作者感谢由玫瑰托比亚斯，Younghee安贞焕和大卫N.罗斯金所提供的技术和后勤援助和专门知识。这里所描述的工作是由亚省儿童医院基金会和亚省儿童医院研究所。

所有程序均在按照加拿大动物保护委员会，并经卡尔加里动物保健委员会的大学。 1，动物的制备<ol><li>分离小鼠过夜（12小时）前测试。要做到这一点，本身，测试前一天将所有BTBR和B6小鼠（P35-P40）在笼子里所需要的实验分析。 </li><li>将分离的小鼠中的行为分析室30分钟，在试验之前，使动物将习惯于以新颖的环境。 </li></ol> 2，设备准备<ol><li>将30×30厘米的有机玻璃，在考场可移动的盖盒。放置在桌子上的盒子和摄像机的位置，以45°的角度从底部;相机的当前位置将允许外壳和鼠标的整个地板的可视化。使用红外背光，以帮助从墙上最大限度地减少眩光盒子。 </li><li>使用视频摄像头，具有高变焦功能带红外功能，在低照度环境优化拍摄。将相机对准机箱放大图像，使小鼠在整个框显示。 </li><li>盖上锯末床上用品（应为约1英寸深）框的整个地板。 </li></ol> 3测试程序<ol><li>将一个内部应变对小鼠（BTBR - BTBR或B6-B6）的测试机箱内。 </li><li>在测试室的灯打开了。 </li><li>启动摄像机来记录和退出房间。这将防止对小鼠的行为实验者影响。记录活动11分钟。 </li><li>一旦拍摄完毕后，再进入考场，并返回小鼠到原来的家笼。 </li><li>处置锯末铺垫，用70％乙醇洗整个测试中，并把新的锯末床上用品在测试底部外壳。 </li><li>重复整个过程的内部污渍对的休息和恢复小鼠自己原来的家笼。 </li></ol>注意：要验证inchworming数据的可靠性，该过程可能会重复在随后的日子里以不同BTBR-BTBR和B6-B6对组合。这将确保所观察到的行为是不依赖于机箱中的特定的合作伙伴，但inchworming个人。 4，数据分析<ol><li> Inchworming被定义为动物的脱颖而出和后肢英尺同步向内和向外移动，以最小的一种共发生向内再向外后续动作，有效地取代了铺垫。手动观看和得分每个视频两次（一次为每个鼠标），以确定总的持续时间，频率和延迟在10分钟的视频，以尺蠖。 inchworming持续时间，频率和延迟的人工评分，应根据后续ING的定义： Inchworming时间 ：是指每只小鼠花费在从事inchworming行为的总时间。得分inchworming的这个方面，使用可以被启动和停止计时器。开始计时，当鼠标开始蠕动和停止计时器，当鼠标停止inchworming。当（如果）鼠标开始再次尺蠖，重新启动和重新停止计时器。重复该定时器的启动和停止，每次10分钟的观察期的小鼠inchworms的持续时间。这将产生一个inchworming时间分数，0:00至10:00分之间。 Inchworming频率 ：定义为鼠标接合在10分钟观察期间inchworming行为的次数。单计数每次鼠标的启动和停止inchworming奖励。该inchworming频度得分将是介于0和∞数。 潜伏期尺蠖 ：是指在一定时间日在之前的首次发病inchworming通行证。启动定时器的视频开始时，这将是0:00，和停止计时器，当鼠标inchworms首次。如果鼠标不显示inchworming行为的潜伏期尺蠖将是10:00。在分析延迟到尺蠖，将获得0点01分至10:00分之间的分数。该失败尺蠖在测试周期的持续时间的小鼠应从样品群体中移除，以确保结果是相近的，以所显示的inchworming行为小鼠的群体。 </li> <li>计算总次数在视频inchworming每只小鼠的持续时间。计算所需的对中的第一个鼠标尺蠖的等待时间，以尺蠖该特定对小鼠的时间。这些参数是基于与在小鼠6重复挖掘行为之前的方法工作。 </li><li>计算平均持续时间，频率，和延迟的分析（ 即 BTBR与B6）挖掘每个实验组。使用单因素方差分析或t-检验来比较菌株/实验组之间的数据。 注意：当程序完成的第二天，使用重复测量方差分析，以确保没有任何后续的审判效果或配对的效果。 </li></ol>

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	<li>McFarlane, H. G., Kusek, G. K., Yan, M., Phoenix, J. L., Bolivar, V. J., Crawley, J. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Autism-like+behavioral+phenotypes+in+BTBR+T+tf/J+mice.">Autism-like behavioral phenotypes in BTBR T+tf/J mice.</a> Genes, Brain, and Behavior. 7, 152-163 (2008).</li><li>Crawley, J. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Designing+mouse+behavioral+tasks+relevant+to+autistic-like+behaviors.">Designing mouse behavioral tasks relevant to autistic-like behaviors.</a> Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews. 10 (4), 248-258 (2004).</li><li>Deacon, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Digging+and+marble+burying+in+mice:+simple+methods+for+in+vivo+identification+of+biological+impacts.">Digging and marble burying in mice: simple methods for in vivo identification of biological impacts.</a> Nature Protocols. 1 (1), 122-124 (2006).</li><li>Thomas, A., Burant, A., Bui, N., Graham, D., Yuva-Paylor, L. A., Paylor, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Marble+burying+reflects+a+repetitive+and+perseverative+behavior+more+than+novelty-induced+anxiety.">Marble burying reflects a repetitive and perseverative behavior more than novelty-induced anxiety.</a> Psychopharmacology. 204, 361-373 (2009).</li><li>Dudek, B. C., Adams, N., Boice, R., Abbott, M. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genetic+influences+on+digging+behaviours+in+mice+(Mus+musculus)+in+laboratory+and+seminatural+settings.">Genetic influences on digging behaviours in mice (Mus musculus) in laboratory and seminatural settings.</a> Journal of Comparative Psychology. 97 (3), 249-259 (1983).</li><li>Webster, D., Williams, M. H., Owens, R., Geiger, V., Dewsbury, D. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Digging+behavior+in+12+taxa+of+muriod+rodents.">Digging behavior in 12 taxa of muriod rodents.</a> Animal Learning and Behavior. 9 (2), 173-177 (1981).</li><li>Pobbe, R. H., Pearson, B. L., Defensor, E., Bolivar, V. J., Blanchard, D. C., Blanchard, R. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Expression+of+social+behaviours+of+C57BL/6J+versus+BTBR+inbred+mouse+strains+in+the+visible+burrow+system.">Expression of social behaviours of C57BL/6J versus BTBR inbred mouse strains in the visible burrow system.</a> Behavioural Brain Research. 214, 443-449 (2010).</li><li>Lewis, M. H., Tanimura, Y., Lee, L., Bodfish, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Animal+models+of+restricted+repetitive+behavior+in+autism.">Animal models of restricted repetitive behavior in autism.</a> Behavioural Brain Research. 176, 66-74 (2007).</li><li>Silverman, J. L., Yang, M., Lord, C., Crawley, J. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Behavioural+phenotyping+assays+for+mouse+models+of+autism.">Behavioural phenotyping assays for mouse models of autism.</a> Nature Reviews. 11, 490-502 (2010).</li><li>Deacon, R., Rawlins, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hippocampal+lesions,+species-typical+behaviours+and+anxiety+in+mice.">Hippocampal lesions, species-typical behaviours and anxiety in mice.</a> Behavioural Brain Research. 156, 241-249 (2005).</li><li>Pearson, B. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Motor+and+cognitive+sterotypies+in+the+BTBR+T+tf/J+mouse+model+of+autism.">Motor and cognitive sterotypies in the BTBR T+tf/J mouse model of autism.</a> Genes, Brain, and Behavior. 10, 228-235 (2011).</li><li>Pobbe, R. H., Defensor, E., Pearson, B. L., Bolivar, V. J., Blanchard, D. C., Blanchard, R. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=General+and+social+anxiety+in+the+BTBR+T++tf/J+mouse+strain.">General and social anxiety in the BTBR T+ tf/J mouse strain.</a> Behavioural Brain Research. 216 (1), 446-451 (2011).</li></ol>

Inchworming是一种新型的测量，可以用于研究许多疾病表现出刻板如ASD重复的行为。有4个步骤，是极为重要的，从改性少年社会交互协议产生可靠inchworming数据：1）延长的隔离期是必不可少的inchworming测试，不应该从协议中删除或缩短。这项规定是专门针对inchworming的测试在这里描述对。 2）视频摄像机需要被适当地定位和聚焦，以使小鼠可以在整个有机玻璃外壳完全可视化。 3）外壳应测试对之间?...

虽然自闭症谱系障碍（ASD）的病理生理机制仍不清楚，诊断依赖于三大类症状的存在：畸形的社会互惠，沟通障碍，以及重复/刻板行为1。大多数啮齿类动物模型不能同时重现这三个症状在一个单一的动物。因此，模型，可以可靠地模拟这种疾病的一些或所有方面的有效预防和治疗策略的发展具有很大的价值。一个模型，它确实显示ASD的所有三个方面是BTBR鼠标1,2。 在超声波发声和社会分析方法相结合，对青少年社会交往的测试通常用来表征小儿房间隔缺损的小鼠模型;这些测试测量下降，占ASD的核心功能不正常的社会行为。除了少年社会交往试验，许多其它试验已被用来测量在ASD动物模型刻板行为。例如，在大理石埋藏测试中，它检查动物的倾向用在努力鼻子和前爪覆盖的对象来取代寝具材料，被认为是衡量出现在响应厌恶刺激3,4强迫刻板行为。因此，挖掘试验已经实施量化ASD动物模型和不同的鼠类物种3,5-7这种重复行为。挖掘行为被定义为口鼻部或足掌来取代铺垫材料的明显指示行动，并已假设是重复的运动行为4个敏感参数。 在这里，我们报告了一种新类型的挖掘，这是我们在小鼠BTBR菌株称为​​“inchworming”。这种新颖的行为表征可提供稳健的计量重复性运动行为可用于进一步的缬氨酸idation啮齿类动物模型，如房间隔缺损，亨廷顿氏症或强迫行为8,9。我们定义“inchworming”作为前和后肢内侧后跟一个同步运动向外通入床上用品材料的位移中的至少一个同步运动。这不同于在许多方面典型的挖掘行为。首先，inchworming行为通常被观察到发作的组合，而不是一个孤立的事件。相比之下，挖掘可能会出现无论是作为后或前爪3单协调运动。此外，inchworming运动趋向水平地发生在整个外壳层，而不是在固定的位置是挖行为的特征。最后，下面描述的inchworming行为经常发生在小鼠的BTBR近交系，但在B6对照菌株中很少发现，而典型的挖掘行为是共同的小鼠B6和BTBR菌株<sup&gt; 10。在这项研究中所概述的inchworming测试程序代表一个标准的青少年社会交往的协议1的修改。 鉴于大理石掩埋，挖掘和发挥青少年建立价值用于测量ASD的小鼠模型异常行为时，inchworming行为补充了这些先前定义的刻板行为的测量。特别是，inchworming行为提供了在房间隔缺损8,11普遍认定低阶电机刻板行为的有用指标。此外，这种新的inchworming程序可能为研究人员提供的相关发育障碍，如房间隔缺损的重复运动行为的分析，一个额外的有价值的工具。

<table border="1">
 <tbody>
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 <td>Material Name </td>
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 <td>Catalogue Number</td>
 <td>Comments</td>
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 <tr>
 <td>30 cm X 30 cm Plexiglas box with lid</td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td>Can be constructed </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>IR Camera </td>
 <td>Survshop (Calgary, Alberta)</td>
 <td>Sony CCD Camera DP955V- 30' Infrared Armor Dome </td>
 <td>Find a camera with high-resolution and zoom capabilities</td>
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 <td>Supercircuits (Austin, Texas)</td>
 <td>BLACK Enterprise-Class 4-Channel H.264 security DVR with DVD Burner</td>
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inchworming: a novel motor stereotypy in the btbr t+ itpr3tf/j mouse model of autism

自闭症谱系障碍（ASD）是一种行为上定义的神经发育疾病的特点是减少社会互动，通讯异常，并不断重复的行为与限制的兴趣。作为诊断依据临床标准，这异质性疾病的任何可能有关的啮齿动物模型应该理想地复述这些不同的行为特征。该BTBR T + Itpr3 TF / J（BTBR）鼠标是房间隔缺损的建立动物模型，显示重复的行为，如增加疏导，以及认知缺乏灵活性。关于社会交往和兴趣，少年播放测试已受聘于房间隔缺损的多个啮齿动物模型。在这里，我们表明，当BTBR小鼠在含有木屑床上用品青少年社会交往的外壳进行测试，它们显示重复挖同步运动。这种重复的运动行为，称作“inchworming”，被评为因为由小鼠同时水平移动在地板上展出了运动的刻板性质。 Inchworming鼠标必须使用他们的脱颖而出和后肢的同步置换的床上用品，向内，一个向外运动执行最低之一。虽然两者BTBR和C56BL/6J（B6）小鼠表现出这种行为，BTBR小鼠表现出显著更高的持续时间inchworming和频率以及减少延迟启动时，放置在一个层状外壳inchworming。我们得出结论，这种新近被描述的行为提供了一个重复的马达刻板，可以在ASD的动物模型中很容易地测量的度量。

这里所描述的少年播放测试的修改后的版本可用于观察和分析新的重复挖掘行为称为inchworming。 Inchworming由BTBR小鼠比B6的控制表现出一个更大的程度。在一个典型的10分钟会议，BTBR老鼠会显示不同的inchworming行为（爪子同步向内和向外运动，以努力取代木屑床上用品）约5分钟，或一半的观察期。此外，潜伏期尺蠖是显著缩短为BTBR老鼠 - 它们通常会开始前10秒的记录会话的开始内inchworming。相比之下...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Inchworming: A Novel Motor Stereotypy in the BTBR T+ Itpr3tf/J Mouse Model of Autism at JoVE.com

Inchworming: A Novel Motor Stereotypy in the BTBR T+ Itpr3tf/J Mouse Model of Autism

Inchworming是BTBR T + Itpr 3TF / J（BTBR）小鼠时，放置在一个测试笼有足够的锯末床上用品显示高度重复挖同步运动。该程序是青少年社会交互协议的修改，并在这里被用来评估有关自闭症重复刻板电机。

Inchworming：一种新型电机刻板的BTBR<em&gt; T<sup&gt; +</sup&gt; Itpr3<sup&gt; TF</sup</em自闭症&gt; /系小鼠模型

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a behaviorally defined neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by decreased reciprocal social interaction, abnormal ...

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Inchworming: A Novel Motor Stereotypy in the BTBR T+ Itpr3tf/J Mouse Model of Autism

11.5K 次观看.  University of Calgary Faculty of Medicine.  Inchworming是BTBR T + Itpr 3TF / J（BTBR）小鼠时，放置在一个测试笼有足够的锯末床上用品显示高度重复挖同步运动。该程序是青少年社会交互协议的修改，并在这里被用来评估有关自闭症重复刻板电机。 

视频: Inchworming: A Novel Motor Stereotypy in the BTBR T+ Itpr3tf/J Mouse Model of Autism

Fat Preference: A Novel Model of Eating Behavior in Rats

Obesity is a growing problem in the United States of America, with more than a third of the population classified as obese. One factor contributing to this multifactorial disorder is the consumption of a high fat diet, a behavior that has been shown to increase both caloric intake and body fat content. However, the elements regulating preference for high fat food over other foods remain understudied.
To overcome this deficit, a model to quickly and easily test changes in the preference for dietary fat was developed. The Fat Preference model presents rats with a series of choices between foods with differing fat content. Like humans, rats have a natural bias toward consuming high fat food, making the rat model ideal for translational studies. Changes in preference can be ascribed to the effect of either genetic differences or pharmacological interventions. This model allows for the exploration of determinates of fat preference and screening pharmacotherapeutic agents that influence acquisition of obesity.

Dietary fat content influences both energy intake and body fat composition in mammals. By examining rats&#8217; preference for high fat food in a series of choice experiments, it is possible to test genetic differences and pharmacological interventions on their preference for high fat food.

脂肪偏好：饮食行为的一种新模型大鼠

Obesity is a growing problem in the United States of America, with more than a third of the population classified as obese. One factor contributing to ...

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行为学

Compensatory Limb Use and Behavioral Assessment of Motor Skill Learning Following Sensorimotor Cortex Injury in a Mouse Model of Ischemic Stroke

Mouse models have become increasingly popular in the field of behavioral neuroscience, and specifically in studies of experimental stroke. As models advance, it is important to develop sensitive behavioral measures specific to the mouse. The present protocol describes a skilled motor task for use in mouse models of stroke. The Pasta Matrix Reaching Task functions as a versatile and sensitive behavioral assay that permits experimenters to collect accurate outcome data and manipulate limb use to mimic human clinical phenomena including compensatory strategies (i.e., learned non-use) and focused rehabilitative training. When combined with neuroanatomical tools, this task also permits researchers to explore the mechanisms that support behavioral recovery of function (or lack thereof) following stroke. The task is both simple and affordable to set up and conduct, offering a variety of training and testing options for numerous research questions concerning functional outcome following injury. Though the task has been applied to mouse models of stroke, it may also be beneficial in studies of functional outcome in other upper extremity injury models.

Mouse models have become increasingly popular in studies of behavioral neuroscience. As models advance, it is important to develop sensitive behavioral measures specific to the mouse. This protocol describes the Pasta Matrix Reaching Task, which is a skilled motor task for use in mouse models of stroke.

补偿肢使用和运动技能学习行为评估以下感觉运动皮层损伤缺血性脑卒中的小鼠模型

Mouse models have become increasingly popular in the field of behavioral neuroscience, and specifically in studies of experimental stroke. As models ...

Testing Sensory and Multisensory Function in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder

In addition to impairments in social communication and the presence of restricted interests and repetitive behaviors, deficits in sensory processing are now recognized as a core symptom in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Our ability to perceive and interact with the external world is rooted in sensory processing. For example, listening to a conversation entails processing the auditory cues coming from the speaker (speech content, prosody, syntax) as well as the associated visual information (facial expressions, gestures). Collectively, the &#8220;integration&#8221; of these multisensory (i.e., combined audiovisual) pieces of information results in better comprehension. Such multisensory integration has been shown to be strongly dependent upon the temporal relationship of the paired stimuli. Thus, stimuli that occur in close temporal proximity are highly likely to result in behavioral and perceptual benefits &#8211; gains believed to be reflective of the perceptual system&#39;s judgment of the likelihood that these two stimuli came from the same source. Changes in this temporal integration are expected to strongly alter perceptual processes, and are likely to diminish the ability to accurately perceive and interact with our world. Here, a battery of tasks designed to characterize various aspects of sensory and multisensory temporal processing in children with ASD is described. In addition to its utility in autism, this battery has great potential for characterizing changes in sensory function in other clinical populations, as well as being used to examine changes in these processes across the lifespan.

We describe how to implement a battery of behavioral tasks to examine the processing and integration of sensory stimuli in children with ASD. The goal is to characterize individual differences in temporal processing of simple auditory and visual stimuli and relate these to higher order perceptual skills like speech perception.

测试儿童的感官和多感官功能自闭症谱系障碍

In addition to impairments in social communication and the presence of restricted interests and repetitive behaviors, deficits in sensory processing are ...

Paw-Dragging: a Novel, Sensitive Analysis of the Mouse Cylinder Test

The cylinder test is routinely used to predict focal ischemic damage to the forelimb motor cortex in rodents. When placed in the cylinder, rodents explore by rearing and touching the walls of the cylinder with their forelimb paws for postural support. Following ischemic injury to the forelimb sensorimotor cortex, rats rely more heavily on their unaffected forelimb paw for postural support resulting in fewer touches with their affected paw which is termed forelimb asymmetry. In contrast, focal ischemic damage in the mouse brain fails to result in comparable consistent deficits in forelimb asymmetry. While forelimb asymmetry deficits are infrequently observed, mice do demonstrate a novel behaviour post stroke termed &#8220;paw-dragging&#8221;. Paw-dragging is the tendency for a mouse to drag its affected paw along the cylinder wall rather than directly push off from the wall when dismounting from a rear to a four-legged stance. We have previously demonstrated that paw-dragging behaviour is highly sensitive to small cortical ischemic injuries to the forelimb motor cortex. Here we provide a detailed protocol for paw-dragging analysis. We define what a paw-drag is and demonstrate how to quantify paw-dragging behaviour. The cylinder test is a simple and inexpensive test to administer and does not require pre-training or food deprivation strategies. In using paw-dragging analysis with the cylinder test, it fills a niche for predicting cortical ischemic injuries such as photothrombosis and Endothelin-1 (ET-1)-induced ischemia &#8211; two models that are ever-increasing in popularity and produce smaller focal injuries than middle cerebral artery occlusion. Finally, measuring paw-dragging behaviour in the cylinder test will allow studies of functional recovery after cortical injury using a wide cohort of transgenic mouse strains where previous forelimb asymmetry analysis has failed to detect consistent deficits.

Classical forelimb asymmetry analysis of the cylinder test is routinely used to assess behavioural deficits in rats following brain injury or stroke; however, it fails to detect consistent deficits in mice. This study demonstrates that quantifying paw-dragging behaviour is a more sensitive analysis of brain injury in mice.

PAW-拖动：一本小说，鼠标缸试验敏感性分析

The cylinder test is routinely used to predict focal ischemic damage to the forelimb motor cortex in rodents. When placed in the cylinder, rodents explore ...

Electrophysiological Motor Unit Number Estimation (MUNE) Measuring Compound Muscle Action Potential (CMAP) in Mouse Hindlimb Muscles

Compound muscle action potential (CMAP) and motor unit number estimation (MUNE) are electrophysiological techniques that can be used to monitor the functional status of a motor unit pool in vivo. These measures can provide insight into the normal development and degeneration of the neuromuscular system. These measures have clear translational potential because they are routinely applied in diagnostic and clinical human studies. We present electrophysiological techniques similar to those employed in humans to allow recordings of mouse sciatic nerve function. The CMAP response represents the electrophysiological output from a muscle or group of muscles following supramaximal stimulation of a peripheral nerve. MUNE is an electrophysiological technique that is based on modifications of the CMAP response. MUNE is a calculated value that represents the estimated number of motor neurons or axons (motor control input) supplying the muscle or group of muscles being tested. We present methods for recording CMAP responses from the proximal leg muscles using surface recording electrodes following the stimulation of the sciatic nerve in mice. An incremental MUNE technique is described using submaximal stimuli to determine the average single motor unit potential (SMUP) size. MUNE is calculated by dividing the CMAP amplitude (peak-to-peak) by the SMUP amplitude (peak-to-peak). These electrophysiological techniques allow repeated measures in both neonatal and adult mice in such a manner that facilitates rapid analysis and data collection while reducing the number of animals required for experimental testing. Furthermore, these measures are similar to those recorded in human studies allowing more direct comparisons.

Electrophysiological Motor Unit Number Estimation MUNE Measuring Compound Muscle Action Potential CMAP in Mouse Hindlimb Muscles

We present refined protocols that allow in vivo monitoring of motor unit function in the mouse. Techniques to measure compound muscle action potential (CMAP) and motor unit number estimation (MUNE) in the mouse hind limb muscles innervated by the sciatic nerve are described.

电电机组数估计（MUNE）在小鼠后肢肌肉测量复合肌肉动作电位（CMAP）

Compound muscle action potential (CMAP) and motor unit number estimation (MUNE) are electrophysiological techniques that can be used to monitor the ...

A Novel Approach to Assess Motor Outcome of Deep Brain Stimulation Effects in the Hemiparkinsonian Rat: Staircase and Cylinder Test

Deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus is an effective treatment option for Parkinson&#39;s disease. In our lab we established a protocol to screen different neurostimulation patterns in hemiparkinsonian (unilateral lesioned) rats. It consists of creating a unilateral Parkinson&#39;s lesion by injecting 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) into the right medial forebrain bundle, implanting chronic stimulation electrodes into the subthalamic nucleus and evaluating motor outcomes at the end of 24 hr periods of cable-bound external neurostimulation. The stimulation was conducted with constant current stimulation. The amplitude was set 20% below the individual threshold for side effects. The motor outcome evaluation was done by the assessment of spontaneous paw use in the cylinder test according to Shallert and by the assessment of skilled reaching in the staircase test according to Montoya. This protocol describes in detail the training in the staircase box, the cylinder test, as well as the use of both in hemiparkinsonian rats. The use of both tests is necessary, because the staircase test seems to be more sensitive for fine motor skill impairment and exhibits greater sensitivity to change during neurostimulation. The combination of the unilateral Parkinson model and the two behavioral tests allows the assessment of different stimulation parameters in a standardized way.

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is an effective treatment option for Parkinson's disease. We established a study design to screen novel stimulation paradigms in rats. The protocol describes the use of the staircase test and cylinder test for motor outcome assessment in DBS treated hemiparkinsonian rats.

一种新的方法，以评估在帕金森病大鼠脑深部电刺激效应的运动结果：楼梯和缸测试

Deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus is an effective treatment option for Parkinson&#39;s disease. In our lab we established a protocol to ...

Novel Object Exploration as a Potential Assay for Higher Order Repetitive Behaviors in Mice

Restricted, repetitive behaviors (RRBs) are a core feature of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and disrupt the lives of affected individuals. RRBs are commonly split into lower-order and higher-order components, with lower order RRBs consisting of motor stereotypies and higher order RRBs consisting of perseverative and sequencing behaviors. Higher order RRBs are challenging to model in mice. Current assays for RRBs in mice focus primarily on the lower order components, making basic biomedical research into potential treatments or interventions for higher-order RRBs difficult. Here we describe a new assay, novel object exploration. This assay uses a basic open-field arena with four novel objects placed around the perimeter. The test mouse is allowed to freely explore the arena and the order in which the mouse investigates the novel objects is recorded. From these data, patterned sequences of exploration can be identified, as can the most preferred object for each mouse. The representative data shared here and past results using the novel object exploration assay illustrate that inbred mouse strains do demonstrate different behavior in this assay and that strains with elevated lower order RRBs also show elevated patterned behavior. As such, the novel object exploration assay appears to possess good face validity for higher order RRBs in humans and may be a valuable assay for future studies investigating novel therapeutics for ASD.

Higher order restricted, repetitive behaviors (RRBs) disrupt the lives of affected individuals. These behaviors are challenging to model in rodents, making basic biomedical research into potential treatments or interventions for RRBs difficult. Here we describe novel object exploration as a potential assay for higher order RRBs in mice.

新对象的探索在小鼠电位测定高阶重复的行为

Restricted, repetitive behaviors (RRBs) are a core feature of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and disrupt the lives of affected individuals.  RRBs are ...

The "Motor" in Implicit Motor Sequence Learning: A Foot-stepping Serial Reaction Time Task

This protocol describes a modified serial reaction time (SRT) task used to study implicit motor sequence learning. Unlike the classic SRT task that involves finger-pressing movements while sitting, the modified SRT task requires participants to step with both feet while maintaining a standing posture. This stepping task necessitates whole body actions that impose postural challenges. The foot-stepping task complements the classic SRT task in several ways. The foot-stepping SRT task is a better proxy for the daily activities that require ongoing postural control, and thus may help us better understand sequence learning in real-life situations. In addition, response time serves as an indicator of sequence learning in the classic SRT task, but it is unclear whether response time, reaction time (RT) representing mental process, or movement time (MT) reflecting the movement itself, is a key player in motor sequence learning. The foot-stepping SRT task allows researchers to disentangle response time into RT and MT, which may clarify how motor planning and movement execution are involved in sequence learning. Lastly, postural control and cognition are interactively related, but little is known about how postural control interacts with learning motor sequences. With a motion capture system, the movement of the whole body (e.g., the center of mass (COM)) can be recorded. Such measures allow us to reveal the dynamic processes underlying discrete responses measured by RT and MT, and may aid in elucidating the relationship between postural control and the explicit and implicit processes involved in sequence learning. Details of the experimental set-up, procedure, and data processing are described. The representative data are adopted from one of our previous studies. Results are related to response time, RT, and MT, as well as the relationship between the anticipatory postural response and the explicit processes involved in implicit motor sequence learning.

The &quot;Motor&quot; in Implicit Motor Sequence Learning: A Foot-stepping Serial Reaction Time Task

We introduce the foot-stepping serial reaction time (SRT) task. This modified SRT task, complementing the classic SRT task that involves only finger-pressing movement, better approximates daily sequenced activities and allows researchers to study the dynamic processes underlying discrete response measures and disentangle the explicit process operating in implicit sequence learning.

隐式电机序列学习中的 "马达": 步进串行反应时间任务

This protocol describes a modified serial reaction time (SRT) task used to study implicit motor sequence learning. Unlike the classic SRT task that ...

A Novel Single Animal Motor Function Tracking System Using Simple, Readily Available Software

We have recently demonstrated that implanting intracortical microelectrodes in the motor corteces of rats&#160;results in immediate and lasting motor deficits. Motor impairments were manually quantified through an open field grid test to measure the gross motor function and through a ladder test to measure the fine motor function. Here, we discuss a technique for the automated quantification of the video-recorded tests using our custom Capadona Behavioral Video Analysis System: Grid and Ladder Test, or BVAS. Leveraging simple and readily available coding software (see the Table of Materials), this program allows for the tracking of a single animal on both the open field grid and the ladder tests. In open field grid tracking, the code thresholds the video for intensity, tracks the position of the rat over the 3 min duration of the grid test, and analyzes the path. It then computes and returns measurements for the total distance traveled, the maximum velocity achieved, the number of left- and right-handed turns, and the total number of grid lines crossed by the rat. In ladder tracking, the code again thresholds the video for intensity, tracks the movement of the rat across the ladder, and returns calculated measurements including the time it took the rat to cross the ladder, the number of paw slips occurring below the plane of the ladder rungs, and the incidence of failures due to stagnation or reversals. We envision that the BVAS developed here can be employed for the analysis of motor function in a variety of applications, including many injury or disease models.

The current study aimed to automate the quantification of motor deficits in rats. The initial evaluation model assesses motor loss resulting from an intracortical microelectrode implantation in the motor cortex. We report on the development and use of a tracking algorithm using easily adaptable, simple, and readily available coding software.

一种新的单动物运动功能跟踪系统, 使用简单、易于使用的软件

We have recently demonstrated that implanting intracortical microelectrodes in the motor corteces of rats&#160;results in immediate and lasting motor ...

Using the Race Model Inequality to Quantify Behavioral Multisensory Integration Effects

Multisensory integration research investigates how the brain processes simultaneous sensory information. Research on animals (mainly cats and primates) and humans reveal that intact multisensory integration is crucial for functioning in the real world, including both cognitive and physical activities. Much of the research conducted over the past several decades documents multisensory integration effects using diverse psychophysical, electrophysiological, and neuroimaging techniques. While its presence has been reported, the methods used to determine the magnitude of multisensory integration effects varies and typically faces much criticism. In what follows, limitations of previous behavioral studies are outlined and a step-by-step tutorial for calculating the magnitude of multisensory integration effects using robust probability models is provided.

The current study aims to provide a step-by-step tutorial for calculating the magnitude of multisensory integration effects in an effort to facilitate the production of translational research studies across diverse clinical populations.

使用种族模型不平等来量化行为多感官整合效应

Multisensory integration research investigates how the brain processes simultaneous sensory information. Research on animals (mainly cats and primates) ...