这项工作是由卫生批授予TAP国家研究院​​（R15MH098246）的支持。

此程序需要使用的动物;这些程序批准了欧柏林大学实验动物管理和使用委员会，并按照指南实验动物46的护理和使用。 1 5CSRTT设备<ol><li>在5CSRTT装置的示意图如图1中提供。 <ol><li>该5CSRTT装置由一个操作性条件反射室（30.5 X 24.1点¯x29.2厘米）与2树脂玻璃侧壁，和一个不锈钢格栅地板。 </li><li>铝前壁是圆形的，并包含5鼻子戳孔（每2.5 X 2.2 X 2.2厘米）;每个孔都配有发光二极管（LED）和能够检测大鼠的鼻子的插入的红外线传感器。 </li><li>背面铝壁包含食品盒;这被连接到小球的分配器和装备有红外线传感器和一个小incandescenT灯。 </li><li>白炽房子光，能够照亮整个室内的固定邻近后壁的顶部。 </li></ol></li><li>房子5CSRTT设备内的通风，降低噪音操作性条件反射腔。 </li><li>使用一台PC计算机控制操作性室和收集数据。 </li></ol> 2，动物房和准备<ol><li>该过程需要使用实验动物;获得来自机构动物照顾及使用委员会（IACUC）之前，在开始任何试验的批准。 </li><li>房子大鼠对。 <ol><li>大鼠保持在14时10光/暗周期（灯上7:00）在一个房间里的22±1℃的恒温</li><li>让大鼠自由饮水，同时在他们家的笼子，但食物限制他们。 </li><li>食物前两天至五天限制大鼠以它们的游离馈送重量85-90％，以杂志训练的开始和整个5CSRTT培训和测试。每天的训练课程后喂老鼠，每天衡量他们，以确保他们体重增加（〜5克/周）。 </li></ol></li></ol> 3 5CSRTT程序<ol><li>一般5CSRTT培训工作的思考<ol><li>列车只在一天的标准时间，每周至少5天;发生在训练许多阶段（ 见表1）和需要几个星期。 </li><li>训练和测试大鼠在相同的操作性室（见第3.2-3.5下文）;在大鼠环境小的偏差会影响他们的表现。 </li><li>在每个会话的清洁腔室的水含有消毒剂次氯酸钠（或另一消毒剂与兽医协商之后）的所有表面的末端。 </li></ol></li><li>杂志社培训<ol><li>引入糖球（45毫克），以大鼠前的第一次会议的笼子。这最大限度地减少恐新症，并确保只将沤rieve糖颗粒从美食杂志。 </li><li>大鼠放置在操作性室（上风扇）与孔眼堵塞。允许大鼠，观察者向腔室5分钟。 </li><li>兑现一个固定的时间间隔20秒（FI-20，1天）时间表或FI-30的时间表（2天）60糖颗粒到杂志。 注：houselight可继续点亮了会议的时间和该杂志在光球团交付应点亮，并能保持照明，直到沉淀检索。 </li><li>在会话音符糖粒料是否被消耗的结束;继续培养至少2天，或直至所有的颗粒都消耗。 </li></ol></li><li> 5CSRTT培训<ol><li> 图2提供了一个单一的5CSRTT试验的示意图。 </li><li>发生在一个操作性室各组大鼠与球迷。允许大鼠，观察者向腔室5分钟。 </li><li>在驯化期间结束时，照亮杂志光，并提供øNE糖球。当这种沉淀检索一审开始。 </li><li>开始每个审判与审判之间的​​时间间隔（ITI），在此期间，只有房子指示灯亮起。在ITI的末端，伪随机地照亮的孔径灯的规定刺激持续时间之一。使大鼠的时间来刺激呈现响应;大鼠被允许响应时间是有限的保持（LH）。 </li><li>鼻子戳反应到照明光圈导致糖颗粒的杂志以及杂志的光照射的交付;这样的反应是正确的反应。熄灭灯光的杂志，并开始在颗粒检索下一个试验。 </li><li>鼻子捅成回应熄灭孔（不正确的反应）和失败的LH（疏忽）导致超时（TO）时作出回应。熄灭期间的houselight。通过点亮houselight信号在于：末尾的下一个试验的开始。 </li><li>在ITI过早反应过程中分数的鼻子戳反应;惩治与与周期这些反应。造成过早响应后重新开始的同一审判。 </li><li> 90试验或30分钟，以先到者为准结束后，每个会话。 </li><li>对于训练的第一阶段设定的刺激持续时间为30秒，左脑至30秒时，ITI〜2秒，向2秒。跨越训练调整这些参数，使得所述刺激持续时间为1秒和LH，ITI和TO均为5秒（ 见表1）。鼠移动到下一个训练阶段，一旦他们达到建议的培训标准。测试大鼠后它们表现出性能上的最后阶段稳定。 注意：Sprague-Dawley大鼠一般4-8周内达到标准性能（〜65％的准确度，&lt;20％遗漏）如果经过培训，每周5天。大鼠的不同菌株然而，有不同的能力，以执行任务。例如，李斯特连帽鼠可以达到很高的水平精确度（&gt; 80％）使用短刺激时间（0.5秒）减少遗漏（&lt;20％）（ 例如 ，巴里等人，2008; Mizra明亮，2001）。因此建议研究者调整刺激参数和标准性能以反映大鼠（或小鼠）的菌株中。 </li></ol></li><li> 5CSRTT测试<ol><li>计算基准性能（％准确度，％遗漏，过早的反应）通过在最后3-5会话平均每小节的性能（参见下文）。利用这些数据来划分大鼠分组（如果需要的话），或者作为一个单独的大鼠的基线。 </li><li>使用测试当天的挑战（ 表2），以进一步探测行为。 </li><li>对于中科设计，点缀以考试当日的挑战会话的培训课程。 注：考试当天的挑战，可以用来补充在标准工作检查的行为。这些操作可以揭示行为的微妙变化，是看不出来的经过广泛在标准的任务和/或培训被用来更好地了解一个性能缺陷的性质。 </li></ol></li><li> 5CSRTT绩效衡量<ol><li>用电脑来计算绩效指标。 </li><li>回应（％精度）精度：按正确的和不正确的反应总鸿沟的正确反应的次数。这是关注的主要措施。 [＃正确反应/（＃正确答案+＃不正确的响应）]×100 </li><li>遗漏：除试验中，大鼠未通过试验完成的总数响应的数目。 ％疏漏反映的关注，但也可以用镇静，动机和运动能力的影响，从而遗漏的解释取决于其他措施的表现。 [＃遗漏/（＃遗漏+＃正确答案+＃不正确的反应）]×100 </li><li>正确答案：通过试验可比总数除以正确反应数leted。 [＃正确反应/（＃遗漏+＃正确答案+＃不正确的反应）]×100 </li><li>不正确的反应：通过试验完成总数除以不正确的响应数。 [＃不正确的反应/（＃遗漏+＃正确答案+＃不正确的反应）]×100 </li><li>过早的回应：确定的ITI期间所做的响应数。这是对冲动行为的主要措施。 </li><li>固着回应：确定鼻子戳响应数到任何光圈后大鼠做出了正确的反应，但在糖球团的检索之前。这是强迫行为的措施。 </li><li>杂志条目：确定鼻子戳反应到该杂志的数量。这是积极性的措施。 </li><li>延迟到正确的回应：从刺激到正确的反应发作计算的平均时间;措施处理速度或决策。 </li><li>晚NCY到不正确的回应：计算从刺激发病的平均时间是不正确的响应;措施处理速度或决策。 </li><li>奖励检索延迟：计算的平均时间为大鼠检索糖球团奖励;能反映动力。 </li></ol></li></ol>

作者什么都没有透露。

该5CSRTT是一种广泛使用的任务，以评估在啮齿类动物的关注和冲动控制。注意的是最常见的反应1,7,10的精度测量。因为响应不包括遗漏，并因为正确和不正确响应的准确性具有相同的反应条件（ 即 ，在开口的鼻子戳），精度不运动能力，动机或镇静的影响。在％疏漏，也可作为关注的指标，因为训练有素的啮齿动物往往会隐瞒的回应，而不是&#39;想&#39;如果他们不确?...

5选择序列反应时任务（5CSRTT）是由特雷弗·罗宾斯和同事在剑桥大学以了解的人诊断出患有注意缺陷多动障碍（ADHD）1,2显示的行为缺陷的发展。它是基于用于研究人类3注意连续执行任务;注意力被定义为分配和维持认知资源集中在特定的刺激或信息，而忽略了其他信息4的能力。虽然任务最初是设计用于大鼠1,2使用，鼠标的版本也已经开发了5,6。 基本5CSRTT要求大鼠扫描五个孔，用于简要光刺激（线索）中的孔中的一个的呈现一水平阵列;一旦检测大鼠的刺激，必须鼻子戳在照明光圈收到糖颗粒的奖励。因此，，该任务需要大鼠分为两种注意力跨越5空间不同孔径和维持注意力，直到刺激是在一个给定的试验并在多个临床试验中的会话1,7。注意通常评估的响应的准确性。虽然5CSRTT最初被设计来评估注意力，它也被用来评估冲动行为或反应抑制1,7,8：扣压预烈性或不适当响应9的能力。在该任务中，大鼠必须截留响应的间试间隔的持续时间（ITI），并且仅当刺激呈现在孔1中的一个响应。因此过早的反应，那些ITI前刺激呈现过程中发生，为冲动行为的有用指标。 该5CSRTT是一个令人难以置信的灵活的任务，也有一些基本任务的修改（ 即考试当天的挑战）可实现更仔细地研究如何操作实验影响行为。例如，减少刺激持续时间或缩短ITI是不同的机制来提高任务的注意力的负荷，并且可以被用来系统地评估注意力1,7,10-12子域。相反，增加的刺激持续时间最小化任务的注意力需求;这可以被用来确定是否操纵干扰来执行任务12的基本响应要求的能力。增加了ITI的持续时间可用于确定特定的操作是否会影响脉冲响应1,7,8,13-15。此外，使用测试一天的挑战，如刚才所述，可以揭示赤字10或16,17的增强行为是不是训练有素的大鼠视测试使用标准的测试参数。 重要的是，5CSRTT是经得起吨有许多不同的技术Ø结合;例如认知进行了研究离散脑区10,18-20以下病变，或选择性神经递质耗竭2,21,22。行为药理学研究已经使用，也可以全身16,17,23-28或分立颅内药物29-32管理。而且表现的急性12,16,17,29-32和慢性药物管理局13,14,23,33后容易评估。任务绩效对神经递质释放34和代谢活动35分立的大脑区域的影响也进行了评估。此外，在该任务的性能可用于大鼠分成基于基线的注意力表现30,31或冲动15,32的水平基团。最后，随着5CSRTT 5,6鼠标版本的出现，该任务已经被用来研究对注意力和IMP的遗传贡献ulse控制5,36-39。 因为5CSRTT同时评估多种认知功能，并且是适合于对具有多种药理，分子和遗传方法已经常规地用于评估的精神和神经障碍的动物模型的上下文中的认知功能障碍的组合来使用。例如，5CSRTT已被用于研究神经生物学的认知干扰在注意缺陷多动障碍（ADHD）37,40,41，精神分裂症23,33,42，药物成瘾13,14,43-45，阿尔茨海默氏病18基本39，帕金森氏病36，和亨廷顿氏病37。 该协议规定了训练大鼠的5CSRTT准则。由于多项措施性能可以收集，我们描述resul如何共同模式TS应当解释。除了常见的几种变型的基本协议中，测试天的挑战，进行说明。

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the 5-choice serial reaction time task: a task of attention and impulse control for rodents

这个协议描述了5-选择串行反应时间的任务，这是用来研究注意力和冲动控制啮齿动物的操作性基于任务。试验天的挑战，修改标准的任务，可以被用来系统地征税的神经系统控制或者注意力或冲动控制。重要的是，这些挑战对行为的跨实验室完整的动物一致的效果，并可以揭示既增强或缺陷的认知功能是看不出来的，当大鼠只考了标准的任务。对各种收集的行为测量可以被用来确定是否有其他因素（ 即 ，镇静，动机缺乏，运动障碍）正在促进性能变化。该5CSRTT的通用性进一步提高，因为它是适合于与药理学，分子和遗传技术的组合。

在5CSRTT的探头视觉空间注意的操纵 一种方法中，以不同任务的注意力需求是改变刺激的持续时间。作为刺激持续时间减少，％精度降低（ 图3A）和％遗漏的增加（ 图3B;改编自12）。由此较短的刺激持续时间增加任务的注意力需求和更长的刺激持续时间的减少任务的注意力需求。改变刺激的持续时间不能可靠地影响过早响应和响应延迟（?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about The 5-Choice Serial Reaction Time Task: A Task of Attention and Impulse Control for Rodents at JoVE.com

The 5-Choice Serial Reaction Time Task: A Task of Attention and Impulse Control for Rodents

这个协议描述了5-选择串行反应时间的任务，这是用来研究注意力和冲动控制啮齿动物的操作性基于任务。试验天的挑战，这是标准的任务的修改，增加了任务的灵活性，并且可以与其他操作组合，以更充分地描述的行为。

5选择序列反应时任务：注意的任务和脉冲控制鼠害

This protocol describes the 5-choice serial reaction time task, which is an operant based task used to study attention and impulse control in rodents. ...

the-5-choice-serial-reaction-time-task-task-attention-impulse-control

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

45.7K 次观看.  Oberlin College. 这个协议描述了5-选择串行反应时间的任务，这是用来研究注意力和冲动控制啮齿动物的操作性基于任务。试验天的挑战，这是标准的任务的修改，增加了任务的灵活性，并且可以与其他操作组合，以更充分地描述的行为。 

视频: The 5-Choice Serial Reaction Time Task: A Task of Attention and Impulse Control for Rodents

Using the Threat Probability Task to Assess Anxiety and Fear During Uncertain and Certain Threat

Fear of certain threat and anxiety about uncertain threat are distinct emotions with unique behavioral, cognitive-attentional, and neuroanatomical components. Both anxiety and fear can be studied in the laboratory by measuring the potentiation of the startle reflex. The startle reflex is a defensive reflex that is potentiated when an organism is threatened and the need for defense is high. The startle reflex is assessed via electromyography (EMG) in the orbicularis oculi muscle elicited by brief, intense, bursts of acoustic white noise (i.e., &#8220;startle probes&#8221;). Startle potentiation is calculated as the increase in startle response magnitude during presentation of sets of visual threat cues that signal delivery of mild electric shock relative to sets of matched cues that signal the absence of shock (no-threat cues). In the Threat Probability Task, fear is measured via startle potentiation to high probability (100% cue-contingent shock; certain) threat cues whereas anxiety is measured via startle potentiation to low probability (20% cue-contingent shock; uncertain) threat cues. Measurement of startle potentiation during the Threat Probability Task provides an objective and easily implemented alternative to assessment of negative affect via self-report or other methods (e.g., neuroimaging) that may be inappropriate or impractical for some researchers. Startle potentiation has been studied rigorously in both animals (e.g., rodents, non-human primates) and humans which facilitates animal-to-human translational research. Startle potentiation during certain and uncertain threat provides an objective measure of negative affective and distinct emotional states (fear, anxiety) to use in research on psychopathology, substance use/abuse and broadly in affective science. As such, it has been used extensively by clinical scientists interested in psychopathology etiology and by affective scientists interested in individual differences in emotion.

Potentiation of the startle reflex is measured via electromyography of the orbicularis oculi muscle during low (uncertain) and high (certain) probability electric shock threat in the Threat Probability Task. This provides an objective measure of distinct negative emotional states (fear/anxiety) for research on psychopathology, substance use/abuse, and broad affective science.

使用威胁概率任务，以评估焦虑和恐惧在不确定性和一定的威胁

Fear of certain threat and anxiety about uncertain threat are distinct emotions with unique behavioral, cognitive-attentional, and neuroanatomical ...

科研

行为学

fMRI Validation of fNIRS Measurements During a Naturalistic Task

We present a method to compare brain activity recorded with near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) in a dance video game task to that recorded in a reduced version of the task using fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging). Recently, it has been shown that fNIRS can accurately record functional brain activities equivalent to those concurrently recorded with functional magnetic resonance imaging for classic psychophysical tasks and simple finger tapping paradigms. However, an often quoted benefit of fNIRS is that the technique allows for studying neural mechanisms of complex, naturalistic behaviors that are not possible using the constrained environment of fMRI. Our goal was to extend the findings of previous studies that have shown high correlation between concurrently recorded fNIRS and fMRI signals to compare neural recordings obtained in fMRI procedures to those separately obtained in naturalistic fNIRS experiments. Specifically, we developed a modified version of the dance video game Dance Dance Revolution (DDR) to be compatible with both fMRI and fNIRS imaging procedures. In this methodology we explain the modifications to the software and hardware for compatibility with each technique as well as the scanning and calibration procedures used to obtain representative results. The results of the study show a task-related increase in oxyhemoglobin in both modalities and demonstrate that it is possible to replicate the findings of fMRI using fNIRS in a naturalistic task. This technique represents a methodology to compare fMRI imaging paradigms which utilize a reduced-world environment to fNIRS in closer approximation to naturalistic, full-body activities and behaviors. Further development of this technique may apply to neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson&#8217;s disease, late states of dementia, or those with magnetic susceptibility which are contraindicated for fMRI scanning.

We present a method to compare functional brain activity recorded during a naturalistic task using fNIRS with activity recorded during fMRI.

的fNIRS功能磁共振成像测量验证过程中一个自然主义任务

We present a method to compare brain activity recorded with near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) in a dance video game task to that recorded in a reduced ...

A Dual Task Procedure Combined with Rapid Serial Visual Presentation to Test Attentional Blink for Nontargets

When viewers search for targets in a rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) stream, if two targets are presented within about 500 msec of each other, the first target may be easy to spot but the second is likely to be missed. This phenomenon of attentional blink (AB) has been widely studied to probe the temporal capacity of attention for detecting visual targets. However, with the typical procedure of AB experiments, it is not possible to examine how the processing of non-target items in RSVP may be affected by attention. This paper describes a novel dual task procedure combined with RSVP to test effects of AB for nontargets at varied stimulus onset asynchronies (SOAs). In an exemplar experiment, a target category was first displayed, followed by a sequence of 8 nouns. If one of the nouns belonged to the target category, participants would respond &#8216;yes&#8217; at the end of the sequence, otherwise participants would respond &#8216;no&#8217;. Two 2-alternative forced choice memory tasks followed the response to determine if participants remembered the words immediately before or after the target, as well as a random word from another part of the sequence. In a second exemplar experiment, the same design was used, except that 1) the memory task was counterbalanced into two groups with SOAs of either 120 or 240 msec and 2) three memory tasks followed the sequence and tested remembrance for nontarget nouns in the sequence that could be anywhere from 3 items prior the target noun position to 3 items following the target noun position. Representative results from a previously published study demonstrate that our procedure can be used to examine divergent effects of attention that not only enhance targets but also suppress nontargets. Here we show results from a representative participant that replicated the previous finding.&#160;

This paper describes a novel dual task procedure combined with Rapid Serial Visual Presentation to look at attentional blink at varied stimulus onset asynchronies. This experimental procedure differed from others in that it tested attentional blink for nontargets.

的双任务过程结合快速系列视觉呈现到测试的注意闪烁Nontargets

When viewers search for targets in a rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) stream, if two targets are presented within about 500 msec of each other, the ...

The Knob Supination Task: A Semi-automated Method for Assessing Forelimb Function in Rats

Tasks that accurately measure dexterity in animal models are critical to understand hand function. Current rat behavioral tasks that measure dexterity largely use video analysis of reaching or food manipulation. While these tasks are easy to implement and are robust across disease models, they are subjective and laborious for the experimenter. Automating traditional tasks or creating new automated tasks can make the tasks more efficient, objective, and quantitative. Since rats are less dexterous than primates, central nervous system (CNS) injury produces more subtle deficits in dexterity, however, supination is highly affected in rodents and crucial to hand function in primates. Therefore, we designed a semi-automated task that measures forelimb supination in rats. Rats are trained to reach and grasp a knob-shaped manipulandum and turn the manipulandum in supination to receive a reward. Rats can acquire the skill within 20 &plusmn; 5 days. While the early part of training is highly supervised, much of the training is done without direct supervision. The task reliably and reproducibly captures subtle deficits after injury and shows functional recovery that accurately reflects clinical recovery curves. Analysis of data is performed by specialized software through a graphical user interface that is designed to be intuitive. We also give solutions to common problems encountered during training, and show that minor corrections to behavior early in training produce reliable acquisition of supination. Thus, the knob supination task provides efficient and quantitative evaluation of a critical movement for dexterity in rats.

This manuscript describes a semi-automated task that quantifies supination in rats. Rats reach, grasp, and supinate a spherical manipulandum. The rat is rewarded with a pellet if the turn angle exceeds a criterion set by the user. This task increases throughput, sensitivity to injury, and objectivity compared to traditional tasks.

旋钮旋任务: 一种半自动评估大鼠前肢功能的方法

Tasks that accurately measure dexterity in animal models are critical to understand hand function. Current rat behavioral tasks that measure dexterity ...

The "Motor" in Implicit Motor Sequence Learning: A Foot-stepping Serial Reaction Time Task

This protocol describes a modified serial reaction time (SRT) task used to study implicit motor sequence learning. Unlike the classic SRT task that involves finger-pressing movements while sitting, the modified SRT task requires participants to step with both feet while maintaining a standing posture. This stepping task necessitates whole body actions that impose postural challenges. The foot-stepping task complements the classic SRT task in several ways. The foot-stepping SRT task is a better proxy for the daily activities that require ongoing postural control, and thus may help us better understand sequence learning in real-life situations. In addition, response time serves as an indicator of sequence learning in the classic SRT task, but it is unclear whether response time, reaction time (RT) representing mental process, or movement time (MT) reflecting the movement itself, is a key player in motor sequence learning. The foot-stepping SRT task allows researchers to disentangle response time into RT and MT, which may clarify how motor planning and movement execution are involved in sequence learning. Lastly, postural control and cognition are interactively related, but little is known about how postural control interacts with learning motor sequences. With a motion capture system, the movement of the whole body (e.g., the center of mass (COM)) can be recorded. Such measures allow us to reveal the dynamic processes underlying discrete responses measured by RT and MT, and may aid in elucidating the relationship between postural control and the explicit and implicit processes involved in sequence learning. Details of the experimental set-up, procedure, and data processing are described. The representative data are adopted from one of our previous studies. Results are related to response time, RT, and MT, as well as the relationship between the anticipatory postural response and the explicit processes involved in implicit motor sequence learning.

The &quot;Motor&quot; in Implicit Motor Sequence Learning: A Foot-stepping Serial Reaction Time Task

We introduce the foot-stepping serial reaction time (SRT) task. This modified SRT task, complementing the classic SRT task that involves only finger-pressing movement, better approximates daily sequenced activities and allows researchers to study the dynamic processes underlying discrete response measures and disentangle the explicit process operating in implicit sequence learning.

隐式电机序列学习中的 "马达": 步进串行反应时间任务

This protocol describes a modified serial reaction time (SRT) task used to study implicit motor sequence learning. Unlike the classic SRT task that ...

The Modified Temptation Resistance Task: A Paradigm to Elicit Children's Strategic Lie-telling

The protocol for the temptation resistance paradigm was designed to elicit 2- to 8-year-old children's strategic lie-telling behaviors. The reward of transgression was intended to be too tempting to resist, so that children's spontaneous lie-telling behavior in the presence of irreversible evidence due to the transgression could be observed. Conducted in a developmental psychology laboratory behind a one-way mirror and video recorded with a hidden camcorder, the protocol starts with a guessing game where the child is given three trials to guess the identities of hidden objects under an upside down cup. The experimenter gives hints in the first two trials to make sure the child "guess" them correctly. At the beginning of the final trial, the experimenter leaves the room briefly and asks the child not to peek under the cup. If the child could not resist the temptation and peeks, small particles previously filled in the cup would scatter on a grooved surface. Upon the experimenter's return, the child is asked if he/she has peeked. If he/she denies transgression contrary to the presence of the physical evidence, he/she is asked to explain why the particles are on the table. Three responses could be observed in the procedure, including the initial transgression, truth-telling or lie-telling behavior if the child peeked, and the strategic lie-telling behavior in the presence of the physical evidence.

The Modified Temptation Resistance Task: A Paradigm to Elicit Children&#039;s Strategic Lie-telling

The protocol for the temptation resistance paradigm was designed to elicit 2- to 8-year-old children&#39;s strategic lie-telling behaviors. The reward of transgression was intended to be too tempting to resist, so that children&#39;s spontaneous lie-telling behavior in the presence of irreversible evidence due to the transgression could be observed.

修正诱惑力的任务: 一种诱导儿童战略说谎的范式

The protocol for the temptation resistance paradigm was designed to elicit 2- to 8-year-old children's strategic lie-telling behaviors. The reward of ...

A Two-interval Forced-choice Task for Multisensory Comparisons

We provide a procedure for a psychophysics experiment in humans based on a previously described paradigm aimed to characterize the perceptual duration of intervals within the range of milliseconds of visual, acoustic, and audiovisual aperiodic trains of six pulses. In this task, each of the trials consists of two consecutive intramodal intervals where the participants press the upward arrow key to report that the second stimulus lasted longer than the reference, or the downward arrow key to indicate otherwise. The analysis of the behavior results in psychometric functions of the probability of estimating the comparison stimulus to be longer than the reference, as a function of the comparison intervals. In conclusion, we advance a way of implementing standard programming software to create visual, acoustic, and audiovisual stimuli, and to generate a two-interval forced-choice (2IFC) task by delivering stimuli through noise-blocking headphones and a computer&#39;s monitor.

Psychophysics is essential for studying perception phenomena through sensory information. Here we present a protocol to perform a two-interval forced-choice task as implemented in a previous report on human psychophysics where participants estimated the duration of visual, auditory, or audiovisual intervals of aperiodic trains of pulses.

多感比较的双区间强制选择任务

We provide a procedure for a psychophysics experiment in humans based on a previously described paradigm aimed to characterize the perceptual duration of ...

A Task for Assessing the Impact of a Partner on the Speed and Accuracy of Motor Performance in Rats

To our knowledge, no study has examined the effect of mere presence on accuracy of performance in animals. Therefore, we developed an experimental task to measure rats&#8217; motor performance (speed and accuracy) in a social condition. Rats were trained to run on a runway and pull down a lever at the end of the runway. In testing, rats performed the task solitarily (single) or in the presence of a confederate rat beyond the lever (pair or a social condition). As indices of the performance speed, we measured the time needed to start running, run through the runway, and pull down the lever. As the index of performance accuracy, we counted the number of trials in which rats could pull down the lever during their first attempt. One-way and two-way repeated-measure analyses of variance were used to analyze the data. This run-and-pull task enabled us to examine the effect of the presence of another conspecific on both speed and accuracy of motor performance in one experiment. The results showed that rats performed the task faster but less accurately in pair sessions than in single sessions. This protocol would be a valid animal model to examine the effect of mere presence on speed and accuracy of motor performance in rats.

A procedure to measure the speed and accuracy of rats&rsquo; motor performance in a social condition is described. The protocol enables us to investigate the effect of the mere presence of others on speed and accuracy of motor performance in one experiment.

评估合作伙伴对大鼠电机性能速度和准确性的影响的任务

To our knowledge, no study has examined the effect of mere presence on accuracy of performance in animals. Therefore, we developed an experimental task to ...

Examining Bilingual Language Control Using the Stroop Task

The Stroop task in its many variations has been used in fields such as psychology, linguistics, and neuroscience to examine questions regarding the automaticity of reading, language processing, and cognitive control, among others. When looking at bilingual individuals, this task can be used to obtain measures of language interference and control in both a bilingual&#39;s first language (L1) and second language (L2), as well as for testing the bilingual advantage hypothesis. The Stroop task presents participants with color terms written in congruent colors (e.g., the word RED written in red font), incongruent colors (e.g., the word RED written in green font), in addition to noncolor terms for control (e.g., the word TREE presented in any color), and uses the reaction times from the different conditions to assess the degree of interference and facilitation. In the covert version of the Stroop bilingual task (i.e., participants respond by pressing a button rather than naming aloud), stimuli in the L1 and the L2 are typically presented in separate blocks. While this allows for a simple, yet effective assessment of processing and cognitive control in each language, it fails to capture any potential differences in processing and control within bilingual young adult groups. The present task combines single-language blocks with a novel mixed-language block to increase the level of difficulty of the task, thus making it suitable for testing cognitive control in young adults. Representative results showing differences between performance in the single-language vs. mixed-language blocks are presented, and the benefits of a mixed-language block are discussed.

This bilingual Stroop task uses Congruent, Incongruent, and Neutral stimuli presented in blocks in the first language (L1) only, the second language (L2) only, and a combination of L1 and L2. This task allows for an examination of language processing and cognitive control in both L1 and L2.

使用 Stroop 任务检查双语语言控制

The Stroop task in its many variations has been used in fields such as psychology, linguistics, and neuroscience to examine questions regarding the ...

Revised and Neuroimaging-Compatible Versions of the Dual Task Screen

Dual task paradigms simultaneously assess motor and cognitive abilities, and they can detect subtle, residual impairments in athletes with recent mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI). However, past dual task paradigms have focused solely on lower extremity skills and have relied on cumbersome, expensive laboratory equipment - thus limiting their practicality for everyday mTBI evaluation. Subsequently, we developed the Dual Task Screen (DTS), which takes &#60;10 minutes to administer and score, uses low-cost portable equipment, and includes lower extremity (LE) and upper extremity (UE) subtasks. The purpose of this manuscript was twofold. First, we describe the administration protocol for the revised DTS, which we revised to address the limitations of the original DTS. Specifically, the revisions included additions of smart devices to acquire more detailed gait data and inclusion of single cognitive conditions to test for disrupted cognitive performance under dual task conditions. Importantly, the revised DTS is a measure intended for future clinical use, and we present representative results from three male athletes to illustrate the type of clinical data that can be acquired from the measure. Importantly, we have yet to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of the revised DTS in athletes with mTBI, which is the next research initiative. The second purpose of this manuscript is to describe a neuroimaging-compatible version of the DTS. We developed this version so we could evaluate the neural underpinnings of single and dual task performance, for a better empirical understanding of the behavioral deficits associated with mTBI. Thus, this manuscript also describes the steps we took to enable simultaneous functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) measurement during the DTS, along with how we acquired and completed first-level processing of the fNIRS data.

We developed the original Dual Task Screen (DTS) as a portable, low-cost measure that can evaluate athletes with sports-induced mild traumatic brain injury. We revised the original DTS for future clinical use and developed a neuroimaging-compatible version of the DTS to measure neural underpinnings of single and dual task performance.

双任务屏幕的修订和神经成像兼容版本

Dual task paradigms simultaneously assess motor and cognitive abilities, and they can detect subtle, residual impairments in athletes with recent mild ...