The authors have nothing to disclose.

该协议在美国威斯康星大学麦迪逊分校是经机构审查委员会。下列步骤已被写入作为导向程序员来复制所述的Web应用程序的自动化的过程。 1.登录参加<ol><li>指导参与者使用互联网的计算机，然后导航到使用HTML5兼容的浏览器的Web应用程序： <a href="http://brainandlearning.org/jove" target="_blank">http://brainandlearning.org/jove</a> 。有参与者坐在一个安静的房间免费杂念，随着计算机在一个舒适的高度。 注：由于整个实验的在线托管，任务也可以远程没有一个研究助理的存在下进行。对于参加者的所有说明都包括在Web应用程序。 </li><li>有参加者输入一个唯一的ID，将与所收集的数据相关联，并存储在一个MySQL数据库平台即有参与者重用此ID，如果网上的任务在同一会话内完成。在登录之前，通过页面上的链接的同意书，获得参与者的同意。 注：参与者的进度每个任务之后保存，以便允许对任务2在不同的时间完成，如果需要的。指导参与者始终使用相同的ID，以启动其中一个离开的。 </li></ol> 2.屏幕校准注：Web应用程序通过在校准页面列出的三个步骤引导参与者<a href="http://brainandlearning.org/jove/Calibration" target="_blank">http://brainandlearning.org/jove/Calibration</a> 。 <ol><li>请参与者输入屏幕的对角线尺寸为英寸，在标记的文本框。 <ol><li>然而，如果参加者不知道该信息，具有参与者找到的CD或信用卡作为校准物体（ <str翁&gt;图1）。当一个被选择时，提示参与者到对象放置靠在屏幕和与屏幕上显示的对象的代表图像对齐。 </li><li>提示参与者来调整屏幕图像的尺寸以匹配物理对象的大小。基于对物理CD（4.7直径“）或信用卡（宽3.2”），除了代表图像的像素大小的测量结果，确定为象素以英寸为屏幕的比率。 </li><li>检索显示器通过JavaScript的screen.width和screen.height属性的像素分辨率，以再计算的像素在屏幕的对角线尺寸。知道了这一点值与先前估计的像素到英寸比例（见步骤2.1.2），对角线尺寸转换为英寸。有参加者通过对话框确认此值。 </li></ol></li><li>提示参与者调整屏幕brigh适应度设置，直到在一个黑色到白色梯度所有16个频段的屏幕上显示清晰可辨。亮度设置不同的控制计算机。 </li><li>请参与者坐在一个手臂的长度远离显示器放在舒适的位置，然后设置浏览器窗口到全屏模式。浏览器窗口必须处于全屏模式，以最大程度地使用的任务的视觉空间，并除去任何视觉干扰，如浏览器工具栏和桌面任务栏。 </li><li>知道参与者的屏幕的分辨率和显示器的对角线尺寸，可以使用该web应用程序自动计算的象素/度换算值，基于一个50厘米观看距离。调整使用这个值中的任务的刺激的尺寸。报道如下基于这一切的视觉角度尺寸假设从显示器平均距离值。 </li><li>一旦校准完成，要求参加者完成两个任务describ下面编。选择的任务的顺序或随机分配通过web应用程序的顺序。 </li></ol> 3.多目标跟踪任务（MOT） - 图2 <ol><li>引进并通过自导教程MOT刺激，在看到熟悉的参与者： <a href="http://brainandlearning.org/jove/MOT/practice.php" target="_blank">http://brainandlearning.org/jove/MOT/practice.php</a> 。请参与者阅读一步一步的指导，演示如何审判将工作。一旦参与者完成阅读说明，提示参与者要经过实践考验。 <ol><li>设置的做法刺激到包括8点在0.8°，2°/秒的移动速度。使用HTML5 requestAnimationFrame API来，为了控制这种刺激运动优化浏览器的动画以60Hz的帧速率。 </li><li>确保的点的2°偏心和CIRC的圆的边界内移动乐不超过参与者的屏幕的高度大，没有遮蔽的说明。 </li><li>设定点，以在随机的轨迹，其中，在每个帧的点具有由0.2°的最大角度改变方向的60％的机会移动。如果一个点与另一个点或内部或外部的径向界限碰撞时，移动该点在相反的方向。 </li><li>提示参与者跟踪蓝点（变化每实践试验1和2之间的点），其中所述黄点充当干扰项。 </li><li> 2秒后，更改蓝点黄点，继续移动它们之间原有的黄色小点再持续4秒。在每次试验结束时，停止点和突出的。 </li><li>提示参与者通过按键响应高亮点是否被跟踪点或牵引点。接下来，促使参与者按下空格键，继续到下一个试验。 </li><li>经过连续3次正确的试验，或最多6个试验，莫已经参加到完整的任务。 </li></ol></li><li>启动全MOT任务的参与者。 ：任务的例子可以在这里找到<a href="http://brainandlearning.org/jove/MOT" target="_blank">http://brainandlearning.org/jove/MOT</a> 。 <ol><li>设置有16个点，在5℃/秒的移动2°偏心和10°之间的偏心空间内的完整的任务。如果参与者的屏幕不能容纳的10°的偏心圆，使用屏幕可含有代替的最大大小。 </li><li>有参与者完成共45项试验：5试验由1跟踪点和10次试验的每个由2的混合物 - 5跟踪点。匹配所有其它参数的做法试验（参见3.1.3步骤- 3.1.6）。 </li><li>记录参与者的反应和响应时间，一旦点被突出显示。 </li><li>对于每一个15项试验，提出一个休息的参与者。在这些休息时间，显示参与者7;性能（正确试验百分比）屏幕上的块内。 </li></ol></li></ol> 4.从一个任务移动到另一个（可选步骤） <ol><li>让参与者采取两个任务之间的休息时间。然而，重复步骤1和2，如果任务相同的登录会话期间没有完成。 </li></ol>中查看任务（UFOV）5有用的现场 - 图3 <ol><li>引进并通过自导教程UFOV刺激，在看到熟悉的参与者： <a href="http://brainandlearning.org/jove/UFOV/practice.php" target="_blank">http://brainandlearning.org/jove/UFOV/practice.php</a> 。要求参与者要经过4个阶段的一步一步的指示，展示必须在任务期间将出席这两个目标刺激。 <ol><li>设置在中央靶刺激为1°笑脸该闪烁在屏幕与任一长或短发的中心。随机的整个试验笑脸的头发长度。 </li><li>设置外围靶刺激为1°恒星闪烁在4°的偏心处的绕圆8的位置（0°，45°，90°，135°，180°，225°，270°和315°）1 。随机试验各地的明星的位置。 </li><li>控制刺激时间，通过用于显示时间的帧数。通过使用HTML5 requestAnimationFrame API以优化每帧约17毫秒的帧刷新。 </li><li>要检查是否预期的呈现时间达到了，使用JavaScript的的getTime（）方法来获得基于参与者的系统时钟的刺激时间的开始时间和结束时间。从这两个值计算所测量的显现时间，并使用该值进行数据分析。 </li><li>对于每一个实践试验，等待500毫秒显示刺激约200毫秒（约12帧）之前。 </li><li>按照预先的刺激sentation一个随机生成的灰度点阵为320毫秒（约19帧）组成的噪音屏蔽。 </li><li>对于第一阶段，只显示核心目标，然后提示参与者通过其头发长度显示按键回应。 </li><li>对于阶段2中，仅显示该外设目标，然后提示参与者点击1 8的径向线，代表8个可能的目标位置，以指示该星出现。 </li><li>对于第3阶段，显示中央和外围目标的刺激，然后提示参与者提供响应笑脸的的类型和恒星的位置。 注：学员可自由选择这两种反应的顺序。 </li><li>对于第4阶段中，显示除了外围干扰项既目标刺激，然后提示参与者两者目标刺激作出反应。为干扰项，显示1°广场呈现在剩余的7个城市，在4°偏心，我ñ除了8个平方，在2°偏心。 </li><li>参与者的响应后，显示参与者的反馈（绿色的对勾的正确答案或红十字会不正确的答案）每次试验后，各项指标反应。 </li><li>将参与到下一阶段的实践中获得3个连续正确试验后。第4阶段后，将参加到全任务。 </li></ol></li><li>提示参与者开始全面UFOV任务。 ：任务的例子可以在这里找到<a href="http://brainandlearning.org/jove/UFOV" target="_blank">http://brainandlearning.org/jove/UFOV</a> 。 <ol><li>目前同中央的刺激作为练习（见步骤5.1.1）。显示外设目标在7°的偏心在前面提到的8个位置之一（见步骤5.1.2）。 24牵引方块也被显示在3℃偏心，5°偏心，其余7°偏心位置。 </li><li>使用3向下，1-向上楼梯过程来确定所述刺激的呈现时间：后连续3次正确试验减少刺激的持续时间和每个误差试验之后增加。 </li><li>前前3逆转楼梯，使用2帧（大约每33毫秒）的步长。经过3逆转，使用1帧的步长。不同1帧和每个审判99帧之间的刺激出现前的延迟，并保持噪音屏蔽持续时间在320毫秒（约19帧）。 注：逆转是在该期间改变点或者从增大变为减小，或减少到增加。 </li><li>结束任务时遇到的三个条件之一：楼梯的过程达到8逆转;参与者完成连续10次试验，在任一天花板的持续时间（99帧）或地板上的持续时间（1帧）;或参与者达到最大值的72试验。 </li><li>记录下参与者的ř反应的影响和响应时间为在中央的刺激和周边刺激。 </li></ol></li></ol>

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	<li>Henrich, J., Heine, S. J., Norenzayan, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+weirdest+people+in+the+world.">The weirdest people in the world.</a> The Behavioral And Brain Sciences. 33, 61-135 (2010).</li><li>Buhrmester, M., Kwang, T., Gosling, S. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Amazon's+Mechanical+Turk:+A+new+source+of+inexpensive,+yet+high-quality,+data.">Amazon's Mechanical Turk: A new source of inexpensive, yet high-quality, data.</a> Perspectives on Psychological Science. 6 (1), 3-5 (2011).</li><li>Goodman, J. K., Cryder, C. 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This work was supported by the Swiss National Foundation (100014_140676), the National Science Foundation (1227168), and the National Eye Institute of the National Institutes of Health (P30EY001319).

在线数据采集的数超过标准实验室为基础的数据采集的优点。这些包括采样远远代表种群比典型的大学本科池在该领域中使用的潜力，并获得更大的样本大小在更短的时间比需要获得样本大小是一个数量级在实验室小的能力1-6（ 例如，从1,700+参与者当前纸张收集到的数据点是在不到一周获得）。 所描述的方法在网上都能够复制从之前进行的实验为基础的研究?...

在过去的五年里，一直关注于利用在线行为数据收集方法激增。虽然刊物的心理学领域绝大多数都采用潜在非代表受人口1（ 即，主要是大学本科生），往往相当小的样本量，以及（ 即通常在几十科目的范围），在线方式提供了更加多样化和更大的样品的承诺。举例来说，亚马逊的机械土耳其人的服务一直是最近的一些研究的主题，既描述了“工人”群体的特点和行为研究2-6使用这种人口。 然而，涉及到这样的方法之一显著关注的是相对缺乏对关键变量刺激控制。例如，在大多数的视觉心理物理学的任务，刺激在来描述可视角度。视觉角度的计算需要观看距离，屏幕大小，以及屏幕分辨率的精确测量。虽然这些参数是微不足道的测量和控制在实验室设置中（其中，有一个已知的显示器和参与者观看的刺激而在下巴休息置于从监视器的已知距离），同样是不在线数据收集如此。在网络环境下，不仅会参与者难免使用各种不同尺寸不同的软件设置的显示器，他们也可能不容易接触到的统治者/磁带措施，让他们来决定自己的显示器尺寸还是有必要的知识，以确定他们的软件和硬件设置（ 例如，刷新率，分辨率）。 在这里，我们描述了一套方法来收集关于视觉注意力两个著名的测试数据-的视图（UFOV）用现场范式7和多目标跟踪（MOT）的任务<sup&gt; 8 -同时避免尽可能变异中固有在线测量的来源。这些任务可以通过与互联网连接和HTML5兼容的浏览器的任何参与者运行。与会者谁不知道他们的屏幕尺寸是通过采用标准尺寸的常用项目的测量过程中走了（ 即，信用卡/ CD -参见图1）。 这两个任务的数据是从1700多名参与者在海量网络公开课收集。这个在线样本平均表现在完全相同的任务9,10严格控制的实验室为基础的措施，得到的结果高度一致。我们的结果是由此与文献证明的在线数据收集方法的效果的增长的身体相一致，即使是在需要超过观看条件的具体的控制任务。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="573">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Name of Reagent/ Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Computer/tablet</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">N/A</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">N/A</td>
			<td>It must have an internet connection and an HTML5 compatible browser</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">CD or credit card</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">N/A</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">N/A</td>
			<td>May not be needed if participant already knows the monitor size</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

methods to test visual attention online

在线数据收集方法有特殊的吸引力行为科学家，因为他们提供了更大的承诺，更具有代表性的数据样本比通常可以收集在大学校园里。然而，这样的方法可以广泛地采用之前，一些技术挑战必须克服 - 特别是在实验中严格控制的刺激特性是必要的。这里，我们提出的方法，用于收集关于视觉注意两个试验的性能数据。这两项测试要求控制在刺激的视觉角度（而这又需要观看距离，显示器的尺寸，屏幕分辨率等方面的知识）和刺激的时机（如测试涉及两种简单地闪过了移动的刺激或刺激在具体的利率）。从超过1700在线参与者收集了这些测试数据与收集在实验室为基础的版本完全相同的测试数据一致。这些结果建议适当的照顾，定时/刺激大小相关的任务可以部署在基于web的设置。

离群去除共有1,779参与者完成了UFOV任务。这些中，32参与者UFOV的阈值是从平均大于3个标准差，这表明它们无法作为指示执行的任务。这样，从这些参与者UFOV数据来自最后的分析除去，留下总共1747参与者。 数据来自1746参与者的MOT任务获得。两个参与者意味着精度分数即低于平均值超过3个标准差，从而从这些参与者中的数据被从最后的MOT分析除去，留下总?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Methods to Test Visual Attention Online at JoVE.com

Methods to Test Visual Attention Online

To replicate laboratory settings, online data collection methods for visual tasks require tight control over stimulus presentation. We outline methods for the use of a web application to collect performance data on two tests of visual attention.

方法在线测试视觉注意

Online data collection methods have particular appeal to behavioral scientists because they offer the promise of much larger and much more representative ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

11.7K 次观看.  University of Rochester. To replicate laboratory settings, online data collection methods for visual tasks require tight control over stimulus presentation. We outline methods for the use of a web application to collect performance data on two tests of visual attention.

视频: Methods to Test Visual Attention Online

Methods to Explore the Influence of Top-down Visual Processes on Motor Behavior

Kinesthetic awareness is important to successfully navigate the environment. When we interact with our daily surroundings, some aspects of movement are deliberately planned, while others spontaneously occur below conscious awareness. The deliberate component of this dichotomy has been studied extensively in several contexts, while the spontaneous component remains largely under-explored. Moreover, how perceptual processes modulate these movement classes is still unclear. In particular, a currently debated issue is whether the visuomotor system is governed by the spatial percept produced by a visual illusion or whether it is not affected by the illusion and is governed instead by the veridical percept. Bistable percepts such as 3D depth inversion illusions (DIIs) provide an excellent context to study such interactions and balance, particularly when used in combination with reach-to-grasp movements. In this study, a methodology is developed that uses a DII to clarify the role of top-down processes on motor action, particularly exploring how reaches toward a target on a DII are affected in both deliberate and spontaneous movement domains.

It is unclear how top-down signals from the ventral visual stream affect movement. We developed a paradigm to test motor behavior towards a target on a 3D depth inversion illusion. Significant differences are reported in both deliberate, goal-directed movements and automatic actions under illusory and veridical viewing conditions.

方法探索自上而下视觉过程对电机性能的影响

Kinesthetic awareness is important to successfully navigate the environment. When we interact with our daily surroundings, some aspects of movement are ...

科研

行为学

A Dual Task Procedure Combined with Rapid Serial Visual Presentation to Test Attentional Blink for Nontargets

When viewers search for targets in a rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) stream, if two targets are presented within about 500 msec of each other, the first target may be easy to spot but the second is likely to be missed. This phenomenon of attentional blink (AB) has been widely studied to probe the temporal capacity of attention for detecting visual targets. However, with the typical procedure of AB experiments, it is not possible to examine how the processing of non-target items in RSVP may be affected by attention. This paper describes a novel dual task procedure combined with RSVP to test effects of AB for nontargets at varied stimulus onset asynchronies (SOAs). In an exemplar experiment, a target category was first displayed, followed by a sequence of 8 nouns. If one of the nouns belonged to the target category, participants would respond &#8216;yes&#8217; at the end of the sequence, otherwise participants would respond &#8216;no&#8217;. Two 2-alternative forced choice memory tasks followed the response to determine if participants remembered the words immediately before or after the target, as well as a random word from another part of the sequence. In a second exemplar experiment, the same design was used, except that 1) the memory task was counterbalanced into two groups with SOAs of either 120 or 240 msec and 2) three memory tasks followed the sequence and tested remembrance for nontarget nouns in the sequence that could be anywhere from 3 items prior the target noun position to 3 items following the target noun position. Representative results from a previously published study demonstrate that our procedure can be used to examine divergent effects of attention that not only enhance targets but also suppress nontargets. Here we show results from a representative participant that replicated the previous finding.&#160;

This paper describes a novel dual task procedure combined with Rapid Serial Visual Presentation to look at attentional blink at varied stimulus onset asynchronies. This experimental procedure differed from others in that it tested attentional blink for nontargets.

的双任务过程结合快速系列视觉呈现到测试的注意闪烁Nontargets

When viewers search for targets in a rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) stream, if two targets are presented within about 500 msec of each other, the ...

Measurement of Neurophysiological Signals of Ignoring and Attending Processes in Attention Control

Attention control is the ability to selectively attend to some sensory signals while ignoring others. This ability is thought to involve two processes: enhancement of sensory signals that are to be attended and the attenuation of sensory signals that are to be ignored. The overall strength of attentional modulation is often measured by comparing the amplitude of a sensory neural response to an external input when attended versus when ignored. This method is robust for detecting attentional modulation, but precludes the ability to assess the separate dynamics of attending and ignoring processes. Here, we describe methodology to measure independently the neurophysiological signals of attending and ignoring using the intermodal attention task (IMAT). This task, when combined with electroencephalography, isolates neurophysiological sensory responses in auditory and visual modalities, when either attending or ignoring, with respect to a passive control. As a result, independent dynamics of attending and of a ignoring can be assessed in either modality. Our results using this task indicate that the timing and cortical sources of attending and ignoring effects differ, as do their contributions to the attention modulation effect, pointing to unique neural trajectories and demonstrating sample utility of measuring them separately.

Attention control comprises enhancement of target signals and attenuation of distractor signals. We describe an approach to measure separately but concurrently, the neurophysiology of attending and ignoring in sustained intermodal attention, utilizing a passive control condition during which neither process is continuously engaged.

忽略并出席在注意控制过程的神经生理信号的测量

Attention control is the ability to selectively attend to some sensory signals while ignoring others. This ability is thought to involve two processes: ...

Visualizing Visual Adaptation

Many techniques have been developed to visualize how an image would appear to an individual with a different visual sensitivity: e.g., because of optical or age differences, or a color deficiency or disease. This protocol describes a technique for incorporating sensory adaptation into the simulations. The protocol is illustrated with the example of color vision, but is generally applicable to any form of visual adaptation. The protocol uses a simple model of human color vision based on standard and plausible assumptions about the retinal and cortical mechanisms encoding color and how these adjust their sensitivity to both the average color and range of color in the prevailing stimulus. The gains of the mechanisms are adapted so that their mean response under one context is equated for a different context. The simulations help reveal the theoretical limits of adaptation and generate &#34;adapted images&#34; that are optimally matched to a specific environment or observer. They also provide a common metric for exploring the effects of adaptation within different observers or different environments. Characterizing visual perception and performance with these images provides a novel tool for studying the functions and consequences of long-term adaptation in vision or other sensory systems.

This article describes a novel method for simulating and studying adaptation in the visual system.

可视化视觉适应

Many techniques have been developed to visualize how an image would appear to an individual with a different visual sensitivity: e.g., because of optical ...

Measuring Attention and Visual Processing Speed by Model-based Analysis of Temporal-order Judgments

This protocol describes how to conduct temporal-order experiments to measure visual processing speed and the attentional resource distribution. The proposed method is based on a new and synergistic combination of three components: the temporal-order judgments (TOJ) paradigm, Bundesen&#39;s Theory of Visual Attention (TVA), and a hierarchical Bayesian estimation framework. The method provides readily interpretable parameters, which are supported by the theoretical and neurophysiological underpinnings of TVA. Using TOJs, TVA-based estimates can be obtained for a broad range of stimuli, whereas traditional paradigms used with TVA are mainly limited to letters and digits. Finally, the meaningful parameters of the proposed model allow for the establishment of a hierarchical Bayesian model. Such a statistical model allows assessing results in one coherent analysis both on the subject and the group level.
To demonstrate the feasibility and versatility of this new approach, three experiments are reported with attention manipulations in synthetic pop-out displays, natural images, and a cued letter-report paradigm.

Temporal-order judgments can be used to estimate processing speed parameters and attentional weights and thereby to infer the mechanisms of attentional processing. This methodology can be applied to a wide range of visual stimuli and works with many attention manipulations.

通过颞阶判决的基于模型的分析测量注意力和视觉处理速度

This protocol describes how to conduct temporal-order experiments to measure visual processing speed and the attentional resource distribution. The ...

Central and Divided Visual Field Presentation of Emotional Images to Measure Hemispheric Differences in Motivated Attention

Two dominant theories on lateralized processing of emotional information exist in the literature. One theory posits that unpleasant emotions are processed by right frontal regions, while pleasant emotions are processed by left frontal regions. The other theory posits that the right hemisphere is more specialized for the processing of emotional information overall, particularly in posterior regions.
Assessing the different roles of the cerebral hemispheres in processing emotional information can be difficult without the use of neuroimaging methodologies, which are not accessible or affordable to all scientists. Divided visual field presentation of stimuli can allow for the investigation of lateralized processing of information without the use of neuroimaging technology. 
This study compared central versus divided visual field presentations of emotional images to assess differences in motivated attention between the two hemispheres. The late positive potential (LPP) was recorded using electroencephalography (EEG) and event-related potentials (ERPs) methodologies to assess motivated attention. Future work will pair this paradigm with a more active behavioral task to explore the behavioral impacts on the attentional differences found.

This study compared central versus divided visual field presentations of emotional images to assess differences in motivated attention between the two hemispheres. The late positive potential (LPP) was recorded using electroencephalography (EEG) and event-related potentials (ERPs) methodologies to assess motivated attention.

中央和分割的视觉场表现的情绪图像, 以测量半球的差异, 激发注意

Two dominant theories on lateralized processing of emotional information exist in the literature. One theory posits that unpleasant emotions are processed ...

Using Eye Movements Recorded in the Visual World Paradigm to Explore the Online Processing of Spoken Language

In a typical eye tracking study using the visual world paradigm, participants' eye movements to objects or pictures in the visual workspace are recorded via an eye tracker as the participant produces or comprehends a spoken language describing the concurrent visual world. This paradigm has high versatility, as it can be used in a wide range of populations, including those who cannot read and/or who cannot overtly give their behavioral responses, such as preliterate children, elderly adults, and patients. More importantly, the paradigm is extremely sensitive to fine grained manipulations of the speech signal, and it can be used to study the online processing of most topics in language comprehension at multiple levels, such as the fine grained acoustic phonetic features, the properties of words, and the linguistic structures. The protocol described in this article illustrates how a typical visual world eye tracking study is conducted, with an example showing how the online processing of some semantically complex statements can be explored with the visual world paradigm.

The visual world paradigm monitors participants' eye movements in the visual workspace as they are listening to or speaking a spoken language. This paradigm can be used to investigate the online processing of a wide range of psycholinguistic questions, including semantically complex statements, such as disjunctive statements.

利用视觉世界范式中的眼球运动探索口语的在线处理

In a typical eye tracking study using the visual world paradigm, participants' eye movements to objects or pictures in the visual workspace are recorded ...

Gaze in Action: Head-mounted Eye Tracking of Children's Dynamic Visual Attention During Naturalistic Behavior

Young children's visual environments are dynamic, changing moment-by-moment as children physically and visually explore spaces and objects and interact with people around them. Head-mounted eye tracking offers a unique opportunity to capture children's dynamic egocentric views and how they allocate visual attention within those views. This protocol provides guiding principles and practical recommendations for researchers using head-mounted eye trackers in both laboratory and more naturalistic settings. Head-mounted eye tracking complements other experimental methods by enhancing opportunities for data collection in more ecologically valid contexts through increased portability and freedom of head and body movements compared to screen-based eye tracking. This protocol can also be integrated with other technologies, such as motion tracking and heart-rate monitoring, to provide a high-density multimodal dataset for examining natural behavior, learning, and development than previously possible. This paper illustrates the types of data generated from head-mounted eye tracking in a study designed to investigate visual attention in one natural context for toddlers: free-flowing toy play with a parent. Successful use of this protocol will allow researchers to collect data that can be used to answer questions not only about visual attention, but also about a broad range of other perceptual, cognitive, and social skills and their development.

Gaze in Action: Head-mounted Eye Tracking of Children&#039;s Dynamic Visual Attention During Naturalistic Behavior

Young children do not passively observe the world, but rather actively explore and engage with their environment. This protocol provides guiding principles and practical recommendations for using head-mounted eye trackers to record infants' and toddlers' dynamic visual environments and visual attention in the context of natural behavior.

行动中的目光: 在自然主义行为中对儿童动态视觉注意力的头戴式眼动

Young children's visual environments are dynamic, changing moment-by-moment as children physically and visually explore spaces and objects and interact ...

Enactive Phenomenological Approach to the Trier Social Stress Test: A Mixed Methods Point of View

The single Trier Social Stress Test (TSST) and the TSST for groups (TSST-G) are the most used protocols to experimentally induce psychosocial stress. These tests are based on uncontrollability and social-evaluative threat, inducing psychological and physiological consequences (e.g., anxiety, emotional states, salivary cortisol increases). Many quantitative experimental studies have investigated these stress inducers and these consequences. But, as far as we know, this study is the first to provide a qualitative analysis to access the participants' voices so as to understand the dynamics of their experience throughout the TSST and the TSST-G. This paper outlines a mixed methods approach to the TSST. This approach can help to maximize the information that can be gained from the TSST, which researchers often use without looking more closely at what is qualitatively happening psychologically for participants during the stressor itself. In this way, this protocol is an example of mixed methods, showing the added value of using the enactive phenomenological approach to analyze experimental protocols more deeply. This kind of mixed methods is helpful to access the experience, to understand the actor's point of view, and to analyze in-depth the dynamics of cognitive processes like intentions, perceptions, enacted knowledge, and emotion. The discussion section shows the different uses of a mixed methods protocol, exploiting the enactive phenomenological approach to analyze a protocol or to give a cross vision of the same research subject. This section deals with different existing applications, pointing out some critical steps in this mixed methods approach.

Here, we present an original mixed method combining a quantitative and a qualitative approach to examine accurately participants&#39; experiences during the Trier Social Stress Test and the Trier Social Stress Test for groups.

研究者社会压力测试的现象学研究: 一种混合方法的观点

The single Trier Social Stress Test (TSST) and the TSST for groups (TSST-G) are the most used protocols to experimentally induce psychosocial stress. ...

Spotlighting Customers' Visual Attention at the Stock, Shelf and Store Levels with the 3S Model

Several models of the in-store search process exist in the fields of retailing, marketing, and consumer-based research. The present article presents a new conceptualization of this search process, which captures customers&#8217; visual attention at three distinct levels of analysis: Stock, Shelf, and Store. We refer to this conceptualization as the 3S Model and illustrate its usefulness through three eye-tracking studies, one from each level of analysis. Our experimental examples, which range from manipulating certain stimuli on a single product (e.g., the placement of textual and pictorial packaging elements) to manipulating the entire shopping trip for customers during their stay in a store (e.g., through more or less specific shopping tasks), highlight the broad applicability of this alternative approach for understanding customers&#8217; in-store search behavior. Thus, our model can be seen as a helpful tool for researchers interested in how to conduct experimental eye-tracking studies that shed light on the perceptual processes preceding product choices and purchase decisions. The 3S Model is equally suitable in controlled lab conditions and under ecologically valid settings in the real retail environment. Furthermore, it can be used from the micro level, with a focus on the meaningful metrics on a particular product, through the intermediate level, with the emphasis on the area surrounding products in shelves and other in-store spaces, all the way to the macro level, examining customers&#8217; navigational paths throughout a store as a function of their shopping tasks, cognitive capacity, or ability to acquire in-store information.

This article presents a new conceptualization of the in-store search process, the 3S Model, which captures customers&#8217; visual attention at three distinct levels of analysis: Stock, Shelf, and Store. We illustrate the usefulness of our conceptualization through three eye-tracking studies, one from each level of analysis in the 3S Model.

利用3S 模型, 在库存、货架和商店级别突出客户的视觉关注

Several models of the in-store search process exist in the fields of retailing, marketing, and consumer-based research. The present article presents a new ...