这项研究是由赠款R01-MH090127，P30-MH089868从心理健康国家研究所和获奖数量UL1TR001120从国家中心推进转化科学的支持。内容完全是作者的责任，并不一定代表NIMH或NCATS的官方意见。此外，我们想衷心感谢大卫Morilak博士为他宝贵的专业知识指导早期方法开发。

注意：在此研究中使用的动物是4和6个月的年龄以获得最佳效果之间雄性C57BL / 6J小鼠。小鼠保持在反向光周期，以便在活动（暗）相方便对它们进行测试。如果在一个房间分开壳体被执行的行为，小鼠被允许至少1小时，以适应下列运送到测试室。下红光条件下进行行为测试尽量减少对小鼠尽可能少的正常活动，同时仍然允许实验者足够的照明，以在视觉上监视测试会话。 注：这里所描述的实验过程的各个方面，进行了符合指南实验动物的护理和使用，第8版（NRC）和得克萨斯健康科学大学被批准的机构动物护理和使用委员会中心在圣安东尼奥。 <ol><li>填充陶瓷ramekins（非多孔性; 1.5“深×2.5”直径），至内缘与（约1挖掘介质“从底部）;滤纸轮切成两半，并贴在里面ramekin的背面（ 图1A） </li><li>打破轻轻加糖干早餐谷物（食物奖励） - 蜂蜜坚果或糖衣品种，为大约20毫克的片断为适应环境，培训和测试阶段。 </li><li>做一个注意力集中转移任务（AST）室（ 图1B）：驯化训练和测试每个鼠标在小室;建议至少为8腔室的生产。 <ol><li>建立一个12“×8”×7“AST室;墙壁和起点门制成的不透明的白色丙烯酸类，很容易清洗，用70％的乙醇。断头台式，可移动的起跑线分离室到等候区（5“×8”）和测试区（7“×8”）。 </li><li>包括明确5221; X7“可移动隔板分隔试验区均匀的两面;切3¼“直径的孔进入分区的底部部分，以允许访问嗅的，间隔1”从分区（ 图1C）的前面相距和1“。 </li></ol></li></ol> 2.步骤概述（图2） <ol><li>之前的AST，家鼠单独和允许他们调整到反向光周期为至少一周。 </li><li>适应，训练和测试单独测试室的每个动物。整理测试的最后一天后分配每个室一个鼠标和干净，用70％的乙醇。这将通过使室内的气味像“家笼”或“自我”测试期间尽量减少压力。 </li><li>气味测试盆前2天的测试，让气味消散;老鼠不会挖有一个非常强烈的气味盆。使用与地下25针的注射器，加入大约0.1毫升精油在滤纸的顶部。 </li></ol> 3.处理（1-8天） <ol><li>手柄起动之前，限食的第一天8天小鼠。这将减少与在测试过程中的处理相关的应力。 </li><li>权衡和处理记录体重每一天。每天处理每只小鼠2-3分钟。 </li><li>如果有多个实验者要参与测试的一组老鼠，确保每个参与实验者在搬运过程中增加熟悉实验者，降低压力和焦虑有经验的培训或测试天。 </li><li>继续处理和记录的权重整个测试的持续时间。 </li></ol> 4.食品的限制（9-12天） <ol><li>开始驯化的入门4天前，地方小鼠限制饮食来维持小鼠在他们的自由喂养体重的80-85％。给1克每只小鼠每天的食物。如果低于体重下降指定范围内的给每天2克直至它们返回到适当的范围内。 </li><li>放置2 ramekins在每个笼子的前面，以允许小鼠适应环境到测试盆。这是用来训练鼠标挖食物奖励相同点。 </li><li>添加在ramekins2克食品和1片食物奖励（半片谷物中的每一个）中的每一天为4天。 </li><li>如果行为是在一个单独的房间比1，其中将小鼠收容执行，开始对食物限制1日之前，运输小鼠在试验室，每天至少1小时返回到容纳室，以允许他们适应的检验室。 </li><li>在限食的最后一天，驯化开始前，更改家庭笼的床上用品。笼子里的床上用品将不会再改变，直到测试后完成，以减少在训练和测试（除非绝对必要），压力或焦虑体验。 </li><li>维持小鼠食物限制，直到测试结束。在13-17天，根据食物奖励的消耗（一般&lt;1克食物颗粒）的量的估计驯化，培训或测试后，给老鼠的食物。 </li></ol> 5.驯化（13-14天） <ol><li>开始训练开始前2天，在红​​光下黑暗周期中进行驯化。 </li><li>散布少量脏寝具从腔室中的家笼中，这将通过引入一个熟悉的“家笼”或“自”闻到测试腔室减少在新环境中作为应力（同一腔室将用于单一鼠标的训练和测试）的持续时间。 </li><li>放置一个干净ramekin与水在腔室的等候区;小鼠倾向于不进食，如果他们没有获得水。 </li><li>放置已用于食品限制在测试区域与食物奖励两个ramekins（〜20毫克谷物片）的每一个。 </li><li>鼠标放置在等候区;取出起点门并允许小鼠探索室1小时。 </li><li>不断以鼓励老鼠探索试验区，并经常在盆添加食物奖励（约20毫克谷物片）为空ramekins。 </li><li>确保鼠标可以看到实验者在整个适应期，使实验者的存在不是在测试过程中一个额外的压力源。 </li></ol> 6.培训（15日） <ol><li>鼠标放置在等候区。 </li><li>放置空ramekins，各含有食物奖励（〜20毫克谷物片），进入测试区和解除起点门。让鼠标3分钟检索两种食物奖励。重复此步骤几次。 </li><li> 逐步添加锯末/鼠笼床上用品在随后的试验盆。允许小鼠3分钟结束三正之前检索从每个罐的食物奖励人。一旦鼠标已经检索到的食物奖励从每个锅，继续下试。如果鼠标完全不挖，一旦食物奖励部分覆盖做出尝试，提示可以提供（ 即，撒上谷物粉尘在食物奖励的面积，使锯末了食物奖励的区域中的凹痕，发现部分食物奖励）。 </li><li>继续每次试验后，加入木屑/床上用品，直到食物奖励被完全覆盖和鼠标可靠演示了一个满钵挖找食物奖励的能力。 </li><li>如果鼠标还没有可靠地证明发现在2小时的训练开始的在一个完整的锅食物奖励的能力，继续培养第二日。保持鼠标的食物限制，重复此步骤的第二天。 </li><li>如果鼠标无法挖掘后连续两天食物奖励，从实验的剩余部分排除，并标注为“失败挖”的EXPerimental记录。 </li></ol> 7.测试（16-17天）： <ol><li>在一天之内，测试简单的辨别（SD），复合歧视（CD），反转（R1）和内维移（IDS）。 </li><li>在为期两天，测试内部维2班（IDS2），内维班3（IDS3），逆转2（R2;可选），额外的维移（EDS）。 </li><li>对媒体和香料如表1所示。 </li><li>在操控性上测试一天时间，给小鼠一种食物奖励，以避免缺乏焦点在测试过程中，由于饥饿。从这点开始直至测试日结束时，不除外正确选择奖励提供任何食物。 </li><li>在测试开始时，使用镊子（限制盆之间的气味蔓延）将一块在锅内，指示正确选择食物奖励。食物奖励应完全由媒体（参见图3）。为了避免从食物奖励气味线索，撒上谷物粉尘Ø版本的所有盆的阶段的开始。 </li><li>鼠标放置在等候区与起点门关闭。将盆在测试腔室的任一侧。当起点门被去除，计时器被启动试用开始。允许每个审判每只小鼠3分钟做出选择。记录的选择（正确或不正确），并时间直到鼠标制成每次试验一的选择。 注：“选择”是企图在任一火锅挖表示。挖苦只记录为选择，如果鼠标已经取代了媒体和戳它的鼻子远远不够的空间它创建找食物奖励的媒体或移位足以揭开食物奖励。如果鼠标没有在3分钟内做出了选择，这是记录为没有选择（不正确）。 </li><li>一旦选择已经取得了无论是火锅，删除未从测试室选择了锅。如果一个正确的选择作出，让鼠标将鼠标早在之前完成的食物奖励等候区。如果不正确的做出选择，让鼠标探索锅表明，没有食物奖励为选择鼠标回到等候区之前。 </li><li>在每次试验结束时，将鼠标早在等候区和替换起点门。 </li><li>确保鼠标满足8正确试验的标准连续前进到AST的下一个阶段。如果鼠标没有在50次试验获得8个正确的选择，连续，失败的阶段，不能移动到完成测试。连续6无选择（3分钟无选择）是失败的参与，并从上移动到下一个阶段禁止鼠标。 </li></ol>

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没有利益冲突的声明。

由PFC介导的在认知灵活性赤字表示与各种神经学和神经精神病学障碍有关的一个显著残疾，并且可以对结果和个人从这些疾病痛苦的生活质量产生重大的影响。在小鼠的AST使用的优化是研究遗传基础的连接到前额皮层介导的认知功能障碍的疾病至关重要。我们已发现，上述的方法是一个具体的认知缺陷，认知灵活性的可靠量度，并且近似于使用该任务在大鼠和非人灵长类动物中获得的结果。描述?...

在注意力集中转移任务（AST）前1,2是发展成为人们关注和认知弹性的大鼠了十多年。剑桥神经心理测试自动化电池（CANTAB），其被用于识别认知功能障碍的人类和非人类灵长类3,4的intradimensional /异次元分量后的AST被建模。同时学习简单的规则的能力保持不变，在学习赤字修改时，规则已经改变被发现在患者从各种神经精神障碍（如精神分裂症，强迫症，抑郁症）的痛苦，神经退行性疾病的响应（ 即，帕金森氏病）和患者的病灶，以预额叶皮层5。更一般地，这些患者被描述为具有在认知灵活性缺陷。类似的赤字在这两个非人类灵长类动物和啮齿动物时，病变吨被证明澳前额叶皮质已被诱导1,6-8。这些赤字表明认知僵化的状态或转移注意力集中的能力受损。 形成有注意力集当受试者得知的一组规则可应用于复杂的刺激，以从不相干线索分化有关。例如，在AST，动物将学习关注并给有关的提示（ 即，挖掘介质）响应，而忽略不相关的线索（ 即气味），通过配对食物奖励与介质。此关联随后在后续的任务，其中钢筋挖掘介质和气味的变化的类型，但介质和收益之间的配对关联保持。这种增强的规则形成了认知集。逆转和额外维的转变：在认知灵活性 AST协议的措施方面的两个阶段。在逆转的阶段，在一个dimensio先前负面刺激N（介质在本实施例）现在是肯定的，挑战动物忽略来自前一阶段的正面刺激。例如，如果感觉挖介质是在前一阶段的积极的刺激和纸是负的刺激，现在的情况正好相反。这种挑战，它必须保持注意力集中的动物的灵活性（ 即介质相关的尺寸），而改变规则，学会了一个维度内的刺激和奖励对。一个所注意的集合的形成在额外维移阶​​段，当不相关的维度（气味在这个例子中）成为相关的尺寸受到了挑战。一个固着的反应，通过使用以前学过的规则持续选择所示，在任一阶段，反映了认知灵活性的赤字。 在两个非人类灵长类动物和啮齿类动物损伤的研究显示前额叶皮层的特定区域可以归因于为PErF能力ORM的AST 1,9特定阶段。病变的眶额皮层（OFC），前额皮层（PFC）的次区域，已被证明是导致学习上的AST 8赤字逆转。此外，病变的内侧前额叶皮质（MPFC），导致在执行额外的维度转变的具体困难。 同时使用的AST许多研究在大鼠和非人灵长类动物被执行时，相对较少的已利用的AST如小鼠认知功能的量度。鉴于遗传操作的易用性小鼠，以及迫切需要测量前额叶皮质功能在研究各种障碍，适应和验证小鼠这种行为的措施是一个重要的除了研究与PFC功能障碍相关的疾病。这里详述的方案是由比勒尔和Brown 1被应用在小鼠中优化和过程的修改反映了许多小鼠- specifi的之前已经报道2,6,10-13Ç适应。

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			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Name of Material/ Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:327px;">Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Testing Chamber</td>
			<td style="width:227px;"></td>
			<td style="width:159px;"></td>
			<td colspan="2">Fabricated in-house, specifications can be found in protocol</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:227px;"></td>
			<td style="width:159px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">3 0z. Ramekins</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">BIA Cordon Bleu</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">900002S12</td>
			<td>Purchased on amazon.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:227px;"></td>
			<td style="width:159px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Essential Oils:</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Fronteir Natural Products Co-Op</td>
			<td style="width:159px;"></td>
			<td colspan="2">Purchased on http://www.frontiercoop.com/prodlist.php?ct=anpceoeo</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Clove Bud</td>
			<td style="width:227px;"></td>
			<td align="right">191114</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Red Thyme</td>
			<td style="width:227px;"></td>
			<td align="right">191140</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Lemon</td>
			<td style="width:227px;"></td>
			<td align="right">190810</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Cinnamon Leaf</td>
			<td style="width:227px;"></td>
			<td align="right">191111</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Rosemary</td>
			<td style="width:227px;"></td>
			<td align="right">191133</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Citronella Java</td>
			<td style="width:227px;"></td>
			<td align="right">191112</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Vanilla in jojoba oil</td>
			<td style="width:227px;"></td>
			<td align="right">191231</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Anise Seed</td>
			<td style="width:227px;"></td>
			<td align="right">191102</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Ginger</td>
			<td style="width:227px;"></td>
			<td align="right">191121</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Nutmeg</td>
			<td style="width:227px;"></td>
			<td align="right">191161</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;"></td>
			<td style="width:227px;"></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Filter Paper, 9.0 cm diameter</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">VWR International</td>
			<td>28310-048</td>
			<td>Purchased on https://us.vwr.com/</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;"></td>
			<td style="width:227px;"></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Digging Media</td>
			<td style="width:227px;"></td>
			<td style="width:159px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Raffia</td>
			<td>Ashland 8 oz Raffia</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">n/a</td>
			<td>Purchased on http://www.michaels.com/ 
			Cut into 1/2&#34; to 1&#34; strips</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Green Felt</td>
			<td>Creatology Basic Felt Forest/Dark Green 36 in x 36 in&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">n/a</td>
			<td>Purchased on http://www.michaels.com/ 
			cut into 1 cm x 1 cm squares</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Brown foam</td>
			<td>Creatology Fun Foam 18 x 12 in sheets (light brown/tan)</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">n/a</td>
			<td>Purchased on http://www.michaels.com/ 
			cut into 1/2 cm x 2 cm rectangles</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Crepe paper (yellow)</td>
			<td>Celebrate It Paper Crinkle 4 oz yellow jumbo</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">n/a</td>
			<td>Purchased on http://www.michaels.com/ 
			Cut into 1/2&#34; to 1&#34; strips</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Ribbon (turqoise)</td>
			<td>Celebrate It Wide Ribbon 4 in x 10 yd 100% polyester&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">n/a</td>
			<td>Purchased on http://www.michaels.com/ 
			cut into 1 cm x 1 cm squares</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Metallic&#160;</td>
			<td>Celebrate It Metallic Crinkle Gold 2 oz</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">n/a</td>
			<td>Purchased on http://www.michaels.com/ 
			Cut into 1/2&#34; to 1&#34; strips</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Googly Eyes, 4 mm</td>
			<td style="width:227px;"></td>
			<td>ME4144</td>
			<td colspan="2">Purchased on http://factorydirectcraft.com/index.php</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Black Sequins, 3 mm</td>
			<td style="width:227px;"></td>
			<td>8780BK</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Pink Pom Poms, 1/4 inch</td>
			<td style="width:227px;"></td>
			<td style="width:159px;">1018221</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Pipe Cleaners, red</td>
			<td style="width:227px;"></td>
			<td style="width:159px;">108430</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Bedding material/sawdust</td>
			<td style="width:227px;"></td>
			<td style="width:159px;"></td>
			<td>Obtained from in-house animal resources</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:227px;"></td>
			<td style="width:159px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Timer</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Control Company</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:159px;">5000</td>
			<td colspan="2">Purchased on http://www.control3.com/5000p.htm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:227px;"></td>
			<td style="width:159px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Lightly sweetened dry breakfast cereal loops</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">HEB&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:159px;"></td>
			<td colspan="2">Honey nut toasted oats used in the protocol described, any lightly sweet coated breakfast cereal is recommended</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

the attentional set shifting task: a measure of cognitive flexibility in mice

Cognitive impairment, particularly involving dysfunction of circuitry within the prefrontal cortex (PFC), represents a core feature of many neuropsychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders, including depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorder. Deficits in cognitive function also represent the most difficult symptom domain&#160;to successfully treat, as serotonin reuptake inhibitors and tricyclic antidepressants have only modest effects. Functional neuroimaging studies and postmortem analysis of human brain tissue implicate the PFC as being a primary region of dysregulation in patients with these disorders. However, preclinical behavioral assays used to assess these deficits in mouse models which can be readily manipulated genetically and could provide the basis for studies of new treatment avenues have been underutilized. Here we describe the adaptation of a behavioral assay, the attentional set shifting task (AST), to be performed in mice to assess prefrontal cortex mediated cognitive deficits. The neural circuits underlying behavior during the AST are highly conserved across humans, nonhuman primates and rodents, providing excellent face, construct and predictive validity.

在该试验中，典型的从属措施是每阶段试验，以满足标准（或8个连续正确选择）的数目。 图4A示出试验的平均数来满足准则时使用的AST在未处理的C57BL / 6J每个阶段。小鼠形成对相关线索尺寸（气味或介质）的注意力集中，性能将提高，通过在试验的减少所指示，以满足标准的连续intradimensional移位的，并且反转阶段和异次元移将需要额外的试验，以满足标准。它以抗衡开头上每两个?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about The Attentional Set Shifting Task: A Measure of Cognitive Flexibility in Mice at JoVE.com

The Attentional Set Shifting Task: A Measure of Cognitive Flexibility in Mice

该协议的目的是为了执行行为分析，如注意力集转移任务（AST），以评估在小鼠中前额叶皮层介导的认知灵活性。

在注意定势转移任务：测量小鼠认知的灵活性

Cognitive impairment, particularly involving dysfunction of circuitry within the prefrontal cortex (PFC), represents a core feature of many ...

the-attentional-set-shifting-task-measure-cognitive-flexibility

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

27.0K 次观看.  University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio. 该协议的目的是为了执行行为分析，如注意力集转移任务（AST），以评估在小鼠中前额叶皮层介导的认知灵活性。 

视频: The Attentional Set Shifting Task: A Measure of Cognitive Flexibility in Mice

The Crossmodal Congruency Task as a Means to Obtain an Objective Behavioral Measure in the Rubber Hand Illusion Paradigm

The rubber hand illusion (RHI) is a popular experimental paradigm. Participants view touch on an artificial rubber hand while the participants' own hidden hand is touched. If the viewed and felt touches are given at the same time then this is sufficient to induce the compelling experience that the rubber hand is one's own hand. The RHI can be used to investigate exactly how the brain constructs distinct body representations for one's own body. Such representations are crucial for successful interactions with the external world. To obtain a subjective measure of the RHI, researchers typically ask participants to rate statements such as "I felt as if the rubber hand were my hand". Here we demonstrate how the crossmodal congruency task can be used to obtain an objective behavioral measure within this paradigm.
The variant of the crossmodal congruency task we employ involves the presentation of tactile targets and visual distractors. Targets and distractors are spatially congruent (i.e. same finger) on some trials and incongruent (i.e. different finger) on others. The difference in performance between incongruent and congruent trials - the crossmodal congruency effect (CCE) - indexes multisensory interactions. Importantly, the CCE is modulated both by viewing a hand as well as the synchrony of viewed and felt touch which are both crucial factors for the RHI.
The use of the crossmodal congruency task within the RHI paradigm has several advantages. It is a simple behavioral measure which can be repeated many times and which can be obtained during the illusion while participants view the artificial hand. Furthermore, this measure is not susceptible to observer and experimenter biases. The combination of the RHI paradigm with the crossmodal congruency task allows in particular for the investigation of multisensory processes which are critical for modulations of body representations as in the RHI.

We demonstrate how an objective measure can be employed in the widely employed rubber hand illusion paradigm. This measure is obtained by modifying the well-established crossmodal congruency task. This task allows the investigation of multisensory processes which are critical for modulations of body representations as in the rubber hand illusion.

一致性的任务作为一种手段来获取目标行为的措施中的橡胶手错觉范式Crossmodal

The rubber hand illusion (RHI) is a popular experimental paradigm. Participants view touch on an artificial rubber hand while the participants' own hidden ...

科研

行为学

A Dual Task Procedure Combined with Rapid Serial Visual Presentation to Test Attentional Blink for Nontargets

When viewers search for targets in a rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) stream, if two targets are presented within about 500 msec of each other, the first target may be easy to spot but the second is likely to be missed. This phenomenon of attentional blink (AB) has been widely studied to probe the temporal capacity of attention for detecting visual targets. However, with the typical procedure of AB experiments, it is not possible to examine how the processing of non-target items in RSVP may be affected by attention. This paper describes a novel dual task procedure combined with RSVP to test effects of AB for nontargets at varied stimulus onset asynchronies (SOAs). In an exemplar experiment, a target category was first displayed, followed by a sequence of 8 nouns. If one of the nouns belonged to the target category, participants would respond &#8216;yes&#8217; at the end of the sequence, otherwise participants would respond &#8216;no&#8217;. Two 2-alternative forced choice memory tasks followed the response to determine if participants remembered the words immediately before or after the target, as well as a random word from another part of the sequence. In a second exemplar experiment, the same design was used, except that 1) the memory task was counterbalanced into two groups with SOAs of either 120 or 240 msec and 2) three memory tasks followed the sequence and tested remembrance for nontarget nouns in the sequence that could be anywhere from 3 items prior the target noun position to 3 items following the target noun position. Representative results from a previously published study demonstrate that our procedure can be used to examine divergent effects of attention that not only enhance targets but also suppress nontargets. Here we show results from a representative participant that replicated the previous finding.&#160;

This paper describes a novel dual task procedure combined with Rapid Serial Visual Presentation to look at attentional blink at varied stimulus onset asynchronies. This experimental procedure differed from others in that it tested attentional blink for nontargets.

的双任务过程结合快速系列视觉呈现到测试的注意闪烁Nontargets

When viewers search for targets in a rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) stream, if two targets are presented within about 500 msec of each other, the ...

An Operant Intra-/Extra-dimensional Set-shift Task for Mice

Alterations in executive control and cognitive flexibility, such as attentional set-shifting abilities, are core features of several neuropsychiatric diseases. The most widely used neuropsychological tests for the evaluation of attentional set-shifting in human subjects are the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) and the CANTAB Intra-/Extra-dimensional set shift task (ID/ED). These tasks have proven clinical relevance and have been modified and successfully adapted for research in animal models. However, currently available tasks for rodents present several limitations, mainly due to their manual-based testing procedures, which are hampering translational advances in psychiatric medicine. To overcome these limitations and to better mimic the original version in primates, we present the development of a novel operant-based two-chamber ID/ED "Operon" task for rodents. We demonstrated the effectiveness of this novel task to measure different facets of cognitive flexibility in mice including attentional set formation and shifting, and reversal learning. Moreover, we show the high flexibility of this task in which three different perceptual dimensions can be manipulated with a high number of stimuli cues for each dimension. This novel ID/ED Operon task can be an effective preclinical tool for drug testing and/or large genetic screening relevant to the study of executive dysfunction and cognitive symptoms found in psychiatric disorders.

Attentional set-shifting cognitive abnormalities are a core feature of many psychiatric diseases. Here, we present the development of a novel automatic system for the effective study of attentional set-shifting abilities, executive functions and other cognitive abilities in mice with high translational validity to human studies.

一个操作性内/外维特班任务的小鼠

Alterations in executive control and cognitive flexibility, such as attentional set-shifting abilities, are core features of several neuropsychiatric ...

The Emotional Stroop Task: Assessing Cognitive Performance under Exposure to Emotional Content

The emotional Stroop effect (ESE) is the result of longer naming latencies to ink colors of emotion words than to ink colors of neutral words. The difference shows that people are affected by the emotional content conveyed by the carrier words even though they are irrelevant to the color-naming task at hand. The ESE has been widely deployed with patient populations, as well as with non-selected populations, because the emotion words can be selected to match the tested pathology. The ESE is a powerful tool, yet it is vulnerable to various threats to its validity. This report refers to potential sources of confounding and includes a modal experiment that provides the means to control for them. The most prevalent threat to the validity of existing ESE studies is sustained effects and habituation wrought about by repeated exposure to emotion stimuli. Consequently, the order of exposure to emotion and neutral stimuli is of utmost importance. We show that in the standard design, only one specific order produces the ESE.

The emotional Stroop effect (ESE) is the result of longer naming latencies to ink colors of emotion words than those of neutral words. This report refers to potential sources of confounding and includes a modal experiment that provides the means to control for them.

情绪Stroop任务：评估下暴露的认知表现的情感内容

The emotional Stroop effect (ESE) is the result of longer naming latencies to ink colors of emotion words than to ink colors of neutral words. The ...

The Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) Task: A Simple Cognitive Paradigm to Investigate False Memories in the Laboratory

The Deese,&#160;Roediger and McDermott&#160;(DRM) task is a false memory paradigm in which subjects are presented with lists of semantically related words (e.g., nurse, hospital, etc.) at encoding. After a delay, subjects are asked to recall or recognize these words. In the recognition memory version of the task, subjects are asked whether they remember previously presented words, as well as related (but never presented) critical lure words (&#39;doctor&#39;). Typically, the critical word is recognized with high probability and confidence. This false memory effect has been robustly demonstrated across short (e.g., immediate, 20 min) and long (e.g., 1, 7, 60 d) delays between encoding and memory testing. A strength of using this task to study false memory is its simplicity and short duration. If encoding and retrieval components of the task occur in the same session, the entire task can take as little as 2 - 30 min. However, although the DRM task is widely considered a &#39;false memory&#39; paradigm, some researchers consider DRM illusions to be based on the activation of semantic memory networks in the brain, and argue that such semantic gist-based false memory errors may actually be useful in some scenarios (e.g., remembering the forest for the trees; remembering that a word list was about &#34;doctors&#34;, even though the actual word &#34;doctor&#34; was never presented for study). Remembering the gist of experience (instead of or along with individual details) is arguably an adaptive process and this task has provided a great deal of knowledge about the constructive, adaptive nature of memory. Therefore, researchers should use caution when discussing the overall reach and implications of their experiments when using this task to study &#39;false memory&#39;, as DRM memory errors may not adequately reflect false memories in the real world, such as false memory in eyewitness testimony, or false memories of sexual abuse.

The Deese-Roediger-McDermott DRM Task: A Simple Cognitive Paradigm to Investigate False Memories in the Laboratory

Here we present the Deese,&#160;Roediger and McDermott&#160;(DRM) task, a tool to study false memories in the laboratory. Subjects study lists of semantically related words (e.g.,&#160;nurse, sick, etc.), and later falsely remember an unstudied word (doctor) that represents the gist, or theme, of the word list.

该德泽 - 洛蒂格 - 麦克德莫特（DRM）任务：一个简单的认知范式来研究实验室错误记忆

The Deese,&#160;Roediger and McDermott&#160;(DRM) task is a false memory paradigm in which subjects are presented with lists of semantically related words ...

New Variations for Strategy Set-shifting in the Rat

Behavioral flexibility is crucial for survival in changing environments. Broadly defined, behavioral flexibility requires a shift of behavioral strategy based on a change in governing rules. We describe a strategy set-shifting task that requires an attentional shift from one stimulus dimension to another. The paradigm is often used for testing cognitive flexibility in primates. However, the rodent version has not been as extensively developed. We have recently extended an established set-shifting task in the rat1 by requiring attention to different stimuli according to context. All the experimental conditions required animals to choose either a left or right lever. Initially, all animals had to choose on the basis of the location of the lever. Subsequently, a change in the rule occurred, which required a shift in set from location-based rule to a rule in which the correct lever was indicated by a light cue. We compared performance on three different versions of the task, in which the light stimulus was either novel, previously relevant, or previously irrelevant. We found that specific neurochemical lesions selectively impaired the ability to make particular types of set shift as measured by the performance on the different versions of the task.

Set-shifting, a form of behavioral flexibility, requires an attentional shift from one stimulus dimension to another. We extended an established rodent set-shifting task1 by requiring attention to different stimuli according to context. The task was combined with specific lesions to identify neuron subtypes underlying a successful shift.

对于战略的新变化集移在大鼠

Behavioral flexibility is crucial for survival in changing environments. Broadly defined, behavioral flexibility requires a shift of behavioral strategy ...

Introducing Clicker Training as a Cognitive Enrichment for Laboratory Mice

Establishing new refinement strategies in laboratory animal science is a central goal in fulfilling the requirements of Directive 2010/63/EU. Previous research determined a profound impact of gentle handling protocols on the well-being of laboratory mice. By introducing clicker training to the keeping of mice, not only do we promote the amicable treatment of mice, but we also enable them to experience cognitive enrichment. Clicker training is a form of positive reinforcement training using a conditioned secondary reinforcer, the "click" sound of a clicker, which serves as a time bridge between the strengthened behavior and an upcoming reward. The effective implementation of the clicker training protocol with a cohort of 12 BALB/c inbred mice of each sex proved to be uncomplicated. The mice learned rather quickly when challenged with tasks of the clicker training protocol, and almost all trained mice overcame the challenges they were given (100% of female mice and 83% of male mice). This study has identified that clicker training for mice strongly correlates with reduced fear in the mice during human-mice interactions, as shown by reduced anxiety-related behaviors (e.g., defecation, vocalization, and urination) and fewer depression-like behaviors (e.g., floating). By developing a reliable protocol that can be easily integrated into the daily routine of the keeping of laboratory mice, the lifetime experience of welfare in the mice can be improved substantially.

The development of new refinement strategies for laboratory mice is a challenging task that contributes towards fulfilling the 3R principle. This protocol introduces clicker training as a cognitive enrichment program for laboratory mice.

引进响片训练为实验室老鼠认知富集

Establishing new refinement strategies in laboratory animal science is a central goal in fulfilling the requirements of Directive 2010/63/EU. Previous ...

The "Motor" in Implicit Motor Sequence Learning: A Foot-stepping Serial Reaction Time Task

This protocol describes a modified serial reaction time (SRT) task used to study implicit motor sequence learning. Unlike the classic SRT task that involves finger-pressing movements while sitting, the modified SRT task requires participants to step with both feet while maintaining a standing posture. This stepping task necessitates whole body actions that impose postural challenges. The foot-stepping task complements the classic SRT task in several ways. The foot-stepping SRT task is a better proxy for the daily activities that require ongoing postural control, and thus may help us better understand sequence learning in real-life situations. In addition, response time serves as an indicator of sequence learning in the classic SRT task, but it is unclear whether response time, reaction time (RT) representing mental process, or movement time (MT) reflecting the movement itself, is a key player in motor sequence learning. The foot-stepping SRT task allows researchers to disentangle response time into RT and MT, which may clarify how motor planning and movement execution are involved in sequence learning. Lastly, postural control and cognition are interactively related, but little is known about how postural control interacts with learning motor sequences. With a motion capture system, the movement of the whole body (e.g., the center of mass (COM)) can be recorded. Such measures allow us to reveal the dynamic processes underlying discrete responses measured by RT and MT, and may aid in elucidating the relationship between postural control and the explicit and implicit processes involved in sequence learning. Details of the experimental set-up, procedure, and data processing are described. The representative data are adopted from one of our previous studies. Results are related to response time, RT, and MT, as well as the relationship between the anticipatory postural response and the explicit processes involved in implicit motor sequence learning.

The &quot;Motor&quot; in Implicit Motor Sequence Learning: A Foot-stepping Serial Reaction Time Task

We introduce the foot-stepping serial reaction time (SRT) task. This modified SRT task, complementing the classic SRT task that involves only finger-pressing movement, better approximates daily sequenced activities and allows researchers to study the dynamic processes underlying discrete response measures and disentangle the explicit process operating in implicit sequence learning.

隐式电机序列学习中的 "马达": 步进串行反应时间任务

This protocol describes a modified serial reaction time (SRT) task used to study implicit motor sequence learning. Unlike the classic SRT task that ...

Eye Tracking During Visually Situated Language Comprehension: Flexibility and Limitations in Uncovering Visual Context Effects

The present work is a description and an assessment of a methodology designed to quantify different aspects of the interaction between language processing and the perception of the visual world. The recording of eye-gaze patterns has provided good evidence for the contribution of both the visual context and linguistic/world knowledge to language comprehension. Initial research assessed object-context effects to test&#160;theories of modularity in language processing. In the introduction, we describe how subsequent investigations have taken the role of the wider visual context in language processing as a research topic in its own right, asking questions such as how our visual perception of events and of speakers contributes to&#160;comprehension informed by&#160;comprehenders&#39; experience. Among the examined aspects of the visual context are actions, events, a speaker&#39;s gaze, and emotional facial expressions, as well as spatial object configurations. Following an overview of the eye-tracking method and its different applications, we list the key steps of the methodology in the protocol, illustrating how to successfully use it to study visually-situated language comprehension. A final section presents three sets of representative results and illustrates the benefits and limitations of eye tracking for investigating the interplay between the perception of the visual world and language comprehension.

The present article reviews an eye-tracking methodology for studies on language comprehension. To obtain reliable data, key steps of the protocol must be followed. Among these are the correct set-up of the eye tracker (e.g., ensuring good quality of the eye and head images) and accurate calibration.

视觉语言理解中的眼动追踪: 发现视觉语境效果的灵活性和局限性

The present work is a description and an assessment of a methodology designed to quantify different aspects of the interaction between language processing ...

Using Rapid Serial Visual Presentation to Measure Set-Specific Capture, a Consequence of Distraction While Multitasking

This method uses a rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) paradigm to measure the cost of distraction when participants maintain multiple search goals. The protocol identifies two types of distraction within a single task - contingent attentional capture and set-specific capture - that represent different types of limitations of cognitive processing. Participants search for letters in two or more &#34;target&#34; ink colors (e.g., green and orange) within a continuous RSVP stream of heterogeneously colored letters, while ignoring two peripheral RSVPs of letters. Upon detecting a target, participants are to identify the letter. On some trials, target-colored distractors appear in the periphery just prior to the presentation of a target, causing a drop in target identification performance. Contingent attentional capture is observed by examining performance on trials in which the peripheral distractor is the same color as the target on that trial (e.g., both orange). Set-specific capture is represented by performance on trials in which the peripheral distractor is target-colored (e.g., orange), but not the same color as the target on that trial (e.g., green.) By varying the amount of time (i.e., the number of stimuli appearing) between the presentation of the distractor and the target, researchers can observe how participants recover from these distraction costs over time. As compared to static displays that are often used to measure contingent attentional capture, the dynamic display produces much larger effects, allowing the researcher to identify subtle effects of smaller manipulations. An unusual aspect of our design is that it employs a continuous display; &#34;filler&#34; stimuli connect one trial to the next seamlessly, and participants respond during this interval whenever they detect a target. The continuous display reduces chance performance to near-zero levels (rather than 50%) and provides researchers with a more sensitive measure of performance differences across trial types.

This method uses a dynamic visual display to index costs of distraction during visual search, including both &#34;contingent attentional capture&#34; and &#34;set-specific capture,&#34; which is a cost of distraction that occurs when the participants maintain multiple search goals simultaneously. This method has revealed basic mechanisms and limitations of visual attention.

使用快速串行可视化演示来测量集特定捕获, 这是在多任务时分心的结果。

This method uses a rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) paradigm to measure the cost of distraction when participants maintain multiple search goals. ...