我们要感谢的胸外科基础研究和教育项目的资金支持。

1。术前准备和麻醉<ol><li>一定要在整个过程中观察无菌技术。奠定了所有仪器。 </li><li>打开前麻醉诱导温度控制床，以便它可以加热至适当的温度（36.5℃）。功率激光多普勒血流灌注监视器上，以便它可以诱导过程中启动。 </li><li>将鼠标放置在感应室。 <ol><li>仔细监视鼠标的感应过程中的呼吸频率。 </li><li>只要呼吸速率已目视减缓，从感应腔移开鼠标。 </li><li>执行脚趾捏来评估麻醉剂是否足够。 </li></ol></li><li>用鼠标正常麻醉，把鼠标放置在仰卧位。 </li><li>将脸变成鼻锥和固定所有四肢加热表。 <ol><li>要特别注意确保四肢固定在解剖位置，没有deviati对一侧。如果鼠标位置不当，这是难以避免的胸骨切开术中胸廓内动脉横断。 </li></ol></li><li>用推剪或市售脱毛膏，从中线胸部取出头发和左下肢腹面。 <ol><li>如果使用脱毛霜，避免留下到位霜大于30秒，碱烧伤可能发生。 </li></ol></li><li>滴定挥发性麻醉剂蒸发器浓度，以维持足够的麻醉。 <ol><li>预计蒸发器部分是使用异氟醚与高流量氧气 1-5％之间。 </li><li>挥发性麻醉剂蒸发浓度应滴定至在手术刺激维持麻醉，同时保持自然呼吸。 </li></ol></li></ol> 2。直肠探头激光多普勒安置<ol><li>将润滑直肠探头插入鼠标的直肠。在安全的地方，歌剧院阿婷床。 </li><li>调节加热床为36.5°C的目标直肠温度</li><li>做小切口在小鼠股动脉解剖和皮肤远离皮下组织。 </li><li>将激光多普勒探头在股动脉。 </li><li>调整探头位置，直到灌流监视器寄存器大于800灌注单位。 <ol><li>稳定到位，安全探头。 不当抵押探头可以有虚假的低灌注测量。 </li></ol></li></ol> 3。主动脉弓/锁骨下动脉夹层<ol><li>做2厘米的皮肤切口上方的胸骨切迹，轻轻地剖析肌肤远离皮下组织。 </li><li>解剖游离颌下腺。 <ol><li>如果发生出血，温和的压力可以用棉签被应用。 </li><li>通过中线在股骨头缺血性平面划分颌下腺。 </li></ol></li><li>轻轻提起胸骨用钳子和使用SCISSORS使1厘米中线胸骨切开术，通过胸骨中线。 从中线的任何偏差可能会导致内乳动脉出血这将是难以控制的。 </li><li>将每边5-0回缩缝合在胸骨边缘和缩回横向胸骨缝合固定于操作床上。 避免将回缩缝线太横向，以防止气胸。 </li><li>用钝性剥离免费带状肌沿气管。左侧肩带肌肉可以用剪刀来划分，以提高曝光。 </li><li>解剖释放胸腺从周围的组织。继续钝性分离，直到大血管被可视化。要特别小心，以防止进入胸膜腔。 </li><li>将血管夹在主动脉弓及左锁骨下动脉。 </li><li>验证远端流量已经适当地打乱。这将被看作是在灌注单位减少&gt; 90％。 <ol><li>继续闭塞德斯黎红色为4-8分钟。 </li></ol></li><li>去除血管钳和胸部闭合前核实止血。 </li></ol> 4。闭合胸骨和皮肤<ol><li>除去在鼠标的左侧回缩缝合。 </li><li>关闭胸骨与正确的回缩缝合。 <ol><li>一个单一的胸骨缝合（使用之前放置回缩针）是足够的胸骨闭合。配售另一针是不必要的，增加了气胸和出血的风险。 </li></ol></li><li>关闭皮肤与运行5-0针。 </li></ol> 5。恢复和术后评估<ol><li>传输鼠标恢复笼。笼应放在一个加热垫，以增加回收室的环境温度和减少热量损失到环境中。 </li><li>密切监测鼠标的迹象呼吸窘迫或癫痫发作。每个管理机构的指引镇痛。 Euthanize老鼠如果立即扣押或呼吸窘迫观察。 <ol><li> CO 2室安乐死是我们的首选方法。颈椎脱位是另一种选择，如果二氧化碳是不可用。 </li><li>完全恢复，可以预计在1-2小时，这取决于挥发性麻醉剂和浓度使用的长度。 </li></ol></li><li>返回鼠标正常笼。放置食物和水的地方在笼子的地板上。 </li><li>使用巴索鼠标量表步态8在12小时的时间间隔评估神经功能状态。 </li></ol>

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	<li>Conrad, M. F., Ye, J. Y., Chung, T. K., Davison, J. K., Cambria, R. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Spinal+cord+complications+after+thoracic+aortic+surgery:+long-term+survival+and+functional+status+varies+with+deficit+severity.">Spinal cord complications after thoracic aortic surgery: long-term survival and functional status varies with deficit severity.</a> J. Vasc. Surg. 48, 47-53 (2008).</li><li>Okita, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fighting+spinal+cord+complication+during+surgery+for+thoracoabdominal+aortic+disease.">Fighting spinal cord complication during surgery for thoracoabdominal aortic disease.</a> Gen. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 59, 79-90 (2011).</li><li>Wong, D. 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作者宣称没有竞争的财务权益。

截瘫继发于脊髓缺血再灌注损伤是知之甚少病状9的复合物的结果。虽然这是胸腹主动脉瘤手术后最常见的，各种其他辱骂如主动脉夹层，创伤，栓塞现象，血管炎和系统性低血压10可导致截瘫。为了获得进一步的了解这个伤害，并为未来的目标，以消除这种损伤，动物模型已经成为必然。 患者患有这种并发症展览要么是立即或延迟瘫痪。这种模式和其他人充?...

下肢瘫痪的不断复杂化胸腹干预。这次受伤，被称为脊髓缺血再灌注损伤（SCIR），导致瘫痪的高危患者1的高达20％。外科手术辅助系统，例如左心脏搭桥，腰椎cerbrospinal流体水渠，低温停循环和肋间动脉再植减少这种并发症2的发病率，但是，太多的患者继续受到影响。 在临床上，脊髓缺血再灌注损伤被看作是立即或延迟瘫痪以下干预3。然而，我们的这种损伤的认识已经扼杀了机械缺乏细节。其结果是，几个选项可用来衰减一旦发生损伤。 因此，我们已委托一个小动物，鼠，模型脊髓缺血和再灌注损伤更好地表征其发病机制。大多数研究迄今已经使用更大的动物模型来描述这种损伤，即大鼠4，兔5，和猪6款车型。然而，这些是由它们的成本，复杂性，可变的再现性，并且，最重要的是，缺乏对遗传操作可行技术的限制。最可靠的这些公布的动物模型包括兔腹主动脉的肾下交叉夹紧。然而，人类的脊髓前神经元最经常得到他们的血管供应的更近端分支7。在这些模型的脊髓可变血管解剖增加了难度在过渡其结果投入临床使用。 这个手稿提出了一个模型，立即或延迟截瘫以下胸主动脉阻塞是临床相关且易于使用。通过曝光迷你sternoto主动脉弓我是创伤小，能引起高度重复性的结果，最少的发病率和死亡率。虽然这种模式在并非没有挑战和技术的细微差别，这些都可以通过仔细解剖和组织处理克服生产的后肢瘫痪了一个模型，可以很容易地实现。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="749">
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		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">VMS Anesthesia Machine</td>
			<td style="width:247px;">MDS Matrx</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Isoflurane</td>
			<td style="width:247px;">Vet One</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">13985-528-60</td>
			<td>2.0% through nose cone&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Induction Chamber</td>
			<td style="width:247px;">Vet Equip</td>
			<td>941444</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Heating Bed</td>
			<td style="width:247px;">Vestavia Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Laser Doppler Monitor</td>
			<td style="width:247px;">Moor Instruments</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">VMS-LDF1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">5-0 Suture, Polyester</td>
			<td style="width:247px;">Surgidac</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">VD-551</td>
			<td>Taper Needel</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:216px;">Microdissecting Clips</td>
			<td style="width:247px;">Biomedical Research Insturments</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">14-1030, 14-1060</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:216px;">Surgical Instruments</td>
			<td style="width:247px;">Fine Surgical Instruments</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Forceps, needle holder</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

reproducable paraplegia by thoracic aortic occlusion in a murine model of spinal cord ischemia-reperfusion

背景 下肢瘫痪的不断复杂主动脉干预。的基本病理认识的缺乏阻碍了进步，以减少发生这种损伤。目前的模型表明重现性下肢瘫痪下面的胸主动脉闭塞。 方法 成年雄性C57BL6小鼠用异氟烷麻醉。通过cervicosternal切口主动脉被曝光。胸降主动脉和左锁骨下动脉被认定不进入胸膜腔。这些动脉的骨架，其次是立即关闭（深）或闭塞4分钟（中度缺血）或8分（长期缺血）。在胸骨和皮肤被关闭，鼠标被转移到气候变暖床上进行恢复。以下恢复，在12小时的时间间隔获得的功能分析，直到48小时。 业绩 小鼠接受假手术均未见观察后肢赤字。老鼠受到中度缺血4分钟有最小功能缺损在12小时之后的进展在48小时才能完成瘫痪。小鼠长期遭受缺血产生了立竿见影的麻痹，没有观察后肢运动在术后的任何一点。没有观察到术中或术后死亡率。 结论 重现性下肢瘫痪是否立即或延迟可在小鼠模型来实现。此外，通过采用胸骨正中切开，并小心剥离，高生存率和重现性得以实现。

小鼠进行假手术（3例）或主动脉闭塞4（N = 3）到8分钟（N = 3）。术后小鼠由巴索鼠标分数（ 图1）进行分级。小鼠接受假手术有没有明显的功能障碍在任何时候术后。老鼠受到中度缺血（4分）有接近正常的后肢功能在12小时渐进功能下降由48小时来完成瘫痪。小鼠在长时间缺血组（8分钟）有完全麻痹手术后没有任何可收回功能（图2）。 <p class="jove_content" fo:keep-together.w...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Reproducable Paraplegia by Thoracic Aortic Occlusion in a Murine Model of Spinal Cord Ischemia-reperfusion at JoVE.com

Reproducable Paraplegia by Thoracic Aortic Occlusion in a Murine Model of Spinal Cord Ischemia-reperfusion

脊髓缺血再灌注损伤的机理认识的缺乏阻碍了进一步的附属物，以防止截瘫以下高风险的主动脉操作。因此，动物模型的开发是必不可少的。这个手稿展示了可重复的下肢瘫痪继小鼠模型主动脉闭塞。

可重放截瘫胸主动脉阻断脊髓缺血再灌注的小鼠模型

Background
Lower extremity paralysis continues to complicate aortic interventions. The lack of understanding of the underlying pathology has hindered ...

reproducable-paraplegia-thoracic-aortic-occlusion-murine-model-spinal

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

12.0K 次观看.  University of Colorado. 脊髓缺血再灌注损伤的机理认识的缺乏阻碍了进一步的附属物，以防止截瘫以下高风险的主动脉操作。因此，动物模型的开发是必不可少的。这个手稿展示了可重复的下肢瘫痪继小鼠模型主动脉闭塞。 

视频: Reproducable Paraplegia by Thoracic Aortic Occlusion in a Murine Model of Spinal Cord Ischemia-reperfusion

Acute and Chronic Tactile Sensory Testing after Spinal Cord Injury in Rats

Spinal cord injury (SCI) impairs sensory systems causing allodynia1-8. To identify cellular and molecular causes of allodynia, sensitive and valid sensory testing in rat SCI models is needed. However, until recently, no single testing approach had been validated for SCI so that standardized methods have not been implemented across labs. Additionally, available testing methods could not be implemented acutely or when severe motor impairments existed, preventing studies of the development of SCI-induced allodynia3. Here we present two validated sensory testing methods using von Frey Hair (VFH) monofilaments which quantify changes in tactile sensory thresholds after SCI4-5. One test is the well-established Up-Down test which demonstrates high sensitivity and specificity across different SCI severities when tested chronically5. The other test is a newly-developed dorsal VFH test that can be applied acutely after SCI when allodynia develops, prior to motor recovery4-5. Each VFH monofilament applies a calibrated force when touched to the skin of the hind paw until it bends. In the up-down method, alternating VFHs of higher or lower forces are used on the plantar L5 dermatome to delineate flexor withdrawal thresholds. Successively higher forces are applied until withdrawal occurs then lower force VFHs are used until withdrawal ceases. The tactile threshold reflects the force required to elicit withdrawal in 50% of the stimuli. For the new test, each VFH is applied to the dorsal L5 dermatome of the paw while the rat is supported by the examiner. The VFH stimulation occurs in ascending order of force until at least 2 of 3 applications at a given force produces paw withdrawal. Tactile sensory threshold is the lowest force to elicit withdrawal 66% of the time. Acclimation, testing and scoring procedures are described. Aberrant trials that require a retest and typical trials are defined. Animal use was approved by Ohio State University Animal Care and Use Committee.

We describe two tactile sensory testing methods for acute or chronic periods of spinal cord injury in rats. These validated procedures can detect the development and maintenance of allodynia-like sensations.

在大鼠脊髓损伤后的急性和慢性触觉测试

Spinal cord injury (SCI) impairs sensory systems causing allodynia1-8. To identify cellular and molecular causes of allodynia, sensitive and valid sensory ...

科研

医学

A Murine Model of Cervical Spinal Cord Injury to Study Post-lesional Respiratory Neuroplasticity

A cervical spinal cord injury induces permanent paralysis, and often leads to respiratory distress. To date, no efficient therapeutics have been developed to improve/ameliorate the respiratory failure following high cervical spinal cord injury (SCI). Here we propose a murine pre-clinical model of high SCI at the cervical 2 (C2) metameric level to study diverse post-lesional respiratory neuroplasticity. The technique consists of a surgical partial injury at the C2 level, which will induce a hemiparalysis of the diaphragm due to a deafferentation of the phrenic motoneurons from the respiratory centers located in the brainstem. The contralateral side of the injury remains intact and allows the animal recovery. Unlike other SCIs which affect the locomotor function (at the thoracic and lumbar level), the respiratory function does not require animal motivation and the quantification of the deficit/recovery can be easily performed (diaphragm and phrenic nerve recordings, whole body ventilation). This pre-clinical C2 SCI model is a powerful, useful, and reliable pre-clinical model to study various respiratory and non-respiratory neuroplasticity events at different levels (molecular to physiology) and to test diverse putative therapeutic strategies which might improve the respiration in SCI patients.

Respiratory failure is the leading cause of death following a cervical spinal cord injury. Having a reproducible, quantifiable, and reliable pre-clinical animal model of respiratory failure induced by a partial cervical injury will help to understand the subsequent respiratory and non-respiratory neuroplasticity and allow testing putative repair strategies.

颈脊髓损伤的小鼠模型研究后皮损呼吸神经可塑性

A cervical spinal cord injury induces permanent paralysis, and often leads to respiratory distress. To date, no efficient therapeutics have been developed ...

A Murine Model of Myocardial Ischemia-reperfusion Injury through Ligation of the Left Anterior Descending Artery

Acute or chronic myocardial infarction (MI) are cardiovascular events resulting in high morbidity and mortality. Establishing the pathological mechanisms at work during MI and developing effective therapeutic approaches requires methodology to reproducibly simulate the clinical incidence and reflect the pathophysiological changes associated with MI. Here, we describe a surgical method to induce MI in mouse models that can be used for short-term ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury as well as permanent ligation. The major advantage of this method is to facilitate location of the left anterior descending artery (LAD) to allow for accurate ligation of this artery to induce ischemia in the left ventricle of the mouse heart. Accurate positioning of the ligature on the LAD increases reproducibility of infarct size and thus produces more reliable results. Greater precision in placement of the ligature will improve the standard surgical approaches to simulate MI in mice, thus reducing the number of experimental animals necessary for statistically relevant studies and improving our understanding of the mechanisms producing cardiac dysfunction following MI. This mouse model of MI is also useful for the preclinical testing of treatments targeting myocardial damage following MI.

We introduce a surgical method to induce experimental ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury to simulate myocardial infarction (MI) in mouse models that allows for more clarity in positioning of the ligation on the left anterior descending artery (LAD) to increase the reproducibility of MI experiments in mice.

心肌缺血再灌注损伤的通过左前降支结扎小鼠模型

Acute or chronic myocardial infarction (MI) are cardiovascular events resulting in high morbidity and mortality. Establishing the pathological mechanisms ...

Controlled Cortical Impact Model for Traumatic Brain Injury

Every year over a million Americans suffer a traumatic brain injury (TBI). Combined with the incidence of TBIs worldwide, the physical, emotional, social, and economical effects are staggering. Therefore, further research into the effects of TBI and effective treatments is necessary. The controlled cortical impact (CCI) model induces traumatic brain injuries ranging from mild to severe. This method uses a rigid impactor to deliver mechanical energy to an intact dura exposed following a craniectomy. Impact is made under precise parameters at a set velocity to achieve a pre-determined deformation depth. Although other TBI models, such as weight drop and fluid percussion, exist, CCI is more accurate, easier to control, and most importantly, produces traumatic brain injuries similar to those seen in humans. However, no TBI model is currently able to reproduce pathological changes identical to those seen in human patients. The CCI model allows investigation into the short-term and long-term effects of TBI, such as neuronal death, memory deficits, and cerebral edema, as well as potential therapeutic treatments for TBI.

Traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) remain a serious health problem. Using the controlled cortical impact surgery model, research on the effects of TBI and possible treatment methods may be performed.

控制皮层影响模型创伤性脑损伤

Every year over a million Americans suffer a traumatic brain injury (TBI).  Combined with the incidence of TBIs worldwide, the physical, emotional, ...

A Radio-telemetric System to Monitor Cardiovascular Function in Rats with Spinal Cord Transection and Embryonic Neural Stem Cell Grafts

High thoracic or cervical spinal cord injury (SCI) can lead to cardiovascular dysfunction. To monitor cardiovascular parameters, we implanted a catheter connected to a radio transmitter into the femoral artery of rats that underwent a T4 spinal cord transection with or without grafting of embryonic brainstem-derived neural stem cells expressing green fluorescent protein. Compared to other methods such as cannula insertion or tail-cuff, telemetry is advantageous to continuously monitor blood pressure and heart rate in freely moving animals. It is also capable of long term multiple data acquisitions. In spinal cord injured rats, basal cardiovascular data under unrestrained condition and autonomic dysreflexia in response to colorectal distension were successfully recorded. In addition, cardiovascular parameters before and after SCI can be compared in the same rat if a transmitter is implanted before a spinal cord transection. One limitation of the described telemetry procedure is that implantation in the femoral artery may influence the blood supply to the ipsilateral hindlimb.

We present a protocol for using a radio-telemetric system to record cardiovascular parameters in T4 spinal cord transected rats eight weeks after embryonic brainstem neural stem cell grafting into the lesion site. Telemetry is an advanced technique to accurately evaluate cardiovascular function in conscious freely moving spinal cord injured rats.

无线电遥测系统，以监测大鼠脊髓横断和胚胎神经干细胞移植在心血管功能

High thoracic or cervical spinal cord injury (SCI) can lead to cardiovascular dysfunction. To monitor cardiovascular parameters, we implanted a catheter ...

Murine Model of Intestinal Ischemia-reperfusion Injury

Intestinal ischemia is a life-threatening condition associated with a broad range of clinical conditions including atherosclerosis, thrombosis, hypotension, necrotizing enterocolitis, bowel transplantation, trauma and chronic inflammation. Intestinal ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury is a consequence of acute mesenteric ischemia, caused by inadequate blood flow through the mesenteric vessels, resulting in intestinal damage. Reperfusion following ischemia can further exacerbate damage of the intestine. The mechanisms of IR injury are complex and poorly understood. Therefore, experimental small animal models are critical for understanding the pathophysiology of IR injury and the development of novel therapies.
Here we describe a mouse model of acute intestinal IR injury that provides reproducible injury of the small intestine without mortality. This is achieved by inducing ischemia in the region of the distal ileum by temporally occluding the peripheral and terminal collateral branches of the superior mesenteric artery for 60 min using microvascular clips. Reperfusion for 1 hr, or 2 hr after injury results in reproducible injury of the intestine examined by histological analysis. Proper position of the microvascular clips is critical for the procedure. Therefore the video clip provides a detailed visual step-by-step description of this technique. This model of intestinal IR injury can be utilized to study the cellular and molecular mechanisms of injury and regeneration.

Here we describe the detailed procedure of intestinal ischemia-reperfusion in mice which results in reproducible injury without mortality to encourage the standardization of this technique across the field. This model of intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury can be utilized to study the cellular and molecular mechanisms of injury and regeneration.

肠缺血再灌注损伤的小鼠模型

Intestinal ischemia is a life-threatening condition associated with a broad range of clinical conditions including atherosclerosis, thrombosis, ...

Reproducible Motor Deficit Following Aortic Occlusion in a Rat Model Of Spinal Cord Ischemia

Spinal cord ischemia is a fatal complication following thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm surgery. Researchers can investigate the strategies for preventing and treating this complication using experimental models of spinal cord ischemia. The model described here demonstrates varying degrees of paraplegia that relate to the length of occlusion following thoracic aortic occlusion in a rat spinal cord ischemia model.
A 2-Fr. balloon-tipped catheter was advanced through the femoral artery into the descending thoracic aorta until the catheter tip was placed at the left subclavian artery in anesthetized male Sprague-Dawley rats. Spinal cord ischemia was induced by inflating the catheter balloon. After a set period of occlusion (9, 10, or 11 min), the balloon was deflated. Neurologic assessment was performed using the motor deficit index at 24 h after surgery, and the spinal cord was harvested for histopathological examination.
Rats that underwent 9 min of aortic occlusion showed mild and reversible motor impairment in the hind limb. Rats subjected to 10 min of aortic occlusion presented with moderate but reversible motor impairment. Rats subjected to 11 min of aortic occlusion displayed complete and persistent paralysis. The motor neurons in the spinal cord sections were more preserved in rats subjected to shorter duration of aortic occlusion.
Researchers can achieve a reproducible hind limb motor deficit following thoracic aortic occlusion using this spinal cord ischemia model.

This study demonstrates the technique to make a minimally invasive and easily reproducible model of spinal cord ischemia in rats. Various degrees of hind limb motor deficit can be produced by controlling the aortic occlusion time.

主动脉阻塞后脊髓缺血大鼠模型中的可再生电机缺陷

Spinal cord ischemia is a fatal complication following thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm surgery. Researchers can investigate the strategies for preventing ...

Two-vessel Occlusion Mouse Model of Cerebral Ischemia-reperfusion

In this study, a middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion mouse model is employed to study cerebral ischemia-reperfusion. A reproducible and reliable mouse model is useful for investigating the pathophysiology of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion and determining potential therapeutic strategies for patients with stroke. Variations in the anatomy of the circle of Willis of C57BL/6 mice affects their infarct volume after cerebral-ischemia-induced injury. Studies have indicated that distal MCA occlusion (MCAO) can overcome this problem and result in a stable infarct size. In this study, we establish a two-vessel occlusion mouse model of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion through the interruption of the blood flow to the right MCA. We distally ligate the right MCA and right common carotid artery (CCA) and restore blood flow after a certain period of ischemia. This ischemia-reperfusion injury induces an infarct of stable size and a behavioral deficit. Peripheral immune cells infiltrate the ischemic brain within the 24 h infiltration period. Additionally, the neuronal loss in the cortical area is less for a longer reperfusion duration. Therefore, this two-vessel occlusion model is suitable for investigating the immune response and neuronal recovery during the reperfusion period after cerebral ischemia.

A mouse model of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion is established to investigate the pathophysiology of stroke. We distally ligate the right middle cerebral artery and right common carotid artery and restore blood flow after 10 or 40 min of ischemia.

脑缺血再灌注的双血管闭塞小鼠模型

In this study, a middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion mouse model is employed to study cerebral ischemia-reperfusion. A reproducible and reliable mouse ...

Evaluation of Coronary Flow Reserve After Myocardial Ischemia Reperfusion in Rats

Coronary artery disease is the leading cause of death worldwide. After an acute myocardial infarction, early and successful myocardial intervention via recanalization of the coronary artery is the most effective strategy for reducing the size of ischemic myocardium. The coronary microvasculature cannot be visualized and imaged&#160;in vivo, but there are several invasive and noninvasive techniques that can be used to assess parameters which depend directly on coronary microvascular function. The endothelial function after ischemia reperfusion can be assessed also at the level of the coronary circulation via the coronary flow reserve (CFR).&#160;In this study, peak velocity of left anterior descending (LAD) coronary arteries was measured in rats in vivo via Transthoracic Doppler Echocardiography during resting and stress challenge (induced by Dobutamine). A normal heart can increase its coronary blood flow up to four times above the resting values during stress induction. Following ischemia reperfusion, we found a significantly diminished CFR, which can be used as a marker of coronary microvascular dysfunction. CFR has opened a window on the importance of microvascular dysfunction and has been shown to predict cardiovascular risk independent of whether the severe obstructive disease is present.

Coronary flow reserve (CFR), is defined as the ratio of maximal coronary blood flow to the resting coronary blood flow. We present a protocol for evaluating CFR in rats via ultrasound, which offers the opportunity to predict cardiovascular risk factors in the absence of obstructive coronary disease.

大鼠心肌缺血再灌注后冠状动脉流动储备评价

Coronary artery disease is the leading cause of death worldwide. After an acute myocardial infarction, early and successful myocardial intervention via ...

Murine Surgical Model of Topical Elastase Induced Descending Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm

According to the Center for Disease Control, aortic aneurysms (AAs) were considered a leading cause of death in all races and both sexes from 1999-2016. An aneurysm forms as a result of progressive weakening and eventual dilation of the aorta, which can rupture or tear once it reaches a critical diameter. Aneurysms of the descending aorta in the chest, called descending thoracic aortic aneurysms (dTAA), make up a large proportion of aneurysm cases in the United States. Uncontained dTAA rupture is almost universally lethal, and elective repair has a high rate of morbidity and mortality. The purpose of our model is to study dTAA specifically, to elucidate the pathophysiology of dTAA and to search for molecular targets to halt the growth or reduce the size of dTAA. By having a murine model to study thoracic pathology precisely, targeted therapies can be developed to specifically test dTAA. The method is based on the placement of porcine pancreatic elastase (PPE) directly on the outer murine aortic wall after surgical exposure. This creates a destructive and inflammatory reaction, which weakens the aortic wall and allows for aneurysm formation over weeks to months. Though murine models possess limitations, our dTAA model produces robust aneurysms of predictable size. Furthermore, this model can be used to test genetic and pharmaceutical targets which may arrest dTAA growth or prevent rupture. In human patients, interventions such as these could help avoid aneurysm rupture, and difficult surgical intervention.

We describe a surgical protocol to consistently induce robust descending thoracic aortic aneurysms in mice. The procedure involves left thoracotomy, thoracic aorta exposure, and placement of a sponge soaked in porcine pancreatic elastase on the aortic wall.

局部性乳酸酶诱导下降胸腔主动脉瘤的毛尿外科模型

According to the Center for Disease Control, aortic aneurysms (AAs) were considered a leading cause of death in all races and both sexes from 1999-2016. ...