我们要感谢美国国立卫生研究院共同基金-蛋白捕获试剂项目获得资金的重组抗体网络的抗体筛选和鉴定管道和加拿大创新基金会拨款购买机器人选择平台的发展。

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作者什么都没有透露。

体外抗体选择导通时，选择成功的两个主要因素是:1）的良好折叠的抗原靶的隔离，用于选择后和2）的高功能的多样性抗体库的可用性。在许多情况下，足量的良好的折叠，全长蛋白质的可用性可以是限制性的。一种方法来克服这种限制是使用识别从生物信息学分析22并合成用于插入域到细菌表达载体与合适的亲和标签。 有各种各样的用于生物技术的应用，以...

与后基因组时代的到来，高品质的结合试剂的可用性来表征和调节蛋白是必不可少的，打开新的研究和治疗的途径。抗体继续成为学术界和工业界研究的基础研究和诊断工具和潜在的治疗至关重要。这并不奇怪，出现了合同抗体开发公司，其中大部分依靠常规的杂交瘤技术产生的抗体定制一个令人印象深刻的增长。然而， 在体外利用噬菌体展示抗体库的选择正在成为能够提供独特的优势和成功的地方传统技术可能面临限制1，2强大的替代技术。 鉴于高品质的抗体作为研究工具，产生两个主要的挑战相当大的需求的可再生抗体是1）选用吞吐量和2）抗原AVailability。一些团体现在已经在体外筛选管道旨在提高吞吐量和抗体识别率描述。这些描述详细介绍了各种可行的方法后，无论是全长，包括针对选择3,4，或结构相关领域5,6,7，无论是使用基于微珠6,8或板为基础的3,4-抗原固定的计划。此外，越来越多地采用的基因合成技术9取得了系统的抗原的产生，特别是分离的结构域，合理的成本效益，并且可以潜在地减轻在取得足够量的纯化的，全长抗原的难度。通过使用两种技术中串联，一个独立的，可伸缩的抗原的产生和抗体的选择管道被设计，这将使抗体大集表达的抗原结构域的并行分离和促进试剂对茶的发展racterizing结构或功能上相关的蛋白质的整个类。 为了实现这一目标，夫妇表达抗原域，基因合成，抗原和可扩展的噬菌体展示抗体选择高通量细菌表达的硅片鉴定已经开发了一个集成的管道。这条管道需要提供给大多数生命科学实验室（包括抗体库，这是越来越多可以通过许可或材料转让协定），只有基本的基础设施，而且还易于自动化的工业规模使用。使用该协议，有可能产生数百亲和标记的抗原结构域，并例行隔离高度特异性抗体片段的许多这些抗原。 噬菌体展示技术已经显示与多种重组亲和试剂的格式，包括的Fab，单链抗体，和自主的Fv结构域和一个的证明兼容性小"替代框架"（设计的锚蛋白重复蛋白（DARPINS），纤维连接蛋白（FN），脂质运载蛋白域多10）不断增长的阵列。讨论被限制于这个例子的Fab抗体片段的分离，尽管可以推测这些方法可以适用于其他类型的库。采用这种技术，具有低纳摩尔亲和力小的Fab，标记的蛋白质结构域，包括转录因子结构域，SH2结构域，RNA结合蛋白和其他人已成功选择，其中许多结合全长蛋白质和有功能的免疫测定，如免疫荧光，免疫和免疫组化。通过细菌生产提供增加的一致性，再现性和成本效益重​​要的是，重组结合克隆是完全可再生的，并从表达可以重新生成构建，从而证明了严格克隆验证为代价。 在这个普罗特ocol和附带视频，基本方法使用固定的抗原结构域噬菌体展示文库的抗体的选择被证明。这个特定的方法使用通过被动吸附在微孔板固定GST标记的蛋白质结构域，尽管其他标签11,12,13和选择格式13,14,2也已成功地使用。关键的考虑因素选择与平行监测选择参数旨在确定和隔离尤其丰富克隆抗体确认的设置和行为有详细。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="470">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="22">
			<td colspan="4" height="22" style="height:22px;width:471px;">MATERIALS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td colspan="2" height="43" style="height:43px;width:249px;">Name</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">Catalog Number</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td colspan="2" height="40" style="height:40px;width:249px;">New Brunswick Innova44 stackable incubator shaker</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Eppendorf</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">M1282-0004</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td colspan="2" height="40" style="height:40px;width:249px;">Liquidator 96 channel manual benchtop pipetting system</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Anachem Ltd</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">LIQ-96-200</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td colspan="2" height="22" style="height:22px;width:249px;">Microplate shaker</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">12620-926</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td colspan="2" height="40" style="height:40px;width:249px;">ThermoScientific Sorvall ST-40 benchtop centrifuge</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Thermo Product</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">75004525</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td colspan="2" height="40" style="height:40px;width:249px;">ELx405 Select Deep Well Microplate Washer</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Biotek</td>
			<td>ELX405USD</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td colspan="2" height="41" style="height:41px;width:249px;">Custom High Throughput Automated Phage Selection Robot</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">S&#38;P Robotics</td>
			<td style="width:87px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td colspan="2" height="21" style="height:21px;width:249px;">Plastic conical Falcon tube: 50 mL</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">21008-178</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td colspan="2" height="21" style="height:21px;width:249px;">Plastic conical Falcon tube: 15 mL</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">89039-668</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td colspan="2" height="21" style="height:21px;width:249px;">Axygen 1.7 mL microcentrifuge tubes</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Corning</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">MCT-175-L-C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td colspan="2" height="21" style="height:21px;width:249px;">96-well/384-well Maxisorp plate</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">M9410-1CS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td colspan="2" height="21" style="height:21px;width:249px;">Corning 96-well V-bottom deep-well block</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Corning</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">3960</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td colspan="2" height="21" style="height:21px;width:249px;">Axygen Mini-tube 96-well sterile microplate blue box</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Corning</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">AXY-MTS-06-C-R-S</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td colspan="2" height="21" style="height:21px;width:249px;">Breathable adhesive plate sealing film</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">60941-084</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td colspan="4" height="22" style="height:22px;width:471px;">REAGENTS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td colspan="2" height="43" style="height:43px;width:249px;">Name</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">Catalog Number</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td colspan="2" height="22" style="height:22px;width:249px;">polyethylene glycol</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Bioshop</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">PEG800.1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="18">
			<td colspan="2" height="18" style="height:18px;">yeast extract</td>
			<td>Bioshop</td>
			<td>YEX401.1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td colspan="2" height="22" style="height:22px;width:249px;">bio-tryptone</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Bioshop</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">TRP402.1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td colspan="2" height="22" style="height:22px;width:249px;">N-Z amine</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">C7290</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td colspan="2" height="22" style="height:22px;width:249px;">glucose</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">G8270-1KG</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td colspan="2" height="22" style="height:22px;width:249px;">lactose</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Bioshop</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">LAC234</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td colspan="2" height="22" style="height:22px;width:249px;">glycerol</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Bioshop</td>
			<td>GLY001.500</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td colspan="2" height="22" style="height:22px;width:249px;">carbenicillin&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Bioshop</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">CAR544.10</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td colspan="2" height="22" style="height:22px;width:249px;">kanamycin</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Bioshop</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">KAN201.25</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td colspan="2" height="22" style="height:22px;width:249px;">tetracycline&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Bioshop</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">TET701.25</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td colspan="2" height="43" style="height:43px;width:249px;">Tween 20</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Bioshop</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">TWN510.500</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td colspan="2" height="21" style="height:21px;width:249px;">monobasic potassium phophate</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Bioshop</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">PPM302.1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td colspan="2" height="21" style="height:21px;width:249px;">dibasic sodium phosphate</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Anachemia</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">84486-440</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td colspan="2" height="21" style="height:21px;width:249px;">sodium chloride</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Bioshop</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">SOD001.10</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td colspan="2" height="21" style="height:21px;width:249px;">potassium chloride</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Bioshop</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">POC308.1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td colspan="2" height="20" style="height:20px;width:249px;">calcium chloride</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Bioshop</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">CCL302.500</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td colspan="2" height="21" style="height:21px;width:249px;">magnesium sulphate</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">EMD</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">MX0070-1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td colspan="2" height="21" style="height:21px;width:249px;">magnesium chloride</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Bioshop</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">MAG510.500</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td colspan="2" height="21" style="height:21px;width:249px;">NH4Cl</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Amresco</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">0621-1KG</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td colspan="2" height="21" style="height:21px;width:249px;">Na2SO4</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Bioshop</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">SOS513.500</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td colspan="2" height="21" style="height:21px;width:249px;">agar</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Bioshop</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">AGR001.500</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td colspan="2" height="21" style="height:21px;width:249px;">SybrSafe DNA gel stain</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">S33102</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td colspan="2" height="21" style="height:21px;width:249px;">phosphoric acid</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Acros Organics</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">201140010</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td colspan="2" height="21" style="height:21px;width:249px;">lysozyme</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Bioshop</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">LYS702.25</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td colspan="2" height="21" style="height:21px;width:249px;">benzonase</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Novagen</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">71205</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:139px;">Triton X-100</td>
			<td style="width:111px;"></td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Bioshop</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">TRX506.500</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td colspan="2" height="21" style="height:21px;width:249px;">protease inhibitor cocktail tablets</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Roche</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">11 836 170 001</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td colspan="2" height="22" style="height:22px;width:249px;">Ni-NTA resin&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Qiagen</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">1018240</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td colspan="2" height="42" style="height:43px;width:249px;">1000x helper phage (M13K07) stock (1013 phage per mL)</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">NEB</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">N0315S</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td colspan="2" height="39" rowspan="2" style="height:40px;width:249px;">HRP conjugated M13-specific antibody (anti-M13-HRP).</td>
			<td rowspan="2" style="width:135px;">GE Healthcare</td>
			<td rowspan="2" style="width:87px;">27-9241-01</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="18">
		</tr>
		<tr height="44">
			<td colspan="2" height="44" style="height:44px;width:249px;">TMB substrate: mix equal volumes of TMB and H2O2 peroxidase substrate&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">KPL</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">50-76-00</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td colspan="2" height="22" style="height:22px;width:249px;">dNTPs</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Biobasic</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">DD0056</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td colspan="2" height="22" style="height:22px;width:249px;">Taq polymerase</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Genscript</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">E00007</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td colspan="2" height="22" style="height:22px;width:249px;">Exonuclease</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">GE Healthcare&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">EZ0073X-EZ</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td colspan="2" height="22" style="height:22px;width:249px;">Shrimp alkaline phosphatase</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">GE Healthcare</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">E70092Z-EZ</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

scalable high throughput selection from  phage-displayed synthetic antibody libraries

为满足这两个基础和临床研究应用中的需要的抗体的需求很高，将在未来的显着增加。然而，显而易见的是传统的单克隆技术并不单单达此任务。这导致了替代方法的发展，以满足对高品质的和可再生的亲和性试剂与蛋白质的所有可访问的元素的需求。为此，高通量的方法用于进行从噬菌体展示的合成抗体文库的选择已经设计出用于涉及多种抗原的应用和快速的吞吐量和成功进行了优化。在这里，协议进行了详细的视频演示说明对数百使用手动96道液体处理器或自动机器人系统目标并行选择的Fab噬菌体克隆的高度多样性库描述。使用此协议，一个用户可以产生数百抗原，选择抗体，它们在并行和验证抗体6-8周内约束力。高亮是:i）一个可行的抗原格式，ⅱ）预选抗原的表征，ⅲ）影响的特异性和高亲和性的克隆的选择关键步骤，以及iv）监测选择有效性和早期抗体克隆的表征方法。使用这种方法，我们已获得的合成抗体片段（Fab的），以许多目标类包括单通膜受体，分泌蛋白激素，和多域的胞内蛋白。这些片段被容易地转化为全长抗体并且已经验证，以表现出高的亲和性和特异性。此外，它们已被证明是功能性的各种标准的免疫测定，包括Western印迹，ELISA，细胞免疫荧光，免疫沉淀和相关测定法。这种方法将加速抗体的发现，并最终使我们更接近实现目标Ø˚F产生可再生能源，高品质的抗体的蛋白质组。

本文所描述的协议已被用于分离抗体片段的各种从并联组合噬菌体展示的Fab文库既structurally-和功能上相关的抗原结构域。相关抗原可用性问题可以回避，在许多情况下，通过在表达抗原结构域适合于抗体选择23的硅片鉴定。通过偶联抗原表达抗体的选择在相同的实验室（ 图1）它来构造一个集成的管线，在其中抗原参数来选择关键，可以更容易地控制变得可行。在大多数情况?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Scalable High Throughput Selection From  Phage-displayed Synthetic Antibody Libraries at JoVE.com

Scalable High Throughput Selection From  Phage-displayed Synthetic Antibody Libraries

一种方法是描述视觉伴奏用于同时进行可扩展，高吞吐量选择从噬菌体展示的组合合成的抗体文库针对数百抗原。使用这种平行的方式，我们已经分离，表现出对于不同的抗原有功能在标准免疫高亲和力和特异性的抗体片段。

可扩展的高通量选择从噬菌体展示合成抗体库

The demand for antibodies that fulfill the needs of both basic and clinical research applications is high and will dramatically increase in the future. ...

scalable-high-throughput-selection-from-phage-displayed-synthetic

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

18.4K 次观看.  The Recombinant Antibody Network. 一种方法是描述视觉伴奏用于同时进行可扩展，高吞吐量选择从噬菌体展示的组合合成的抗体文库针对数百抗原。使用这种平行的方式，我们已经分离，表现出对于不同的抗原有功能在标准免疫高亲和力和特异性的抗体片段。 

视频: Scalable High Throughput Selection From  Phage-displayed Synthetic Antibody Libraries

Separation of Single-stranded DNA, Double-stranded DNA and RNA from an Environmental Viral Community Using Hydroxyapatite Chromatography

Viruses, particularly bacteriophages (phages), are the most numerous biological entities on Earth1,2. Viruses modulate host cell abundance and diversity, contribute to the cycling of nutrients, alter host cell phenotype, and influence the evolution of both host cell and viral communities through the lateral transfer of genes 3. Numerous studies have highlighted the staggering genetic diversity of viruses and their functional potential in a variety of natural environments. 
Metagenomic techniques have been used to study the taxonomic diversity and functional potential of complex viral assemblages whose members contain single-stranded DNA (ssDNA), double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) and RNA genotypes 4-9. Current library construction protocols used to study environmental DNA-containing or RNA-containing viruses require an initial nuclease treatment in order to remove nontargeted templates 10. However, a comprehensive understanding of the collective gene complement of the virus community and virus diversity requires knowledge of all members regardless of genome composition. Fractionation of purified nucleic acid subtypes provides an effective mechanism by which to study viral assemblages without sacrificing a subset of the community&#x2019;s genetic signature. 
Hydroxyapatite, a crystalline form of calcium phosphate, has been employed in the separation of nucleic acids, as well as proteins and microbes, since the 1960s11. By exploiting the charge interaction between the positively-charged Ca2+ ions of the hydroxyapatite and the negatively charged phosphate backbone of the nucleic acid subtypes, it is possible to preferentially elute each nucleic acid subtype independent of the others. We recently employed this strategy to independently fractionate the genomes of ssDNA, dsDNA and RNA-containing viruses in preparation of DNA sequencing 12. Here, we present a method for the fractionation and recovery of ssDNA, dsDNA and RNA viral nucleic acids from mixed viral assemblages using hydroxyapatite chromotography.

We describe an efficient method to separate single-stranded DNA, double-stranded DNA and RNA molecules from environmental viral communities. Nucleic acids are fractionated using hydroxyapatite chromatography with increasing concentrations of phosphate-containing buffers. This method permits the isolation of all viral nucleic acid types from environmental samples.

分离单链DNA，双链DNA和RNA病毒使用羟基磷灰石色谱从环境社区

Viruses, particularly bacteriophages (phages), are the most numerous biological entities on Earth1,2.  Viruses modulate host cell abundance and diversity, ...

科研

免疫与感染

High-throughput Detection Method for Influenza Virus

Influenza virus is a respiratory pathogen that causes a high degree of morbidity and mortality every year in multiple parts of the world. Therefore, precise diagnosis of the infecting strain and rapid high-throughput screening of vast numbers of clinical samples is paramount to control the spread of pandemic infections. Current clinical diagnoses of influenza infections are based on serologic testing, polymerase chain reaction, direct specimen immunofluorescence and cell culture 1,2.
Here, we report the development of a novel diagnostic technique used to detect live influenza viruses. We used the mouse-adapted human A/PR/8/34 (PR8, H1N1) virus 3 to test the efficacy of this technique using MDCK cells 4. MDCK cells (104 or 5 x 103 per well) were cultured in 96- or 384-well plates, infected with PR8 and viral proteins were detected using anti-M2 followed by an IR dye-conjugated secondary antibody. M2 5 and hemagglutinin 1 are two major marker proteins used in many different diagnostic assays. Employing IR-dye-conjugated secondary antibodies minimized the autofluorescence associated with other fluorescent dyes. The use of anti-M2 antibody allowed us to use the antigen-specific fluorescence intensity as a direct metric of viral quantity. To enumerate the fluorescence intensity, we used the LI-COR Odyssey-based IR scanner. This system uses two channel laser-based IR detections to identify fluorophores and differentiate them from background noise. The first channel excites at 680 nm and emits at 700 nm to help quantify the background. The second channel detects fluorophores that excite at 780 nm and emit at 800 nm. Scanning of PR8-infected MDCK cells in the IR scanner indicated a viral titer-dependent bright fluorescence. A positive correlation of fluorescence intensity to virus titer starting from 102-105 PFU could be consistently observed. Minimal but detectable positivity consistently seen with 102-103 PFU PR8 viral titers demonstrated the high sensitivity of the near-IR dyes. The signal-to-noise ratio was determined by comparing the mock-infected or isotype antibody-treated MDCK cells.
Using the fluorescence intensities from 96- or 384-well plate formats, we constructed standard titration curves. In these calculations, the first variable is the viral titer while the second variable is the fluorescence intensity. Therefore, we used the exponential distribution to generate a curve-fit to determine the polynomial relationship between the viral titers and fluorescence intensities. Collectively, we conclude that IR dye-based protein detection system can help diagnose infecting viral strains and precisely enumerate the titer of the infecting pathogens.

This method describes the use of Infrared dye based imaging system for detection of H1N1 in bronchioalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid of infected mice at a high sensitivity. This methodology can be performed in a 96- or 384-well plate, requires &lt;10 &mu;l volume of test material and has the potential for concurrent screening of multiple pathogens.

流感病毒的高通量检测方法

Influenza virus is a respiratory pathogen that causes a high degree of morbidity and mortality every year in multiple parts of the world. Therefore, ...

Quantitative High-throughput Single-cell Cytotoxicity Assay For T Cells

Cancer immunotherapy can harness the specificity of immune response to target and eliminate tumors. Adoptive cell therapy (ACT) based on the adoptive transfer of T cells genetically modified to express a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) has shown considerable promise in clinical trials1-4. There are several advantages to using CAR+ T cells for the treatment of cancers including the ability to target non-MHC restricted antigens and to functionalize the T cells for optimal survival, homing and persistence within the host; and finally to induce apoptosis of CAR+ T cells in the event of host toxicity5.
Delineating the optimal functions of CAR+ T cells associated with clinical benefit is essential for designing the next generation of clinical trials. Recent advances in live animal imaging like multiphoton microscopy have revolutionized the study of immune cell function in vivo6,7. While these studies have advanced our understanding of T-cell functions in vivo, T-cell based ACT in clinical trials requires the need to link molecular and functional features of T-cell preparations pre-infusion with clinical efficacy post-infusion, by utilizing in vitro assays monitoring T-cell functions like, cytotoxicity and cytokine secretion. Standard flow-cytometry based assays have been developed that determine the overall functioning of populations of T cells at the single-cell level but these are not suitable for monitoring conjugate formation and lifetimes or the ability of the same cell to kill multiple targets8.
Microfabricated arrays designed in biocompatible polymers like polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) are a particularly attractive method to spatially confine effectors and targets in small volumes9. In combination with automated time-lapse fluorescence microscopy, thousands of effector-target interactions can be monitored simultaneously by imaging individual wells of a nanowell array. We present here a high-throughput methodology for monitoring T-cell mediated cytotoxicity at the single-cell level that can be broadly applied to studying the cytolytic functionality of T cells.

We describe a single-cell high-throughput assay to measure cytotoxicity of T cells when incubated with tumor target cells. This method employs a dense, elastomeric array of sub-nanoliter wells (~100,000 wells/array) to spatially confine the T cells and target cells at defined ratios and is coupled to fluorescence microscopy to monitor effector-target conjugation and subsequent apoptosis.

定量高通量单细胞的细胞毒性T细胞的测定

Cancer immunotherapy can harness the specificity of  immune response to target and eliminate tumors. Adoptive cell therapy (ACT)  based on the adoptive ...

ScanLag: High-throughput Quantification of Colony Growth and Lag Time

Growth dynamics are fundamental characteristics of microorganisms. Quantifying growth precisely is an important goal in microbiology. Growth dynamics are affected both by the doubling time of the microorganism and by any delay in growth upon transfer from one condition to another, the lag. The ScanLag method enables the characterization of these two independent properties at the level of colonies originating each from a single cell, generating a two-dimensional distribution of the lag time and of the growth time. In ScanLag, measurement of the time it takes for colonies on conventional nutrient agar plates to be detected is automated on an array of commercial scanners controlled by an in house application. Petri dishes are placed on the scanners, and the application acquires images periodically. Automated analysis of colony growth is then done by an application that returns the appearance time and growth rate of each colony. Other parameters, such as the shape, texture and color of the colony, can be extracted for multidimensional mapping of sub-populations of cells. Finally, the method enables the retrieval of rare variants with specific growth phenotypes for further characterization. The technique could be applied in bacteriology for the identification of long lag that can cause persistence to antibiotics, as well as a general low cost technique for phenotypic screens.

ScanLag is a high-throughput method for measuring the delay in growth, namely lag time, as well as the growth rate of colonies for thousands of cells in parallel. Screening using ScanLag enables the discrimination between long lag-time and slow growth at the level of a single variant.

ScanLag:高通量的菌落生长定量和滞后时间问题

Growth dynamics are fundamental characteristics of microorganisms. Quantifying growth precisely is an important goal in microbiology. Growth dynamics are ...

High Yield Purification of Plasmodium falciparum Merozoites For Use in Opsonizing Antibody Assays

Plasmodium falciparum merozoite antigens are under development as potential malaria vaccines. One aspect of immunity against malaria is the removal of free merozoites from the blood by phagocytic cells. However assessing the functional efficacy of merozoite specific opsonizing antibodies is challenging due to the short half-life of merozoites and the variability of primary phagocytic cells. Described in detail herein is a method for generating viable merozoites using the E64 protease inhibitor, and an assay of merozoite opsonin-dependent phagocytosis using the pro-monocytic cell line THP-1. E64 prevents schizont rupture while allowing the development of merozoites which are released by filtration of treated schizonts. &#160;Ethidium bromide labelled merozoites are opsonized with human plasma samples and added to THP-1 cells. Phagocytosis is assessed by a standardized high throughput protocol. Viable merozoites are a valuable resource for assessing numerous aspects of P. falciparum biology, including assessment of immune function. Antibody levels measured by this assay are associated with clinical immunity to malaria in naturally exposed individuals. The assay may also be of use for assessing vaccine induced antibodies. &#160;

High Yield Purification of Plasmodium falciparum Merozoites For Use in Opsonizing Antibody Assays

Measuring antibody function is key to understanding immunity to Plasmodium falciparum malaria. This method describes the purification of viable merozoites, and measurement of opsonization-dependent phagocytosis by flow cytometry.

高产净化<em&gt;恶性疟原虫</em&gt;裂殖子适用于Opsonizing抗体检测

Plasmodium falciparum merozoite antigens are under development as potential malaria vaccines. One aspect of immunity against malaria is the removal of ...

High-throughput Gene Tagging in Trypanosoma brucei

Improvements in mass spectrometry, sequencing and bioinformatics have generated large datasets of potentially interesting genes. Tagging these proteins can give insights into their function by determining their localization within the cell and enabling interaction partner identification. We recently published a fast and scalable method to generate Trypanosoma brucei cell lines that express a tagged protein from the endogenous locus. The method was based on a plasmid we generated that, when coupled with long primer PCR, can be used to modify a gene to encode a protein tagged at either terminus. This allows the tagging of dozens of trypanosome proteins in parallel, facilitating the large-scale validation of candidate genes of interest. This system can be used to tag proteins for localization (using a fluorescent protein, epitope tag or electron microscopy tag) or biochemistry (using tags for purification, such as the TAP (tandem affinity purification) tag). Here, we describe a protocol to perform the long primer PCR and the electroporation in 96-well plates, with the recovery and selection of transgenic trypanosomes occurring in 24-well plates. With this workflow, hundreds of proteins can be tagged in parallel; this is an order of magnitude improvement to our previous protocol and genome scale tagging is now possible.

High-throughput Gene Tagging in Trypanosoma brucei

Addition of a tag to a protein is a powerful way of gaining insight into its function. Here, we describe a protocol to endogenously tag hundreds of Trypanosoma brucei proteins in parallel such that genome scale tagging is achievable.

高通量基因定位在<em&gt;布氏锥虫</em

Improvements in mass spectrometry, sequencing and bioinformatics have generated large datasets of potentially interesting genes. Tagging these proteins ...

Construction of Synthetic Phage Displayed Fab Library with Tailored Diversity

Demand for monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) in basic research and medicine is increasing yearly. Hybridoma technology has been the dominant method for mAb development since its first report in 1975. As an alternative technology, phage display methods for mAb development are increasingly attractive since Humira, the first phage-derived antibody and one of the best-selling mAbs, was approved for clinical treatment of rheumatoid arthritis in 2002. As a non-animal based mAb development technology, phage display bypasses antigen immunogenicity, humanization, and animal maintenance that are required from traditional hybridoma technology based antibody development. In this protocol, we describe a method for construction of synthetic phage-displayed Fab libraries with diversities of 109-1010 obtainable with a single electroporation. This protocol consists of: 1) high-efficiency electro-competent cell preparation; 2) extraction of uracil-containing single-stranded DNA (dU-ssDNA); 3) Kunkel&#39;s method based oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis; 4) electroporation and calculation of library size; 5) protein A/L-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for folding and functional diversity evaluation; and 6) DNA sequence analysis of diversity.

This protocol describes a detailed procedure for the construction of a phage-displayed synthetic antibody library with tailored diversity. Synthetic antibodies have broad applications from basic research to disease diagnostics and therapeutics.

具有量身定做多样性的合成噬菌体展示库的构建

Demand for monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) in basic research and medicine is increasing yearly. Hybridoma technology has been the dominant method for mAb ...

A High-throughput, High-content, Liquid-based C. elegans Pathosystem

The number of new drugs identified by traditional, in vitro screens has waned, reducing the success of this approach in the search for new weapons to combat multiple drug resistance. This has led to the conclusion that researchers do not only need to find new drugs, but also need to develop new ways of finding them. Amongst the most promising candidate methods are whole-organism, in vivo assays that use high-throughput, phenotypic readouts and hosts that range from Caenorhabditis elegans to Danio rerio. These hosts have several powerful advantages, including dramatic reductions in false positive hits, as compounds that are toxic to the host and/or biounavailable are typically dropped in the initial screen, prior to costly follow up.
Here we show how our assay has been used to interrogate host variation in the well-documented C. elegans&#8212;Pseudomonas aeruginosa liquid killing pathosystem. We also demonstrate several extensions of this well-worked out technique. For example, we are able to carry out high-throughput genetic screens using RNAi in 24- or 96-well plate formats to query host factors in this host-pathogen interaction. Using this assay, whole genome screens can be completed in only a few months, which can dramatically simplify the task of identifying drug targets, potentially without the need for laborious biochemical purification approaches.
We also report here a variation of our method that substitutes the gram-positive bacterium Enterococcus faecalis for the gram-negative pathogen P. aeruginosa. Much as is the case for P. aeruginosa, killing by E. faecalis is time-dependent. Unlike previous C. elegans&#8212;E. faecalis assays, our assay for E. faecalis does not require preinfection, improving its safety profile and reducing the chances of contaminating liquid-handling equipment. The assay is highly robust, showing ~95% death rates 96 h post infection.

A High-throughput, High-content, Liquid-based C. elegans Pathosystem

Here we describe a protocol that is an adaptable, whole host, high-content screening tool that can be utilized to study host-pathogen interactions and be used for drug discovery.

一种高通量、高含量、液态的 Pathosystem线虫

The number of new drugs identified by traditional, in vitro screens has waned, reducing the success of this approach in the search for new weapons to ...

A High-throughput Shigella-specific Bactericidal Assay

Serum bactericidal assays (SBAs) measure the functional activity of antibodies and have been used for many decades. SBAs directly measure antibody killing activity by assessing the ability of antibodies in serum to bind to bacteria and activate complement. This complement activation results in the lysis and killing of the target bacteria. These assays are valuable because they go beyond quantifying antibody production to elucidate the biological functions that these antibodies have, allowing researchers to study the role that antibodies may play in preventing infection. SBAs have been used to study immune responses for many human pathogens, but there is no widely accepted methodology for Shigella at present. Historically, SBAs have been very labor-intensive, requiring many time-consuming steps to accurately quantify surviving bacteria. This protocol describes a simple, robust, and high-throughput assay that measures functional antibodies specific for Shigella in serum in vitro. The method described here offers many advantages over traditional SBAs, including the use of frozen bacterial stocks, 96 well assay plates, a micro-culture system, and automated colony-counting. All of these modifications make this assay less labor-intensive and more high-throughput. This protocol is simpler and faster to perform than traditional SBAs while still using simple technologies and readily available reagents. The protocol has been successfully applied in multiple independent laboratories and the assay is robust and reproducible. The assay can be used to assess immune responses in pre-clinical as well as clinical studies. Quantifying shigellacidal antibody titers both before and after antigen exposure (either by immunization or infection) allows for a broader understanding of how functional antibody responses are generated and their contribution to protective immunity. The development of this standardized, well-characterized assay may greatly facilitate Shigella vaccine design.

A High-throughput Shigella-specific Bactericidal Assay

Here we present a protocol to measure Shigellacidal activity of antibodies in serum. Serum is mixed with bacteria and exogenous complement, incubated, and the reaction mixture is plated on agar plates. Viable bacteria form colonies which are counted, using an automated colony enumerator, and used to determine the bactericidal titer.

一种高通量志贺氏菌特异性杀菌试验

Serum bactericidal assays (SBAs) measure the functional activity of antibodies and have been used for many decades. SBAs directly measure antibody killing ...

Targeted Antibody Blocking by a Dual-Functional Conjugate of Antigenic Peptide and Fc-III Mimetics (DCAF)

Elimination of harmful antibodies from organisms is a valuable approach for the intervention of antibody-associated diseases, such as Dengue hemorrhagic fever and autoimmune diseases. Since thousands of antibodies with different epitopes are circulating in blood, no universal method, except for the dual-functional conjugate of antigenic peptide and Fc-III mimetics (DCAF), was reported to target specific harmful antibodies. The development of DCAF molecules makes significant contribution to the progress of targeted therapy, which were demonstrated to eliminate the antibody dependent enhancement (ADE) effect in a Dengue virus (DENV) infection model and to boost the acetylcholine receptor activity in a myasthenia gravis model. Here, we describe a protocol for the synthesis of a DCAF molecule (DCAF1), which can selectively block 4G2 antibody to attenuate ADE effect during Dengue virus infection, and illustrate the binding of DCAF1 to 4G2 antibody by an ELISA assay. In our method, DCAF1 is synthesized by the conjugation of a hydrazine derivative of a Fc-III peptide and a recombinant expressed long &#945;-helix with antigenic sequence through native chemical ligation (NCL). This protocol has been successfully applied to DCAF1 as well as other DCAF molecules for targeting their cognate antibodies.

Targeted Antibody Blocking by a Dual-Functional Conjugate of Antigenic Peptide and Fc-III Mimetics DCAF

Development of a dual-functional conjugate of antigenic peptide and Fc-III mimetics (DCAF) is novel for the elimination of harmful antibodies. Here, we describe a detailed protocol for the synthesis of DCAF1 molecule, which can selectively block 4G2 antibody to eliminate antibody dependent enhancement effect during Dengue virus infection.

通过抗原肽和Fc-III三氧化二甲物的双功能结合阻断靶向抗体

Elimination of harmful antibodies from organisms is a valuable approach for the intervention of antibody-associated diseases, such as Dengue hemorrhagic ...