation of Pancreatic Islets Into the Kidney Capsule of Diabetic Mice.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (9), e404 (2007).</li><li>Aamdal, S., Fodstad, O., Nesland, J. M., Pihl, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Characteristics+of+human+tumour+xenografts+transplanted+under+the+renal+capsule+of+immunocompetent+mice.">Characteristics of human tumour xenografts transplanted under the renal capsule of immunocompetent mice.</a> Brit. J. Cancer. 51, 347-356 (1985).</li><li>Cunha, G. R., Lung, B., Reese, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Glandular+epithelial+induction+by+embryonic+mesenchyme+in+adult+bladder+epithelium+of+BALB/c+mice.">Glandular epithelial induction by embryonic mesenchyme in adult bladder epithelium of BALB/c mice.</a> Investigative urology. 17, 302-304 (1980).</li><li>Norman, J. T., Cunha, G. R., Sugimura, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+induction+of+new+ductal+growth+in+adult+prostatic+epithelium+in+response+to+an+embryonic+prostatic+inductor.">The induction of new ductal growth in adult prostatic epithelium in response to an embryonic prostatic inductor.</a> The Prostate. 8, 209-220 (1986).</li><li>Hayward, S. W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Interactions+between+adult+human+prostatic+epithelium+and+rat+urogenital+sinus+mesenchyme+in+a+tissue+recombination+model.">Interactions between adult human prostatic epithelium and rat urogenital sinus mesenchyme in a tissue recombination model.</a> Differentiation. 63, 131-140 (1998).</li><li>Wang, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+human+prostatic+epithelial+model+of+hormonal+carcinogenesis.">A human prostatic epithelial model of hormonal carcinogenesis.</a> Cancer Res. 61, 6064-6072 (2001).</li><li>Ricke, E. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Androgen+hormone+action+in+prostatic+carcinogenesis:+stromal+androgen+receptors+mediate+prostate+cancer+progression,+malignant+transformation+and+metastasis.">Androgen hormone action in prostatic carcinogenesis: stromal androgen receptors mediate prostate cancer progression, malignant transformation and metastasis.</a> Carcinogenesis. 33, 1391-1398 (2012).</li><li>Wang, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+and+characterization+of+efficient+xenograft+models+for+benign+and+malignant+human+prostate+tissue.">Development and characterization of efficient xenograft models for benign and malignant human prostate tissue.</a> The Prostate. 64, 149-159 (2005).</li><li>Goto, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Proximal+prostatic+stem+cells+are+programmed+to+regenerate+a+proximal-distal+ductal+axis.">Proximal prostatic stem cells are programmed to regenerate a proximal-distal ductal axis.</a> Stem Cells. 24, 1859-1868 (2006).</li><li>Xin, L., Ide, H., Kim, Y., Dubey, P., Witte, O. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vivo+regeneration+of+murine+prostate+from+dissociated+cell+populations+of+postnatal+epithelia+and+urogenital+sinus+mesenchyme.">In vivo regeneration of murine prostate from dissociated cell populations of postnatal epithelia and urogenital sinus mesenchyme.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 100, 11896-11903 (2003).</li><li>Priolo, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Establishment+and+genomic+characterization+of+mouse+xenografts+of+human+primary+prostate+tumors.">Establishment and genomic characterization of mouse xenografts of human primary prostate tumors.</a> Am. J. Pathol. 176, 1901-1913 (2010).</li><li>Pritchett-Corning, K. R., Mulder, G. B., Luo, Y., White, W. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Principles+of+Rodent+Surgery+for+the+New+Surgeon.">Principles of Rodent Surgery for the New Surgeon.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (47), e2586 (2011).</li></ol>

作者宣称，他们有没有竞争的财务权益。

本文本文和概述的协议描述压缩激素和/或药物的颗粒中的用途，以及在外科手术过程对小鼠皮下植入的颗粒。取决于所研究的问题得到解决，该方法可以执行单独使用，或与前列腺细胞的重组移植物或前列腺组织异种移植物，这是技术广泛应用于前列腺研究17-19肾包膜异种移植组合。综上所述，这些技术提供了强大的方法来研究激素致癌，并在人类和小鼠前列腺良性增长的调控。 <p cla...

前列腺癌（PRCA）和良性前列腺增生（BPH）是显著的健康负担。 PRCA是第二个最常见的实体器官癌症在男性和癌症的首要原因有关的死亡1。前列腺增生症也是在老年男性非常普遍，而且据估计，前列腺增生症的临床表现，下尿路症状（LUTS），会影响男性2 50-90％。而雄激素和雌激素是众所周知的PRCA和BPH是重要的，我们的背后发生和生长的荷尔蒙机制的理解仍然是不完整的3,4。简单和基因听话的动物模型支撑的研究，将解决这些重点在前列腺研究。在激素敏感的疾病，如PRCA和BPH，采用皮下，缓慢释放激素的颗粒，在分离或与肾小囊的组合异种移植（细胞，来自一个物种的组织或器官的转移到另一个）插入immunocompromised鼠标的主机，为研究发展和癌变的激素调节简单，重复性好方法。 皮下激素颗粒植入术是一种简单和可重复性技术研究肿瘤发生和前列腺良性5增长的激素调节。成年雄性小鼠25毫克睾酮（T）和2.5毫克17β-雌二醇（E 2）皮下植入，导致增加血清E 2和T中逐渐减少，再造的老年男性5,6动态激素环境。此外，这种模式概括了许多的BPH-LUTS 5,7的临床特点。激素给药的替代性方法包括口服/管饲法给药或腹膜内注射，这造成困扰的啮齿动物，是不太一致的在递送药物的相同量随着时间的推移，并且是劳动密集型比一次性外科手术植入。其他皮下模式的Hormone和/或药物递送包括硅橡胶胶囊8。虽然我们也有与使用硅橡胶胶囊的经验，压缩颗粒的青睐，因为它们易于使用和可重复性。此外，压缩激素颗粒释放率更好的模仿老男人5,7观察到的动态性类固醇激素的比例。 因为遗传免疫缺陷小鼠的发展，结合异种移植技术的许多体内模型系统已被开发用于广泛的正常和患病组织的研究。有异种移植的几个基本类别。组织异种移植物包括一小片完好的组织，它可以是一个正常的结构，恶性肿瘤，良性肿瘤或生长的影响。 Szot 等人 （2007）最近照射胰岛9肾胶囊异种移植。 Aamdal 等人（1985）所描述的在IM 27人癌细胞系肾包膜异种移植munocompromised鼠标主机10。移植物也可以由单一的永生化细胞系（癌性或非致瘤性）的，或者可以由永生化细胞系结合的细胞从间质（细胞重组接枝）中分离的。 我们看好细胞重组的异种移植，探讨基质和上皮PRCA和BPH的发展各自的作用。库尼亚等人 （1980）是第一个报告在成年小鼠膀胱上皮细胞结合胚胎生殖窦间质（UGM）和异种移植的小鼠下主机男性的肾囊，组织发展成结构类似前列腺腺泡11。 Norman 等人（1986）表明，成年小鼠前列腺导管上皮和UGM，当在组织中的重组体结合时，经过导管的增长和分支形态12。海沃德等人（1988）表明，人类前列腺上皮响应感性胎儿米esenchyme以类似的方式13。致癌作用于前列腺甲荷尔蒙模型，通过结合BPH-1与UGM，首次报道由Wang 等人 14（2001），并已被广泛使用在我们的实验室15永生化的人类前列腺上皮细胞系。这个模型是非常适合了解PRCA进展，因为前列腺上皮转变为转移性疾病，在人类5建模先进PRCA。因为特定的组件可以被遗传操纵，细胞重组嫁接是作为评价基质 - 上皮相互作用的方法是特别有用的。 适用于异种移植其他网站都是皮内，皮下和原位位置16。根据所关注的组织和疾病的过程中，这些可能是合适的替代方法。对于前列腺癌的激素和良性生长调节的研究中，我们选择了肾胶囊网站异种移植，由于其较高的接枝率取，丰富的血液供应，并植入到一个局限的网站16更多数量的移植能力。此外，荷尔蒙操纵主机鼠标而导致前列腺萎缩的限制使用的前列腺原位移植术16。 这个协议概括了压缩激素/药物粒料制造和外科手术植入，以及人类前​​列腺细胞和组织移植的肾被膜异种移植的技术。总之，这些技术提供了一个敏感的检测，以确定是否一个转基因小鼠更容易受到PRCA和/或前列腺增生引发比对照菌株。异种移植是一种强大的技术用于体内评价试验细胞的发育组织学和恶性肿瘤的分子特征的潜力，以及一个用于测定用于多种良性和恶性疾病的新的治疗策略。

<table border="1">
		<tbody>
		 <tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>EQUIPMENT &amp; MATERIALS</td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Pellet press</td>
			<td>PARR Industries </td>
			<td>2815</td>
			<td>3mm Punch &amp; Die set</td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Analytical Balance</td>
			<td>Ohaus</td>
			<td>1918302</td>
			<td>Voyager or other</td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Bunsen burner</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>03-962Q</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Dissecting microscope</td>
			<td>Leica</td>
			<td>L2</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Deltaphase Pad Kit (reheatable wax)</td>
			<td>Braintree Scientific</td>
			<td>39DP</td>
			<td>Alternative to an electric heating pad</td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Hot Bead sterilizer</td>
			<td>F.S.T.</td>
			<td>18000-45</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Isoflurane Vaporizer</td>
			<td>Supera Anesthesia Innov</td>
			<td>VAP3000</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Induction Chamber</td>
			<td>Supera Anesthesia Innov</td>
			<td>RES644</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>F/AIR Canister</td>
			<td>Supera Anesthesia Innov</td>
			<td>80120</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>4 port Manifold</td>
			<td>Supera Anesthesia Innov</td>
			<td>RES536</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Rebreathing Circuits</td>
			<td>Supera Anesthesia Innov</td>
			<td>CIR529</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Inlet/Outlet Fittings</td>
			<td>Supera Anesthesia Innov</td>
			<td>VAP203/4</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Pressure Reg/Gauge</td>
			<td>Supera Anesthesia Innov</td>
			<td>OXY508</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Oxygen Flowmeter</td>
			<td>Supera Anesthesia Innov</td>
			<td>OXY660</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>21mm Clear Tubing</td>
			<td>Supera Anesthesia Innov</td>
			<td>301-150</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Small Mice Nose Cone</td>
			<td>Supera Anesthesia Innov</td>
			<td>ACC526</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Sterile surgical gown</td>
			<td>Midwest Vet Supply</td>
			<td>350.79866.2</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Surgical mask</td>
			<td>Midwest Vet Supply</td>
			<td>350.50111.2</td>
			<td>2-ply w/ earloops</td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Sterile gauze</td>
			<td>Midwest Vet Supply</td>
			<td>001.14100.2</td>
			<td>2 x 2 inches</td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Sterile Gloves</td>
			<td>Kimberly Clark</td>
			<td>55092</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Bouffant</td>
			<td>Midwest Vet Supply</td>
			<td>001.27100.2</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Cotton Tip Applicator</td>
			<td>Midwest Vet Supply</td>
			<td>001.06220.2</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Surgical Scrub Wash</td>
			<td>Midwest Vet Supply</td>
			<td>733.80010.3</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Sterile Fields (Fenestrated)</td>
			<td>General Econopak, Inc</td>
			<td>88VCSTF</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>REAGENTS</td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Cholesterol</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>C-3292</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Testosterone Proprionate</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>T-1875</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>17&beta;-estradiol</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>E-2758</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Isoflurane</td>
			<td>Midwest Vet Supply</td>
			<td>193.33161.3</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Carprofen</td>
			<td>Midwest Vet Supply</td>
			<td>193.70200.3</td>
			<td>Injectable (Rimadyl)</td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Betadine</td>
			<td>Webster Veterinary</td>
			<td>07-836-3379</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Sterile saline</td>
			<td>Midwest Vet Supply</td>
			<td>193.74504.3</td>
			<td>NaCl 0.9%, Injectable</td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>SURGICAL INSTRUMENTS</td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Straight Sharp/Blunt Scissors</td>
			<td>Fine Scientific Tools (F.S.T.)</td>
			<td>14054-13</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Graefe forceps (Serrated, Toothed, Curved)</td>
			<td>F.S.T.</td>
			<td>11055-10</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Fine Iris scissors</td>
			<td>F.S.T.</td>
			<td>14090-09</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Graefe Scalpel</td>
			<td>F.S.T.</td>
			<td>10071-12</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Dumont #5 forceps</td>
			<td>F.S.T.</td>
			<td>11251-20</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Glass Pasteur pipets</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>S67050</td>
			<td>5" length</td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Graefe forceps (Serrated, Curved)</td>
			<td>F.S.T.</td>
			<td>11052-10</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Graefe forceps (Serrated, Straight)</td>
			<td>F.S.T.</td>
			<td>11050-10</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Vicryl Suture</td>
			<td>Midwest Vet Supply</td>
			<td>295-92100.2</td>
			<td>4-0, FS-2, Absorbable</td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Needle Holder w/ scissor action</td>
			<td>F.S.T.</td>
			<td>12002012</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Wound Clips</td>
			<td>Braintree Scientific</td>
			<td>ACS CS</td>
			<td>May use 7mm or 9mm clips</td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Reflex Wound Clipper</td>
			<td>F.S.T.</td>
			<td>12031-09</td>
			<td>Correspond w/ wound clip size</td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Would Clip Remover</td>
			<td>F.S.T.</td>
			<td>12033-00</td>
			<td>Universal</td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Sterilization Container</td>
			<td>F.S.T.</td>
			<td>20810-01</td>
			<td>Any autoclavable container will do</td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Syringe w/ needle</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td>148292C</td>
			<td>1cc, 25Gx1</td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Ear Tag Applicator</td>
			<td>National Band &amp; Tag Co.</td>
			<td>1005s1</td>
			<td>Alternative to ear notching</td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Small Animal Ear Tags</td>
			<td>National Band &amp; Tag Co.</td>
			<td>1005-1</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		</tbody>
 </table>

renal capsule xenografting and subcutaneous pellet implantation for the evaluation of prostate carcinogenesis and benign prostatic hyperplasia

新疗法两种常见的前列腺疾病，前列腺癌（PRCA）和良性前列腺增生（BPH），关键取决于实验评估其激素调节。性类固醇激素（主要是雄激素和雌激素）是重要的PRCA和BPH，我们探讨在诱导前列腺的生长和癌变的小鼠使用压缩激素颗粒的实验各自的角色。激素和/或药物颗粒很容易用压片机制造的，并且通过外科手术植入到雄性小鼠宿主的皮下组织。我们还通过组合皮下激素植入粒料与根据免疫受损小鼠的肾被膜前列腺细胞的重组体异种移植描述一个协议，用于激素致癌作用的评价。此外，皮下激素颗粒植入，在前列腺增生组织中肾胶囊异种移植相结合，以更好地了解良性普罗斯特的激素调节是非常有用的吃了增长，并针对测试性类固醇激素途径的新疗法。

<html>取决于待测试的假设，可以进行隔离，或与皮下激素植入丸组合的组织或细胞中的重组体肾包膜异种移植。一个假设的实验相结合的肾小囊异种移植实验，皮下激素颗粒植入的示意图如图1所示。各种粉末状和/或结晶性物质，可在压缩粒料与粒料压机可用于制造图2示出了25毫克，12毫克和6毫克压缩激素颗粒。 图3示出了外科手术过程?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Renal Capsule Xenografting and Subcutaneous Pellet Implantation for the Evaluation of Prostate Carcinogenesis and Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia at JoVE.com

Renal Capsule Xenografting and Subcutaneous Pellet Implantation for the Evaluation of Prostate Carcinogenesis and Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia

我们描述了压缩激素粒料的制造方法，以及皮下外科手术植入到小鼠体内。这种策略可以与细胞和组织异种移植物下的无胸腺裸小鼠的肾被膜，以评估内分泌癌和良性前列腺生长的调节生长相结合。

肾小囊和异种移植皮下颗粒植入前列腺癌发生和良性前列腺增生症的评价

New therapies for two common prostate diseases,  prostate cancer (PrCa) and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), depend  critically on experiments ...

renal-capsule-xenografting-subcutaneous-pellet-implantation-for

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

25.0K 次观看.  University of Wisconsin-Madison. 我们描述了压缩激素粒料的制造方法，以及皮下外科手术植入到小鼠体内。这种策略可以与细胞和组织异种移植物下的无胸腺裸小鼠的肾被膜，以评估内分泌癌和良性前列腺生长的调节生长相结合。 

视频: Renal Capsule Xenografting and Subcutaneous Pellet Implantation for the Evaluation of Prostate Carcinogenesis and Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia

Evaluation of Nanoparticle Uptake in Tumors in Real Time Using Intravital Imaging

Current technologies for tumor imaging, such as ultrasound, MRI, PET and CT, are unable to yield high-resolution images for the assessment of nanoparticle uptake in tumors at the microscopic level1,2,3, highlighting the utility of a suitable xenograft model in which to perform detailed uptake analyses. Here, we use high-resolution intravital imaging to evaluate nanoparticle uptake in human tumor xenografts in a modified, shell-less chicken embryo model. The chicken embryo model is particularly well-suited for these in vivo analyses because it supports the growth of human tumors, is relatively inexpensive and does not require anesthetization or surgery 4,5. Tumor cells form fully vascularized xenografts within 7 days when implanted into the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) 6. The resulting tumors are visualized by non-invasive real-time, high-resolution imaging that can be maintained for up to 72 hours with little impact on either the host or tumor systems. Nanoparticles with a wide range of sizes and formulations administered distal to the tumor can be visualized and quantified as they flow through the bloodstream, extravasate from leaky tumor vasculature, and accumulate at the tumor site. We describe here the analysis of nanoparticles derived from Cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV) decorated with near-infrared fluorescent dyes and/or polyethylene glycol polymers (PEG) 7, 8, 9,10,11. Upon intravenous administration, these viral nanoparticles are rapidly internalized by endothelial cells, resulting in global labeling of the vasculature both outside and within the tumor7,12. PEGylation of the viral nanoparticles increases their plasma half-life, extends their time in the circulation, and ultimately enhances their accumulation in tumors via the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect 7, 10,11. The rate and extent of accumulation of nanoparticles in a tumor is measured over time using image analysis software. This technique provides a method to both visualize and quantify nanoparticle dynamics in human tumors.

We present a novel approach to quantify nanoparticle localization in the vasculature of human xenografted tumors using dynamic, real-time intravital imaging in an avian embryo model.

使用实时活体成像在肿瘤纳米粒子吸收的评价

Current technologies for tumor imaging, such as ultrasound, MRI, PET and CT, are unable to yield high-resolution images for the assessment of nanoparticle ...

科研

医学

Cell Population Analyses During Skin Carcinogenesis

Cancer development is a multiple-step process involving many cell types including cancer precursor cells, immune cells, fibroblasts and endothelial cells. Each type of cells undergoes signaling and functional changes during carcinogenesis. The current challenge for many cancer researchers is to dissect these changes in each cell type during the multiple-step process in vivo. In the last few years, the authors have developed a set of procedures to isolate different cell populations during skin cancer development using K14creER/R26-SmoM2YFP mice. The procedure is divided into 6 parts: 1) generating appropriate mice for the study (K14creER+ and R26-SmoM2YFP+ mice in this protocol); 2) inducing SmoM2YFP expression in mouse skin; 3) preparing mouse skin biopsies; 4) isolating epidermis from skin; 5) preparing single cells from epidermis; 6) labeling single cell populations for flow cytometry analysis. Generation of sufficient number of mice with the right genotype is the limiting step in this protocol, which may take up to two months. The rest of steps take a few hours to a few days. Within this protocol, we also include a section for troubleshooting. Although we focus on skin cancer, this protocol may be modified to apply for other animal models of human diseases.

Carcinogenesis is a process involving interactions between cancer cells and the cancer microenvironment. To dissect the molecular events, one needs to isolate different cell populations at different stages during cancer development. Using a mouse model for basal cell carcinoma, we describe a protocol for cell analyses during carcinogenesis.

在皮肤癌变细胞群分析

Cancer development is  a multiple-step process involving many cell types including cancer precursor  cells, immune cells, fibroblasts and endothelial ...

Evaluation of Tumor-infiltrating Leukocyte Subsets in a Subcutaneous Tumor Model

Specialized immune cells that infiltrate the tumor microenvironment regulate the growth and survival of neoplasia.&#160; Malignant cells must elude or subvert anti-tumor immune responses in order to survive and flourish. Tumors take advantage of a number of different mechanisms of immune &#8220;escape,&#8221; including the recruitment of tolerogenic DC, immunosuppressive regulatory T cells (Tregs), and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) that inhibit cytotoxic anti-tumor responses. Conversely, anti-tumor effector immune cells can slow the growth and expansion of malignancies: immunostimulatory dendritic cells, natural killer cells which harbor innate anti-tumor immunity, and cytotoxic T cells all can participate in tumor suppression. The balance between pro- and anti-tumor leukocytes ultimately determines the behavior and fate of transformed cells; a multitude of human clinical studies have borne this out. Thus, detailed analysis of leukocyte subsets within the tumor microenvironment has become increasingly important. Here, we describe a method for analyzing infiltrating leukocyte subsets present in the tumor microenvironment in a mouse tumor model. Mouse B16 melanoma tumor cells were inoculated subcutaneously in C57BL/6 mice. At a specified time, tumors and surrounding skin were resected en bloc and processed into single cell suspensions, which were then stained for multi-color flow cytometry. Using a variety of leukocyte subset markers, we were able to compare the relative percentages of infiltrating leukocyte subsets between control and chemerin-expressing tumors. Investigators may use such a tool to study the immune presence in the tumor microenvironment and when combined with traditional caliper size measurements of tumor growth, will potentially allow them to elucidate the impact of changes in immune composition on tumor growth. Such a technique can be applied to any tumor model in which the tumor and its microenvironment can be resected and processed.

This protocol describes a method for the detailed evaluation of leukocyte subsets within the tumor microenvironment in a mouse tumor model. Chemerin-expressing B16 melanoma cells were implanted subcutaneously into syngeneic mice. Cells from the tumor microenvironment were then stained and analyzed by flow cytometry, allowing for detailed leukocyte subset analyses.

在皮下肿瘤模型的评估肿瘤浸润白细胞亚群

Specialized immune cells that infiltrate the tumor microenvironment regulate the growth and survival of neoplasia.&#160; Malignant cells must elude or ...

Balloon-based Injury to Induce Myointimal Hyperplasia in the Mouse Abdominal Aorta

The use of animal models is essential for a better understanding of MH, one major cause for arterial stenosis.In this article, we demonstrate a murine balloon denudation model, which is comparable with established vessel injury models in large animals. The aorta denudation model with balloon catheters mimics the clinical setting and leads to comparable pathobiological and physiological changes. Briefly, after performing a horizontal incision in the aorta abdominalis, a balloon catheter will be inserted into the vessel, inflated, and introduced retrogradely. Inflation of the balloon will lead to intima injury and overdistension of the vessel. After removing the catheter, the aortic incision will be closed with single stiches. The model shown in this article is reproducible, easy to perform, and can be established quickly and reliably. It is especially suitable for evaluating expensive experimental therapeutic agents, which can be applied in an economical fashion. By using different knockout-mouse strains, the impact of different genes on MH development can be assessed.

This article demonstrates a murine model to study the development of myointimal hyperplasia (MH) after aortic balloon injury.

球囊损伤诱发小鼠腹主动脉 Myointimal 增生的研究

The use of animal models is essential for a better understanding of MH, one major cause for arterial stenosis.In this article, we demonstrate a murine ...

Surgical Treatment for Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia: Holmium Laser Enucleation of the Prostate (HoLEP).

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) commonly occurs among elderly males. The condition causes symptoms in the lower urinary tract, thereby reducing the quality of life. BPH includes 2 major treatments: medication and surgery. Surgical treatment is often the most effective and final intervention. Holmium laser enucleation of the prostate (HoLEP), one of the most efficient surgical procedures for BPH, is conducted transurethrally. During surgery, the most important and most difficult part is to locate the surgical capsule of the prostate, which is consistent to the idea of anatomic surgery. Different skills may be needed in treating different parts of the prostate. HoLEP tends to be efficient and safe with good hemostatic properties, and able to treat bladder calculus, which may be the complications of BPH. The technique is particularly suitable for prostate of varying volumes and sizes. Indeed, HoLEP also presents certain disadvantages, such as a long learning curve and costly equipment. Regardless, this method may be the "new standard" and the excellent method for the surgical treatment of BPH.

Surgical Treatment for Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia: Holmium Laser Enucleation of the Prostate HoLEP.

Here we present a safe and efficient protocol, holmium laser enucleation of the prostate, to treat benign prostatic hyperplasia.

良性前列腺增生的外科治疗: 钬激光前列腺摘除术 (计画)。

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) commonly occurs among elderly males. The condition causes symptoms in the lower urinary tract, thereby reducing the ...

Enucleation of the Prostate for the Treatment of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Using a 980 nm Diode Laser

In the aging male population, the occurrence of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) caused by benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a common problem. Here, we introduce a new technique called 980 nm diode laser enucleation (DiLEP) to treat BPH1. Diode lasers can absorb both water and hemoglobin at the same time, so they are good for cutting and hemostasis2. The diode laser was approved by the FDA in 2007, and has been used in the treatment of BPH because of its effective cutting and hemostasis effect3. DiLEP presents several advantages over other techniques, such as TURP, HoLEP, and PVP. During the procedure, we define the boundary of a high-volume prostate and separate it into three lobes with a diode laser by burning two rings and one groove (like a Cupid&#39;s arrow). Compared to other procedures, mDiLEP has fewer intraoperative complications, a shorter learning curve, and achieves more tissue resection.

Here, we present a protocol for modified 980 nm diode laser enucleation to treat large volume benign prostatic hyperplasia.

使用 980 nm 二极管激光进行前列腺摘除术治疗良性前列腺增生

In the aging male population, the occurrence of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) caused by benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a common problem. ...

Direct Drug Delivery to Kidney via the Renal Artery

There is a need for directed injections to enable increased and specific renal exposure for efficient evaluation of drug targets in the renal research field. Accumulation of drugs in certain organs may give rise to adverse and unwanted effects, depending on the nature of injectate. To minimize spillover and/or accumulation in other tissues, the herein described method directs the formulation into the renal artery bloodstream by inserting a catheter in the infra renal aorta, just below where it branches into the renal artery, resulting in the kidney as first reached organ and distributing of formulation throughout the kidney.
This manuscript provides a detailed description of the method, as well as its challenges and difficulties. It guides the experimenter to become skillful with this type of microsurgery that requires accuracy under sterile conditions. Speed is crucial for minimizing the ischemia and practicing the procedure will increase the chance of successful injections without adverse effects. By modulating the time between injection and reperfusion as well as the injected volume, the risk of spillover to other organs is mitigated. 
Note that this technique is suitable for single dosing strategies.

This manuscript describes a method for targeted delivery to a single kidney via a catheter placed in the infrarenal abdominal aorta in the mouse.

通过肾脏动脉直接向肾脏输送药物

There is a need for directed injections to enable increased and specific renal exposure for efficient evaluation of drug targets in the renal research ...

Repetitive Blood Sampling from the Subclavian Vein of Conscious Rat

Rats are widely used in pharmacokinetics (PK) and toxicokinetic (TK) studies that need to collect a certain amount of blood at specific time points to detect drug exposure. The rat blood sampling method determines the quality of the plasma and further affects the precision of the test results. The subclavian vein blood collection method described in this protocol collects blood samples repeatedly in the conscious state of animals to meet the needs of PK and TK tests. The skills of restraint handling and appropriate procedure of needle incision ensure the success rate of blood collection. It is easy to operate while ensuring the quality of plasma and at the same time catering to animal welfare. However, this method requires skilled operation, and an improper one may cause animal weakness, pain, lameness, and even mortality. The current method has been used in the testing facility for a 4-week oral toxicity study in Sprague Dawley (SD) rats with TK. The maximum amount of blood collected within 24 h did not exceed 20% of the animal's total blood. The animals' body weight was more than 200 g for males and females. The data showed that the animals' bodyweight increased steadily every week, and the clinical observation was normal after repetitive sample collection.

The present protocol describes a simple and efficient method for collecting blood from the subclavian vein in rats. It enables rapid, timely, and easily identifiable sampling without anesthesia and obtains high-quality blood through repetitive sample collection.

意识大鼠锁骨下静脉的重复血液采样

Rats are widely used in pharmacokinetics (PK) and toxicokinetic (TK) studies that need to collect a certain amount of blood at specific time points to ...

A Retrograde Implantation Approach for Peritoneal Dialysis Catheter Placement in Mice

Murine models are employed to probe various aspects of peritoneal dialysis (PD), such as peritoneal inflammation and fibrosis. These events drive peritoneal membrane failure in humans, which remains an area of intense investigation due to its profound clinical implications in managing patients with end-stage kidney disease (ESKD). Despite the clinical importance of PD and its related complications, current experimental murine models suffer from key technical challenges that compromise the models&#39; performance. These include PD catheter migration and kinking and usually warrant earlier catheter removal. These limitations also drive the need for a greater number of animals to complete a study. Addressing these drawbacks, this study introduces technical improvements and surgical nuances to prevent commonly observed PD catheter complications in a murine model. Moreover, this modified model is validated by inducing peritoneal inflammation and fibrosis using lipopolysaccharide injections. In essence, this paper describes an improved method to create an experimental model of PD.

This article describes modifications of a procedure to implant a peritoneal dialysis catheter in a murine model to avoid major technical issues observed with the conventional techniques.

一种小鼠腹膜透析导管放置的逆行植入方法

Murine models are employed to probe various aspects of peritoneal dialysis (PD), such as peritoneal inflammation and fibrosis. These events drive ...

Systematic Hearing Performance Evaluation Process for Adolescents with Cochlear Implantation at Early Ages

Cochlear implant (CI) provision is the most effective clinical treatment to restore hearing performance in individuals with profound sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL). It has been successful in providing improved speech perception outcomes, especially in quiet environments. However, speech perception performance within complex environments, lexical tone recognition, and music perception have been shown to only improve with newer fine structure coding strategies or related techniques. Therefore, the methods used to assess hearing performance in noisy environments, lexical tone recognition, and music perception are of vital importance. These assessments must reflect the postoperative outcomes and also provide guidance for the programming, rehabilitation, and application of new coding strategies. In this study, hearing performance in simple and complex situations was evaluated before and after upgrading to a fine structure strategy. The participants were a cohort of Mandarin-speaking adolescents, who were experienced CI users. The comprehensive clinical workflow involved assessments of speech in quiet conditions, speech in noisy conditions, lexical tone recognition, and music perception. This battery of tests is explained in detail, from the coding strategy to the test methods, including the test process, environment, device, material, and order. The details that require special attention are discussed, such as the position of the participants, the angle of the loudspeaker, the intensity of the sound, the noise type, the practice test, and the way of answering questions. Each test step, method, and material for speech, lexical tone, and music perception is presented in detail. Finally, the clinical results are discussed.

This paper describes a battery of tests used to clinically assess the hearing performance of adolescent, Mandarin-speaking, experienced cochlear implant users upgraded to a new fine structure coding strategy. The battery of tests include speech in quiet conditions, speech in noisy conditions, lexical tone, and music perception.

早期植入人工耳蜗的青少年系统听力表现评估过程

Cochlear implant (CI) provision is the most effective clinical treatment to restore hearing performance in individuals with profound sensorineural hearing ...