Name: mouse fetal liver culture system to dissect target gene functions at the early and late stages of terminal erythropoiesis
Uploaded: 2014-09-09T15:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 6 min 40 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Mouse Fetal Liver Culture System to Dissect Target Gene Functions at the Early and Late Stages of Terminal Erythropoiesis at JoVE.com

这项研究是由美国国立卫生研究院R00HL102154支持，以及血液学学者奖的美国社会为P吉。

在此协议中描述的实验是在按照规定由美国西北大学实验动物管理和使用委员会的指导方针和规定执行。 1，制备培养基<ol><li>准备纤维连接蛋白的解决方案。加入1毫升水，以人纤连蛋白（1毫克）中的一个小瓶内。离开溶液在组织培养橱中30分钟而不搅拌。总的液体转移至50ml的PBS中，以20微克/毫升的最终浓度，并轻轻混匀。使涂覆的板（见下文）之前的纤连蛋白的溶液新鲜。 </li><li>准备50毫升促红细胞生成素的培养基（SCF介质）。结合所列出的成分在表1中的介质可以被存储在4℃下1个月时发劲。 </li><li>准备50毫升含有促红细胞生成素的培养基。结合所列出的成分在表2中的介质可以被存储在4℃下1个月时发劲。 </li></OL&gt; 2，纤维连接蛋白涂层板<ol><li>加入1 ml纤连蛋白溶液到6孔板（或0.5毫升至12孔板的每孔）的每个孔中。离开该板在组织培养罩1小时。 </li><li>冲洗孔中，用无菌水洗涤两次，并空气干燥该板。 </li><li>包装板，并保存在寒冷的房间在4℃。 </li></ol> 3，净化胎肝红细胞的注意:使用从E13到E15胎肝定时妊娠小鼠（C57BL / 6）。 E13.5肝脏是首选，以最大限度地提高CFU-E祖细胞的产率。以获得定时怀孕小鼠，6〜8周龄的雄性和雌性小鼠放置在一个笼（通常是一个男性与一个或两个雌性）。第二天早晨女性阴道塞被检查，以确定是否交配是否成功。怀孕的第一天是当天被发现后插上。 <ol><li>总胎肝细胞的制备<ol><li>牺牲谅解备忘录SE的CO 2吸入和颈椎脱位。喷用70％乙醇消毒腹部。用解剖剪刀切除子宫打开腹部。洗1X PBS子宫。 </li><li>解剖用组织培养罩和高压手段在无菌条件下将胎儿和洗1X PBS中。 </li><li>从解剖胎儿胎儿的肝脏。握住胎儿的身体有一个镊子，轻轻一拉胎肝（粉红色）远离身体与另一个钳。用钳子清洁胎儿肝脏以除去相关的纤维化组织。将所有的胎儿肝脏到新鲜的1×PBS含有10％胎牛血清。 </li><li>机械地上下吹打破坏胎肝。 </li><li>过滤通过40微米的细胞过滤的细胞悬浮液置于50ml锥形管中。沉淀细胞，在800×g离心5分钟。 </li><li>吸出上清液并将细胞重新悬浮于1ml PBS中，用10％的FBS（约8 E13.5胎肝每毫升）。 </li></ol></li><li>的TER119负红细胞的净化<ol><li>方框在冰上将细胞用大鼠IgG（0.2毫克/毫升）15分钟。 </li><li>未经洗涤或离心分离，生物素化的抗TER119抗体加入到细胞悬浮液（1微克/毫升）。孵育在冰上15分钟。 </li><li>在1×PBS中，用10％的FBS（1:10）和离心机在800×g离心5分钟，洗净。重悬在1ml的PBS中，用10％FBS的细胞。 </li><li>加入75微升链霉结合有磁性粒子和孵育10分钟在冰上。 </li><li>的体积加入到2.5毫升的PBS含10％FBS。细胞悬液转移到5ml聚丙烯圆底试管中。 </li><li>插入管插入的磁性细胞分选装置，并孵育10分钟。 TER119阳性细胞将附着在管的一侧。未附着的TER119阴性红细胞将保持在悬浮液中。 </li><li>倒入细胞悬液到一个新的5毫升聚丙烯圆底试管。 </li><li><html>重复步骤3.2.6和3.2.7，除去残留的TER119阳性细胞。 </li><li>沉淀细胞，在800×g离心5分钟。抽吸掉上清液。重悬细胞于1ml PBS中含有10％FBS和计数活细胞用台盼蓝。 </li></ol></li></ol> 4，转导与病毒编码基因或shRNA <ol><li>板式纯化TER119负胎儿肝细胞在3-5×10 5个/孔在包被12孔板纤连蛋白（如果使用一个不同的板调整细胞数）。 </li><li>加入聚凝胺至10微克/毫升的最终浓度，以促进病毒转导。自旋感染细胞用慢病毒或逆转录病毒，编码的cDNA或shRNA，以800×g离心1-1.5小时，在37℃。 </li></ol>转导TER119负鼠胎肝红细胞的5文化<ol><li>来测试基因功能的终端红细胞生成的早期阶段（ 图1中虚线）。"&gt; </ol.><ol><li><ol. li="">培养的转导的细胞中促红细胞生成素的培养基（SCF介质）12小时，以允许的转基因和维护祖状态的表达。 </ol.></li><li>离心细胞，在800×g离心5分钟。吸出上清液。悬浮介质收容在一个12孔板的每个孔中的细胞在1ml生成素。 </li><li>培养24或48小时后，收获细胞用于进一步分析。 </li></ol></li><li>测试基因功能的终端的红细胞生成（ 图1中的实线）的后期阶段。 <ol><li>文化的转立刻细胞生成素含有中。 </li><li>培养24或48小时后，收获细胞用于进一步的分析。 </li></ol></li></ol> 6染色的培养胎肝细胞的流式细胞仪分析<ol><li>清洗和悬浮细胞在1X PBS。收获的2×10 5细胞培养于流式细胞仪分析。 </li><li>孵育将细胞与荧光标记的抗体20分钟，在室温下在黑暗中。为了测试分化，使用的APC标记的抗CD71和PE标记的抗TER119。为了测试去核，用Ho​​echst的33342染色，除了其他的抗体。 </li><li>用1×PBS洗涤细胞。重悬含有1％FBS和碘化丙啶（PI）（1微克/毫升）进行染色的死细胞，并从分析中排除它们的细胞在0.5ml PBS中。 </li><li>开展流动cytrometric分析。首先调整和补偿流式细胞仪的分析单色染色和未染色的对照细胞。 </li></ol>

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作者宣称，他们没有竞争的经济利益。

在这里，我们提出了一个独特的系统，按时间顺序分析小鼠胎肝终端红细胞生成。通过对不同培养条件下的应用，我们成功地解剖在早期和晚期终端红细胞生成。这是特别重要的，以确定基因与多种功能的机制。例如，外消旋GTP酶发挥终端红细胞生成的不同阶段起重要作用。 Rac的GTP酶在终端红细胞生成影响细胞分化和增殖的早期阶段抑制。在另一方面，抑制Rac的GTP酶的活性，在终端红细胞生成块...

红血球生成是多能造血干细胞的成熟红细胞的分化过程。此分步处理包括类红细胞爆形成单位（BFU-ES），在快速分裂的红细胞集落形成单位（CFU-ES），及形态识别红细胞1,2的形成。由CFU-E祖细胞终端红细胞生成包括连续的促红细胞生成素依赖性和独立的阶段2,3。在终端红细胞生成的早期阶段，促红细胞生成素（EPO）结合到其细胞表面上的受体，并诱导一系列下游信号通路，防止细胞凋亡，促进细胞快速分裂和基因表达1,4。在终端红细胞生成的后期，有核红细胞进行终端细胞周期出口，染色质和核缩合，并挤出的高度浓缩的细胞核分 。 我们的终端的理解红细胞生成极大，在过去的几十年中，这主要是由于在体外成功地利用一些和体内小鼠模型6-9改善。在这些模型中， 在小鼠胚胎肝红细胞体外培养提供了许多优点，包括易于细胞纯化，快速增殖和分化，并更密切模仿人类红细胞生成10,11。在这个系统中，大量的从鼠胎肝红系祖细胞可以容易地由TER119的单步骤纯化（标记为成熟红细胞）阴性红细胞分离。中的红细胞的两天的培养，这些细胞的分化可以通过基于所述转铁蛋白受体（CD71）和TER119抗原12的表面表达的流式细胞术分析来监测。此外，晚期红细胞分化的眼球摘除可以用DNA制造商（赫斯特33342）被检测到13，此外，纯化的祖细胞可被转用的cDNA或小发夹RNA（shRNA的）感兴趣的基因，这有利于基因表达的功能的机理研究对红血球生成11,13,14的外源表达修饰。 在另一方面，快速的细胞生长速度可以是一把双刃剑，因为它很难在终端红细胞生成的不同阶段来描述基因功能。在大多数情况下，很难确定是否在终端红细胞生成的早期阶段的特定基因的功能，因为通过时间的cDNA或shRNA的表达，所述细胞已经通过了早期阶段。为了解决这个问题，我们开发了一个独特的系统剖析终端红细胞生成的早期和晚期阶段。对于终端红细胞生成的早期阶段，转基因TER119阴性红细胞培养在促红细胞生成素的培养基中，但含有干细胞因子（SCF），白细胞介素-6和FLT3配体以维持其祖的地位，并允许转导的cDNA和shRNA的表达13。将细胞改变到促红细胞生成素含培养基12小时后，诱导细胞增殖和分化。在这种方式中，当细胞开始分化，在转导的cDNA或shRNA的已经表达出来。对于终端红细胞生成后期，TER119负红细胞人转导后，立即含中Epo的培养。因此，可以分析在终端红细胞生成的后期所感兴趣的基因的功能。综上所述，本系统的广泛应用，将有助于终端红细胞生成的不同阶段解剖基因的功能。

<table><tbody><tr><td>Iscove&#039;s Modified Dulbecco&#039;s MediumIMDM (IMDM)</td><td>Gibco</td><td>12440-053</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fetal bovine serum (FBS)</td><td>GEMINI Bio-product</td><td>700-102P</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Penicillin-Streptomycin solution</td><td>Hyclone</td><td>SV30010</td><td>100x</td></tr><tr><td>L-Glutamine</td><td>Hyclone</td><td>SH30034.01</td><td>200 mM</td></tr><tr><td>Mouse FIT3 Ligand (Flt-3L)</td><td>BD Biosciences&amp;nbsp;</td><td>14-8001-80</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Mouse Recombinant Interleukin-6 (IL-6)&amp;nbsp;</td><td>GEMINI Bio-product</td><td>300-327P</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fibronectin</td><td>BD Biosciences&amp;nbsp;</td><td>354008</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA)</td><td>STEMCELL TECH</td><td>9300</td><td>10% stock in IMDM</td></tr><tr><td>Erythropoietin(Epo)</td><td>PROCRIT</td><td>NOC 59676-303-00</td><td>3,000 U/ml stock</td></tr><tr><td>Streptavidin particles Plus</td><td>BD Pharmingen</td><td>557812</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>EasySep Magnet</td><td>STEMCELL TECH</td><td>18000</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Polypropylene Round-Bottom Tube, 5 ml</td><td>FALCON</td><td>352063</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

mouse fetal liver culture system to dissect target gene functions at the early and late stages of terminal erythropoiesis

包括红细胞生成一个动态的过程，开始于随后迅速分裂红系集落形成单位（CFU-ES）致力于红爆形成单位（BFU-ES）。后CFU-ES，细胞形态识别，一般称为终端红细胞。其中一个终端红细胞的研究挑战是缺乏实验方法来剖析基因功能以时间的方式。在这个协议中，我们描述了一种独特的策略，以确定在终端红细胞生成的早期和晚期基因功能。在这个系统中，小鼠胎肝TER119（成熟红细胞细胞标记物）阴性红细胞中纯化和转导的cDNA或小发夹RNA（shRNA的）感兴趣的基因的外源表达。随后将细胞培养在含有培养基比红细胞生成素（EPO）等，以保持它们的祖细胞阶段为12小时，同时使外源的cDNA或shRNA的生长因子来表达。将细胞改变到促红细胞生成素培养基中12小时后，诱导细胞分化和增殖，而已经表达了外源遗传物质。这个协议有助于在终端红细胞生成的早期阶段的基因的功能分析。研究后期终端红细胞生成，细胞培养，立即在转导后生成素中。在这种方式中，细胞已分化到终端红细胞生成的后期时进行表达的转基因材料。我们建议使用此策略的普遍应用，这将有助于了解在终端红细胞生成的不同阶段，详细的基因功能。

图1列出了实验策略。该协议包括两个独立的条件为靶向的信号分子的功能的终端红细胞生成的早期和晚期阶段。 TER119负胎肝红细胞从E13.5小鼠胚胎纯化。胎肝类红细胞前和纯化后的流式细胞术分析表明，纯化效率高（ 图2A和2B）。对于终端红细胞生成（ 图1中，虚线）的早期阶段，病毒转导后，将细胞在红细胞生成素的培养基（SCF介质）12小时进...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Mouse Fetal Liver Culture System to Dissect Target Gene Functions at the Early and Late Stages of Terminal Erythropoiesis at JoVE.com

Mouse Fetal Liver Culture System to Dissect Target Gene Functions at the Early and Late Stages of Terminal Erythropoiesis

我们提出了一个在体外小鼠胎肝红细胞培养系统剖析终端红细胞生成的早期和晚期阶段。这个系统有利于在不同的发育阶段特异性基因的功能分析。

小鼠胎肝文化系统解剖靶基因功能的终端红细胞生成的早期和晚期

Erythropoiesis involves a dynamic process that begins with committed erythroid burst forming units (BFU-Es) followed by rapidly dividing erythroid colony ...

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Unit 1

A Hierarchical Stem-Cell System: Blood Cell Formation

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14.9K 次观看.  Northwestern University. 我们提出了一个在体外小鼠胎肝红细胞培养系统剖析终端红细胞生成的早期和晚期阶段。这个系统有利于在不同的发育阶段特异性基因的功能分析。 

视频: Mouse Fetal Liver Culture System to Dissect Target Gene Functions at the Early and Late Stages of Terminal Erythropoiesis

Isolation of Murine Embryonic Hemogenic Endothelial Cells

The specification of hemogenic endothelial cells from embryonic vascular endothelium occurs during brief developmental periods within distinct tissues, and is necessary for the emergence of definitive HSPC from the murine extra embryonic yolk sac, placenta, umbilical vessels, and the embryonic aorta-gonad-mesonephros (AGM) region. The transient nature and small size of this cell population renders its reproducible isolation for careful quantification and experimental applications technically difficult. We have established a fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS)-based protocol for simultaneous isolation of hemogenic endothelial cells and HSPC during their peak generation times in the yolk sac and AGM. We demonstrate methods for dissection of yolk sac and AGM tissues from mouse embryos, and we present optimized tissue digestion and antibody conjugation conditions for maximal cell survival prior to identification and retrieval via FACS. Representative FACS analysis plots are shown that identify the hemogenic endothelial cell and HSPC phenotypes, and describe a methylcellulose-based assay for evaluating their blood forming potential on a clonal level.

Hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPC) derive from specialized (hemogenic) endothelial cells during development, yet little is known about the process by which some endothelial cells specify to become blood forming. We demonstrate a flow-cytometry based method allowing simultaneous isolation of hemogenic endothelial cells and HSPC from murine embryonic tissues.

小鼠胚胎Hemogenic内皮细胞的分离

The specification of hemogenic endothelial cells from embryonic vascular endothelium occurs during brief developmental periods within distinct tissues, ...

科研

发育生物学

Reprogramming Mouse Embryonic Fibroblasts with Transcription Factors to Induce a Hemogenic Program

This protocol details the induction of a hemogenic program in mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) via overexpression of transcription factors (TFs). We first designed a reporter screen using MEFs from human CD34-tTA/TetO-H2BGFP (34/H2BGFP) double transgenic mice. CD34+ cells from these mice label H2B histones with GFP, and cease labeling upon addition of doxycycline (DOX). MEFS were transduced with candidate TFs and then observed for the emergence of GFP+ cells that would indicate the acquisition of a hematopoietic or endothelial cell fate. Starting with 18 candidate TFs, and through a process of combinatorial elimination, we obtained a minimal set of factors that would induce the highest percentage of GFP+ cells. We found that Gata2, Gfi1b, and cFos were necessary and the addition of Etv6 provided the optimal induction. A series of gene expression analyses done at different time points during the reprogramming process revealed that these cells appeared to go through a precursor cell that underwent an endothelial to hematopoietic transition (EHT). As such, this reprogramming process mimics developmental hematopoiesis "in a dish," allowing study of hematopoiesis in vitro and a platform to identify the mechanisms that underlie this specification. This methodology also provides a framework for translation of this work to the human system in the hopes of generating an alternative source of patient-specific hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) for a number of applications in the treatment and study of hematologic diseases.

The protocol described here details the induction of a hemogenic program in mouse embryonic fibroblasts via overexpression of a minimal set of transcription factors. This technology may be translated to the human system to provide platforms for future study of hematopoiesis, hematologic disease, and hematopoietic stem cell transplant.

重新编程的小鼠胚胎成纤维细胞转录因子诱导Hemogenic计划

This protocol details the induction of a hemogenic program in mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) via overexpression of transcription factors (TFs). We ...

Identification Of Erythromyeloid Progenitors And Their Progeny In The Mouse Embryo By Flow Cytometry

Macrophages are professional phagocytes from the innate arm of the immune system. In steady-state, sessile macrophages are found in adult tissues where they act as front line sentinels of infection and tissue damage. While other immune cells are continuously renewed from hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPC) located in the bone marrow, a lineage of macrophages, known as resident macrophages, have been shown to be self-maintained in tissues without input from bone marrow HSPCs. This lineage is exemplified by microglia in the brain, Kupffer cells in the liver and Langerhans cells in the epidermis among others. The intestinal and colon lamina propria are the only adult tissues devoid of HSPC-independent resident macrophages. Recent investigations have identified that resident macrophages originate from the extra-embryonic yolk sac hematopoiesis from progenitor(s) distinct from fetal hematopoietic stem cells (HSC). Among yolk sac definitive hematopoiesis, erythromyeloid progenitors (EMP) give rise both to erythroid and myeloid cells, in particular resident macrophages. EMP are only generated within the yolk sac between E8.5 and E10.5 days of development and they migrate to the fetal liver as early as circulation is connected, where they expand and differentiate until at least E16.5. Their progeny includes erythrocytes, macrophages, neutrophils and mast cells but only EMP-derived macrophages persist until adulthood in tissues. The transient nature of EMP emergence and the temporal overlap with HSC generation renders the analysis of these progenitors difficult. We have established a tamoxifen-inducible fate mapping protocol based on expression of the macrophage cytokine receptor Csf1r promoter to characterize EMP and EMP-derived cells in vivo by flow cytometry.

While infiltrating macrophages are continuously recruited to adult tissues from circulating precursors, resident macrophages seed their tissue during development, where they are maintained without further input from progenitors. The progenitors for resident macrophages were recently identified. Here, we present methods for the genetic fate mapping of the resident macrophage progenitors.

通过流式细胞术鉴定小鼠胚胎中的红细胞生成素及其后代

Macrophages are professional phagocytes from the innate arm of the immune system. In steady-state, sessile macrophages are found in adult tissues where ...

Direct Lineage Reprogramming of Adult Mouse Fibroblast to Erythroid Progenitors

Erythroid cell commitment and differentiation proceed through activation of a lineage-restricted transcriptional network orchestrated by a group of cell fate determining and maturing factors. We previously set out to define the minimal set of factors necessary for instructing red blood cell development using direct lineage reprogramming of fibroblasts into induced erythroid progenitors/precursors (iEPs). We showed that overexpression of Gata1, Tal1, Lmo2, and c-Myc (GTLM) can rapidly convert murine and human fibroblasts directly to iEPs that resemble bona fide erythroid cells in terms of morphology, phenotype, and gene expression. We intend that iEPs will provide an invaluable tool to study erythropoiesis and cell fate regulation. Here we describe the stepwise process of converting murine tail tip fibroblasts into iEPs via transcription factor-driven direct lineage reprogramming (DLR). In this example, we perform the reprogramming in fibroblasts from erythroid lineage-tracing mice that express the yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) under the control of the erythropoietin receptor gene (EpoR) promoter, enabling visualization of erythroid cell fate induction upon reprogramming. Following this protocol, fibroblasts can be reprogrammed into iEPs within five to eight days. 
While improvements can still be made to the process, we show that GTLM-mediated reprogramming is a rapid and direct process, yielding cells with properties of bona fide erythroid progenitor and precursor cells.

Here we present our protocol for producing induced erythroid progenitors (iEPs) from mouse adult fibroblasts using transcription factor-driven direct lineage reprogramming (DLR).

成人小鼠成纤维细胞对红细胞生成子细胞的直接线重编程

Erythroid cell commitment and differentiation proceed through activation of a lineage-restricted transcriptional network orchestrated by a group of cell ...

Identification and Isolation of Burst-Forming Unit and Colony-Forming Unit Erythroid Progenitors from Mouse Tissue by Flow Cytometry

Early erythroid progenitors were originally defined by their colony-forming potential in vitro and classified into burst-forming and colony-forming &#34;units&#34; known as BFU-e and CFU-e. Until recently, methods for the direct prospective and complete isolation of pure BFU-e and CFU-e progenitors from freshly isolated adult mouse bone marrow were not available. To address this gap, a single-cell RNA-seq (scRNAseq) dataset of mouse bone marrow was analyzed for the expression of genes coding for cell surface markers. This analysis was combined with cell fate assays, allowing the development of a novel flow cytometric approach that identifies and allows the isolation of complete and pure subsets of BFU-e and CFU-e progenitors in mouse bone marrow or spleen. This approach also identifies other progenitor subsets, including subsets enriched for basophil/mast cell and megakaryocytic potentials. The method consists of labeling fresh bone marrow or spleen cells with antibodies directed at Kit and CD55. Progenitors that express both these markers are then subdivided into five principal populations. Population 1 (P1 or CFU-e, Kit+ CD55+ CD49fmed/low CD105med/high CD71med/high) contains all of the CFU-e progenitors and may be further subdivided into P1-low (CD71med CD150high) and P1-hi (CD71high CD150low), corresponding to early and late CFU-e, respectively; Population 2 (P2 or BFU-e, Kit+ CD55+ CD49fmed/low CD105med/high CD71low CD150high) contains all of the BFU-e progenitors; Population P3 (P3, Kit+ CD55+ CD49fmed/high CD105med/low CD150low CD41low) is enriched for basophil/mast cell progenitors; Population 4 (P4, Kit+ CD55+ CD49fmed/high CD105med/low CD150high CD41+) is enriched for megakaryocytic progenitors; and Population 5 (P5, Kit+ CD55+ CD49fmed/high CD105med/low CD150high CD41-) contains progenitors with erythroid, basophil/mast cell, and megakaryocytic potential (EBMP) and erythroid/ megakaryocytic/ basophil-biased multipotential progenitors (MPPs). This novel approach allows greater precision when analyzing erythroid and other hematopoietic progenitors and also allows for reference to transcriptome information for each flow cytometrically defined population.

Here, we describe a novel flow cytometric method for prospective isolation of early burst-forming unit erythroid (BFU-e) and colony-forming unit erythroid (CFU-e) progenitors directly from fresh mouse bone marrow and spleen. This protocol, developed based on single-cell transcriptomic data, is the first to isolate all the tissue's erythroid progenitors with high purity.

流式细胞术从小鼠组织中鉴定和分离爆破形成单元和集落形成单元红系祖细胞

Early erythroid progenitors were originally defined by their colony-forming potential in vitro and classified into burst-forming and colony-forming ...

Identification and Analysis of Mouse Erythroid Progenitors using the CD71/TER119 Flow-cytometric Assay

The study of erythropoiesis aims to understand how red cells are formed from earlier hematopoietic and erythroid progenitors. Specifically, the rate of red cell formation is regulated by the hormone erythropoietin (Epo), whose synthesis is triggered by tissue hypoxia. A threat to adequate tissue oxygenation results in a rapid increase in Epo, driving an increase in erythropoietic rate, a process known as the erythropoietic stress response. The resulting increase in the number of circulating red cells improves tissue oxygen delivery. An efficient erythropoietic stress response is therefore critical to the survival and recovery from physiological and pathological conditions such as high altitude, anemia, hemorrhage, chemotherapy or stem cell transplantation. 
The mouse is a key model for the study of erythropoiesis and its stress response. Mouse definitive (adult-type) erythropoiesis takes place in the fetal liver between embryonic days 12.5 and 15.5, in the neonatal spleen, and in adult spleen and bone marrow. Classical methods of identifying erythroid progenitors in tissue rely on the ability of these cells to give rise to red cell colonies when plated in Epo-containing semi-solid media. Their erythroid precursor progeny are identified based on morphological criteria. Neither of these classical methods allow access to large numbers of differentiation-stage-specific erythroid cells for molecular study. Here we present a flow-cytometric method of identifying and studying differentiation-stage-specific erythroid progenitors and precursors, directly in the context of freshly isolated mouse tissue. The assay relies on the cell-surface markers CD71, Ter119, and on the flow-cytometric 'forward-scatter' parameter, which is a function of cell size. The CD71/Ter119 assay can be used to study erythroid progenitors during their response to erythropoietic stress in vivo, for example, in anemic mice or mice housed in low oxygen conditions. It may also be used to study erythroid progenitors directly in the tissues of genetically modified adult mice or embryos, in order to assess the specific role of the modified molecular pathway in erythropoiesis.

A flow-cytometric method for identification and molecular analysis of differentiation-stage-specific murine erythroid progenitors and precursors, directly in freshly &#x2013;harvested mouse bone marrow, spleen or fetal liver. The assay relies on cell-surface markers CD71, Ter119, and cell size.

使用CD71/TER119流流式细胞仪检测小鼠红系祖细胞的识别和分析

The study of erythropoiesis aims to understand how red cells are formed from earlier hematopoietic and erythroid progenitors. Specifically, the rate of ...

生物学

Lentiviral-mediated Knockdown During Ex Vivo Erythropoiesis of Human Hematopoietic Stem Cells

Erythropoiesis is a commonly used model system to study cell differentiation. During erythropoiesis, pluripotent adult human hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) differentiate into oligopotent progenitors, committed precursors and mature red blood cells 1. This process is regulated for a large part at the level of gene expression, whereby specific transcription factors activate lineage-specific genes while concomitantly repressing genes that are specific to other cell types 2. Studies on transcription factors regulating erythropoiesis are often performed using human and murine cell lines that represent, to some extent, erythroid cells at given stages of differentiation 3-5. However transformed cell lines can only partially mimic erythroid cells and most importantly they do not allow one to comprehensibly study the dynamic changes that occur as cells progress through many stages towards their final erythroid fate. Therefore, a current challenge remains the development of a protocol to obtain relatively homogenous populations of primary HSCs and erythroid cells at various stages of differentiation in quantities that are sufficient to perform genomics and proteomics experiments.
Here we describe an ex vivo cell culture protocol to induce erythroid differentiation from human hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells that have been isolated from either cord blood, bone marrow, or adult peripheral blood mobilized with G-CSF (leukapheresis). This culture system, initially developed by the Douay laboratory 6, uses cytokines and co-culture on mesenchymal cells to mimic the bone marrow microenvironment. Using this ex vivo differentiation protocol, we observe a strong amplification of erythroid progenitors, an induction of differentiation exclusively towards the erythroid lineage and a complete maturation to the stage of enucleated red blood cells. Thus, this system provides an opportunity to study the molecular mechanism of transcriptional regulation as hematopoietic stem cells progress along the erythroid lineage. 
Studying erythropoiesis at the transcriptional level also requires the ability to over-express or knockdown specific factors in primary erythroid cells. For this purpose, we use a lentivirus-mediated gene delivery system that allows for the efficient infection of both dividing and non-dividing cells 7. Here we show that we are able to efficiently knockdown the transcription factor TAL1 in primary human erythroid cells. In addition, GFP expression demonstrates an efficiency of lentiviral infection close to 90%. Thus, our protocol provides a highly useful system for characterization of the regulatory network of transcription factors that control erythropoiesis.

Lentiviral-mediated Knockdown During Ex Vivo Erythropoiesis of Human Hematopoietic Stem Cells

An ex vivo protocol to generate mature human red blood cells from hematopoietic stem/progenitors is described. Additionally we describe an efficient lentiviral-delivery method to knockdown the transcription factor TAL1 in primary erythroid cells. The efficiency of lentivirus mediated gene delivery is demonstrated using GFP expressing viruses.

慢病毒介导的击倒在体外</em人造血干细胞>红细胞

Erythropoiesis is a commonly used model system to study cell differentiation. During erythropoiesis, pluripotent adult human hematopoietic stem cells ...

Robust Generation of Hepatocyte-like Cells from Human Embryonic Stem Cell Populations

Despite progress in modelling human drug toxicity, many compounds fail during clinical trials due to unpredicted side effects. The cost of clinical studies are substantial, therefore it is essential that more predictive toxicology screens are developed and deployed early on in drug development (Greenhough et al 2010). Human hepatocytes represent the current gold standard model for evaluating drug toxicity, but are a limited resource that exhibit variable function. Therefore, the use of immortalised cell lines and animal tissue models are routinely employed due to their abundance. While both sources are informative, they are limited by poor function, species variability and/or instability in culture (Dalgetty et al 2009). Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) are an attractive alternative source of human hepatocyte like cells (HLCs) (Medine et al 2010). PSCs are capable of self renewal and differentiation to all somatic cell types found in the adult and thereby represent a potentially inexhaustible source of differentiated cells. We have developed a procedure that is simple, highly efficient, amenable to automation and yields functional human HLCs (Hay et al 2008 ; Fletcher et al 2008 ; Hannoun et al 2010 ; Payne et al 2011 and Hay et al 2011). We believe our technology will lead to the scalable production of HLCs for drug discovery, disease modeling, the construction of extra-corporeal devices and possibly cell based transplantation therapies.

This article will focus on the generation of human hepatic endoderm from human embryonic stem cell populations.

肝细胞样细胞从人类胚胎干细胞群的鲁棒代

Despite progress in modelling human drug toxicity, many compounds fail during clinical trials due to unpredicted side effects. The cost of clinical ...

Identification of a Murine Erythroblast Subpopulation  Enriched in Enucleating Events by Multi-spectral Imaging Flow Cytometry

Erythropoiesis in mammals concludes with the dramatic process of enucleation that results in reticulocyte formation. The mechanism of enucleation has not yet been fully elucidated. A common problem encountered when studying the localization of key proteins and structures within enucleating erythroblasts by microscopy is the difficulty to observe a sufficient number of cells undergoing enucleation.&#160;We have developed a novel analysis protocol using multiparameter high-speed cell imaging in flow (Multi-Spectral Imaging Flow Cytometry), a method that combines immunofluorescent microscopy with flow cytometry, in order to identify efficiently a significant number of enucleating events, that allows to obtain measurements and perform statistical analysis.
We first describe here two in vitro erythropoiesis culture methods used in order to synchronize murine erythroblasts and increase the probability of capturing enucleation at the time of evaluation.&#160;Then, we describe in detail the staining of erythroblasts after fixation and permeabilization in order to study the localization of intracellular proteins or lipid rafts during enucleation by multi-spectral imaging flow cytometry.&#160;Along with size and DNA/Ter119 staining which are used to identify the orthochromatic erythroblasts, we utilize the parameters &#8220;aspect ratio&#8221; of a cell in the bright-field channel that aids in the recognition of elongated cells and &#8220;delta centroid XY Ter119/Draq5&#8221; that allows the identification of cellular events in which the center of Ter119 staining (nascent reticulocyte) is far apart from the center of Draq5 staining (nucleus undergoing extrusion), thus indicating a cell about to enucleate.&#160;The subset of the orthochromatic erythroblast population with high delta centroid and low aspect ratio is highly enriched in enucleating cells.

The present protocol describes a novel method of identifying a population of enucleating orthochromatic erythroblasts by multi-spectral imaging flow cytometry, providing a visualization of the erythroblast enucleation process.

一个小鼠红细胞亚群富集去核活动由多光谱成像流式细胞仪鉴定

Erythropoiesis in mammals concludes with the dramatic process of enucleation that results in reticulocyte formation. The mechanism of enucleation has not ...

Cell Type-specific Gene Expression Profiling in the Mouse Liver

Liver repopulation after injury is a crucial feature of mammals which prevents immediate organ failure and death after exposure of environmental toxins. A deeper understanding of the changes in gene expression that occur during repopulation could help identify therapeutic targets to promote the restoration of liver function in the setting of injuries. Nonetheless, methods to isolate specifically the repopulating hepatocytes are inhibited by a lack of cell markers, limited cell numbers, and the fragility of these cells. The development of translating ribosome affinity purification (TRAP) technology in conjunction with the Fah-/- mouse model to recapitulate repopulation in the setting of liver injury allows gene expression profiling of the repopulating hepatocytes. With TRAP, cell type-specific translating mRNA is rapidly and efficiently isolated. We developed a method that utilizes TRAP with affinity-based isolation of translating mRNA from hepatocytes that selectively express the green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged ribosomal protein (RP), GFP:RPL10A. TRAP circumvents the long time period required for fluorescence-activated cell sorting that could change the gene expression profile. Furthermore, since only the repopulating hepatocytes express the GFP:RPL10A fusion protein, the isolated mRNA is devoid of contamination from the surrounding injured hepatocytes and other cell types in the liver. The affinity-purified mRNA is of high quality and allows downstream PCR- or high-throughput sequencing-based analysis of gene expression.

Translating ribosome affinity purification (TRAP) enables rapid and efficient isolation of cell type-specific translating mRNA. Here, we demonstrate a method that combines hydrodynamic tail-vein injection in a mouse model of liver repopulation and TRAP to examine the expression profile of repopulating hepatocytes.

小鼠肝脏中细胞类型特异性基因表达分析

Liver repopulation after injury is a crucial feature of mammals which prevents immediate organ failure and death after exposure of environmental toxins. A ...