由眼视光健康科学学院西部大学DJC提供资金。特别感谢IRISA谭图形设计。

所有的畜牧业和实验应该得到批准，并按照规定由相应的机构或其他法律规定的机构动物护理和使用委员会的准则进行。 1。斑马鱼护理<ol><li>保持在标准条件下的斑马鱼在28.5°C下10小时黑暗14小时光照周期16。 </li><li>保持成年斑马鱼在大约3鱼/ L的油箱密度</li></ol> 2。视动反应（OKR） <ol><li>用14.5厘米直径的旋转鼓轮，立体显微镜可调节光强度设置（300-8,000勒克斯）和计算机（ 图1a）构建自定义OKR录音设备。 <ol><li>安装一个摄像头的显微镜，将提供一个实时输入到附近的监视器，并允许图像捕捉和记录。 </li><li>使用链接到一台计算机，将住宿，一个微控制器控制旋转鼓日期不同速度和方向的选择。 </li></ol></li><li>在0.016％三卡因麻醉的鱼2-3分钟，然后将鱼放在一个小平台，用眼睛和鳃悬在边缘。 </li><li>放置一薄海绵/毛巾在鱼的身体和脚2-3枚泡沫，成形以容纳鱼，在鱼上，以保持它固定。限制了鱼的尾部的运动被认为是固相化的重要方面，而不会造成伤害的鱼，并被最好使用平片的泡沫来实现的。 （ 图1b） </li><li>圆筒形充水水箱内的鱼的位置，即适合的OKR记录装置的旋转滚筒的内部。使用该平台上的磁铁对鱼直立位置时，用眼睛从鼓的边缘约7.3厘米该鱼应该从麻醉恢复在几分钟之内 - 正常的呼吸恢复和随机眼球运动应得到遵守。 </li><li>放置一个BASË光栅每度（CPD）0.07周期进入转鼓，搞计算机的控制，开始旋转和视频捕捉（12 rpm的速度被用于本文，但速度8-16转应该得到相似的结果）。 </li><li>一旦初始OKR由基引起的光栅，暂停旋转简要地，并以较小的光栅（高空间频率）代替光栅。 </li><li>重复这个过程直到一个OKR不再能引出。复试与导致OKR以下修改楼梯的方式，然后重复使用没有引起反应来验证OKR的损失光栅最小的光栅。这个过程可以重复进行，以验证对检测到的最小光栅真实响应如果最终改变光栅相对于第一灭绝事件。 </li><li>通过放置一个黑色的塑料封堵器在相邻的另外一只眼睛的条纹取得单眼视力的测量。重复上述过程（步骤2.6-2.7）。 </li><li>通过重新定位阻塞器，并再次重复该步骤，得到2.6-2.7的相对眼睛的视力。 </li><li>注意每个眼睛距离的条纹通过使用参考测量带材的鱼箱的下部，以便准确敏锐的措施可以在下面的步骤来计算在测试过程中的距离。 </li></ol> 3。计算视力<ol><li>通过计算CPD获得视力： <img alt="式（1）" fo:content-width="0.7in" src="/files/ftp_upload/50832/50832eq1.jpg" width="70px" /> 其中，a是从透镜中心到光栅的距离，h是最小的光栅在这OKR观察到（ 图1c）中的一个周期的长度。 </li><li>对合并的视力测量值，平均同时从左眼和右眼的一个值被使用。 </li></ol>

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作者什么都没有透露。

有时鱼可能逃逸到水箱。它以固定的尾部是至关重要的。另外使用一个薄海绵/毛巾在鱼的身体也被发现是非常宝贵的，以保持暂停长时间的鱼。我们可以使用这个程序，而不损害鱼，以保持鱼的固定超过30分钟。这段时间是绰绰有余做的双眼和单眼两种acuities。 光栅的演讲既可以做如这里和其他地方说明使用物理转鼓或凭数字显示18-22。这两种类型有特定的优点和缺点。我们选择使用物理旋转既出于成本考虑和技术规范。不包括计算机和成像设备，这里所描述的OKR设备可以为150美元左右建成。 该OKR是确定可见的客观手段UAL视力在成年斑马鱼。而其他一些视觉动作检测视力已被用于在以前的实验，甚至视网膜电已经在成年斑马鱼的眼睛被成功地完成，尽管它并没有被大量利用，成年斑马鱼OKR打开大门，许多新的实验条件22。这项研究表明了OKR在测量视力的变化随着时间的推移实用，识别眼部疾病模型视力差，并在确定单眼视力。 有趣的是，成年斑马鱼的愿景相比，人类视觉（20/20）大约是20/1，000（时0.60 CPD转换为-0.3 logMAR视力）。虽然这可能看起来很差，斑马鱼的眼睛是非常适合它的环境。尽管期待通过6.5厘米水，聚碳酸酯几毫米，并且空气的另一厘米的视觉任务，鱼表现相当好！我们发现，成年斑马鱼的视力是ABOUT什么将被预测给定的感光间隔23对比度70％，与最佳的人力性能〜20/12，大约是80％的预测的20/10，和OKR技术用于测量在成年斑马鱼的视觉能力是令人印象深刻的24 ，25。 测量独立眼视力的技术将允许研究，其中一只眼睛可以治疗和其他用作对照。此外，鱼眼不对称发展如白内障发展的lrp2/bugeye或鱼可以更准确地监测。应当指出的是护理需要采取准确地测量从眼睛到条纹的距离，并以阻塞视力的全部字段。这种技术应该打开大门，让斑马鱼的视觉功能更准确，更具体的措施。

斑马鱼（ 斑马鱼 ）是研究视觉生理，由于其视网膜的其他脊椎动物，它们的生命周期短，和基因变异的突变体1,2的可用性相似的良好模型。在视动反射/响应/眼球震颤（OKR）是追求平稳和快速的扫视眼球运动的组合。对于超过60年的临床医生已经表明，OKR可用于客观地测量视力的患者，并且是用于确定婴儿视觉能力3-5中特别有用。在动物中首次 ​​记载使用OKR的是在20世纪50年代6使用鸽子。最近，OKR已成为评估斑马鱼幼虫的视觉功能，通常用于筛选具有视觉障碍1,2基因突变的重要工具。而OKR已被广泛使用，以确定在斑马鱼幼鱼视觉功能，但仅在最近被证实在成年斑马鱼7-10。最近的一篇论文被Tappeiner 等人使用传统上用于小鼠市售optomotor系统，OptoMotry，以证明成年斑马鱼的视力仍然相当恒定的，〜每度0.59个周期（CPD），甚至可以跨越不同的角速度7 。 虽然OKR已被证明是在斑马鱼幼虫的研究非常有用的，其他的方法进行视觉行为已被用于斑马鱼与成人不同程度的成功。逃避反应实验结果显示，与白化斑马鱼的红宝石 ，无论是色素突变体，减少了视觉反应在明亮光线条件下11,12。同样的逃避反应实验也成功地识别夜盲症Ð突变体，虽然在2年的13岁。但是，逃避反应检测也不是没有缺点。这是很难归于一个确切的视觉功能和仅为总approximation个视觉上的变化 - 这意味着它需要一个大的变化的变化确定之前。 已经开发了用于识别的成年斑马鱼有视觉障碍的另一种方法是optomotor响应（OMR）11。在该试验中，鱼被放置在一个圆形槽，在该中心不透明的列。黑白条纹绕池和鱼的任务是在条纹运动的方向游动。像逃避反应，对OMR集中在成年斑马鱼的视觉动作能力。然而，已经成功地用于有视觉障碍，如lrp2/bugeye突变体14识别的鱼。该lrp2/bugeye斑马鱼展览牛眼，高眼压，减少OMR，并进行性视网膜变性14,15。 许多研究已经使用的视觉动作的能力在成年斑马鱼，这往往是主观的，不能定量itatively分析。通过使用OKR，可以更客观地研究成鱼的视力。我们已经建立了我们自己的OKR设备，一个最初用于幼虫的研究1为蓝本。在这个研究中，我们证明了OKR可以用来计算两个单眼和在斑马鱼中双眼视力。

<table><tbody><tr><td>Super Low Light Black White Video Security Camera</td><td>Super Circuits</td><td>PC164CEX-2</td><td> Any low light camera may be used</td></tr><tr><td>Arduino Duemilanove microcontroller</td><td>Adafruit Industries</td><td></td><td> The Arduino Uno is also compatible with the speed control software.</td></tr><tr><td>Tricaine Methanesulfonate</td><td>VWR</td><td>101107-950</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

the optokinetic response as a quantitative measure of visual acuity in zebrafish

斑马鱼是一种经过验证的模型视觉研究，但许多早期的方法，一般集中在仔鱼或者演示了一个简单的反应。最近在成年斑马鱼的视觉行为已成为一个有意义的，但方法来衡量具体的回应是新来的。为了解决这个差距，我们着手开发一种方法来反复，准确地利用视动反应（OKR）来衡量成年斑马鱼的视力。在这里，我们表明，成年斑马鱼的视力可以被测量，包括双眼和单眼acuities。因为鱼没有在手术过程中受损，视力可以测量和比较多的时间短或长周期。这里所描述的视力测量，也可进行快速，可用于高吞吐量和额外的视觉过程，如果需要的话。这种类型的分析，有利于药物干预研究或疾病进展的调查。

OKR设备功能 如上面所述和如图1所示的功能以最小的维护OKR设备。正如在步骤2.3，固定的尾巴是保持在录制过程中抑制了鱼的关键。充分地固定，鱼可以保持在OKR装置长时间存放。因此，应注意在最初的固定化步骤被采取，使得更多的数据可以被收集为每个单独的鱼。 视力测量 双目OKR很容易引起在正常成鱼。按照以上程序可以发现视力为许多不同年龄的斑马鱼（ 图2）。我们记录了最好的双眼视力空间为0.74 CPD。正如图2所指出的，双眼视力一般随着年龄的增大（N = 46，P = 0.002方差分析采用SPSS 14节），但各级关经过约12个月的年龄。当我们比较所测视力5个月大的野生型鱼年龄相匹配的lrp2/bugeye鱼，我们发现lrp2/bugeye鱼有显著视力降低（P &lt;0.001;野生型：0.49±0.05 CPD，N = 8，lrp2/bugeye：0.35±0.06，N = 10;学生T检验使用Excel）。 通过阻断右眼视力为左眼可以判定，反之亦然。时相比，双眼视力，双眼总和也同样观察到人类视觉17（ 图3）。双眼视力普遍比任何权利（OD）或向左独立测量（OS）acuities更好的5-10％。对于一些鱼个体差异有25％的改善。 <img alt="图1" fo:content-width="6in" src="/files/ftp_upload/50832/50832fig1.jpg" width="500px" /> 图1。 RECO OKR录制A）的OKR装置由14.5厘米直径的旋转鼓轮和显微镜可调节光强度设置（300-8,000勒克斯）的。一个摄像头提供了一个相邻的监视器上实时饲料。每度（CPD）的旋转鼓在顺时针和逆时针的方向和可互换的空间频率光栅不同的速度设置被插入和除去如需要。 乙 ）鱼被固定并放置在旋转滚筒的中心。℃）循环计算使用CPD = <img alt="" src="img2.png" /> <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/50832/50832fig1highres.jpg" target="_blank">点击此处查看大图</a> 。 <img alt="图2" fo:content-width="6in" src="/files/ftp_upload/50832/50832fig2.jpg" width="500px" /> 图2。随着年龄增长视力改变 。图表显示测量的5个独立的视力 -<html>年龄15个月。视力通常会增加整个发展的第一年，然后尾巴了一个位在15个月的年龄（P = 0.002方差分析采用SPSS 14节）。每个点可能不是代表1或几个鱼。视力是衡量周期/度（CPD）。 （N = 46总; 8 5个月; 4在6个月; 7为8个 ​​月; 6日9个月; 11日10个月; 2为11个月; 2在12个月和6个在15个月）。 <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/50832/50832fig2highres.jpg" target="_blank">点击这里查看大图</a> 。 <img alt="图3" fo:content-width="6in" src="/files/ftp_upload/50832/50832fig3.jpg" width="500px" /> 图3。双眼视力求和效果 。双眼（OU）视力普遍较高是比较合适的（OD）或左（OS）的眼睛acuities。在这个特定基团的OS acuities是显著更低。 （* p值= 0.006，N = 8）jove.com/files/ftp_upload/50832/50832fig3highres.jpg“目标=”_blank“&gt;点击这里查看大图。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about The Optokinetic Response as a Quantitative Measure of Visual Acuity in Zebrafish at JoVE.com

The Optokinetic Response as a Quantitative Measure of Visual Acuity in Zebrafish

斑马鱼已经有很多研究领域的重要工具。在这里，我们展示了一个方法来引出一个视觉反应，并计算在成年斑马鱼功能性视力。

在视动反应在斑马鱼视力的定量测量

Zebrafish are a proven model for vision research, however many of the  earlier methods generally focused on larval fish or demonstrated a simple  ...

the-optokinetic-response-as-quantitative-measure-visual-acuity

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

20.4K 次观看.  Western University of Health Sciences. 斑马鱼已经有很多研究领域的重要工具。在这里，我们展示了一个方法来引出一个视觉反应，并计算在成年斑马鱼功能性视力。 

视频: The Optokinetic Response as a Quantitative Measure of Visual Acuity in Zebrafish

Double Fluorescence in situ Hybridization in Fresh Brain Sections

Here we describe a modified version of a double fluorescence in situ hybridization (dFISH) method optimized for detecting two mRNAs of interest in fresh frozen brain sections. Our group has successfully used this approach to study gene co-regulation. More specifically, we have used this dFISH method to explore the anatomical organization, neurochemical properties, and the impact of sensory experience in central sensory circuits, at single cell resolution. This protocol has been validated in brain tissue from mice, rats and songbirds but is expected to be easily adaptable to other vertebrate species, as well as to an array of non-neural tissues. In this film we provide a detailed demonstration of the main steps of this procedure.

Double Fluorescence in situ Hybridization in Fresh Brain Sections

This protocol involves a non-radioactive in-situ hybridization procedure that enables the simultaneous identification of two transcript species, at a single cell resolution, in thin sections of the vertebrate brain.

双荧光原位杂交食脑切片

Here we describe a modified version of a double fluorescence in situ hybridization (dFISH) method optimized for detecting two mRNAs of interest in fresh ...

科研

神经科学

A Behavioral Assay to Measure Responsiveness of Zebrafish to Changes in Light Intensities 

The optokinetic reflex (OKR) is a basic visual reflex exhibited by most vertebrates and plays an important role in stabilizing the eye relative to the visual scene. However, the OKR requires that an animal detect moving stripes and it is possible that fish that fail to exhibit an OKR may not be completely blind. One zebrafish mutant, the no optokinetic response c (nrc) has no OKR under any light conditions tested and was reported to be completely blind. Previously, we have shown that OFF-ganglion cell activity can be recorded in these mutants. To determine whether mutant fish with no OKR such as the nrc mutant can detect simple light increments and decrements we developed the visual motor behavioral assay (VMR). In this assay, single zebrafish larvae are placed in each well of a 96-well plate allowing the simultaneous monitoring of larvae using an automated video-tracking system. The locomotor responses of each larva to 30 minutes light ON and 30 minutes light OFF were recorded and quantified. WT fish have a brief spike of motor activity upon lights ON, known as the startle response, followed by return to lower-than baseline activity, called a freeze. WT fish also sharply increase their locomotor activity immediately following lights OFF and only gradually (over several minutes) return to baseline locomotor activity. The nrc mutants respond similarly to light OFF as WT fish, but exhibit a slight reduction in their average activity as compared to WT fish. Motor activity in response to light ON in nrc mutants is delayed and sluggish. There is a slow rise time of the nrc mutant response to light ON as compared to WT light ON response. The results indicate that nrc fish are not completely blind. Because teleosts can detect light through non-retinal tissues, we confirmed that the immediate behavioral responses to light-intensity changes require intact eyes by using the chokh (chk) mutants, which completely lack eyes from the earliest stages of development. In our VMR assay, the chk mutants exhibit no startle response to either light ON or OFF, showing that the lateral eyes mediate this behavior. The VMR assay described here complements the well-established OKR assay, which does not test the ability of zebrafish larvae to respond to changes in light intensities. Additionally, the automation of the VMR assay lends itself to high-throughput screening for defects in light-intensity driven visual responses.

A Behavioral Assay to Measure Responsiveness of Zebrafish to Changes in Light Intensities

We developed the Visual-Motor Response to quantitate the motor output of larval zebrafish in response to light increments and decrements. We also examined zebrafish vision mutants, including the no optokinetic response (nrc) mutants, which were thought to be completely blind when tested by another vision assay, the optokinetic reflex.

斑马鱼的响应行为的检测，以测量光强的变化

The optokinetic reflex (OKR) is a basic visual reflex exhibited by most vertebrates and plays an important role in stabilizing the eye relative to the ...

生物学

VisioTracker, an Innovative Automated Approach to Oculomotor Analysis

Investigations into the visual system development and function necessitate quantifiable behavioral models of visual performance that are easy to elicit, robust, and simple to manipulate. A suitable model has been found in the optokinetic response (OKR), a reflexive behavior present in all vertebrates due to its high selection value. The OKR involves slow stimulus-following movements of eyes alternated with rapid resetting saccades. The measurement of this behavior is easily carried out in zebrafish larvae, due to its early and stable onset (fully developed after 96 hours post fertilization (hpf)), and benefitting from the thorough knowledge about zebrafish genetics, for decades one of the favored model organisms in this field. Meanwhile the analysis of similar mechanisms in adult fish has gained importance, particularly for pharmacological and toxicological applications.
Here we describe VisioTracker, a fully automated, high-throughput system for quantitative analysis of visual performance. The system is based on research carried out in the group of Prof. Stephan Neuhauss and was re-designed by TSE Systems. It consists of an immobilizing device for small fish monitored by a high-quality video camera equipped with a high-resolution zoom lens. The fish container is surrounded by a drum screen, upon which computer-generated stimulus patterns can be projected. Eye movements are recorded and automatically analyzed by the VisioTracker software package in real time.
Data analysis enables immediate recognition of parameters such as slow and fast phase duration, movement cycle frequency, slow-phase gain, visual acuity, and contrast sensitivity.
Typical results allow for example the rapid identification of visual system mutants that show no apparent alteration in wild type morphology, or the determination of quantitative effects of pharmacological or toxic and mutagenic agents on visual system performance.

The VisioTracker is an automated system for the quantitative analysis of visual performance of larval and small adult fish based on the recording of eye movements. It features full control over visual stimulus properties and real-time analysis, enabling high-throughput research in fields such as visual system development and function, pharmacology, neural circuit studies and sensorimotor integration.

VisioTracker，创新的自动化到动眼神经分析方法

Investigations into the visual system development and function necessitate quantifiable behavioral models of visual performance that are easy to elicit, ...

Using the optokinetic response to study visual function of zebrafish

Optokinetic response (OKR) is a behavior that an animal vibrates its eyes to follow a rotating grating around it. It has been widely used to assess the visual functions of larval zebrafish1-5. Nevertheless, the standard protocol for larval fish is not yet readily applicable in adult zabrafish. Here, we introduce how to measure the OKR of adult zebrafish with our simple custom-built apparatus using a new protocol which is established in our lab. Both our apparatus and step-by-step procedure of OKR in adult zebrafish are illustrated in this video. In addition, the measurements of the larval OKR, as well as the optomotor response (OMR) test of adult zebrafish, are also demonstrated in this video. This OKR assay of adult zebrafish in our experiment may last for up to 4 hours. Such OKR test applied in adult fish will benefit to visual function investigation more efficiently when the adult fish vision system is manipulated.
Su-Qi Zou and Wu Yin contributed equally to this paper.

Optokinetic response has been widely used to assess the visual functions of larval zebrafish. Nevertheless, the standard protocol for larval fish is not yet readily applicable in adults1-5. Here, we introduce how to measure the OKR of adult zebrafish using a new protocol which is established in our lab.

使用的视动反应研究斑马鱼的视觉功能

Optokinetic response (OKR) is a behavior that an animal vibrates its eyes to follow a rotating grating around it. It has been widely used to assess the ...

A Simple Behavioral Assay for Testing Visual Function in Xenopus laevis

Measurement of the visual function in the tadpoles of the frog, Xenopus laevis, allows screening for blindness in live animals. The optokinetic response is a vision-based, reflexive behavior that has been observed in all vertebrates tested. Tadpole eyes are small so the tail flip response was used as alternative measure, which requires a trained technician to record the subtle response. We developed an alternative behavior assay based on the fact that tadpoles prefer to swim on the white side of a tank when placed in a tank with both black and white sides. The assay presented here is an inexpensive, simple alternative that creates a response that is easily measured. The setup consists of a tripod, webcam and nested testing tanks, readily available in most Xenopus laboratories. This article includes a movie showing the behavior of tadpoles, before and after severing the optic nerve. In order to test the function of one eye, we also include representative results of a tadpole in which each eye underwent retinal axotomy on consecutive days. Future studies could develop an automated version of this assay for testing the vision of many tadpoles at once.

A Simple Behavioral Assay for Testing Visual Function in Xenopus laevis

Xenopus laevis tadpoles prefer swimming on the white side of a black/white tank. This behavior is guided by their vision. Based on this behavior, we present a simple assay to test the visual function of tadpoles.

一个简单的行为分析在检测视觉功能<em&gt;非洲爪蟾</em

Measurement of the visual function in the tadpoles of the frog, Xenopus laevis, allows screening for blindness in live animals. The optokinetic response ...

Electroretinogram Analysis of the Visual Response in Zebrafish Larvae

The electroretinogram (ERG) is a noninvasive electrophysiological method for determining retinal function. Through the placement of an electrode on the surface of the cornea, electrical activity generated in response to light can be measured and used to assess the activity of retinal cells in vivo. This manuscript describes the use of the ERG to measure visual function in zebrafish. Zebrafish have long been utilized as a model for vertebrate development due to the ease of gene suppression by morpholino oligonucleotides and pharmacological manipulation. At 5-10 dpf, only cones are functional in the larval retina. Therefore, the zebrafish, unlike other animals, is a powerful model system for the study of cone visual function in vivo. This protocol uses standard anesthesia, micromanipulation and stereomicroscopy protocols that are common in laboratories that perform zebrafish research. The outlined methods make use of standard electrophysiology equipment and a low light camera to guide the placement of the recording microelectrode onto the larval cornea. Finally, we demonstrate how a commercially available ERG stimulator/recorder originally designed for use with mice can easily be adapted for use with zebrafish. ERG of larval zebrafish provides an excellent method of assaying cone visual function in animals that have been modified by morpholino oligonucleotide injection as well as newer genome engineering techniques such as Zinc Finger Nucleases (ZFNs), Transcription Activator-Like Effector Nucleases (TALENs), and Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR)/Cas9, all of which have greatly increased the efficiency and efficacy of gene targeting in zebrafish. In addition, we take advantage of the ability of pharmacological agents to penetrate zebrafish larvae to evaluate the molecular components that contribute to the photoresponse. This protocol outlines a setup that can be modified and used by researchers with various experimental goals.

We present a method for the electroretinographic (ERG) analysis of zebrafish larvae utilizing micromanipulation and electroretinography techniques. This is a simple and straightforward method for assaying visual function of zebrafish larvae in vivo.

在斑马鱼幼虫的视觉反应的视网膜电图分析

The electroretinogram (ERG) is a noninvasive electrophysiological method for determining retinal function. Through the placement of an electrode on the ...

A New Optokinetic Testing Method to Measure Rat Vision

Optokinetic nystagmus (OKN) is a reflexive eye movement initiated by the motion of visual stimuli in the field of vision. The head-tracking movement associated with OKN is commonly used as a measure of visual function in rodents. To record OKN responses in normal and experimental rats, a simple and inexpensive apparatus has been developed. This setup uses two tablet screens to display the OKN visual stimulus consisting of high contrast black and white stripes generated using the OKN Stripes Visualization Web Application, a freely available software. The rat is placed inside a clear Plexiglass holder that limits&#160;movement so that the&#160;rat&#39;s head continuously faces the OKN display screen. The position of the rat holder can be changed to adjust the distance between the rat and the display screen. A micro-camera positioned above the rat holder is used to record the rat&#39;s visual activities. These recordings can be used for quantitative assessments. Based on the presence or absence of clear head-tracking, the OKN responses at different spatial frequencies can be determined. The collected data demonstrates a novel technique for reliable measurement of visual acuity in normal and retinal degenerate rats.

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>一种测量大鼠视力的新光动测试方法

The Optokinetic Nystagmus (OKN) behavioral testing method is used for the assessment of visual acuity in rodents. Here a simple method is demonstrated that can be easily set up in research laboratories for a reliable assessment of visual function in both normal and experimental rats.

一种测量大鼠视力的新光动测试方法

Optokinetic nystagmus (OKN) is a reflexive eye movement initiated by the motion of visual stimuli in the field of vision. The head-tracking movement ...

评估小鼠的视动反射反应：一种新的高精度方案

Quantification of Visual Feature Selectivity of the Optokinetic Reflex in Mice

The optokinetic reflex (OKR) is an essential innate eye movement that is triggered by the global motion of the visual environment and serves to stabilize retinal images. Due to its importance and robustness, the OKR has been used to study visual-motor learning and to evaluate the visual functions of mice with different genetic backgrounds, ages, and drug treatments. Here, we introduce a procedure for evaluating OKR responses of head-fixed mice with high accuracy. Head fixation can rule out the contribution of vestibular stimulation on eye movements, making it possible to measure eye movements triggered only by visual motion. The OKR is elicited by a virtual drum system, in which a vertical grating presented on three computer monitors drifts horizontally in an oscillatory manner or unidirectionally at a constant velocity. With this virtual reality system, we can systematically change visual parameters like spatial frequency, temporal/oscillation frequency, contrast, luminance, and the direction of gratings, and quantify tuning curves of visual feature selectivity. High-speed infrared video-oculography ensures accurate measurement of the trajectory of eye movements. The eyes of individual mice are calibrated to provide opportunities to compare the OKRs between animals of different ages, genders, and genetic backgrounds. The quantitative power of this technique allows it to detect changes in the OKR when this behavior plastically adapts due to aging, sensory experience, or motor learning; thus, it makes this technique a valuable addition to the repertoire of tools used to investigate the plasticity of ocular behaviors.

作者聚焦：一种研究小鼠视动反射视觉特征选择性的准确定量方法 

Here, we describe a standard protocol for quantifying the optokinetic reflex. It combines virtual drum stimulation and video-oculography, and thus allows precise evaluation of the feature selectivity of the behavior and its adaptive plasticity.

小鼠视动反射视觉特征选择性的量化

The optokinetic reflex (OKR) is an essential innate eye movement that is triggered by the global motion of the visual environment and serves to stabilize ...

在视动反应在斑马鱼视力的定量测量

摘要

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此视频中的章节

双荧光原位杂交食脑切片

斑马鱼的响应行为的检测，以测量光强的变化

VisioTracker，创新的自动化到动眼神经分析方法

使用的视动反应研究斑马鱼的视觉功能

一个简单的行为分析在检测视觉功能

在斑马鱼幼虫的视觉反应的视网膜电图分析

一种测量大鼠视力的新光动测试方法

一种测量大鼠视力的新光动测试方法

小鼠视动反射视觉特征选择性的量化

小鼠视动反射视觉特征选择性的量化