这项工作是由卫生部资助R01MH094650研究所米塔尔博士的支持。

1。参与者<ol><li>提供批准该协议及知情同意程序从大学机构审查委员会。 </li><li>通过使用Craigslist的（ 即在互联网上的本地分类广告），电子邮件帖子，报纸广告，以及社区转介专业招收青少年和年轻成人UHR参与者。 </li><li>通过Craigslist网站，传单和报纸公告招募健康对照。 <ol><li>广告说，这项研究着眼于健康发展有精神病家族史，无精神症状的志愿者。 </li><li>不包括根据任何类别的轴I障碍或在第一度相对一精神病性障碍的存在健康对照组。 注:在一级亲属甲A精神病性障碍的目的是因为精神病1的家族或遗传风险的排除标准为健康对照组。 </li></ol></li><li>排除所有的p根据标准包括头部外伤，神经障碍，物质依赖，或服用精神抑制药物治疗史的存在的历史articipants。 <ol><li>基于轴I精神障碍的存在下（ 例如精神分裂症，分裂情感性障碍，精神分裂症样）排除UHR参与者。 </li></ol></li></ol> 2。临床访谈<ol><li>火车面试管理为前驱综合征的结构化面试（SIPS）来诊断前驱综合征和轴我DSM IV障碍的结构化临床访谈（SCID）在2个月内。 <ol><li>建立临床面试评分者信度超过卡伯值≥80的最低学习标准。 </li></ol></li><li>以阳性症状和/或全球性功能减退附带有分裂型人格DIS存在中等水平定义为前驱症状或高风险综合征标准为了和/或精神分裂症家族史。 </li><li>计算一个总和的分数，每个类别作为症状学的各个尺寸的指标。 注:SIPS压力计几个不同类别的前驱症状的领域，包括正面的，负面的，杂乱无章的尺寸。 </li><li>管理对Axis-I DSM-IV疾病的结构化临床访谈（SCID），以排除精神病性障碍的诊断。 注:这项措施已被证明具有优异间信度的青少年人群，并已用于一些以前的研究集中于青少年人群与精神分裂症谱系障碍。 </li><li>在过去一个月中评估参与者的尼古丁用法。率0-5级烟草使用与0 =禁欲和5 = 20 +每天香烟。 </li></ol> 3。手写任务<ol><li>运行与平板电脑和noninking笔Neuroscript MovAlyzeR软件。 </li><li> Çreate上notecard LLeeLLee的示例（参见图1）。 注意:软件和刺激是先前描述的，并已被证明是用于检测在精神分裂症患者运动异常和帕金森氏症患者15-17有效工具。 </li></ol><img alt="图1" src="/files/ftp_upload/50852/50852fig1.jpg" /> 图1。测试条件的例子。参与者将被要求写草书字LLeeLLee在中段。这是有帮助的，例如这样的一个例子，说明参与者，使他们理解的指令。 <ul style="margin-left: 40px;"><li>离开的例子notecard可见的参与者在整个实验。注:notecard将帮助参与者了解实验。 </li></ul><ol start="3"><li>东方平板电脑进入横向模式，提供18厘米×28厘米机智的写作空间1,280 x 800像素分辨率公顷。 </li><li>允许参与者以定位计算机屏幕变成一个舒适的书写位置。 </li><li>在软件中设置的采样速率所测量的采样速率（ 例如，100〜200赫兹）。 </li><li>指导参与者在写草书字LLeeLLee与惯用手的2厘米指引。 注意:该条件被编程来划分的书写表面成4个区域。有水平线的测量1厘米，2厘米，4厘米。 1 cM的区域是标顶。 2 cM的区域被标记为MID和4 cM的区域被标记的BOT。参与者将使用MID部分的所有三项试验。 </li><li>保持每个审判过程中明显的指示。 注:该任务的指令显示在显示屏的顶部，如下所示:「生署lleellee MID正常速度"。参与者应该开始，这些指令是指程序与编写在MID节字LLeeLLee前告诉占主导地位的手，在一个舒适的手写速度。另外请注意，该软件会自动重新审判，如果参与者作出了错误而写。 </li></ol> 4。加工试验<ol><li>使用快速傅立叶变换低通12赫兹滤波器，具有1.75锐度处理试验中，1整抽取样品和1向上抽样因子。删除尾随笔升降和旋转到水平基线。当在垂直速度分割到零弧度设置附加逆时针旋转。 注意:如果他们中的程序选项选择的笔迹分析软件会自动把这些处理步骤。 </li><li>总结目标变量LLeeLLee的绝对值每试行2厘米的平均归挺举（ANJ）。收起跨越审判和中风。 </li></ol>注意:ANJ是运动dysfluency的量度。高ANJ表示更大的dysfluency（ 见图2 </str翁&gt;）。该dysfluency措施的基础上，挺举的垂直分量（以厘米/秒3）， 即笔尖的垂直位置的第三次导数。 Dysfluencies是由力的突然变化造成的。在第二时间导数，这是加速度，是成正比的净肌肉力量（如摩擦被忽略）。因此，在第三时间的导数成比例的力的变化。为了获得dysfluency的整体测量垂直加加速度的平方和集成整个行程的持续时间（单位为厘米2 /秒5）。为了使这项措施独立于时间和行程的垂直尺寸，乘以由积分的行程的持续时间的第五功率（单位为秒5）和垂直尺寸的倒数的平方（单位为1/cm的2）。因此，结果是无单位的。归一化的加加描述无关的宽度和高度的加速曲线的形状。就拿最终结果的平方根让ANJ比例与挺举<img alt="式（1）" fo:src="/files/ftp_upload/50852/50852eq1highres.jpg" src="/files/ftp_upload/50852/50852eq1.jpg" /> 审判的ANJ是由所有上下审判23招归混蛋估计值的平均值来定义。 <img alt="图2" fo:content-width="5in" fo:src="/files/ftp_upload/50852/50852fig2highres.jpg" src="/files/ftp_upload/50852/50852fig2.jpg" /> 图2。从控制参与者的审判。每次试验分为16个招。中风的平均归一化挺举分析的分割出的第一笔划（蓝色）。蓝色支架勾勒出中风和圆表示的行程段的启动和停止。 <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/50852/50852fig2large.jpg" target="_blank">点击这里</a>查看大图。 5。统计分析<ol><li>采用独立的双尾t检验和卡方检验，研究在连续和分类人口统计变量组之间的差异，恭恭敬敬。如果有必要，调整方差由Levene检验的不平等。 </li><li>采用协方差分析（ANCOVA）控制对尼古丁的使用和性别与组（UHR和控制）为自变量和ANJ整个审判倒塌。 </li></ol>

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作者德里克J.院长迈克尔·卡利朱里，和Vijay A.米塔尔宣布他们没有竞争的经济利益。作者汉斯 - 狮子座Teulings是NeuroScript的所有者谁开发和销售MovAlyzeR软件来记录和分析笔运动。

本研究发现的更多dysfluent笔运动显著证据和运动障碍的一个UHR样品使用的笔迹分析程序来检查运动异常的存在。 传统上，基于观察者评定量表已被用来衡量运动异常，以监测药物副作用15-17。不过，观察者评级遭受显著缺点，包括长期的训练时间评价者，实验者的错误，及次佳的可靠性16。测量的其他来源，使用过时的软件或计算机硬件和而有效的，是不实际...

精神病发病之前的一段时间是临床和研究的兴趣，因为它可能（以前当数第三个变量的混淆，如药物混淆我们的理解）的洒在正式精神病光，也可作为一种可行的介入点（约青年呈现出前驱综合征会发展成精神分裂症在2年期间，和几个研究表明，心理，认知训练，以及药物干预可以减轻疾病的过程中）的⅓1。这前驱期的特点是减毒阳性症状（感知异常，多疑，浮夸的感觉，或不寻常的想法），并在运作2的下降。个人谁报告中的结构化临床访谈中等程度的阳性症状和/或功能附带有分裂型人格障碍和/或精神分裂症家族史存在下降的Considère的d可有前驱或超高风险（UHR）综合征1-3。精神病的病因目前的概念表明，它是一种神经发育障碍，在青春期后期或成年早期4影响的个人。体质因素如遗传和产前侮辱导致精神病4漏洞。运动异常的浓厚兴趣，以这个模型，因为认为是导致精神病症状相同的机制还负责监管电机系统5。研究人员认为，通过了解运动行为的精神分裂症发病前，我们可以提高我们的预测能力，理解和干预精神分裂症6的发展。 这是众所周知的，个人谁以后会发展成精神分裂症患者常表现出细微的动作异常前7,8疾病的发作。 Walker和同事收集的录像带童年时精神分裂症患者和评价该视频的运动异常，显示出运动异常是目前在发病前长期均显示出一种神经宪法漏洞9,10。研究表明，基底神经节可能会牵连到这个神经的宪法漏洞，如UHR个人展示受损的神经发育以及与基底节功能8,11神经认知缺陷。此外，米塔尔和他的同事已经用评级观察表明，运动异常，紧扣基底节功能，可以UHR个人可能转化为精神病8,12顺利进行分类。另一个风险组，非临床精神病个人谁报告有一个精神病般的体验，每年至少 ​​一次，在一个手指的力量稳定任务5,13,14显示运动障碍。这些发现对于MOVEM的想法提供了有力的证据耳鼻喉科异常可能是精神病的风险的核心功能。显然，研究，可以提高检测的运动异常和理解是至关重要的精神病的病因的认识和预防工作。 努力了解药物的副作用会影响多巴胺调控精神分裂症和帕金森氏症患者有指导的技术改进，如电脑平板电脑的笔迹分析的发展，在测量运动abnormalitie 15-17。抗精神病药物可能导致迟发性运动障碍的发展，其特点是缓慢的不自主重复动作18。尼古丁的使用也被证明会影响多巴胺调控和手写运动学19-21。例如，涂搽和兰格表明，运笔流畅期间计算机化的笔迹任务时，改善健康受试者分别给予含22尼古丁口香糖</suP&gt;。评估期间，学员们普遍写在西部草书手写较大和较小的垂直笔划。西方草书手写是因为需要复杂的协调肌肉的良好表现23垂直笔画优势的最佳审查笔移动平滑。 Dysfluent笔运动时协调运动的肌肉接收来自基底节15,16失调的信号产生。 该软件段，并分析每个冲程笔运动并提取被认为是近侧运动障碍量度的，称为归一化的平均跳动15-17的变量。挺举定义为加速度变化超过每行程23时。因为在大多数西方风格的笔迹垂直笔划的不同长度的，挺举跨招归。在每个冲程，dysfluent笔运动的特点是更大数量的加速度峰值OV尔给定的距离。因此，dysfluent笔运动的特征是缺乏平滑性，更大数量的加速度峰值，且加加速度的较大值。 用来评价运动异常UHR青春措施的改善是提高我们的病因疾病的概念和我们的运动障碍，一般的理解是至关重要的。在这一努力中来了解运动障碍在那些危险的精神病，我们研究了手写运动学使用笔迹分​​析软件36抗精神病药天真的研究参与者。尽管在调查运动障碍帕金森氏症和精神分裂症患者的广泛使用，这是令人惊讶的第一项研究中的超高危险群精神病手写运动学报告。我们推测，UHR个人会表现出更多的dysfluent笔动作，其特点是混蛋一个较大的值，当被要求写一个平板电脑比上一组健康的浓度进行操纵。

<table border="1">
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			<td>Material Name</td>
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			<td>Fujitsu Lifebook T901 Tablet Computer</td>
			<td>Fujitsu Ltd. </td>
			<td></td>
			<td><a href="http://www.shopfujitsu.com/store/" target="_blank">http://www.shopfujitsu.com/store/</a></td>
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			<td>Neuroscript MovAlyzeR</td>
			<td>Neuroscript LLC</td>
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			<td><a href="http://www.neuroscript.net/movalyzer.php" target="_blank">http://www.neuroscript.net/movalyzer.php</a></td>
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handwriting analysis indicates spontaneous dyskinesias in neuroleptic na&#239;ve adolescents at high risk for psychosis

越来越多的证据表明，运动异常是精神病的核心功能。运动异常，运动障碍的一种标志物，是多巴胺在额叶 - 纹状体通路受损神经调节的结果。传统的方法来识别运动异常包括基于观测报告和力稳定计。这些方法的缺点是长的训练时间为评价者，实验者的偏见，在仪器设备，大型网站的差异，以及次优的可靠性。考虑到这些缺点，考虑到已经指导了更好的标准化和更高效的程序，通过笔迹分析软件和平板电脑来检查异常运动的发展。个人风险的精神病表现出笔迹的任务显著更多dysfluent笔运动（近端措施为运动障碍）。手写运动提供了一个很大的进步了评估运动障碍以前的方法，其中可以清楚地benef期人工对于理解精神疾病的病因。

有人口学特征，包括年龄组，受教育年限，或父母教育之间没有显著差异（ 见表1为与会的人口划分）。卡方检验显示有关性别χ2（1，N = 36）= 5.46，P≤0.05组之间的显著差异，与UHR组中更多男性更多的女性对照组。有烟草的使用频率显著组间差异，T（22.9）= 2.15，P≤0.05，表明UHR参与者吸烟超过控制。 UHR参与者被评为比上的所有控件显著高于SIPS征兆域，包括正面（T（37）= 10.9?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Handwriting Analysis Indicates Spontaneous Dyskinesias in Neuroleptic NaÃ¯ve Adolescents at High Risk for Psychosis at JoVE.com

Handwriting Analysis Indicates Spontaneous Dyskinesias in Neuroleptic Na&#239;ve Adolescents at High Risk for Psychosis

在现有的仪器测量运动障碍笔迹分析软件显著提高。个人风险的精神病和健康对照笔迹完成任务来测试运动障碍。结果表明，风险青少年精神病展品运动障碍和笔迹分析可以显著有助于早期识别努力更广泛的传播

笔迹分析显示抗精神病药朴素青少年自发运动障碍的高风险精神病

Growing evidence suggests that movement abnormalities are a core feature of psychosis. One marker of movement abnormality, dyskinesia, is a result of ...

handwriting-analysis-indicates-spontaneous-dyskinesias-neuroleptic

Research

Education

JoVE Core

JoVE Journal

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Behavior

Unit 1

Introduction to Health

SCIENTISTS IN ACTION

14.5K 次观看.  University of Colorado Boulder. 在现有的仪器测量运动障碍笔迹分析软件显著提高。个人风险的精神病和健康对照笔迹完成任务来测试运动障碍。结果表明，风险青少年精神病展品运动障碍和笔迹分析可以显著有助于早期识别努力更广泛的传播

视频: Handwriting Analysis Indicates Spontaneous Dyskinesias in Neuroleptic Naïve Adolescents at High Risk for Psychosis

Assessment and Evaluation of the High Risk Neonate: The NICU Network Neurobehavioral Scale

There has been a long-standing interest in the assessment of the neurobehavioral integrity of the newborn infant. The NICU Network Neurobehavioral Scale (NNNS) was developed as an assessment for the at-risk infant. These are infants who are at increased risk for poor developmental outcome because of insults during prenatal development, such as substance exposure or prematurity or factors such as poverty, poor nutrition or lack of prenatal care that can have adverse effects on the intrauterine environment and affect the developing fetus. The NNNS assesses the full range of infant neurobehavioral performance including neurological integrity, behavioral functioning, and signs of stress/abstinence. The NNNS is a noninvasive neonatal assessment tool with demonstrated validity as a predictor, not only of medical outcomes such as cerebral palsy diagnosis, neurological abnormalities, and diseases with risks to the brain, but also of developmental outcomes such as mental and motor functioning, behavior problems, school readiness, and IQ. The NNNS can identify infants at high risk for abnormal developmental outcome and is an important clinical tool that enables medical researchers and health practitioners to identify these infants and develop intervention programs to optimize the development of these infants as early as possible. The video shows the NNNS procedures, shows examples of normal and abnormal performance and the various clinical populations in which the exam can be used.

The NICU Network Neurobehavioral Scale (NNNS) was developed as an assessment for the at-risk infant. The purpose of this article is to describe the NNNS, provide video examples of the NNNS procedures and discuss the ways in which the exam has been used.

评估和高危新生儿的评价:新生儿重症监护病房的网络神经行为量表

There has been a long-standing interest in the assessment of the neurobehavioral integrity of the newborn infant.  The NICU Network Neurobehavioral Scale ...

科研

行为学

Contextual and Cued Fear Conditioning Test Using a Video Analyzing System in Mice

The contextual and cued fear conditioning test is one of the behavioral tests that assesses the ability of mice to learn and remember an association between environmental cues and aversive experiences. In this test, mice are placed into a conditioning chamber and are given parings of a conditioned stimulus (an auditory cue) and an aversive unconditioned stimulus (an electric footshock). After a delay time, the mice are exposed to the same conditioning chamber and a differently shaped chamber with presentation of the auditory cue. Freezing behavior during the test is measured as an index of fear memory. To analyze the behavior automatically, we have developed a video analyzing system using the ImageFZ application software program, which is available as a free download at http://www.mouse-phenotype.org/. Here, to show the details of our protocol, we demonstrate our procedure for the contextual and cued fear conditioning test in C57BL/6J mice using the ImageFZ system. In addition, we validated our protocol and the video analyzing system performance by comparing freezing time measured by the ImageFZ system or a photobeam-based computer measurement system with that scored by a human observer. As shown in our representative results, the data obtained by ImageFZ were similar to those analyzed by a human observer, indicating that the behavioral analysis using the ImageFZ system is highly reliable. The present movie article provides detailed information regarding the test procedures and will promote understanding of the experimental situation.

This article presents a protocol for a contextual and cued fear conditioning test using a video analyzing system to assess fear learning and memory in mice.

背景和线索恐惧制约试验小鼠中使用视频分析系统

The contextual and cued fear conditioning test is one of the behavioral tests that assesses the ability of mice to learn and remember an association ...

Measurement of Fronto-limbic Activity Using an Emotional Oddball Task in Children with Familial High Risk for Schizophrenia

Adolescence is a critical developmental period where the early symptoms of schizophrenia frequently emerge. First-degree relatives of people with schizophrenia who are at familial high risk (FHR) may show similar cognitive and emotional changes. However, the neurological changes underlying the emergence of these symptoms remain unclear. This study sought to identify differences in frontal, striatal, and limbic regions in children and adolescents with FHR using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Groups of 21 children and adolescents at FHR and 21 healthy controls completed an emotional oddball task that relied on selective attention and the suppression of task-irrelevant emotional information. The standard oddball task was modified to include aversive and neutral distractors in order to examine potential group differences in both emotional and executive processing. This task was designed specifically to allow for children and adolescents to complete by keeping the difficulty and emotional image content age-appropriate. Furthermore, we demonstrate a technique for suitable fMRI registration for children and adolescent participants. This paradigm may also be applied in future studies to measure changes in neural activity in other populations with hypothesized developmental changes in executive and emotional processing.

This paper describes how to use the emotional oddball task and fMRI to measure brain activation in children and adolescents at familial high risk for schizophrenia (FHR).&#160;FMRI was used to measure differences in fronto-striato-limbic regions during an emotional oddball task. Children with FHR exhibited abnormal functional activation during adolescence.

的额边缘活度测量在儿童使用情绪穿着或行为古怪的任务与家族性高风险的精神分裂症

Adolescence is a critical developmental period where the early symptoms of schizophrenia frequently emerge. First-degree relatives of people with ...

Cortical Source Analysis of High-Density EEG Recordings in Children

EEG is traditionally described as a neuroimaging technique with high temporal and low spatial resolution. Recent advances in biophysical modelling and signal processing make it possible to exploit information from other imaging modalities like structural MRI that provide high spatial resolution to overcome this constraint1. This is especially useful for investigations that require high resolution in the temporal as well as spatial domain. In addition, due to the easy application and low cost of EEG recordings, EEG is often the method of choice when working with populations, such as young children, that do not tolerate functional MRI scans well. However, in order to investigate which neural substrates are involved, anatomical information from structural MRI is still needed. Most EEG analysis packages work with standard head models that are based on adult anatomy. The accuracy of these models when used for children is limited2, because the composition and spatial configuration of head tissues changes dramatically over development3.&#160;
In the present paper, we provide an overview of our recent work in utilizing head models based on individual structural MRI scans or age specific head models to reconstruct the cortical generators of high density EEG. This article describes how&#160;EEG recordings are acquired, processed, and analyzed with pediatric populations at the London Baby Lab, including laboratory setup, task design, EEG preprocessing, MRI processing, and EEG channel level and source analysis.&#160;

In recent years, there has been increasing interest in estimating the cortical sources of scalp measured electrical activity for cognitive neuroscience experiments. This article describes how high density EEG is acquired and how recordings are processed for cortical source estimation in children from the age of 2 years at the London Baby Lab.

高密度的脑电图记录在儿童的皮质来源分析

EEG is traditionally described as a neuroimaging technique with high temporal and low spatial resolution. Recent advances in biophysical modelling and ...

Design and Implementation of an fMRI Study Examining Thought Suppression in Young Women with, and At-risk, for Depression

Ruminative brooding is associated with increased vulnerability to major depression. Individuals who regularly ruminate will often try to reduce the frequency of their negative thoughts by actively suppressing them. We aim to identify the neural correlates underlying thought suppression in at-risk and depressed individuals. Three groups of women were studied; a major depressive disorder group, an at-risk group (having a first degree relative with depression) and controls. Participants performed a mixed block-event fMRI paradigm involving thought suppression, free thought and motor control periods. Participants identified the re-emergence of &#8220;to-be-suppressed&#8221; thoughts (&#8220;popping&#8221; back into conscious awareness) with a button press. During thought suppression the control group showed the greatest activation of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, followed by the at-risk, then depressed group. During the re-emergence of intrusive thoughts compared to successful re-suppression of those thoughts, the control group showed the greatest activation of the anterior cingulate cortices, followed by the at-risk, then depressed group. At-risk participants displayed anomalies in the neural regulation of thought suppression resembling the dysregulation found in depressed individuals. The predictive value of these changes in the onset of depression remains to be determined.

We aim to identify the neural correlates underlying sustained and transient thought suppression, and thought re-emergence in controls, at-risk and depressed individuals. Activation was greatest for controls compared to the at-risk and the depressed group in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex during thought suppression and anterior cingulate cortex during thought re-emergence.

设计的功能磁共振成像研究与实现研究思想抑制在年轻妇女，以及在风险，为抑郁症

Ruminative brooding is associated with increased vulnerability to major depression. Individuals who regularly ruminate will often try to reduce the ...

Novel Object Recognition Test for the Investigation of Learning and Memory in Mice

The object recognition test (ORT) is a commonly used behavioral assay for the investigation of various aspects of learning and memory in mice. The ORT is fairly simple and can be completed over 3 days: habituation day, training day, and testing day. During training, the mouse is allowed to explore 2 identical objects. On test day, one of the training objects is replaced with a novel object. Because mice have an innate preference for novelty, if the mouse recognizes the familiar object, it will spend most of its time at the novel object. Due to this innate preference, there is no need for positive or negative reinforcement or long training schedules. Additionally, the ORT can also be modified for numerous applications. The retention interval can be shortened to examine short-term memory, or lengthened to probe long-term memory. Pharmacological intervention can be used at various times prior to training, after training, or prior to recall to investigate different phases of learning (i.e., acquisition, early or late consolidation, or recall). Overall, the ORT is a relatively low-stress, efficient test for memory in mice, and is appropriate for the detection of neuropsychological changes following pharmacological, biological, or genetic manipulations.

The object recognition test (ORT) is a simple and efficient assay for evaluating learning and memory in mice. The methodology is described below.

小鼠学习记忆研究的新对象识别实验

The object recognition test (ORT) is a commonly used behavioral assay for the investigation of various aspects of learning and memory in mice. The ORT is ...

A Novel Method for Involving Women of Color at High Risk for Preterm Birth in Research Priority Setting

Involvement of patients and the public is now recognized to be essential for the good conduct of research. Patient and public involvement in research priority setting and funding decisions is only beginning to be recognized as important, and methods for doing so are nascent. This protocol describes the Research Prioritization by Affected Communities (RPAC) protocol and findings from its use with women at high socio-demographic risk for preterm birth. The goal was to directly involve these women in identifying and prioritizing their unanswered questions about pregnancy, birth and neonatal care, and treatment so that their views could be included in research priority setting by funders and researchers. The RPAC protocol may be used to meaningfully involve under-represented groups at high-risk for specific health problems, or those who face disproportionate burden of disease, in research strategy and funding priority setting.

This manuscript describes the Research Prioritization by Affected Communities (RPAC) protocol and findings from its use with women at risk for preterm birth. Using the protocol, women identified and prioritized their unanswered questions about pregnancy, birth and neonatal care aimed at influencing research priority setting by funders and researchers.

一种新的方法, 让孕妇在研究中优先考虑早产高危因素

Involvement of patients and the public is now recognized to be essential for the good conduct of research. Patient and public involvement in research ...

Systematic Assessment of Well-Being in Mice for Procedures Using General Anesthesia

In keeping with the 3R Principle (Replacement, Reduction, Refinement) developed by Russel and Burch, scientific research should use alternatives to animal experimentation whenever possible. When there is no alternative to animal experimentation, the total number of laboratory animals used should be the minimum needed to obtain valuable data. Moreover, appropriate refinement measures should be applied to minimize pain, suffering, and distress accompanying the experimental procedure. The categories used to classify the degree of pain, suffering, and distress are non-recovery, mild, moderate, or severe (EU Directive 2010/63). To determine which categories apply in individual cases, it is crucial to use scientifically sound tools.
The well-being-assessment protocol presented here is designed for procedures during which general anesthesia is used. The protocol focuses on home cage activity, the Mouse Grimace Scale, and luxury behaviors such as burrowing and nest building behavior as indicators of well-being. It also uses the free exploratory paradigm for trait anxiety-related behavior. Fecal corticosterone metabolites as indicators of acute stress are measured over the 24-h post-anesthetic period.
The protocol provides scientifically solid information on the well-being of mice following general anesthesia. Due to its simplicity, the protocol can easily be adapted and integrated in a planned study. Although it does not provide a scale to classify distress in categories according to the EU Directive 2010/63, it can help researchers estimate the degree of severity of a procedure using scientifically sound data. It provides a way to improve the assessment of well-being in a scientific, animal-centered manner.

We developed a protocol to assess well-being in mice during procedures using general anesthesia. A series of behavioral parameters indicating levels of well-being as well as glucocorticoid metabolites were analyzed. The protocol can serve as a general aid to estimate the degree of severity in a scientific, animal-centered manner.

全身麻醉下小鼠幸福度的系统评价

In keeping with the 3R Principle (Replacement, Reduction, Refinement) developed by Russel and Burch, scientific research should use alternatives to animal ...

Behavioral Assessments of Spontaneous Locomotion in a Murine MPTP-induced Parkinson's Disease Model

Parkinson&#8217;s disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder disease, causing the phenomenon of shaking, rigidity, slowness of movement and dementia. 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) can lead to some Parkinson&#8217;s-like symptoms by destroying dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra of the brain. It has been thus used to establish PD models in various animal studies. Here, mice receive MPTP injections (20 mg/kg/day) for seven days and the behavioral tests are performed on the eighth day. This model is adapted efficiently in the study of PD. The behavioral tests here include the cylinder test and the open field test. The cylinder experiment is used to detect the animals&#8217; ability to lift their front paws when put into a different environment. As the PD model mice show arching&#8212;the mouse arches its back&#8212;the number of paw liftings decrease. This test is easy to execute. The open field test is used to detect the amount of time the mice spend on running, walking, and remaining immobile. We analyze animals&#8217; movements in open field using software and obtain data. Lastly, we use L-DOPA, one of the most commonly used PD drugs, as one example to show how to apply this model to the study of PD drugs. Our results indicate that MPTP neurotoxicity induces motor deficit which can be mitigated by L-DOPA.

We describe establishment of a murine model for Parkinson's disease using MPTP, and behavioral assessments using cylinder and open field tests to measure motor function. We then use L-DOPA as one example to show how to apply this model in the study of PD drugs.

小鼠 mptp 诱导的帕金森病模型中自发性运动的行为评估

Parkinson&#8217;s disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder disease, causing the phenomenon of shaking, rigidity, slowness of movement and ...

Short Session High Intensity Interval Training and Treadmill Assessment in Aged Mice

High intensity interval training (HIIT) is emerging as a therapeutic approach to prevent, delay, or ameliorate frailty. In particular short session HIIT, with regimens less than or equal to 10 min is of particular interest as several human studies feature routines as short as a few minutes a couple times a week. However, there is a paucity of animal studies that model the impacts of short session HIIT. Here, we describe a methodology for an individually tailored and progressive short session HIIT regimen of 10 min given 3 days a week for aged mice using an inclined treadmill. Our methodology also includes protocols for treadmill assessment. Mice are initially acclimatized to the treadmill and then given baseline flat and uphill treadmill assessments. Exercise sessions begin with a 3 min warm-up, then three intervals of 1 min at a fast pace, followed by 1 min at an active recovery pace. Following these intervals, the mice are given a final segment that starts at the fast pace and accelerates for 1 min. The HIIT protocol is individually tailored as the speed and intensity for each mouse are determined based upon initial anaerobic assessment scores. Additionally, we detail the conditions for increasing or decreasing the intensity for individual mice depending on performance. Finally, intensity is increased for all mice every two weeks. We previously reported in this protocol enhanced physical performance in aged male mice and here show it also increases treadmill performance in aged female mice. Advantages of our protocol include low administration time (about 15 min per 6 mice, 3 days a week), strategy for individualizing for mice to better model prescribed exercise, and a modular design that allows for the addition or removal of the number and length of intervals to titrate exercise benefits.

Short session (&#8804;10 min) high intensity interval training (HIIT) is emerging as an alternative to longer exercise modalities, yet the shorter variants are rarely modeled in animal studies. Here, we describe a 10 min, 3 day a week, uphill treadmill HIIT protocol that enhances physical performance in male and female aged mice.

老年小鼠短期高强度间隔训练与跑步机评价

High intensity interval training (HIIT) is emerging as a therapeutic approach to prevent, delay, or ameliorate frailty. In particular short session HIIT, ...