The authors would like to acknowledge Latoya Wiggins and Katelyn Griffin for their assistance in sample acquisition, as well as Laura Lee Rutherford for their assistance in sampling and molecular analyses. We would also like to thank Sarah Owens from Argonne National Lab for microbiomic sample preparation and sequencing. These investigations were supported equally by the Agricultural Research Service, USDA CRIS Projects &#8220;Pathogen Reduction and Processing Parameters in Poultry Processing Systems&#8221; #6612-41420-017-00 and &#8220;Molecular Approaches for the Characterization of Foodborne Pathogens in Poultry&#8221; #6612-32000-059-00.

环境家禽生产样品1.机械同质化<ol style="margin-left: 40px;"><li>在提取之前，设定一水浴中以95℃，并让水浴时间达到该温度。 </li><li>称出0.33克土壤或粪便物质的到2ml裂解矩阵E管。 <ol><li>不超过0.33克在管样品的，因为这会导致以下的解决方案，以超过所述管的容量。 </li><li>解冻冷冻样品RT之前称重。 </li><li>为了共1克土壤/粪便进行分析，称出3复制0.33克样本为每个单独的环境样本。 </li><li>商店样品在萃取前-20℃圆锥形基质管内，如果需要的话。 </li></ol></li><li>添加825微升磷酸钠缓冲液和275微升的PLS溶液到样品管中。混合使用涡旋为〜15秒，然后离心样品在14000×g离心5分钟。 </li><li>倒出superna坦并加入700μlBuffer ASL的。混合使用涡旋5秒。 <ol><li>确保有顶部空间（〜10％总体积）在锥形管可用在这一点上。如果没有顶部空间，该管将有一种倾向在接下来的均化步骤可能导致交叉污染和/或样品损失泄漏。 </li></ol></li><li>将样品成FastPrep 24仪器，并且使样品均质化，在6.0米/秒，40秒的速度。 </li><li>离心匀浆样品在14000×g离心5分钟。将上清液转移到一个无菌的2ml微量管中。 </li><li>为了最大限度地提高来自样品的DNA回收率，重复步骤1.4至1.6，将上清液合并到同一无菌，加入2ml微量离心管中。 </li></ol>从样品匀浆抑制剂2.酶抑制注：此协议使用的QIAamp DNA凳子套件。 <ol style="margin-left: 40px;"><li>孵育上清液在95℃水浴中5分钟，以最大化从上清液内的任何剩余的细胞中的DNA的恢复。 <ol><li>孵育在70℃下对含有大部分革兰氏阴性生物体的样本。然而，如果革兰氏阳性生物体存在（这是与家禽粪便样品的情况下），孵育在95℃。 </li><li>使用在离心管塑料锁定夹以确保该管不会“弹出”开放式和可能丢失的样品体积作为压力可以在这些密封的离心管中建立起来的。 </li></ol></li><li>打开每个微量离心管中以释放压力，再盖的微量离心管，并混合使用涡旋15秒。 </li><li>离心样品以14000×g离心1分钟，取出1.2上清液毫升，并将其放置到一个新的无菌的2ml微量管中。 </li><li>加1 InhibitEx标签到每个样品中，并混合使用涡旋直到样品变得均匀白色/灰白色液体。 <ol><li>避免吨ouching所述InhibitEx标签而将其放入装有样品的离心管中。要做到这一点，将直接包含的标签在开放的离心管的泡罩包装，轻轻推离卡的泡罩包装，并移入离心管中。 </li></ol></li><li>孵育在室温（〜25℃）的样品1分钟，离心机在14000×g离心5分钟。 </li><li>所有的液体转移到一个无菌的1.5 ml离心管和离心机在14000×g离心5分钟。 <ol><li>避免传输液体时可能已沉淀在离心管的底部，在步骤2.5的末端任何剩余的颗粒。 </li></ol></li></ol>使用QIAcube工作站机器人工作站3.自动化DNA纯化注：塑料消耗品的数量，在离心机内的样本转子适配器的结构中，和缓冲器/溶液的所需体积依赖于NUMBER是正在运行的样品。 <ol style="margin-left: 40px;"><li>加入洗脱管和过滤管的转子适配器中的适当插槽。对于每个样品，加入400微升至转子适配器的中间槽。根据被纯化的样本数将转子适配器在工作站离心机在正确安排。 <ol><li>确保所有的离心管盖子被正确地固定在转子适配器中因为不这样做可能会导致在的离心步骤的纯化方案之一剪切。 </li></ol></li><li>加入1000微升和200微升过滤提示所需数量的工作站，并填写所提供的缓冲瓶缓冲所需音量。 注意：需要这种纯化方案（AL，AW1，AW2，和AE）的缓冲器都包含所述的QIAamp DNA粪便Mini试剂盒之内。用户需要提供所需要的AW BU的100％的乙醇ffers并且如在纯化过程中所用的溶液。 </li><li>添加提供的蛋白酶K的解决方案所需要的量进入无菌1.5 ml离心管，并将其放置到工作站上插槽A。此外，添加所需数量（等于样本的数量被净化）2毫升安全锁的离心样品管的RB到工作站的摇床截面。 <ol><li>保证样品管的盖子被安全地放置在工作站上的相应插槽中，因为不这样做将导致一个错误，当机器开始扫描工作站，以确保所有需要的塑料和液体可用于要求运行。 </li></ol></li><li>使用触摸屏的工作站上，选择DNA凳 - 人类凳 - 病原体检测协议，并通过后续屏幕阅读，以确保工作站被正确加载。一旦所有的检查屏幕被传递，选择开始运行这个协议。 <ol><li>如果从超过12个样品中提取DNA，开始均质化处理（步骤1）为下一个组样品中，由于12个样本的运行花费〜72分钟，以完成在工作站上。 </li></ol></li><li>从转子适配器在-20℃，直到需要用于后续下游分析取出样品，帽他们，和地点。 <ol><li>在这一点上，结合了3个重复纯化用于使用离心分离/蒸发为基础的系统的个体的样品（总分析量= 1克）。结合的重复和重新洗脱至100微升的Tris-ETDA缓冲器的最终体积。 </li></ol></li></ol>

<ol>
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The authors have nothing to disclose.

所使用的DNA提取方法影响的定量和定性的总细菌群落估计为粪便和垃圾样本，配套样品分析的DNA提取方法依赖性质1,3,6以前见过。对于这两种粪便和垃圾样本的DNA提取方法的性能订的是定量（机械&gt;混合&gt;酶）和质（酶&gt;混合&gt;机械）总细菌群落的估计不同。而混合方法没有产生最高定量或定性的估计，在两种情况下，混合方法产生的统计学相似性能最高的提取方法（ 图1，表2）...

When analyzing complex clinical or environmental samples (e.g., feces, soils), there are two main methodologies used for the extraction of DNA. The first is a mechanical disruption of the matrix using an intense bead-beating step, while the second is an enzymatic disruption of the matrix to chemically release bacterial cells and inhibit PCR inhibitors from the matrix simultaneously. Given the different means by which these two types of extraction methods work, it is not surprising that previous studies demonstrated that the appropriate DNA extraction method is both highly sample and analysis dependent. Comparative DNA extraction studies previously showed that some methods are more appropriate for improved DNA quality and quantity from environmental samples1-3, while others demonstrated improvements for community-level analyses such as denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE)4-6, terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP)7, automated ribosomal intergenic spacer analysis (ARISA)8, and phylogenetic microarrays9. Therefore, appropriate DNA extraction methods need to be used, or developed, according to the types of environmental samples and the types of analyses being performed on those samples, especially given the recent advancements in bacterial community analyses. 
Next generation sequencing, in conjunction with more quantitative community assessments (e.g., quantitative PCR (qPCR)), is becoming more prevalent in the environmental and clinical sciences, however, very little research has been performed to determine the effect of DNA extraction methods on these data sets. Most DNA extraction comparison studies dealt with microbiomic community estimates from human or human model samples10,11, not agricultural animal samples. The few poultry-focused next generation sequencing studies dealt with specific metagenomic12,13 or microbiomic14 questions; they did not discuss the effect of DNA extraction method on the resulting microbiomic analyses. Considering the complex nature of environmental samples related to poultry production (e.g., feces, litter/bedding, pasture soil), DNA extraction methods need to be carefully selected. Poultry-related environmental samples are known to contain large numbers of PCR inhibitors and up to 500-fold DNA extract dilutions have been required for PCR and subsequent downstream analysis15-17. Therefore it is essential that DNA extraction methods be optimized for these types of samples in order to not only physically disrupt the matrix, but also to be able to reduce/eliminate the large number of inhibitors that are present. 
The QIAamp DNA Stool Mini Kit, an enzymatic extraction method, has been considered the &#8220;gold standard&#8221; when extracting DNA from difficult gut/fecal samples1,18,19 and has been applied successfully to poultry environmental samples8,14. The enzymatic removal of PCR inhibitors through the use of a proprietary matrix is one of the greatest advantages of using this method for these types of environmental samples, as is the ability to significantly improve throughput (and reduce sample processing error) using automated workstations. One major disadvantage is the lack of a mechanical homogenization step to physically disassociate bacterial cells from the environmental matrix. When testing gut and fecal samples of non-poultry origin, the addition of a bead-beating or mechanical disruption step within a DNA extraction protocol significantly increased extraction efficiency9, DNA yield/quality1,4,5 and significantly improved downstream community analyses in terms of richness, diversity, and coverage5,6,11. These studies compared not only mechanical bead-beating methods to the &#8220;gold standard&#8221; enzymatic method, but some also added the mechanical bead-beating step to the enzymatic protocol to improve results6,9,11. 
According to the results from the above studies, bacterial community analyses (both qualitative and quantitative) could be improved from poultry-related environmental samples through the addition of a mechanical homogenization step to the enzymatic method. Therefore, the goal of this study was twofold: (1) to develop a novel DNA extraction technique that utilizes the most desirable aspects of both the mechanical (powerful homogenization step) and enzymatic (PCR inhibitor removal and automation) extraction methods and (2) compare the quantitative (via qPCR) and qualitative (via microbiomics) bacterial community assessments of this novel method to representative mechanical and enzymatic methods.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="573">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Name of Material/ Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Lysing Matrix E tube</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">MPBio</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">6914-050</td>
			<td>Different sizes available and the last 3 numbers of the cat. No. indicate size (-050 = 50 tubes, -200 = 200 tubes, -1000 = 1000 tubes)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Sodium Phosphate Solution</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">MPBio</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">6570-205</td>
			<td>Can be purchased individually, or also contained within the FastDNA Spin Kit for Feces (Cat. No. 116570200)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">PLS Buffer</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">MPBio</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">6570-201</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Buffer ASL (560 ml)</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Qiagen</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">19082</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">FastPrep 24 homogenizer</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">MPBio</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">116004500</td>
			<td>48 x 2 ml HiPrep adapter (Cat. No. 116002527) available to double throughput of mechanical homogenization step</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">QIAamp DNA Stool Mini Kit</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Qiagen</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">51504</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">QIAcube24 (110V)</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Qiagen</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">9001292</td>
			<td>Preliminary results show that QIAcube HT (Cat. No. 9001793) can be used to improve throughput, but different consumables are required of this machine and more comparative work needs to be done.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Filter-Tips, 1000 ml (1024)</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Qiagen</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">990352</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Filter-Tips, 200 ml (1024)</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Qiagen</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">990332</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">QIAcube Rotor Adapters (10 x 24)</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Qiagen</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">990394</td>
			<td>For 1.5 ml microcentrifuge tubes included with in the rotor adapter kit there is an alternative.&#160; It is Sarstedt Micro tube 1.5 ml Safety Cap, Cat. No. 72.690</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Sample Tubes RB (2 ml)</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Qiagen</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">990381</td>
			<td>Alternative: Eppendorf Safe-Lok micro test tube, Cat. No. 022363352</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a hybrid dna extraction method for the qualitative and quantitative assessment of bacterial communities from poultry production samples

的DNA提取协议的功效可以是高度依赖于样品被调查的的类型和执行的下游分析的类型。考虑到采用新的细菌群落分析技术（ 例如，microbiomics，宏基因组学）越来越流行在这些学科范围内的农业和环境科学等诸多环境样品可能是生理化学和微生物学的独特（ 如粪便和垫料/寝具样本家禽生产谱），适当和有效的DNA提取方法需要慎重选择。因此，一种新型的半自动混合DNA提取方法与环境家禽生产样品使用专门开发的。该方法是DNA提取的两种主要类型的组合：机械和酶。两步强烈的机械同质化的步骤（使用珠跳动专门针对环境下制定TAL样本）加入到“金标准”的酶的DNA提取方法的开始的粪便样品来增强去除细菌和DNA从样品基质和改善革兰氏阳性细菌的社区成员的恢复。一旦混合方法的酶法提取部分开始，剩下的净化过程是使用机器人工作站，以增加样品通量，降低样加工误差的自动化。在比较严格的机械和酶的DNA提取方法，这种新的混合方法加工的家禽粪便和垃圾样品时，考虑提供定量时（使用16S rRNA基因定量PCR）和定性（使用microbiomics）的总细菌群落的估计最佳的整体性能相结合。

在这项研究中，新鲜的粪便排泄物和垃圾样品从商业肉鸡舍（〜25000鸟）在美国东南部恢复。肉鸡（ 鸡内金 ）是柯布-500十字架，他们分别为59日龄，在采样的时间。新鲜的粪便和垃圾样本来自四个不同的区域恢复的房子内（靠近散热垫，附近的饮水器/馈线，在饮水器/馈线之间，靠近排风扇），并从这些地区的样本中含有5汇集样品从该区域内。从房子的四个方面的样本中提取定量/定性分?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Hybrid DNA Extraction Method for the Qualitative and Quantitative Assessment of Bacterial Communities from Poultry Production Samples at JoVE.com

A Hybrid DNA Extraction Method for the Qualitative and Quantitative Assessment of Bacterial Communities from Poultry Production Samples

A novel semi-automated hybrid DNA extraction method for use with environmental poultry production samples was developed and demonstrated improvements over a common mechanical and enzymatic extraction method in terms of the quantitative and qualitative estimates of the total bacterial communities.

一种混合DNA提取方法细菌群落的定性和定量评估，从家禽生产样品

The efficacy of DNA extraction protocols can be highly dependent upon both the type of sample being investigated and the types of downstream analyses ...

a-hybrid-dna-extraction-method-for-qualitative-quantitative

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

14.4K 次观看.  USDA-Agricultural Research Service. A novel semi-automated hybrid DNA extraction method for use with environmental poultry production samples was developed and demonstrated improvements over a common mechanical and enzymatic extraction method in terms of the quantitative and qualitative estimates of the total bacterial communities. 

视频: A Hybrid DNA Extraction Method for the Qualitative and Quantitative Assessment of Bacterial Communities from Poultry Production Samples

Purifying Plasmid DNA from Bacterial Colonies Using the Qiagen Miniprep Kit

Plasmid DNA purification from E. coli is a core technique for molecular cloning. Small scale purification (miniprep) from less than 5 ml of bacterial culture is a quick way for clone verification or DNA isolation, followed by further enzymatic reactions (polymerase chain reaction and restriction enzyme digestion). Here, we video-recorded the general procedures of miniprep through the QIAGEN's QIAprep 8 Miniprep Kit, aiming to introducing this highly efficient technique to the general beginners for molecular biology techniques. The whole procedure is based on alkaline lysis of E. coli cells followed by adsorption of DNA onto silica in the presence of high salt. It consists of three steps: 1) preparation and clearing of a bacterial lysate, 2) adsorption of DNA onto the QIAprep membrane, 3) washing and elution of plasmid DNA. All steps are performed without the use of phenol, chloroform, CsCl, ethidium bromide, and without alcohol precipitation. It usually takes less than 2 hours to finish the entire procedure.

使用Qiagen公司的小量制备试剂盒的细菌菌落纯化质粒DNA

Plasmid DNA purification from E. coli is a core technique for molecular cloning. Small scale purification (miniprep) from less than 5 ml of bacterial ...

科研

生物学

Use of Rotorod as a Method for the Qualitative Analysis of Walking in Rat

High speed videoanalysis of the details of movement can provide a source of information about qualitative aspects of walking movements. When walking on a rotorod, animals remain in approximately the same place making repetitive movements of stepping. Thus the task provides a rich source of information on the details of foot stepping movements. Subjects were hemi-Parkinson analogue rats, produced by injection of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) into the right nigrostriatal bundle to deplete nigrostriatal dopamine (DA). The present report provides a video analysis illustration of animals previously were filmed from frontal, lateral, and posterior views as they walked (15). Rating scales and frame-by-frame replay of the video records of stepping behavior indicated that the hemi-Parkinson rats were chronically impaired in posture and limb use contralateral to the DA-depletion. The contralateral limbs participated less in initiating and sustaining propulsion than the ipsilateral limbs. These deficits secondary to unilateral DA-depletion show that the rotorod provides a use task for the analysis of stepping movements.

The rotorod test is used to assess motor status in the walking movement of hemi-Parkinson analogue rats.

走在大鼠作为定性分析方法使用Rotorod

High speed videoanalysis of the details of movement can provide a source of information about qualitative aspects of walking movements. When walking on a ...

DNA Extraction from 0.22 &mu;M Sterivex Filters and Cesium Chloride Density Gradient Centrifugation

This method is used to extract high molecular weight genomic DNA from planktonic biomass concentrated on 0.22 &mu;M Sterivex filters that have been treated with storage/lysis buffer and archived at -80&deg;C, and to purify this DNA using a cesium chloride density gradient.  The protocol begins with two one-hour incubation steps to liberate DNA from cells and remove RNA.  Next, a series of Phenol:Chloroform and Chloroform extractions are performed followed by centrifugation to remove proteins and cell membrane components, collection of the aqueous DNA extract, and several buffer exchange steps to wash and concentrate the extract.  Part Five describes the optional purification via cesium chloride density gradient.  It is recommended to work with less than 15 samples at one time to avoid confusion and cut down protocol time. The total time required for this protocol depends on the number of samples to be extracted. For 10-15 samples and assuming the proper centrifugation equipment is available, this entire protocol should take 3 days. Make sure you have the hybridization ovens set to temperature at the outset of the process.

DNA Extraction from 0.22 &amp;mu;M Sterivex Filters and Cesium Chloride Density Gradient Centrifugation

We describe a method for extraction of high molecular weight genomic DNA from planktonic biomass concentrated on 0.22 &mu;m Sterivex filters, followed by cesium chloride density gradient centrifugation for purification.

从0.22微米Sterivex过滤器和氯化铯密度梯度离心法的DNA提取

This method is used to extract high molecular weight genomic DNA from planktonic biomass concentrated on 0.22 &mu;M Sterivex filters that have been ...

Extraction of High Molecular Weight Genomic DNA from Soils and Sediments

The soil microbiome is a vast and relatively unexplored reservoir of genomic diversity and metabolic innovation that is intimately associated with nutrient and energy flow within terrestrial ecosystems. Cultivation-independent environmental genomic, also known as metagenomic, approaches promise unprecedented access to this genetic information with respect to pathway reconstruction and functional screening for high value therapeutic and biomass conversion processes. However, the soil microbiome still remains a challenge largely due to the difficulty in obtaining high molecular weight DNA of sufficient quality for large insert library production. Here we introduce a protocol for extracting high molecular weight, microbial community genomic DNA from soils and sediments. The quality of isolated genomic DNA is ideal for constructing large insert environmental genomic libraries for downstream sequencing and screening applications. 
The procedure starts with cell lysis. Cell walls and membranes of microbes are lysed by both mechanical (grinding) and chemical forces (&beta;-mercaptoethanol). Genomic DNA is then isolated using extraction buffer, chloroform-isoamyl alcohol and isopropyl alcohol. The buffers employed for the lysis and extraction steps include guanidine isothiocyanate and hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) to preserve the integrity of the high molecular weight genomic DNA. Depending on your downstream application, the isolated genomic DNA can be further purified using cesium chloride (CsCl) gradient ultracentrifugation, which reduces impurities including humic acids. The first procedure, extraction, takes approximately 8 hours, excluding DNA quantification step. The CsCl gradient ultracentrifugation, is a two days process. During the entire procedure, genomic DNA should be treated gently to prevent shearing, avoid severe vortexing, and repetitive harsh pipetting.

A methodology to isolate high molecular weight and high quality genomic DNA from soil microbial community is described.

超高分子量基因组DNA的提取土壤和沉积物

The soil microbiome is a vast and relatively unexplored reservoir of genomic diversity and metabolic innovation that is intimately associated with ...

DNA Extraction from Paraffin Embedded Material for Genetic and Epigenetic Analyses

Disease development and progression are characterized by frequent genetic and epigenetic aberrations including chromosomal rearrangements, copy number gains and losses and DNA methylation. Advances in high-throughput, genome-wide profiling technologies, such as microarrays, have significantly improved our ability to identify and detect these specific alterations. However as technology continues to improve, a limiting factor remains sample quality and availability. Furthermore, follow-up clinical information and disease outcome are often collected years after the initial specimen collection. Specimens, typically formalin-fixed and paraffin embedded (FFPE), are stored in hospital archives for years to decades. DNA can be efficiently and effectively recovered from paraffin-embedded specimens if the appropriate method of extraction is applied. High quality DNA extracted from properly preserved and stored specimens can support quantitative assays for comparisons of normal and diseased tissues and generation of genetic and epigenetic signatures 1. To extract DNA from paraffin-embedded samples, tissue cores or microdissected tissue are subjected to xylene treatment, which dissolves the paraffin from the tissue, and then rehydrated using a series of ethanol washes. Proteins and harmful enzymes such as nucleases are subsequently digested by proteinase K. The addition of lysis buffer, which contains denaturing agents such as sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), facilitates digestion 2. Nucleic acids are purified from the tissue lysate using buffer-saturated phenol and high speed centrifugation which generates a biphasic solution. DNA and RNA remain in the upper aqueous phase, while proteins, lipids and polysaccharides are sequestered in the inter- and organic-phases respectively. Retention of the aqueous phase and repeated phenol extractions generates a clean sample. Following phenol extractions, RNase A is added to eliminate contaminating RNA. Additional phenol extractions following incubation with RNase A are used to remove any remaining enzyme. The addition of sodium acetate and isopropanol precipitates DNA, and high speed centrifugation is used to pellet the DNA and facilitate isopropanol removal. Excess salts carried over from precipitation can interfere with subsequent enzymatic assays, but can be removed from the DNA by washing with 70% ethanol, followed by centrifugation to re-pellet the DNA 3. DNA is re-suspended in distilled water or the buffer of choice, quantified and stored at -20&deg;C. Purified DNA can subsequently be used in downstream applications which include, but are not limited to, PCR, array comparative genomic hybridization 4 (array CGH), methylated DNA Immunoprecipitation (MeDIP) and sequencing, allowing for an integrative analysis of tissue/tumor samples.

This video demonstrates the protocol for DNA extraction from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded material. This is a multi-day procedure in which tissue sections are deparaffinized with xylene, rehydrated with ethanol and treated with proteinase K to purify and isolate DNA for subsequent gene-specific or genome-wide analysis.

从石蜡包埋材料的遗传和表观遗传分析的DNA提取

Disease development and progression are characterized by frequent genetic and epigenetic aberrations including chromosomal rearrangements, copy number ...

Efficient Nucleic Acid Extraction and 16S rRNA Gene Sequencing for Bacterial Community Characterization

There is a growing appreciation for the role of microbial communities as critical modulators of human health and disease. High throughput sequencing technologies have allowed for the rapid and efficient characterization of bacterial communities using 16S rRNA gene sequencing from a variety of sources. Although readily available tools for 16S rRNA sequence analysis have standardized computational workflows, sample processing for DNA extraction remains a continued source of variability across studies. Here we describe an efficient, robust, and cost effective method for extracting nucleic acid from swabs. We also delineate downstream methods for 16S rRNA gene sequencing, including generation of sequencing libraries, data quality control, and sequence analysis. The workflow can accommodate multiple samples types, including stool and swabs collected from a variety of anatomical locations and host species. Additionally, recovered DNA and RNA can be separated and used for other applications, including whole genome sequencing or RNA-seq. The method described allows for a common processing approach for multiple sample types and accommodates downstream analysis of genomic, metagenomic and transcriptional information.

We describe an efficient, robust, and cost effective method for extracting nucleic acid from swabs for characterization of bacterial communities using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. The method allows for a common processing approach for multiple sample types and accommodates a number of downstream analytic processes.

高效的核酸提取和16S rRNA基因序列的细菌群落特征

There is a growing appreciation for the role of microbial communities as critical modulators of human health and disease. High throughput sequencing ...

Filtration Isolation of Nucleic Acids:  A Simple and Rapid DNA Extraction Method

FINA, filtration isolation of nucleic acids, is a novel extraction method which utilizes vertical filtration via a separation membrane and absorbent pad to extract cellular DNA from whole blood in less than 2 min. The blood specimen is treated with detergent, mixed briefly and applied by pipet to the separation membrane. The lysate wicks into the blotting pad due to capillary action, capturing the genomic DNA on the surface of the separation membrane. The extracted DNA is retained on the membrane during a simple wash step wherein PCR inhibitors are wicked into the absorbent blotting pad. The membrane containing the entrapped DNA is then added to the PCR reaction without further purification. This simple method does not require laboratory equipment and can be easily implemented with inexpensive laboratory supplies. Here we describe a protocol for highly sensitive detection and quantitation of HIV-1 proviral DNA from 100 &#181;l whole blood as a model for early infant diagnosis of HIV that could readily be adapted to other genetic targets.

We describe here a simple and rapid paper-based DNA extraction method of HIV proviral DNA from whole blood detected by quantitative PCR. This protocol can be extended for use in detecting other genetic markers or using alternative amplification methods.

核酸的分离过滤：一种简单快速的DNA提取方法

FINA, filtration isolation of nucleic acids, is a novel extraction method which utilizes vertical filtration via a separation membrane and absorbent pad ...

Hybrid-Cut: An Improved Sectioning Method for Recalcitrant Plant Tissue Samples

Maintaining plant section integrity is essential for studying detailed anatomical structures at the cellular, tissue, or even organ level. However, some plant cells have rigid cell walls, tough fibers and crystals (calcium oxalate, silica, etc.), and high water content that often disrupt tissue integrity during plant tissue sectioning.
This study establishes a simple Hybrid-Cut tissue sectioning method. This protocol modifies a paraffin-based sectioning technique and improves the integrity of tissue sections from different plants. Plant tissues were embedded in paraffin before sectioning in a cryostat at -16 &#176;C. Sectioning under low temperature hardened the paraffin blocks, reduced tearing and scratching, and improved tissue integrity significantly. This protocol was successfully applied to calcium oxalate-rich Phalaenopsis orchid tissues as well as recalcitrant tissues such as reproductive organs and leaves of rice, maize, and wheat. In addition, the high quality of tissue sections from Hybrid-Cut could be used in combination with in situ hybridization (ISH) to provide spatial expression patterns of genes of interest. In conclusion, this protocol is particularly useful for recalcitrant plant tissue containing high crystal or silica content. Good quality tissue sections enable morphological and other biological studies.

This protocol describes a simple Hybrid-Cut tissue sectioning method that is useful for recalcitrant plant tissues. Good quality tissue sections enable anatomical studies and other biological studies including in situ hybridization (ISH).

混合式切割：用于顽拗植物组织样品的改进切法

Maintaining plant section integrity is essential for studying detailed anatomical structures at the cellular, tissue, or even organ level. However, some ...

Quasi-metagenomic Analysis of Salmonella from Food and Environmental Samples

Quasi-metagenomics sequencing refers to the sequencing-based analysis of modified microbiomes of food and environmental samples. In this protocol, microbiome modification is designed to concentrate genomic DNA of a target foodborne pathogen contaminant to facilitate the detection and subtyping of the pathogen in a single workflow. Here, we explain and demonstrate the sample preparation steps for the quasi-metagenomics analysis of Salmonella enterica from representative food and environmental samples including alfalfa sprouts, ground black pepper, ground beef, chicken breast and environmental swabs. Samples are first subjected to the culture enrichment of Salmonella for a shortened and adjustable duration (4&#8211;24 h). Salmonella cells are then selectively captured from the enrichment culture by immunomagnetic separation (IMS). Finally, multiple displacement amplification (MDA) is performed to amplify DNA from IMS-captured cells. The DNA output of this protocol can be sequenced by high throughput sequencing platforms. An optional quantitative PCR analysis can be performed to replace sequencing for Salmonella detection or assess the concentration of Salmonella DNA before sequencing.

Quasi-metagenomic Analysis of Salmonella from Food and Environmental Samples

Here, we present a protocol to prepare DNA samples from food and environmental microbiomes for concerted detection and subtyping of Salmonella through quasimetagenomic sequencing. The combined use of culture enrichment, immunomagnetic separation (IMS), and multiple displacement amplification (MDA) allows effective concentration of Salmonella genomic DNA from food and environmental samples.&#160;

食品和环境样品中沙门氏菌的准总体基因体分析

Quasi-metagenomics sequencing refers to the sequencing-based analysis of modified microbiomes of food and environmental samples. In this protocol, ...

铜 绿假单胞 菌分离株铁载体产量的评估

Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Siderophore Production from Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) is known for its production of a diverse range of virulence factors to establish infections in the host. One such mechanism is the scavenging of iron through siderophore production. P. aeruginosa produces two different siderophores: pyochelin, which has lower iron-chelating affinity, and pyoverdine, which has higher iron-chelating affinity. This report demonstrates that pyoverdine can be directly quantified from bacterial supernatants, while pyochelin needs to be extracted from supernatants before quantification.
The primary method for qualitatively analyzing siderophore production is the Chrome Azurol Sulfonate (CAS) agar plate assay. In this assay, the release of CAS dye from the Fe3+-Dye complex leads to a color change from blue to orange, indicating siderophore production. For the quantification of total siderophores, bacterial supernatants were mixed in equal proportions with CAS dye in a microtiter plate, followed by spectrophotometric analysis at 630 nm. Pyoverdine was directly quantified from the bacterial supernatant by mixing it in equal proportions with 50 mM Tris-HCl, followed by spectrophotometric analysis. A peak at 380 nm confirmed the presence of pyoverdine. As for Pyochelin, direct quantification from the bacterial supernatant was not possible, so it had to be extracted first. Subsequent spectrophotometric analysis revealed the presence of pyochelin, with a peak at 313 nm.

作者聚焦：定量铁载体和绿茶素用于感染控制 

This protocol provides both qualitative and quantitative analyses of total siderophores, pyoverdine, and pyochelin from Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

铜绿假单胞菌产生铁载体的定性和定量分析

Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) is known for its production of a diverse range of virulence factors to establish infections in the host. One such ...