우리는 NIH 일반 기금을 감사드립니다 - 단백질 캡처 시약 프로그램 재조합 항체 네트워크 항체 선택 및 특성화 파이프 라인 및 로봇 선택 플랫폼의 자금 조달 구매 혁신에 대한 캐나다 재단의 개발 자금을 지원합니다.

<ol>
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B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Preparation+of+protein+samples+for+NMR+structure,+function,+and+small-molecule+screening+studies.">Preparation of protein samples for NMR structure, function, and small-molecule screening studies.</a> Methods in Enzymology. 483, 23-47 (2011).</li><li>Mahon, C. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comprehensive+interrogation+of+a+minimalist+synthetic+CDR-H3+library+and+its+ability+to+generate+antibodies+with+therapeutic+potential.">Comprehensive interrogation of a minimalist synthetic CDR-H3 library and its ability to generate antibodies with therapeutic potential.</a> J. Mol. 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저자가 공개하는 게 없다.

시험 관내 항체 선택에서 수행 할 때, 선택 성공의 두 가지 주요 결정 요인에 따라 선택하는 선택) 잘 접혀진 표적 항원의 분리 (1)이며, 2) 높은 다이버 시티 기능성 항체 라이브러리의 이용. 많은 경우에, 잘 접혀, 전체 길이 단백질의 충분한 양의 가용성은 제한 될 수있다. 이러한 제한을 극복하는 한 가지 방법은 적당한 친 화성 태그 박테리아 발현 벡터에 삽입 생물 정보 학적 분석 <...

포스트 게놈 시대의 시작과 함께, 특징 및 단백질을 조절하는 고품질의 결합 시약의 가용성은 새로운 연구 및 치료 길을 열 필수적이다. 항체는 기초 연구 및 진단 도구 및 잠재적 치료제로 모두 학문과 산업 연구원에 중요한 계속. 당연히, 사용자 정의 항체를 생성하기 위해 기존의 하이 브리 도마 기술에 의존하는 대부분의 계약 항체 개발 기업의 인상적인 성장이 있었다. 그럼에도 불구하고, 파지 디스플레이 항체 라이브러리를 사용하여 체외 선택은 기존의 기술 한계 1, 2에 직면 수있는 고유의 장점과 성공을 제공 할 수있는 강력한 대안 기술이되고있다. 연구 도구, 생성하는 두 가지 주요 과제로 높은 품질의 항체에 대한 상당한 수요에 비추어 신 재생 항체는 1) 선택 처리량과 2) 항원 유명하다ailability. 그룹 번호는 현재 처리량 및 항체 인식의 속도를 향상 목적 체외 선택 파이프 라인에서 설명 하였다. 이러한 설명 세부 전체 길이 중 하나에 선택 등이 가능한 다양한 접근 방식을 사용, 2, 3, 4 대상으로, 또는 구조적 도메인 5,6,7 관련 중 하나 비드 기반 6,8 또는 3,4 항원 고정화 방식을 기반 접시입니다. 또한, 유전자 합성 기술 (9)의 성장 채택 합리적 비용 효과적인 잠재적 정제, 전장 항원의 충분한 양을 얻는 데 어려움을 완화 할 수 특히 고립 도메인으로 체계적인 항원 생성을 만들었다. 나란히 두 기술을 사용함으로써, 자 급식 및 확장 항원 생성 및 항체 선택 파이프 라인 표현 항원 도메인 큰 세트 항체 평행 절연을 가능하게하고 차 시약의 개발을 촉진 것이라고 고안했다구조적으로 또는 기능적으로 관련 단백질의 전체 클래스를 racterizing. 이 목표, 표현할 수있는 항원 도메인, 유전자 합성, 항원과 확장 성을 파지 디스플레이 항체 선택의 높은 처리량 세균 표현의 실리 식별의 부부가 개발 한 통합 파이프 라인을 향해. 이 파이프 라인은 (라이센스 또는 물질 전달 계약을 통해 점점 사용할 수있는 항체 라이브러리 포함) 대부분의 생명 과학 실험실에서 사용할 기본적인 인프라가 필요합니다,뿐만 아니라 산업적인 규모에서 사용하기 위해를 자동화에서 쉽게 다룰 수있다. 이 프로토콜을 이용하면, 친 화성 태그 항원 수백 도메인을 생성 할 수 있고, 통상적으로 이들 중 많은 항원에 매우 특이 적 항체 단편을 분리. 파지 디스플레이 기술 된 Fab, scFv를, 자율 된 Fv 도메인과 재조합 포함한 친 화성 시약 다양한 포맷과의 호환성을 입증했다 도시작은 &#39;대안 프레임 워크&#39;(설계 ankyrin 반복 단백질 (DARPINS), 피브로넥틴 (FN), 리포 칼린 도메인과 10 개)의 성장 배열입니다. 그것은 이러한 방법은 다른 유형의 라이브러리에 적용 할 수있는 것으로 추정되지만 토론은 항체의 Fab 단편의 단리 본 예에서는 제한된다. 이 기술을 사용하면, 작은 낮은 나노 몰 친화 팹, 전장 단백질 결합과 같은 면역과 같은 면역 기능적 이는 많은 RNA 결합 단백질 등이 성공적으로 선정 된 전사 인자 도메인, SH2 도메인을 포함한 단백질 도메인 듣기 , 면역 및 면역 조직 화학. 중요한 것은, 재조합 바인딩 클론이 완전히 재생하고 표현에서 다시 생성 될 수있다, 따라서 엄격한 복제 검증의 비용을 정당화, 박테리아 생산 제공 일관성 향상, 재현성 및 비용 효율성을 통해 구성한다. 이 제자에ocol 및 첨부 동영상은, 고정 된 항원 도메인을 사용 파지 디스플레이 라이브러리의 항체 선택을위한 기본적인 방법은 입증된다. 다른 태그 11,12,13 및 선택 포맷이 성공적으로 사용되어왔다 13,14,2 있지만이 특정 방법은 마이크로 웰 플레이트에서 수동 흡착에 의해 고정 된 GST-태그 단백질 도메인을 사용합니다. 식별 및 검증을 위해 특별히 풍부한 클론 항체를 분리하기위한 선택 매개 변수의 병렬 모니터링 선택의 설정 및 행동에 중요한 고려 사항이 자세히 설명되어 있습니다.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="470">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="22">
			<td colspan="4" height="22" style="height:22px;width:471px;">MATERIALS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td colspan="2" height="43" style="height:43px;width:249px;">Name</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">Catalog Number</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td colspan="2" height="40" style="height:40px;width:249px;">New Brunswick Innova44 stackable incubator shaker</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Eppendorf</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">M1282-0004</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td colspan="2" height="40" style="height:40px;width:249px;">Liquidator 96 channel manual benchtop pipetting system</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Anachem Ltd</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">LIQ-96-200</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td colspan="2" height="22" style="height:22px;width:249px;">Microplate shaker</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">12620-926</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td colspan="2" height="40" style="height:40px;width:249px;">ThermoScientific Sorvall ST-40 benchtop centrifuge</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Thermo Product</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">75004525</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td colspan="2" height="40" style="height:40px;width:249px;">ELx405 Select Deep Well Microplate Washer</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Biotek</td>
			<td>ELX405USD</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td colspan="2" height="41" style="height:41px;width:249px;">Custom High Throughput Automated Phage Selection Robot</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">S&#38;P Robotics</td>
			<td style="width:87px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td colspan="2" height="21" style="height:21px;width:249px;">Plastic conical Falcon tube: 50 mL</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">21008-178</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td colspan="2" height="21" style="height:21px;width:249px;">Plastic conical Falcon tube: 15 mL</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">89039-668</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td colspan="2" height="21" style="height:21px;width:249px;">Axygen 1.7 mL microcentrifuge tubes</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Corning</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">MCT-175-L-C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td colspan="2" height="21" style="height:21px;width:249px;">96-well/384-well Maxisorp plate</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">M9410-1CS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td colspan="2" height="21" style="height:21px;width:249px;">Corning 96-well V-bottom deep-well block</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Corning</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">3960</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td colspan="2" height="21" style="height:21px;width:249px;">Axygen Mini-tube 96-well sterile microplate blue box</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Corning</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">AXY-MTS-06-C-R-S</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td colspan="2" height="21" style="height:21px;width:249px;">Breathable adhesive plate sealing film</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">60941-084</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td colspan="4" height="22" style="height:22px;width:471px;">REAGENTS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td colspan="2" height="43" style="height:43px;width:249px;">Name</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">Catalog Number</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td colspan="2" height="22" style="height:22px;width:249px;">polyethylene glycol</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Bioshop</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">PEG800.1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="18">
			<td colspan="2" height="18" style="height:18px;">yeast extract</td>
			<td>Bioshop</td>
			<td>YEX401.1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td colspan="2" height="22" style="height:22px;width:249px;">bio-tryptone</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Bioshop</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">TRP402.1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td colspan="2" height="22" style="height:22px;width:249px;">N-Z amine</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">C7290</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td colspan="2" height="22" style="height:22px;width:249px;">glucose</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">G8270-1KG</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td colspan="2" height="22" style="height:22px;width:249px;">lactose</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Bioshop</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">LAC234</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td colspan="2" height="22" style="height:22px;width:249px;">glycerol</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Bioshop</td>
			<td>GLY001.500</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td colspan="2" height="22" style="height:22px;width:249px;">carbenicillin&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Bioshop</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">CAR544.10</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td colspan="2" height="22" style="height:22px;width:249px;">kanamycin</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Bioshop</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">KAN201.25</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td colspan="2" height="22" style="height:22px;width:249px;">tetracycline&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Bioshop</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">TET701.25</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td colspan="2" height="43" style="height:43px;width:249px;">Tween 20</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Bioshop</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">TWN510.500</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td colspan="2" height="21" style="height:21px;width:249px;">monobasic potassium phophate</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Bioshop</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">PPM302.1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td colspan="2" height="21" style="height:21px;width:249px;">dibasic sodium phosphate</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Anachemia</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">84486-440</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td colspan="2" height="21" style="height:21px;width:249px;">sodium chloride</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Bioshop</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">SOD001.10</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td colspan="2" height="21" style="height:21px;width:249px;">potassium chloride</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Bioshop</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">POC308.1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td colspan="2" height="20" style="height:20px;width:249px;">calcium chloride</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Bioshop</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">CCL302.500</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td colspan="2" height="21" style="height:21px;width:249px;">magnesium sulphate</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">EMD</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">MX0070-1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td colspan="2" height="21" style="height:21px;width:249px;">magnesium chloride</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Bioshop</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">MAG510.500</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td colspan="2" height="21" style="height:21px;width:249px;">NH4Cl</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Amresco</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">0621-1KG</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td colspan="2" height="21" style="height:21px;width:249px;">Na2SO4</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Bioshop</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">SOS513.500</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td colspan="2" height="21" style="height:21px;width:249px;">agar</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Bioshop</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">AGR001.500</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td colspan="2" height="21" style="height:21px;width:249px;">SybrSafe DNA gel stain</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">S33102</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td colspan="2" height="21" style="height:21px;width:249px;">phosphoric acid</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Acros Organics</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">201140010</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td colspan="2" height="21" style="height:21px;width:249px;">lysozyme</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Bioshop</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">LYS702.25</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td colspan="2" height="21" style="height:21px;width:249px;">benzonase</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Novagen</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">71205</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:139px;">Triton X-100</td>
			<td style="width:111px;"></td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Bioshop</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">TRX506.500</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td colspan="2" height="21" style="height:21px;width:249px;">protease inhibitor cocktail tablets</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Roche</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">11 836 170 001</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td colspan="2" height="22" style="height:22px;width:249px;">Ni-NTA resin&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Qiagen</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">1018240</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td colspan="2" height="42" style="height:43px;width:249px;">1000x helper phage (M13K07) stock (1013 phage per mL)</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">NEB</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">N0315S</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td colspan="2" height="39" rowspan="2" style="height:40px;width:249px;">HRP conjugated M13-specific antibody (anti-M13-HRP).</td>
			<td rowspan="2" style="width:135px;">GE Healthcare</td>
			<td rowspan="2" style="width:87px;">27-9241-01</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="18">
		</tr>
		<tr height="44">
			<td colspan="2" height="44" style="height:44px;width:249px;">TMB substrate: mix equal volumes of TMB and H2O2 peroxidase substrate&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">KPL</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">50-76-00</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td colspan="2" height="22" style="height:22px;width:249px;">dNTPs</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Biobasic</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">DD0056</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td colspan="2" height="22" style="height:22px;width:249px;">Taq polymerase</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Genscript</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">E00007</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td colspan="2" height="22" style="height:22px;width:249px;">Exonuclease</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">GE Healthcare&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">EZ0073X-EZ</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td colspan="2" height="22" style="height:22px;width:249px;">Shrimp alkaline phosphatase</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">GE Healthcare</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">E70092Z-EZ</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

scalable high throughput selection from  phage-displayed synthetic antibody libraries

모두 기초 연구 및 임상 응용의 요구를 충족하는 항체에 대한 수요가 높고, 향후 대폭 증가 할 것이다. 그러나, 기존의 단일 클론 기술이 작업까지 혼자가 아니라는 것을 알 수있다. 이것은 프로테옴의 모든 요소들에 접근 고품질 재생 친 화성 시약에 대한 수요를 충족시키기 위해 대안적인 방법의 개발을 유도 하였다. 이를 위해, 파지 표시 합성 항체 라이브러리에서 선택을 수행하기위한 높은 처리량 방법은 다양한 항원을 포함하는 애플리케이션을 위해 고안되었으며, 빠른 처리 속도 및 성공에 최적화. 여기서, 프로토콜은 비디오 시연 수동 96 채널 액체 핸들러 또는 로봇 자동화 된 시스템을 사용하여 타겟의 수백에 대해 높은 다이버 시티의 Fab 라이브러리로부터 파지 클론의 선택을 도시 평행 상세하게 설명한다. 이 프로토콜을 이용하여, 사용자는 하나의 항원을 생성 할 수있는 수백,병렬로 항체를 선택 6-8 주 이내에 항체 결합을 확인합니다. 강조는 다음과 같습니다 ⅰ) 가능한 항원 형식, ⅱ) 사전 선택 항원의 특성, ⅲ) 중요한 특정 및 선호도가 높은 클론의 선택에 영향을 미치는 단계, 및 ⅳ) 모니터링 선택 효과와 초기 항체 클론 특성화 방법. 이 방식으로, 우리는 단일 막 통과 수용체, 단백질 분비 호르몬, 멀티 도메인, 세포 내 단백질을 포함하는 많은 타겟 클래스 합성 항체 단편 (Fab를)를 얻었다. 이 조각은 쉽게 전체 길이 항체로 변환하고 높은 친화력과 특이성을 나타내는 것으로 확인되었다. 또한, 그들은 웨스턴 블로 팅, ELISA, 세포 면역, 면역 및 관련 분석을 포함하여 표준 면역의 다양한 기능으로 입증되었다. 이 방법은 항체 발견을 촉진하고 궁극적으로 목표 O를 실현 가까이 우리를 가져올 것이다F 프로테옴에 재생 고품질 항체를 생성하는 단계를 포함한다.

본원에 기재된 프로토콜은 병렬 조합 된 Fab 파지 표시 라이브러리로부터 structurally- 기능적 관련 항원 도메인 모두의 다양한 항체 단편을 분리하는데 사용되어왔다. 가용성 항원과 관련된 문제는 항체의 선택 (23)에 적합한 항원 발현 도메인 실리 식별에 의해, 많은 경우에 회피 될 수있다. 실험실 내에서 동일한 항체 선택으로 (도 1) 항원의 발현을 연결함으로써 그 선택에 중?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Scalable High Throughput Selection From  Phage-displayed Synthetic Antibody Libraries at JoVE.com

Scalable High Throughput Selection From  Phage-displayed Synthetic Antibody Libraries

방법은 항원 동시에 수백 대해 파지 디스플레이 조합 항체 라이브러리의 합성 확장, 고 스루풋 선택을 수행하기위한 시각적 반주하여 설명한다. 이 병렬 접근 방식을 사용하여, 우리는 표준 면역의 기능적인 다양한 항원에 대한 높은 친화력과 특이성을 나타내는 항체 단편을 격리했다.

파지 - 표시 합성 항체 라이브러리의 확장 성 높은 처리량 선택

The demand for antibodies that fulfill the needs of both basic and clinical research applications is high and will dramatically increase in the future. ...

scalable-high-throughput-selection-from-phage-displayed-synthetic

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

18.4K 조회수.  The Recombinant Antibody Network.  방법은 항원 동시에 수백 대해 파지 디스플레이 조합 항체 라이브러리의 합성 확장, 고 스루풋 선택을 수행하기위한 시각적 반주하여 설명한다. 이 병렬 접근 방식을 사용하여, 우리는 표준 면역의 기능적인 다양한 항원에 대한 높은 친화력과 특이성을 나타내는 항체 단편을 격리했다. 

비디오: Scalable High Throughput Selection From  Phage-displayed Synthetic Antibody Libraries

Separation of Single-stranded DNA, Double-stranded DNA and RNA from an Environmental Viral Community Using Hydroxyapatite Chromatography

Viruses, particularly bacteriophages (phages), are the most numerous biological entities on Earth1,2. Viruses modulate host cell abundance and diversity, contribute to the cycling of nutrients, alter host cell phenotype, and influence the evolution of both host cell and viral communities through the lateral transfer of genes 3. Numerous studies have highlighted the staggering genetic diversity of viruses and their functional potential in a variety of natural environments. 
Metagenomic techniques have been used to study the taxonomic diversity and functional potential of complex viral assemblages whose members contain single-stranded DNA (ssDNA), double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) and RNA genotypes 4-9. Current library construction protocols used to study environmental DNA-containing or RNA-containing viruses require an initial nuclease treatment in order to remove nontargeted templates 10. However, a comprehensive understanding of the collective gene complement of the virus community and virus diversity requires knowledge of all members regardless of genome composition. Fractionation of purified nucleic acid subtypes provides an effective mechanism by which to study viral assemblages without sacrificing a subset of the community&#x2019;s genetic signature. 
Hydroxyapatite, a crystalline form of calcium phosphate, has been employed in the separation of nucleic acids, as well as proteins and microbes, since the 1960s11. By exploiting the charge interaction between the positively-charged Ca2+ ions of the hydroxyapatite and the negatively charged phosphate backbone of the nucleic acid subtypes, it is possible to preferentially elute each nucleic acid subtype independent of the others. We recently employed this strategy to independently fractionate the genomes of ssDNA, dsDNA and RNA-containing viruses in preparation of DNA sequencing 12. Here, we present a method for the fractionation and recovery of ssDNA, dsDNA and RNA viral nucleic acids from mixed viral assemblages using hydroxyapatite chromotography.

We describe an efficient method to separate single-stranded DNA, double-stranded DNA and RNA molecules from environmental viral communities. Nucleic acids are fractionated using hydroxyapatite chromatography with increasing concentrations of phosphate-containing buffers. This method permits the isolation of all viral nucleic acid types from environmental samples.

히드록 시아파 타이트 크로마 토그래피를 사용하여 환경 바이러스성 커뮤니티에서 단일 좌초 DNA, 더블 좌초된 DNA와 RNA의 분리

Viruses, particularly bacteriophages (phages), are the most numerous biological entities on Earth1,2.  Viruses modulate host cell abundance and diversity, ...

연구

면역학 및 감염병학

High-throughput Detection Method for Influenza Virus

Influenza virus is a respiratory pathogen that causes a high degree of morbidity and mortality every year in multiple parts of the world. Therefore, precise diagnosis of the infecting strain and rapid high-throughput screening of vast numbers of clinical samples is paramount to control the spread of pandemic infections. Current clinical diagnoses of influenza infections are based on serologic testing, polymerase chain reaction, direct specimen immunofluorescence and cell culture 1,2.
Here, we report the development of a novel diagnostic technique used to detect live influenza viruses. We used the mouse-adapted human A/PR/8/34 (PR8, H1N1) virus 3 to test the efficacy of this technique using MDCK cells 4. MDCK cells (104 or 5 x 103 per well) were cultured in 96- or 384-well plates, infected with PR8 and viral proteins were detected using anti-M2 followed by an IR dye-conjugated secondary antibody. M2 5 and hemagglutinin 1 are two major marker proteins used in many different diagnostic assays. Employing IR-dye-conjugated secondary antibodies minimized the autofluorescence associated with other fluorescent dyes. The use of anti-M2 antibody allowed us to use the antigen-specific fluorescence intensity as a direct metric of viral quantity. To enumerate the fluorescence intensity, we used the LI-COR Odyssey-based IR scanner. This system uses two channel laser-based IR detections to identify fluorophores and differentiate them from background noise. The first channel excites at 680 nm and emits at 700 nm to help quantify the background. The second channel detects fluorophores that excite at 780 nm and emit at 800 nm. Scanning of PR8-infected MDCK cells in the IR scanner indicated a viral titer-dependent bright fluorescence. A positive correlation of fluorescence intensity to virus titer starting from 102-105 PFU could be consistently observed. Minimal but detectable positivity consistently seen with 102-103 PFU PR8 viral titers demonstrated the high sensitivity of the near-IR dyes. The signal-to-noise ratio was determined by comparing the mock-infected or isotype antibody-treated MDCK cells.
Using the fluorescence intensities from 96- or 384-well plate formats, we constructed standard titration curves. In these calculations, the first variable is the viral titer while the second variable is the fluorescence intensity. Therefore, we used the exponential distribution to generate a curve-fit to determine the polynomial relationship between the viral titers and fluorescence intensities. Collectively, we conclude that IR dye-based protein detection system can help diagnose infecting viral strains and precisely enumerate the titer of the infecting pathogens.

This method describes the use of Infrared dye based imaging system for detection of H1N1 in bronchioalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid of infected mice at a high sensitivity. This methodology can be performed in a 96- or 384-well plate, requires &lt;10 &mu;l volume of test material and has the potential for concurrent screening of multiple pathogens.

인플루엔자 바이러스에 대한 높은 처리량 검출 방법

Influenza virus is a respiratory pathogen that causes a high degree of morbidity and mortality every year in multiple parts of the world. Therefore, ...

Quantitative High-throughput Single-cell Cytotoxicity Assay For T Cells

Cancer immunotherapy can harness the specificity of immune response to target and eliminate tumors. Adoptive cell therapy (ACT) based on the adoptive transfer of T cells genetically modified to express a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) has shown considerable promise in clinical trials1-4. There are several advantages to using CAR+ T cells for the treatment of cancers including the ability to target non-MHC restricted antigens and to functionalize the T cells for optimal survival, homing and persistence within the host; and finally to induce apoptosis of CAR+ T cells in the event of host toxicity5.
Delineating the optimal functions of CAR+ T cells associated with clinical benefit is essential for designing the next generation of clinical trials. Recent advances in live animal imaging like multiphoton microscopy have revolutionized the study of immune cell function in vivo6,7. While these studies have advanced our understanding of T-cell functions in vivo, T-cell based ACT in clinical trials requires the need to link molecular and functional features of T-cell preparations pre-infusion with clinical efficacy post-infusion, by utilizing in vitro assays monitoring T-cell functions like, cytotoxicity and cytokine secretion. Standard flow-cytometry based assays have been developed that determine the overall functioning of populations of T cells at the single-cell level but these are not suitable for monitoring conjugate formation and lifetimes or the ability of the same cell to kill multiple targets8.
Microfabricated arrays designed in biocompatible polymers like polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) are a particularly attractive method to spatially confine effectors and targets in small volumes9. In combination with automated time-lapse fluorescence microscopy, thousands of effector-target interactions can be monitored simultaneously by imaging individual wells of a nanowell array. We present here a high-throughput methodology for monitoring T-cell mediated cytotoxicity at the single-cell level that can be broadly applied to studying the cytolytic functionality of T cells.

We describe a single-cell high-throughput assay to measure cytotoxicity of T cells when incubated with tumor target cells. This method employs a dense, elastomeric array of sub-nanoliter wells (~100,000 wells/array) to spatially confine the T cells and target cells at defined ratios and is coupled to fluorescence microscopy to monitor effector-target conjugation and subsequent apoptosis.

T 세포 양적 높은 처리량 단일 세포 세포 독성 분석

Cancer immunotherapy can harness the specificity of  immune response to target and eliminate tumors. Adoptive cell therapy (ACT)  based on the adoptive ...

ScanLag: High-throughput Quantification of Colony Growth and Lag Time

Growth dynamics are fundamental characteristics of microorganisms. Quantifying growth precisely is an important goal in microbiology. Growth dynamics are affected both by the doubling time of the microorganism and by any delay in growth upon transfer from one condition to another, the lag. The ScanLag method enables the characterization of these two independent properties at the level of colonies originating each from a single cell, generating a two-dimensional distribution of the lag time and of the growth time. In ScanLag, measurement of the time it takes for colonies on conventional nutrient agar plates to be detected is automated on an array of commercial scanners controlled by an in house application. Petri dishes are placed on the scanners, and the application acquires images periodically. Automated analysis of colony growth is then done by an application that returns the appearance time and growth rate of each colony. Other parameters, such as the shape, texture and color of the colony, can be extracted for multidimensional mapping of sub-populations of cells. Finally, the method enables the retrieval of rare variants with specific growth phenotypes for further characterization. The technique could be applied in bacteriology for the identification of long lag that can cause persistence to antibiotics, as well as a general low cost technique for phenotypic screens.

ScanLag is a high-throughput method for measuring the delay in growth, namely lag time, as well as the growth rate of colonies for thousands of cells in parallel. Screening using ScanLag enables the discrimination between long lag-time and slow growth at the level of a single variant.

ScanLag : 높은 처리량 식민지 성장의 정량화 및 시간 지연

Growth dynamics are fundamental characteristics of microorganisms. Quantifying growth precisely is an important goal in microbiology. Growth dynamics are ...

High Yield Purification of Plasmodium falciparum Merozoites For Use in Opsonizing Antibody Assays

Plasmodium falciparum merozoite antigens are under development as potential malaria vaccines. One aspect of immunity against malaria is the removal of free merozoites from the blood by phagocytic cells. However assessing the functional efficacy of merozoite specific opsonizing antibodies is challenging due to the short half-life of merozoites and the variability of primary phagocytic cells. Described in detail herein is a method for generating viable merozoites using the E64 protease inhibitor, and an assay of merozoite opsonin-dependent phagocytosis using the pro-monocytic cell line THP-1. E64 prevents schizont rupture while allowing the development of merozoites which are released by filtration of treated schizonts. &#160;Ethidium bromide labelled merozoites are opsonized with human plasma samples and added to THP-1 cells. Phagocytosis is assessed by a standardized high throughput protocol. Viable merozoites are a valuable resource for assessing numerous aspects of P. falciparum biology, including assessment of immune function. Antibody levels measured by this assay are associated with clinical immunity to malaria in naturally exposed individuals. The assay may also be of use for assessing vaccine induced antibodies. &#160;

High Yield Purification of Plasmodium falciparum Merozoites For Use in Opsonizing Antibody Assays

Measuring antibody function is key to understanding immunity to Plasmodium falciparum malaria. This method describes the purification of viable merozoites, and measurement of opsonization-dependent phagocytosis by flow cytometry.

높은 수익률 정화<em&gt; 변형체 falciparum의</emOpsonizing 항체 분석 실험에 사용하기 위해&gt; Merozoites

Plasmodium falciparum merozoite antigens are under development as potential malaria vaccines. One aspect of immunity against malaria is the removal of ...

High-throughput Gene Tagging in Trypanosoma brucei

Improvements in mass spectrometry, sequencing and bioinformatics have generated large datasets of potentially interesting genes. Tagging these proteins can give insights into their function by determining their localization within the cell and enabling interaction partner identification. We recently published a fast and scalable method to generate Trypanosoma brucei cell lines that express a tagged protein from the endogenous locus. The method was based on a plasmid we generated that, when coupled with long primer PCR, can be used to modify a gene to encode a protein tagged at either terminus. This allows the tagging of dozens of trypanosome proteins in parallel, facilitating the large-scale validation of candidate genes of interest. This system can be used to tag proteins for localization (using a fluorescent protein, epitope tag or electron microscopy tag) or biochemistry (using tags for purification, such as the TAP (tandem affinity purification) tag). Here, we describe a protocol to perform the long primer PCR and the electroporation in 96-well plates, with the recovery and selection of transgenic trypanosomes occurring in 24-well plates. With this workflow, hundreds of proteins can be tagged in parallel; this is an order of magnitude improvement to our previous protocol and genome scale tagging is now possible.

High-throughput Gene Tagging in Trypanosoma brucei

Addition of a tag to a protein is a powerful way of gaining insight into its function. Here, we describe a protocol to endogenously tag hundreds of Trypanosoma brucei proteins in parallel such that genome scale tagging is achievable.

높은 처리량 유전자 태그에<em&gt; 트리파노소마 (Trypanosoma) brucei</em

Improvements in mass spectrometry, sequencing and bioinformatics have generated large datasets of potentially interesting genes. Tagging these proteins ...

Construction of Synthetic Phage Displayed Fab Library with Tailored Diversity

Demand for monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) in basic research and medicine is increasing yearly. Hybridoma technology has been the dominant method for mAb development since its first report in 1975. As an alternative technology, phage display methods for mAb development are increasingly attractive since Humira, the first phage-derived antibody and one of the best-selling mAbs, was approved for clinical treatment of rheumatoid arthritis in 2002. As a non-animal based mAb development technology, phage display bypasses antigen immunogenicity, humanization, and animal maintenance that are required from traditional hybridoma technology based antibody development. In this protocol, we describe a method for construction of synthetic phage-displayed Fab libraries with diversities of 109-1010 obtainable with a single electroporation. This protocol consists of: 1) high-efficiency electro-competent cell preparation; 2) extraction of uracil-containing single-stranded DNA (dU-ssDNA); 3) Kunkel&#39;s method based oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis; 4) electroporation and calculation of library size; 5) protein A/L-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for folding and functional diversity evaluation; and 6) DNA sequence analysis of diversity.

This protocol describes a detailed procedure for the construction of a phage-displayed synthetic antibody library with tailored diversity. Synthetic antibodies have broad applications from basic research to disease diagnostics and therapeutics.

합성 살 균 소의 건설 맞춤형 다양성 팹 라이브러리 표시

Demand for monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) in basic research and medicine is increasing yearly. Hybridoma technology has been the dominant method for mAb ...

A High-throughput, High-content, Liquid-based C. elegans Pathosystem

The number of new drugs identified by traditional, in vitro screens has waned, reducing the success of this approach in the search for new weapons to combat multiple drug resistance. This has led to the conclusion that researchers do not only need to find new drugs, but also need to develop new ways of finding them. Amongst the most promising candidate methods are whole-organism, in vivo assays that use high-throughput, phenotypic readouts and hosts that range from Caenorhabditis elegans to Danio rerio. These hosts have several powerful advantages, including dramatic reductions in false positive hits, as compounds that are toxic to the host and/or biounavailable are typically dropped in the initial screen, prior to costly follow up.
Here we show how our assay has been used to interrogate host variation in the well-documented C. elegans&#8212;Pseudomonas aeruginosa liquid killing pathosystem. We also demonstrate several extensions of this well-worked out technique. For example, we are able to carry out high-throughput genetic screens using RNAi in 24- or 96-well plate formats to query host factors in this host-pathogen interaction. Using this assay, whole genome screens can be completed in only a few months, which can dramatically simplify the task of identifying drug targets, potentially without the need for laborious biochemical purification approaches.
We also report here a variation of our method that substitutes the gram-positive bacterium Enterococcus faecalis for the gram-negative pathogen P. aeruginosa. Much as is the case for P. aeruginosa, killing by E. faecalis is time-dependent. Unlike previous C. elegans&#8212;E. faecalis assays, our assay for E. faecalis does not require preinfection, improving its safety profile and reducing the chances of contaminating liquid-handling equipment. The assay is highly robust, showing ~95% death rates 96 h post infection.

A High-throughput, High-content, Liquid-based C. elegans Pathosystem

Here we describe a protocol that is an adaptable, whole host, high-content screening tool that can be utilized to study host-pathogen interactions and be used for drug discovery.

높은 처리량, 높은 콘텐츠, 액체 기반의 C. 선 충 Pathosystem

The number of new drugs identified by traditional, in vitro screens has waned, reducing the success of this approach in the search for new weapons to ...

A High-throughput Shigella-specific Bactericidal Assay

Serum bactericidal assays (SBAs) measure the functional activity of antibodies and have been used for many decades. SBAs directly measure antibody killing activity by assessing the ability of antibodies in serum to bind to bacteria and activate complement. This complement activation results in the lysis and killing of the target bacteria. These assays are valuable because they go beyond quantifying antibody production to elucidate the biological functions that these antibodies have, allowing researchers to study the role that antibodies may play in preventing infection. SBAs have been used to study immune responses for many human pathogens, but there is no widely accepted methodology for Shigella at present. Historically, SBAs have been very labor-intensive, requiring many time-consuming steps to accurately quantify surviving bacteria. This protocol describes a simple, robust, and high-throughput assay that measures functional antibodies specific for Shigella in serum in vitro. The method described here offers many advantages over traditional SBAs, including the use of frozen bacterial stocks, 96 well assay plates, a micro-culture system, and automated colony-counting. All of these modifications make this assay less labor-intensive and more high-throughput. This protocol is simpler and faster to perform than traditional SBAs while still using simple technologies and readily available reagents. The protocol has been successfully applied in multiple independent laboratories and the assay is robust and reproducible. The assay can be used to assess immune responses in pre-clinical as well as clinical studies. Quantifying shigellacidal antibody titers both before and after antigen exposure (either by immunization or infection) allows for a broader understanding of how functional antibody responses are generated and their contribution to protective immunity. The development of this standardized, well-characterized assay may greatly facilitate Shigella vaccine design.

A High-throughput Shigella-specific Bactericidal Assay

Here we present a protocol to measure Shigellacidal activity of antibodies in serum. Serum is mixed with bacteria and exogenous complement, incubated, and the reaction mixture is plated on agar plates. Viable bacteria form colonies which are counted, using an automated colony enumerator, and used to determine the bactericidal titer.

높은 처리량 Shigella-특정 살 균 시험

Serum bactericidal assays (SBAs) measure the functional activity of antibodies and have been used for many decades. SBAs directly measure antibody killing ...

Targeted Antibody Blocking by a Dual-Functional Conjugate of Antigenic Peptide and Fc-III Mimetics (DCAF)

Elimination of harmful antibodies from organisms is a valuable approach for the intervention of antibody-associated diseases, such as Dengue hemorrhagic fever and autoimmune diseases. Since thousands of antibodies with different epitopes are circulating in blood, no universal method, except for the dual-functional conjugate of antigenic peptide and Fc-III mimetics (DCAF), was reported to target specific harmful antibodies. The development of DCAF molecules makes significant contribution to the progress of targeted therapy, which were demonstrated to eliminate the antibody dependent enhancement (ADE) effect in a Dengue virus (DENV) infection model and to boost the acetylcholine receptor activity in a myasthenia gravis model. Here, we describe a protocol for the synthesis of a DCAF molecule (DCAF1), which can selectively block 4G2 antibody to attenuate ADE effect during Dengue virus infection, and illustrate the binding of DCAF1 to 4G2 antibody by an ELISA assay. In our method, DCAF1 is synthesized by the conjugation of a hydrazine derivative of a Fc-III peptide and a recombinant expressed long &#945;-helix with antigenic sequence through native chemical ligation (NCL). This protocol has been successfully applied to DCAF1 as well as other DCAF molecules for targeting their cognate antibodies.

Targeted Antibody Blocking by a Dual-Functional Conjugate of Antigenic Peptide and Fc-III Mimetics DCAF

Development of a dual-functional conjugate of antigenic peptide and Fc-III mimetics (DCAF) is novel for the elimination of harmful antibodies. Here, we describe a detailed protocol for the synthesis of DCAF1 molecule, which can selectively block 4G2 antibody to eliminate antibody dependent enhancement effect during Dengue virus infection.

항원 펩타이드 및 Fc-III 모방제(DCAF)의 이중 기능 성 컨쥬게이트에 의한 표적 항체 차단

Elimination of harmful antibodies from organisms is a valuable approach for the intervention of antibody-associated diseases, such as Dengue hemorrhagic ...