作者要感谢视觉研究和感觉 - 运动整合实验室的实验室的成员，帮助学员跑在这项研究中，波林娜Yanovich，约书亚比斯和拓拔Isenhower帮助在最初的设计阶段，而汤姆恩典，他在建设刺激的帮助。这项工作是支持由下列来源：美国国家科学基金会研究生研究奖学金计划：奖＃DGE-0937373，美国国家科学基金会Cyber​​Enabled探索与创新I型（IDEA）：授予＃094158，和罗格斯大学，美国国立卫生研究院UMDNJ生物技术培训计划：格兰特＃ 5T32GM008339-22。

1，构建激励装置<ol><li>构造一个滑动轨道上可移动的平台上。每个刺激将被放置在可移动的平台上根据试验要求的类型。 </li><li>在一个合适的高度，允许为刺激平台是在眼平与该参与者在表中的前坐在轨道固定到一个表中。 </li><li>附上一个可伸缩的弹簧机构，以刺激平台。将输入连接到弹簧机构，以在电路板上。 </li><li>将一组参与者的座椅后面的灯，面对刺激的平台。它均匀地照亮刺激的平台很重要，因为不均匀的照明可投与虚幻的知觉干扰阴影。该组灯连接到一个转换器，它连接到所述电路板。 </li><li>安装开关盒，以表格的边缘最靠近那里的学员将被固定。参与者把他们的手放在开关盒一个吨每次试验的开始，只要他们举起他们的手来执行范围的运动激活开关。连接开关箱输入到电路板上。 </li><li>所述电路板的每个输出引脚连接到微控制器上，以控制通过弹簧机构和转弯过一次开关盒被触发灯的同时激活的移动平台的回缩的针。刺激必须缩回，灯光必须达到运动在每次试验开始后关闭，以防止任何在线视觉修正和触觉反馈的发生。开关盒采用，使刺激回缩和黑暗开始执行后，才开始运动，使之成为一个直接接触的工作。 </li><li>写一个MATLAB程序，用于控制微控制器的信号。使用MATLAB代码来存储试验序列，并指示要使用的每个审判什么刺激和观察条件的实验者。 </li><li>营建吨训练刺激，反向透视刺激，以及适当的视角的刺激（ 图1和2）。训练刺激包括代表中间建筑物中嵌入的反向透视刺激和适当的视角刺激的分离的右表面壁的两个矩形面板。训练刺激的目的将在实验过程中进行讨论。加盖红色平面圆盘的目标，以刺激的中线的右侧。 </li></ol> 2，参赛者<ol><li>内部评级法中获得书面知情同意批准的协议符合赫尔辛基宣言开始实验性会议之前。 </li><li>测试参与者在每只眼睛，立体视敏度（使用Randot立体声测试），和眼睛的主导地位。 </li><li>建立动作捕捉系统。使用14种电磁传感器在240赫兹和运动追踪软件。高分辨率的记录系统，人新低深入分析运动的同时14传感器三个维度展开，即过去的研究缺乏。 <ol><li>在以下机身段将14传感器12采用设计优化了身体不受限制运动运动带：头部，躯干，左，右肩膀，左上臂，左前臂，左手腕，右上臂，右前臂，右手腕，右手的食指和右手的大拇指。 </li><li>放置在刺激直接背后的目标位置的背面剩余的两个传感器来达到目标​​的空间相对三维的准确位置，将参与者的训练和试验块中。 </li></ol></li></ol> 3，实验步骤<ol><li>将所有的刺激拿出来看从参与者在这个时候。关掉所有的灯，除了用来照亮刺激平台上的灯。暗淡的任何计算机屏幕，在使用运行的experiment使它们的光不会与连照明投射到该装置产生干扰。 </li><li>在开始任何试验，告知实验流程的参与者。刺激回缩通知他们和灯光的关闭，一旦他们发起运动以解除他们的手断开关盒。提醒他们不要尝试按照回缩平台，但只抢在那里的目标是最后一次露面。演示如何抢在他们最后记得用接近它垂直于表面的感知看到的目标。 </li><li>开始练习试验。这些试验允许参与者成为舒适与安装。没有测试激励的平台上 - 只有黑色板用于附加的刺激中心杆突起。指导参与者达到在中心柱和在完成拿不到的地方，把手背休息，在他/她自己的步伐;重复三次试验。注意：不给就如何retrac指令是很重要的t为手;此组件应该是自动的，下面有意识的控制。 </li><li>开始训练试验。请参与者每次试验的余下的实验结束后，他/她的眼睛。而参与者的眼睛是闭着的，加盖训练刺激的MATLAB程序磁极的中心呼吁;训练刺激呈现的顺序由MATLAB程序，共8项试验，四为每个刺激随机。训练刺激有助于证明的河段弯曲时，要求抢在物理表面上代表在刺激实验中使用的目标的目标。 </li><li>开始实验性试验。有三种刺激条件下的实验性试验：（1）reverspective下虚幻的知觉，如在图3420（REV-ILLU），（2）根据其实的知觉reverspective，如在图1e（REV-VER），和（3）适当的视角（PRO）， 如图1c所示。回想条件行动（1）和（2）利用相同的物理reverspective刺激。 <ol><li>首先介绍了reverspective刺激。请参与者，如果他/她能够稳定的中间建筑“弹出了”对他/她的虚幻的知觉。如果参与者有麻烦稳定虚幻的知觉，放置一个去聚焦透镜上的非优势眼立体感减弱，以保持虚幻的知觉，同时保持距离达至目标18。如果参与者需要去聚焦透镜，那么一定要教他/她的每REV-ILLU审判之前穿上。 </li><li>第一REV-ILLU经审讯，MATLAB程序将随机试验的顺序。对于每一个试验，让视刺激条件以下说明： REV-ILLU：“查看中间的建设作为弹出朝着你。” REV-VER：“查看中间的建设作为崩落在离你而去。” 箴：“查看中间的建设作为弹出了对ÿOU。“ 一旦确认参加一个稳定的知觉，让他们抢的目标。进行12个试验为每个条件，共36实验性试验。 </li></ol></li></ol> 4，数据分析<ol><li>分析变动的目标定向范围和自动撤消而言，首先，通过检测点时的运动速度，其引发后，接近零的瞬时速度分解的数据分成两个运动类。 </li><li>寻找为每个刺激条件在手路径轨迹的曲率差异，在时间轨迹在3维数据集上执行威尔克的Lambda检验统计量在每个点。该威尔克的Lambda测试降低了似然比检验统计 ​​量Λ为标量值通过决定因素的方法来帮助我们推断的平均轨迹矢量REV-ILLU是否相似，REV-VER或PRO 22。 </li><li>研究ORIEN向在目标定向范围的端部的目标的手tation，比较（ 图5a由相对于目标的单位矢量垂直于表面的拇指，食指和手腕传感器位置所生成的单元的方法矢量之间所形成的角度和图5b）。 </li></ol>

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作者宣称没有竞争的财务权益。

我们的方法提供了一个平台，通过分析整个有关实验任务展开运动，以测试的感知动作模型的有效性。该模式可进行修改，以测试其他类型的视觉刺激，以扩大这方面的研究。例如，其他三维DIIS可以在设备进行测试，看自顶向下和自底向上的过程之间的相互作用如何翻译对各种刺激。该方法也可以适合于测试，可能有干扰感知和动作过程临床人群。此外，在我们的研究中使用的动作捕捉系统可以...

视觉的知觉与视觉换行动为了成功驾驭环境，从视觉系统的信息是用来帮助协调人体运动。如何视觉信息的选择和优先级来影响电机的动作仍不清楚。两大解剖预测从初级视觉皮层出现，形成腹（“什么”，或者“愿景感知”）途径，延伸至颞区和背（“何处”，或“视觉行动”）途径，以顶叶1-2。腹侧神经束被牵连在利用视觉信息的感知过程，如目标识别和鉴定，而背流被认为是专门处理信号的行动指南和空间意识。问的问题是从腹侧流自上而下的过程不论形状，其动作的执行方式。 该f病人的DF amous案例研究，于1992年由古德尔和米尔纳评估，提供了有力的证据和视觉两流假说，谓其腹侧和背侧流过程可分离，感知和行动3的支持。从理论上讲，运动视差和视差的自底向上的信号可以覆盖自上而下的感知信息，例如为了准确地指导我们的行动事先了解和熟悉，这表明运动规划是不受腹侧流控制。 DF，从谁造成双侧枕叶腹侧病变视力表失认受，保留对她有困难识别物体精确的掌握能力，支持可视化两流假说3-4的前提。因为像DF案例研究，人们认为功能性腹，背流的二分法也存在于健康的，非病理性的个体。然而，无论这些结果为ABSO提供证据劳动观念和neurotypical群体行动的琵琶分工已激烈的争论在过去的二十年5-10。 使用幻象分隔知觉与行动为了测试在neurotypical科目视觉两流假说，研究人员使用视错觉，调查环境扭曲感性判断如何影响我们汽车的行动。艾宾浩斯/铁钦纳错觉，例如，使用由这似乎是比同尺寸由大圆圈包围的另一个磁盘更大更小的磁盘包围的磁盘目标;这是由于尺寸对比效果11。当参与者达到掌握目标磁盘，如果两个数据流的假设成立，那么手抓住在磁盘目标的抓地力孔径将由错觉影响，导致参与者采取行动的磁盘目标的真实几何而不是依赖于不正确的知觉大小估算阿泰。 Aglioti 等 。其实报告这种行为，理由是独立的可视化流程管控熟练的操作和意识知觉11。相反，其他团体质疑这些结果，发现感知与行动之间没有分离时，仔细控制的感知和把握任务的匹配，提出视觉流信息的集成，而不是分离12。尽管有过一些后续研究进行验证或反驳使用艾宾浩斯错觉视觉两流的假设，有证据争相件来支持论点13的两侧。 为了进一步探讨视觉感知的行动过程的影响，3D深度反转错觉（DII）也被利用。 DIIS产生虚幻的运动和场景的感知深度反转，其中物理凹角被认为是凸的，反之亦然14。空心面的幻觉是DII生成一个正常的，凸面的感知虽然刺激是物理上凹的，牵连的自上而下的影响，如已有知识和凸偏压的作用，引起的幻觉的知觉15-16的一个例子。尽管在努力伸向上的空心面幻影目标来描述的运动行为，证据仍然模棱两可：一项研究报告对电机输出17的效果，而另一个不18。这些研究依赖于比较的感知深度估计到端点相对的手的距离的计算，以位于所述空心面的幻觉目标。在这种类型的刺激所执行的操作相互矛盾的结果可能是研究人员使用的方法变化的结果。因为在腹侧和背侧流信息被利用的方式仍高达辩论，这场争论的火花需要一个更强大的刺激与运动行为之研究额外的先进措施河这也正是为什么一种技术是使用反向透视刺激，通常被称为“reverspectives”，它形成另一个类DIIS 14的开发。被涂在分段3D平面的表面线性透视线索产生刺激的物理几何形状和实际绘场景之间的竞争。数据驱动的感官信号，如双目视差和运动视差利于物理几何的其实的知觉，而基于经验的熟悉程度来看有利于深度知觉反转（ 图1）。该reverspective的优点在于，它允许在放置目标上的刺激，其表面的假象下感知的空间取向从它的物理方位相差近90度（ 图1E和1F）。这种巨大的差异极大地方便了测试范围作抓握动作是否是或不是INFL由错觉uenced。这个概念的关键是探索在reverspective执行电机的动作是否被受到来自腹侧流自上而下的影响。 在知觉 - 动作模型运动类如果不同的运动策略是对的reverspective刺激目标时抓下虚幻和其实的知觉就业，那么它可以很容易地通过学习手的方法的曲率追踪。此外，从目标导向运动开始整个展开运动的手返回到其静止状态的自发的，自动回缩的分析，可能实际上旁路在过去的试验方法对电机输出的感知影响发现任何缺陷。最近的研究强调研究由神经系统的预测性和预见性控器采用自发段的这两个运动类之间的平衡，以及意义升19-21,23-24。新统计定义的类的自发自动机芯提供了新的指标和功能，变成是一样重要的目标导向的人一直这样远远地跟踪感觉运动的变化和量化自然行为的微妙的方面。 据我们所知，在视觉两流假设现有的研究只集中在目标导向行为，从而忽视了对自动过渡动作是显著的组件来完成视觉动作动作循环的任何影响。因此，重点必须放在自动运动的重要性，以充分把握的运动行为在目前的模式这两种模式，以澄清有关视知觉 - 动作模式的问题。在此方法的开发，以在调节运动行为的故意，目标导向行动领域与自发性，中转一起探讨自上而下的信号在视觉腹侧流中的作用利用一个强大的DII反向的角度刺激有理动作。 合理据推测，如果自上而下的视觉过程影响的感觉运动系统，全运动轨迹朝向嵌入目标下的虚幻知觉的三维反向视角场景将不同于由其实的知觉（ 图1e中引起靶的方法和1F）。因此，此外，由于reverspective刺激的虚幻的知觉是非常相似的，通过适当的（“被迫”）的角度得到的刺激，达到朝向嵌入目标上的reverspective执行应该是相似的特性的影响下进行的下游幻想对reverspective刺激（ 图1c和1F）。 如果自顶向下的视觉影响，不会影响移动轨迹，那么它是假设，作出达到UND呃虚幻的知觉会表现出相同的特征下对reverspective刺激（ 图1e）的不虚伪知觉做出河段。换句话说，既虚幻和不虚伪知觉河段将性质相似，这样既前进轨迹路径将作用于刺激的真实几何形状。如何在向前观察到的效果达到翻译中的手的自动回缩是未知的。通过采用全电机的分析，我们的目标是推动我们的行动和感知的理解循环澄清存在的问题在眼前。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="814">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:276px;">Laboratory bench</td>
			<td style="width:252px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:276px;">Slidable Track with Retractable Spring</td>
			<td style="width:252px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>built in-house</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:276px;">Retractable Spring</td>
			<td style="width:252px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:276px;">Adjustable Lamps</td>
			<td style="width:252px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:276px;">Switch Box</td>
			<td style="width:252px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:276px;">Circuit Board</td>
			<td style="width:252px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:276px;">Arduino</td>
			<td style="width:252px;">Smart Projects, Italy</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:276px;">MATLAB</td>
			<td style="width:252px;">The MathWorks Inc., Natick, MA, USA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:276px;">Randot-dot Stereo Test</td>
			<td style="width:252px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:276px;">Reverse-Perspective Stimulus</td>
			<td style="width:252px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>built in-house</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:276px;">Proper-Perspective Stimulus</td>
			<td style="width:252px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>built in-house</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:276px;">Training Stimuli</td>
			<td style="width:252px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>built in-house</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:276px;">Polhemus Motion Capture System</td>
			<td style="width:252px;">Liberty, Colchester, VT, USA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:276px;">The Motion Monitor Motion-Tracking Software</td>
			<td style="width:252px;">Innovative Sports Training, Inc., Chicago, IL</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:276px;">Sport Sweatbands</td>
			<td style="width:252px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:276px;">De-Focusing Lens</td>
			<td style="width:252px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

methods to explore the influence of top-down visual processes on motor behavior

动觉的意识是非常重要的成功驾驭环境。当我们与我们的日常生活环境进行交互，运动的某些方面是故意策划，而其他人自发地发生下面自觉意识。这种二分法的故意成分已被广泛研究在不同上下文中，而自发的组成部分在很大程度上仍然勘探不足。此外，如何感知过程调节这些运动类，目前尚不得而知。特别是，目前争论的问题是通过一种视觉的错觉产生的空间知觉，还是不受错觉，并管辖，而不是由不虚伪知觉的视觉动作系统是否规范。双稳态知觉，如3D深度反转错觉（DIIS）为研究这种互动和平衡极好的背景下，以达到抓握动作结合使用时尤为如此。在这项研究中，一种方法被开发了使用DI​​I到CLARIFY的自上而下的过程对电动机行动中的作用，特别是在探索如何达到对上一个DII的目标受到影响在这两个故意和自发运动领域。

<html> 1，手路径轨迹结果显示为代表主题的VT。该威尔克的Lambda检验统计量允许我们的三维空间数据还原成一个标值所使用的决定因素。该威尔克的Lambda统计采用似然比检验<img alt="" fo:content-width=".8in" src="/files/ftp_upload/51422/51422eq1.jpg" width="90" /> ，在广场和产品的“内”总和形成矩阵E，和广场和产品的“总”总和形式矩阵（E + H）。该规则指出，当<img alt="" fo:content-width="1in" src="/fil...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Methods to Explore the Influence of Top-down Visual Processes on Motor Behavior at JoVE.com

Methods to Explore the Influence of Top-down Visual Processes on Motor Behavior

目前还不清楚从腹侧视觉流自顶向下的信号如何影响运动。我们开发了一种范式来测试3D深度反转错觉马达朝着一个目标的行为。显著差异报告在两个故意，目标导向运动和自动操作虚幻和不虚伪的观看条件下。

方法探索自上而下视觉过程对电机性能的影响

Kinesthetic awareness is important to successfully navigate the environment. When we interact with our daily surroundings, some aspects of movement are ...

methods-to-explore-influence-top-down-visual-processes-on-motor

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

24.2K 次观看.  Rutgers University. 目前还不清楚从腹侧视觉流自顶向下的信号如何影响运动。我们开发了一种范式来测试3D深度反转错觉马达朝着一个目标的行为。显著差异报告在两个故意，目标导向运动和自动操作虚幻和不虚伪的观看条件下。 

视频: Methods to Explore the Influence of Top-down Visual Processes on Motor Behavior

Using Eye Movements to Evaluate the Cognitive Processes Involved in Text Comprehension

The present article describes how to use eye tracking methodologies to study the cognitive processes involved in text comprehension. Measuring eye movements during reading is one of the most precise methods for measuring moment-by-moment (online) processing demands during text comprehension. Cognitive processing demands are reflected by several aspects of eye movement behavior, such as fixation duration, number of fixations, and number of regressions (returning to prior parts of a text). Important properties of eye tracking equipment that researchers need to consider are described, including how frequently the eye position is measured (sampling rate), accuracy of determining eye position, how much head movement is allowed, and ease of use. Also described are properties of stimuli that influence eye movements that need to be controlled in studies of text comprehension, such as the position, frequency, and length of target words. Procedural recommendations related to preparing the participant, setting up and calibrating the equipment, and running a study are given. Representative results are presented to illustrate how data can be evaluated. Although the methodology is described in terms of reading comprehension, much of the information presented can be applied to any study in which participants read verbal stimuli.

The present article describes how to use eye tracking methodologies to study the cognitive processes involved in text comprehension. Descriptions of eye tracking equipment, how to develop experimental stimuli, and procedural recommendations are included. The information presented can be applied to most any study using verbal stimuli.

使用眼动来评估文本理解中涉及的认知过程

The present article describes how to use eye  tracking methodologies to study the cognitive processes involved in text  comprehension. Measuring eye ...

科研

行为学

Methods to Test Visual Attention Online

Online data collection methods have particular appeal to behavioral scientists because they offer the promise of much larger and much more representative data samples than can typically be collected on college campuses. However, before such methods can be widely adopted, a number of technological challenges must be overcome &#8211; in particular in experiments where tight control over stimulus properties is necessary. Here we present methods for collecting performance data on two tests of visual attention. Both tests require control over the visual angle of the stimuli (which in turn requires knowledge of the viewing distance, monitor size, screen resolution, etc.) and the timing of the stimuli (as the tests involve either briefly flashed stimuli or stimuli that move at specific rates). Data collected on these tests from over 1,700 online participants were consistent with data collected in laboratory-based versions of the exact same tests. These results suggest that with proper care, timing/stimulus size dependent tasks can be deployed in web-based settings.

To replicate laboratory settings, online data collection methods for visual tasks require tight control over stimulus presentation. We outline methods for the use of a web application to collect performance data on two tests of visual attention.

方法在线测试视觉注意

Online data collection methods have particular appeal to behavioral scientists because they offer the promise of much larger and much more representative ...

Investigating Motor Skill Learning Processes with a Robotic Manipulandum

Skilled reaching tasks are commonly used in studies of motor skill learning and motor function under healthy and pathological conditions, but can be time-intensive and ambiguous to quantify beyond simple success rates. Here, we describe the training procedure for reach-and-pull tasks with ETH Pattus, a robotic platform for automated forelimb reaching training that records pulling and hand rotation movements in rats. Kinematic quantification of the performed pulling attempts reveals the presence of distinct temporal profiles of movement parameters such as pulling velocity, spatial variability of the pulling trajectory, deviation from midline, as well as pulling success. We show how minor adjustments in the training paradigm result in alterations in these parameters, revealing their relation to task difficulty, general motor function or skilled task execution. Combined with electrophysiological, pharmacological and optogenetic techniques, this paradigm can be used to explore the mechanisms underlying motor learning and memory formation, as well as loss and recovery of function (e.g. after stroke).

A paradigm is presented for training and analysis of an automated skilled reaching task in rats. Analysis of pulling attempts reveals distinct subprocesses of motor learning.

调查运动技能的学习过程与机器人Manipulandum

Skilled reaching tasks are commonly used in studies of motor skill learning and motor function under healthy and pathological conditions, but can be ...

Using a Split-belt Treadmill to Evaluate Generalization of Human Locomotor Adaptation

Understanding the mechanisms underlying locomotor learning helps researchers and clinicians optimize gait retraining as part of motor rehabilitation. However, studying human locomotor learning can be challenging. During infancy and childhood, the neuromuscular system is quite immature, and it is unlikely that locomotor learning during early stages of development is governed by the same mechanisms as in adulthood. By the time humans reach maturity, they are so proficient at walking that it is difficult to come up with a sufficiently novel task to study de novo locomotor learning. The split-belt treadmill, which has two belts that can drive each leg at a different speed, enables the study of both short- (i.e., immediate) and long-term (i.e., over minutes-days; a form of motor learning) gait modifications in response to a novel change in the walking environment. Individuals can easily be screened for previous exposure to the split-belt treadmill, thus ensuring that all experimental participants have no (or equivalent) prior experience. This paper describes a typical split-belt treadmill adaptation protocol that incorporates testing methods to quantify locomotor learning and generalization of this learning to other walking contexts. A discussion of important considerations for designing split-belt treadmill experiments follows, including factors like treadmill belt speeds, rest breaks, and distractors. Additionally, potential but understudied confounding variables (e.g., arm movements, prior experience) are considered in the discussion.

We describe a protocol for investigating human locomotor adaptation using the split-belt treadmill, which has two belts that can drive each leg at a different speed. We specifically focus on a paradigm designed to test the generalization of adapted locomotor patterns to different walking contexts (e.g., gait speeds, walking environments).

用分体式跑步机评价人类运动适应的泛化

Understanding the mechanisms underlying locomotor learning helps researchers and clinicians optimize gait retraining as part of motor rehabilitation. ...

The "Motor" in Implicit Motor Sequence Learning: A Foot-stepping Serial Reaction Time Task

This protocol describes a modified serial reaction time (SRT) task used to study implicit motor sequence learning. Unlike the classic SRT task that involves finger-pressing movements while sitting, the modified SRT task requires participants to step with both feet while maintaining a standing posture. This stepping task necessitates whole body actions that impose postural challenges. The foot-stepping task complements the classic SRT task in several ways. The foot-stepping SRT task is a better proxy for the daily activities that require ongoing postural control, and thus may help us better understand sequence learning in real-life situations. In addition, response time serves as an indicator of sequence learning in the classic SRT task, but it is unclear whether response time, reaction time (RT) representing mental process, or movement time (MT) reflecting the movement itself, is a key player in motor sequence learning. The foot-stepping SRT task allows researchers to disentangle response time into RT and MT, which may clarify how motor planning and movement execution are involved in sequence learning. Lastly, postural control and cognition are interactively related, but little is known about how postural control interacts with learning motor sequences. With a motion capture system, the movement of the whole body (e.g., the center of mass (COM)) can be recorded. Such measures allow us to reveal the dynamic processes underlying discrete responses measured by RT and MT, and may aid in elucidating the relationship between postural control and the explicit and implicit processes involved in sequence learning. Details of the experimental set-up, procedure, and data processing are described. The representative data are adopted from one of our previous studies. Results are related to response time, RT, and MT, as well as the relationship between the anticipatory postural response and the explicit processes involved in implicit motor sequence learning.

The &quot;Motor&quot; in Implicit Motor Sequence Learning: A Foot-stepping Serial Reaction Time Task

We introduce the foot-stepping serial reaction time (SRT) task. This modified SRT task, complementing the classic SRT task that involves only finger-pressing movement, better approximates daily sequenced activities and allows researchers to study the dynamic processes underlying discrete response measures and disentangle the explicit process operating in implicit sequence learning.

隐式电机序列学习中的 "马达": 步进串行反应时间任务

This protocol describes a modified serial reaction time (SRT) task used to study implicit motor sequence learning. Unlike the classic SRT task that ...

Using Eye Movements Recorded in the Visual World Paradigm to Explore the Online Processing of Spoken Language

In a typical eye tracking study using the visual world paradigm, participants' eye movements to objects or pictures in the visual workspace are recorded via an eye tracker as the participant produces or comprehends a spoken language describing the concurrent visual world. This paradigm has high versatility, as it can be used in a wide range of populations, including those who cannot read and/or who cannot overtly give their behavioral responses, such as preliterate children, elderly adults, and patients. More importantly, the paradigm is extremely sensitive to fine grained manipulations of the speech signal, and it can be used to study the online processing of most topics in language comprehension at multiple levels, such as the fine grained acoustic phonetic features, the properties of words, and the linguistic structures. The protocol described in this article illustrates how a typical visual world eye tracking study is conducted, with an example showing how the online processing of some semantically complex statements can be explored with the visual world paradigm.

The visual world paradigm monitors participants' eye movements in the visual workspace as they are listening to or speaking a spoken language. This paradigm can be used to investigate the online processing of a wide range of psycholinguistic questions, including semantically complex statements, such as disjunctive statements.

利用视觉世界范式中的眼球运动探索口语的在线处理

In a typical eye tracking study using the visual world paradigm, participants' eye movements to objects or pictures in the visual workspace are recorded ...

Assessing the Influence of Personality on Sensitivity to Magnetic Fields in Zebrafish

To orient themselves in their environment, animals integrate a wide array of external cues, which interact with several internal factors, such as personality. Here, we describe a behavioral protocol designed for the study of the influence of zebrafish personality on their orientation response to multiple external environmental cues, specifically water currents and magnetic fields. This protocol aims to understand whether proactive or reactive zebrafish display different rheotactic thresholds (i.e., the flow speed at which the fish start swimming upstream) when the surrounding magnetic field changes its direction. To identify zebrafish with the same personality, fish are introduced in the dark half of a tank connected with a narrow opening to a bright half. Only proactive fish explore the novel, bright environment. Reactive fish do not exit the dark half of the tank. A swimming tunnel with low flow rates is used to determine the rheotactic threshold. We describe two setups to control the magnetic field in the tunnel, in the range of the earth&#8217;s magnetic field intensity: one that controls the magnetic field along the flow direction (one dimension) and one that allows a three-axial control of the magnetic field. Fish are filmed while experiencing a stepwise increase of the flow speed in the tunnel under different magnetic fields. Data on the orientation behavior are collected through a video-tracking procedure and applied to a logistic model to allow the determination of the rheotactic threshold. We report representative results collected from shoaling zebrafish. Specifically, these demonstrate that only reactive, prudent fish show variations of the rheotactic threshold when the magnetic field varies in its direction, while proactive fish do not respond to magnetic field changes. This methodology can be applied to the study of magnetic sensitivity and rheotactic behavior of many aquatic species, both displaying solitary or shoaling swimming strategies.

We describe a behavioral protocol designed to assess how zebrafish&#8217;s personalities influence their response to water currents and weak magnetic fields. Fishes with the same personalities are separated based on their explorative behavior. Then, their rheotactic orientation behavior in a swimming tunnel with a low flow rate and under different magnetic conditions is observed.

特征对斑马鱼磁场敏感性的影响评价

To orient themselves in their environment, animals integrate a wide array of external cues, which interact with several internal factors, such as ...

Integrating Visual Psychophysical Assays within a Y-Maze to Isolate the Role that Visual Features Play in Navigational Decisions

Collective animal behavior arises from individual motivations and social interactions that are critical for individual fitness. Fish have long inspired investigations into collective motion, specifically, their ability to integrate environmental and social information across ecological contexts. This demonstration illustrates techniques used for quantifying behavioral responses of fish, in this case, Golden Shiner (Notemigonus crysoleucas), to visual stimuli using computer visualization and digital image analysis. Recent advancements in computer visualization allow for empirical testing in the lab where visual features can be controlled and finely manipulated to isolate the mechanisms of social interactions. The purpose of this method is to isolate visual features that can influence the directional decisions of the individual, whether solitary or with groups. This protocol provides specifics on the physical Y-maze domain, recording equipment, settings and calibrations of the projector and animation, experimental steps and data analyses. These techniques demonstrate that computer animation can elicit biologically-meaningful responses. Moreover, the techniques are easily adaptable to test alternative hypotheses, domains, and species for a broad range of experimental applications. The use of virtual stimuli allows for the reduction and replacement of the number of live animals required, and consequently reduces laboratory overhead.
This demonstration tests the hypothesis that small relative differences in the movement speeds (2 body lengths per second) of virtual conspecifics will improve the speed and accuracy with which shiners follow the directional cues provided by the virtual silhouettes. Results show that shiners directional decisions are significantly affected by increases in the speed of the visual cues, even in the presence of background noise (67% image coherency). In the absence of any motion cues, subjects chose their directions at random. The relationship between decision speed and cue speed was variable and increases in cue speed had a modestly disproportionate influence on directional accuracy.

Here, we present a protocol to demonstrate a behavioral assay that quantifies how alternative visual features, such as motion cues, influence directional decisions in fish. Representative data are presented on the speed and accuracy where Golden Shiner (Notemigonus crysoleucas) follow virtual fish movements.

在 Y-Maze 中集成视觉心理物理分析,以隔离视觉特征在导航决策中扮演的角色

Collective animal behavior arises from individual motivations and social interactions that are critical for individual fitness. Fish have long inspired ...

Using the Race Model Inequality to Quantify Behavioral Multisensory Integration Effects

Multisensory integration research investigates how the brain processes simultaneous sensory information. Research on animals (mainly cats and primates) and humans reveal that intact multisensory integration is crucial for functioning in the real world, including both cognitive and physical activities. Much of the research conducted over the past several decades documents multisensory integration effects using diverse psychophysical, electrophysiological, and neuroimaging techniques. While its presence has been reported, the methods used to determine the magnitude of multisensory integration effects varies and typically faces much criticism. In what follows, limitations of previous behavioral studies are outlined and a step-by-step tutorial for calculating the magnitude of multisensory integration effects using robust probability models is provided.

The current study aims to provide a step-by-step tutorial for calculating the magnitude of multisensory integration effects in an effort to facilitate the production of translational research studies across diverse clinical populations.

使用种族模型不平等来量化行为多感官整合效应

Multisensory integration research investigates how the brain processes simultaneous sensory information. Research on animals (mainly cats and primates) ...

Investigating the Effect of Visual Imagery and Learning Shape-Audio Regularities on Bouba and Kiki

This article presents a protocol for investigating the role of visual imagery in the bouba/kiki-effect, whether training in noticing the bouba/kiki shape-audio regularities affects the bouba/kiki-effect and the recognition of individual bouba and kiki shapes, and finally what mental images these regularities produce. To generate bouba/kiki shape-audio regularities, there were two types of shapes (filled; outlined) and two types of audio (word; non-word sound). Three groups of individuals participated in three experiments: Blind, blindfold, and vision. The experiments were conducted in fixed order across participants, with no break between them. In Experiment 1 (pre-test-post-test design with three repeated within-group measures) the participants were asked to pick out the shape they associated with the auditory bouba/kiki; in Experiment 2 (within-subject design), to name one shape and some audio (sometimes congruous; sometimes incongruous) as &#8216;bouba&#8217; or &#8216;kiki;&#8217; and in Experiment 3 (post-test only design), to draw the shape they associated with the auditory bouba/kiki. The results suggest that the blindfold-group draw upon visual imagery to solve new problems, but not long term; that training in noticing bouba/kiki shape-audio regularities affects the bouba/kiki-effect and the recognition of individual bouba and kiki shapes, but differently in each experimental group; and that all experimental groups create mental images of the most characteristic shape feature of bouba (curve) and kiki (angle). In fact, the effect of visual imagery is robust across tasks, but not long term; the effect of learning shape-audio regularities is robust long term, but not across tasks. The presented protocol is appropriate for investigating the effect of visual imagery and learning shape-audio regularities, when they occur and how robust they are; in specific individuals and groups of individuals. This protocol is unique in that it keeps under control both the visual imagery and the sensory information during training and testing.

The aim of the presented protocol is to investigate the role of visual imagery in the bouba/kiki-effect, whether training in noticing the bouba/kiki shape-audio regularities affects the bouba/kiki-effect and the recognition of individual bouba and kiki shapes, and finally what mental images these regularities produce.

视觉影像与学习形状-音频规律对布巴和基基的影响

This article presents a protocol for investigating the role of visual imagery in the bouba/kiki-effect, whether training in noticing the bouba/kiki ...