This research was supported by grants R01-MH090127, P30-MH089868 from the National Institute of Mental Health and award number UL1TR001120 from the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences.&#160; The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the NIMH or NCATS. Additionally, we would like to gratefully acknowledge Dr. David Morilak for his valuable expertise in guiding the early method development.

NOTE: Animals used in this study are male C57Bl/6J mice between 4 and 6 months of age for optimal results. Mice are maintained on a reverse light cycle in order to conveniently test them during the active (dark) phase. If behavior is performed in a room separate from housing, mice are allowed at least 1 hr to acclimate following transportation to the testing room. Behavioral testing is performed under red light conditions minimize disruption to the normal activity of the mice as little as possible while still allowing th...

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Deficits in cognitive flexibility mediated by the PFC represent a significant disability associated with a variety of neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders, and can have a major impact on outcomes and quality of life of individuals suffering from these disorders. Optimization of the AST for use in mice is vital to investigating the genetic underpinnings in diseases coupled to prefrontal cortical mediated cognitive dysfunction. We have found that the method described above is a reliable measure of a specific cogniti...

The attentional set shifting task (AST) was developed as a measure of attention and cognitive flexibility in rats over a decade ago1,2. AST is modeled after the intradimensional /extradimensional component of the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB) which is used to identify cognitive dysfunction in humans and non-human primates3,4. While the ability to learn simple rules remains intact, deficits in learning to modify a response when the rules have changed are found in patients suffering from a variety of neuropsychiatric disorders (i.e., schizophrenia, obsessive compulsive disorder, depression), neurodegenerative disorders (i.e., Parkinson&#8217;s disease) and in patients with lesions to the pre-frontal cortex5. More generally, these patients are described as having deficits in cognitive flexibility. Analogous deficits have been shown in both non-human primates and rodents when lesions to the prefrontal cortex have been induced1,6-8. These deficits indicate a state of cognitive inflexibility or an impaired ability to shift attentional set.
An attentional set is formed when a subject learns that a set of rules can be applied to complex stimuli in order to differentiate relevant from irrelevant cues. For example, in the AST, animals will learn to pay attention and respond to the relevant cue (i.e., digging medium) and ignore an irrelevant cue (i.e., odor), by pairing a food reward with the medium. This association is then reinforced in subsequent tasks where the type of digging medium and odor changes, but the paired association between medium and reward remains. This reinforced rule forms a cognitive set. Two stages within the AST protocol measure aspects of cognitive flexibility: reversal and the extra-dimensional shift. At the reversal stage, the previously negative stimuli within one dimension (medium in this example) is now positive, which challenges the animal to ignore the positive stimuli from the previous stage. For example, if felt digging medium was the positive stimuli in the previous stage and paper was the negative stimuli, now the reverse is true. This challenges the animal&#8217;s flexibility in that it must maintain the attentional set (i.e., medium is the relevant dimension) while altering the rule learned for stimulus and reward pair within a dimension. The formation of an attentional set is challenged at the extra-dimensional shift stage, when the irrelevant dimension (odor in this example) becomes the relevant dimension. A perseverative response, as indicated by a continued choice using the previously learned rule, at either stage reflects a deficit in cognitive flexibility.
Lesion studies in both non-human primates and rodents have shown specific regions of the prefrontal cortex can be attributed to the ability to perform particular stages of the AST1,9. Lesions to the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), a subregion of the prefrontal cortex (PFC), have been shown to induce deficits in reversal learning on the AST8. Additionally, lesions to the medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) lead to specific difficulties in performing the extra-dimensional shift.
While numerous studies using the AST have been performed in rats and non-human primates, relatively few have utilized AST as a measure of cognitive function in mice. Given the ease of genetic manipulation in mice, and the critical need to measure prefrontal cortex function in studying a variety of disorders, adapting and validating this behavioral measure in mice is an important addition to research on diseases associated with PFC dysfunction. The protocol detailed here is a modification of the procedure by Birrell and Brown1 that is optimized for application in mice and reflects many of the mouse-specific adaptations that have been previously reported2,6,10-13.

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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Testing Chamber</td>
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			<td colspan="2">Fabricated in-house, specifications can be found in protocol</td>
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</table>

the attentional set shifting task: a measure of cognitive flexibility in mice

Cognitive impairment, particularly involving dysfunction of circuitry within the prefrontal cortex (PFC), represents a core feature of many neuropsychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders, including depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorder. Deficits in cognitive function also represent the most difficult symptom domain&#160;to successfully treat, as serotonin reuptake inhibitors and tricyclic antidepressants have only modest effects. Functional neuroimaging studies and postmortem analysis of human brain tissue implicate the PFC as being a primary region of dysregulation in patients with these disorders. However, preclinical behavioral assays used to assess these deficits in mouse models which can be readily manipulated genetically and could provide the basis for studies of new treatment avenues have been underutilized. Here we describe the adaptation of a behavioral assay, the attentional set shifting task (AST), to be performed in mice to assess prefrontal cortex mediated cognitive deficits. The neural circuits underlying behavior during the AST are highly conserved across humans, nonhuman primates and rodents, providing excellent face, construct and predictive validity.

The typical dependent measure in this test is the number of trials per stage to meet criterion (or 8 correct consecutive choices). Figure 4A shows the average number of trials to meet criterion at each stage in untreated C57BL/6J using the AST. As mice form an attentional set on the relevant cue dimension (odor or media), performance will improve, as indicated by a reduction in trials to meet criterion in successive intradimensional shifts, and the reversal stages and the extradimensional shift will requ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about The Attentional Set Shifting Task: A Measure of Cognitive Flexibility in Mice at JoVE.com

The Attentional Set Shifting Task: A Measure of Cognitive Flexibility in Mice

The goal of this protocol is to perform a behavioral assay such as the attentional set shifting task (AST) to assess prefrontal cortex-mediated cognitive flexibility in mice.

Cognitive impairment, particularly involving dysfunction of circuitry within the prefrontal cortex (PFC), represents a core feature of many ...

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JoVE Journal

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26.9K Views.  University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio.  L'obiettivo di questo protocollo è quello di effettuare un test comportamentale, come il set attenzionale spostamento compito (AST) per valutare prefrontale flessibilità cognitiva cortex-mediata nei topi. 