Funded by NIH EY017599 (NRH).

The procedures involving the use of animals were reviewed and approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of LSUHSC-S and performed according to the criteria outlined by the National Institutes of Health.
1. Preparation of Perfusion Solutions
<ol>
	<li>Sonicate a 1% (by weight) stock solution of 1.9&#160;&#181;m diameter microspheres.</li>
	<li>Withdraw ~25-30 x&#160;106 green fluorescent microspheres (that is, ~10 &#181;l of the stock solution) into a 300 &#181;l syringe. Dilute the microspheres by withdrawing an additional 240 &#181;l of saline into the syringe.</li>
	<li>Prepare a 50&#160;&#181;l solution of 2 x&#160;106 molecular weight fluorescent dextran dissolved in sterile saline, with the injected dose in the range of 3-10 mg/kg. Keep the dextran covered in aluminum foil until time for its infusion.</li>
</ol>
2. Animal Anesthesia and Vascular Cannulation
<ol>
	<li>Anesthetize the animal for surgical insertion of vascular cannulas and for stationary positioning under a microscope objective. Many choices of anesthetic protocols are available, with various advantages and disadvantages, and potential effects on systemic parameters. Among the many different choices are a combination of&#160;ketamine (100-150 mg/kg), xylazine (10 mg/kg), and acepromazine (2 mg/kg), or a combination of ketamine (50 mg/kg) and pentobarbital (50 mg/kg).&#160; The described procedures are acute and conclude with euthanasia induced by an overdose of pentobarbital (150 mg/kg) followed by a thoracotomy; inclusion of an analgesic is not necessary for the terminal procedure.</li>
	<li>Maintain a heating pad underneath the animal for the remainder of the experiment.</li>
	<li>Keep the eyes moist with phosphate buffered saline during the subsequent surgical insertions of vascular cannulas.</li>
	<li>Prepare a vascular cannula for subsequent infusions of fluorescent tracers. A 20&#160;cm length of polyethylene tubing (for example, 0.28 mm inside diameter; 0.61 mm outside diameter) is placed on the tip of a syringe needle, with the sharp end of the needle broken off beforehand by bending back and forth with a hemostat.</li>
	<li>Fill a syringe and tubing with heparinized (25 U/ml) saline.</li>
	<li>Shave one side of the lower abdomen and make an incision to expose the femoral vein.</li>
	<li>To cannulate the femoral vein, tie off the vessel with a 5.0 suture, make a partial incision of the vessel (approximately one-half the vessel diameter), and insert the tubing into the vessel, securing the tubing with the suture tied around the cannulated section.</li>
</ol>
3. Preparation for Intravital Microscopy
<ol>
	<li>Dilate the pupil of the eye with a drop of 1% tropicamide ophthalmic solution followed by a drop of 2.5% hypromellose ophthalmic solution.</li>
	<li>Cover the eye with a 5&#160;mm glass coverslip.</li>
	<li>Place the animal on a plexiglass board, which will be positioned underneath the microscope objective of an upright microscope. Strategically place surgical gauze underneath the head to allow a direct axis through the objective to the central retina and optic disk.</li>
	<li>Focus through the microscope on the optic disk, finding the disk with a low power 4X&#160;objective and using a fluorescein filter.</li>
</ol>
4. Infusion of Fluorescent Microspheres to Measure Velocities
<ol>
	<li>Using a 4X&#160;objective, focus on the retina with the optic disk in the center of the field of view.</li>
	<li>Infuse the fluorescent microsphere solution at a rate of 250 &#181;l/min/kg.</li>
	<li>Video-record the viewable retina around the optic disk, using a camera exposure time of ~8 msec.</li>
	<li>Stop the microsphere infusion when a sufficient duration of video has been recorded (1-2 min); some microsphere solution likely will remain unused.</li>
</ol>
5. Infusion of a Fluorescent Plasma Marker to Measure Diameters
<ol>
	<li>Using a 4X&#160;objective, focus on the retina with the optic disk in the center of the field of view.</li>
	<li>Infuse the prepared solution of fluorescent dextran into the femoral vein as a bolus over ~5 sec, while video-recording. This video will help determine the identity of the arterioles vs venules, with the arterioles being perfused first. Perform this step with the camera exposure time set to ~8 msec, although the precise exposure time is not critical.</li>
	<li>Switch to a 10X&#160;objective and 20-40 msec exposure time for improved resolution to video each of the 4-7 arterioles and 4-7 venules in the superficial retina. Focus on (and video-record) approximately one quadrant of the viewable retina at a time, with the center of the optic disk in one corner of the field of view. An attempt should be made to minimize the time that the microscope light illuminates the tissue to reduce the possibility of light/dye-induced phototoxicity17.</li>
</ol>
6. Video Analysis
<ol>
	<li>Using a micrometer scale, calibrate the video system for a conversion of &#181;m/pixel.</li>
	<li>With image processing software, play back the recorded video.</li>
	<li>From the video of the bolus infusion of fluorescent dextran, identify arterioles vs venules.</li>
	<li>For each of the 4-7 arterioles and 4-7 venules recorded with the 10X&#160;objective, measure the diameters filled with fluorescent dextran, averaging 5 measures of diameter per vessel along the viewable length.</li>
	<li>For each of the same arterioles and venules, measure the streak length of the fluorescent microspheres, using 10 successive microsphere streaks in each vessel to avoid selection bias. Divide the streak lengths by the exposure time to calculate the microsphere velocity, for example, 160 &#181;m/8 msec = 20 &#181;m/msec = 2 cm/sec. Average the 10 velocities per vessel.</li>
	<li>Calculate the volumetric flow rate for each vessel with the following equation: flow = mean velocity &#215; &#960; &#215; diameter2/4.</li>
	<li>Sum the arteriolar flow rates, and separately the venular flow rates, to obtain total retinal blood flow.</li>
</ol>

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Eye Res. 86, 908-913 (2008).</li><li>Pouliot, M., Hetu, S., Lahjouji, K., Couture, R., Vaucher, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Modulation+of+retinal+blood+flow+by+kinin+B(1)+receptor+in+Streptozotocin-diabetic+rats.">Modulation of retinal blood flow by kinin B(1) receptor in Streptozotocin-diabetic rats.</a> Exp. Eye Res. 92, 482-489 (2011).</li><li>Pouliot, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantitative+and+regional+measurement+of+retinal+blood+flow+in+rats+using+N-isopropyl-p-[14C]-iodoamphetamine+([14C]-IMP).">Quantitative and regional measurement of retinal blood flow in rats using N-isopropyl-p-[14C]-iodoamphetamine ([14C]-IMP).</a> Exp. 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The authors have nothing to disclose.

This technique of intravital video microscopy can be applied not only to mice, but also to rats. This protocol relies on only several assumptions, but is limited to use under anesthesia and with pupil dilation as we have described it. The other assumptions and limitations are as follows:
1. Assumption of minimal optical magnification error resulting from the refractive nature of the eye. As described by others18-20, the method of filling the space between the cornea ...

The retina is one of the most metabolically active tissues in the body, and consequently requires a generous blood supply. Two separate circulations meet this demand: the choroidal circulation for the outer portion of the retina, and the retinal circulation for the inner portion of the retina. Investigations of retinal perfusion are imperative for understanding the pathological mechanisms and consequences of diabetic retinopathy, oxygen-induced retinopathy, retinal artery or vein occlusion, and stroke. Several methods have been employed to quantify retinal blood flow, with each technique having its advantages, disadvantages, limitations, and assumptions. Among these techniques are infusion of 7-8 &#956;m diameter microspheres that lodge in precapillary arterioles1,2, quantitative autoradiography3,4, optical microangiopathy-optical coherence tomography5,6, magnetic resonance imaging7,8, and intravital video microscopy9-16. Advantages of the latter include direct live visualization of retinal vessels and flow, a dependence on only a few minor assumptions, and affordability for labs having a fluorescence microscope with an attached video camera. In previous studies of intravital video microscopy9-16, fluorescent dextran has been used as a plasma marker, and fluorescently labeled red blood cells (from a donor animal) have been used as velocity markers. In the current protocol, 1.9-&#956;m diameter fluorescently labeled microspheres, instead of red blood cells, are used to measure velocity, with this alteration negating the need for a blood cell donor.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1067">
	<colgroup>
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:287px;">Name of the Reagent/Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:317px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:212px;">Catalog Number or Product</td>
			<td style="width:251px;">Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Fluorescent microspheres</td>
			<td>Bangs Laboratories</td>
			<td>FS04F/10584 (green)</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">High molecular weight fluorescent dextran</td>
			<td>Molecular Probes</td>
			<td>D-7137 (green); D-7139 (red)</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Microscope system</td>
			<td>Nikon</td>
			<td>Eclipse E600FN + attachments</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">4X objective</td>
			<td>Nikon</td>
			<td>Plan Fluor 4X</td>
			<td>numerical aperture 0.13; working distance 17.2 mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">10X objective</td>
			<td>Nikon</td>
			<td>Plan 10X</td>
			<td>numerical aperture 0.25; working distance 10.5 mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Tropicamide ophthalmic solution</td>
			<td>Bausch &#38; Lomb</td>
			<td>1% Tropicamide</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Hypromellose ophthalmic solution</td>
			<td>HUB Pharmaceuticals</td>
			<td>2.5% Goniovisc</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Image processing software</td>
			<td>University of California San Francisco Vale Lab</td>
			<td>Micro-Manager</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Digital video camera for microscopy</td>
			<td>Photometrics</td>
			<td>CoolSnap ES</td>
			<td>1392 x 1040 pixel resolution; pixel size 6.45 x 6.45 &#956;m</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

intravital video microscopy measurements of retinal blood flow in mice

Alterations in retinal blood flow can contribute to, or be a consequence of, ocular disease and visual dysfunction. Therefore, quantitation of altered perfusion can aid research into the mechanisms of retinal pathologies. Intravital video microscopy of fluorescent tracers can be used to measure vascular diameters and bloodstream velocities of the retinal vasculature, specifically the arterioles branching from the central retinal artery and of the venules leading into the central retinal vein. Blood flow rates can be calculated from the diameters and velocities, with the summation of arteriolar flow, and separately venular flow, providing values of total retinal blood flow. This paper and associated video describe the methods for applying this technique to mice, which includes 1) the preparation of the eye for intravital microscopy of the anesthetized animal, 2) the intravenous infusion of fluorescent microspheres to measure bloodstream velocity, 3) the intravenous infusion of a high molecular weight fluorescent dextran, to aid the microscopic visualization of the retinal microvasculature, 4) the use of a digital microscope camera to obtain videos of the perfused retina, and 5) the use of image processing software to analyze the video. The same techniques can be used for measuring retinal blood flow rates in rats.

Figure 1 shows single frames of video from an experiment, with panels A-D and F-I showing fluorescent microsphere streaks captured with a 4X&#160;objective and 8 msec exposure time (and binning 2 x&#160;2 pixels to reduce the video file size). Figure 1E shows the orientation of the retinal vessels in the other panels of the figure. Not every frame of video will have a fluorescent streak in focus; however, some frames may have multiple streaks for use in the analysis (e.g.&#160;p...

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Intravital Video Microscopy Measurements of Retinal Blood Flow in Mice

Intravital microscopy can be used in animals to visualize and measure retinal vascular diameters, bloodstream velocities, and total retinal blood flow.

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Alterations in retinal blood flow can contribute to, or be a consequence of, ocular disease and visual dysfunction. Therefore, quantitation of altered ...

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5.6K 次观看.  Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center. Intravital microscopy can be used in animals to visualize and measure retinal vascular diameters, bloodstream velocities, and total retinal blood flow.