This work was supported by NIH HL-10342

注:所有动物方案批准了约翰·霍普金斯大学动物护理和使用委员会。 1.动物准备<ol><li>制备6的C57BL / 6对照小鼠为DFCO测定，通过如以下步骤2.3中概述用氯胺酮和赛拉嗪麻醉它们。 </li><li>通过使用相同的程序作为用于控制准备的所有其他小鼠在表1所示的不同的肺病理学。建立这些模型需要的具体细节中找到相关的文献。对照小鼠和那些在其他病理队列都是6-12周龄。 </li></ol> 2.测量扩散系数一氧化碳（DFCO） <ol><li>建立与机器供给至测量为氮，氧，氖，和一氧化碳峰的气相色谱仪模块。对于这个应用程序只使用霓虹灯和CO的数据。 注:本仪器采用分子sieve柱以氦作为载气，用12.00微米膜，320.00微米ID和10米长。色谱仪柱具有0.8毫升的体积，但我们用来2毫升确保连接管与样品的充分清除。 </li><li>在每个实验日的开始之前，使得从小鼠的样品的测量结果，取2ml样品直接从含有大约0.5％的氖，0.5％的CO的气体混合物包，和平衡空气，并且使用该样本来校准气相色谱仪。 </li><li>麻醉小鼠用氯胺酮（90毫克/千克）和赛拉嗪（15毫克/千克），并由于没有反射运动的确认麻醉。取适量涂抹于眼睛兽医药膏，以防止干燥。 Tracheostomize的小鼠存根针管（18克成人或20G的非常年轻小鼠）。 注:DFCO完成在麻醉后不到10分钟，并优先于任何机械通风或其他程序。 </li><li>在小鼠中大于6周龄，使用3毫升注射器吨ø撤回0.8毫升气体从气体混合物包。注射器连接到气管插管，迅速膨胀的肺。使用节拍器，算上9秒，然后迅速撤回0.8毫升（呼出的空气）。 </li><li>淡化这种撤回0.8毫升呼出的空气〜2毫升室内空气，让它休息至少15秒。然后注入整个样品注入气相色谱仪进行分析。 </li><li>在分析该第一DFCO样品，膨胀的小鼠肺与第二0.8毫升从气体混合物包，然后处理该样品与第一样品。平均两个DFCO测量。 注:有关小鼠年仅2周龄时测量，用0.4毫升的体积，因为0.8毫升过大的体积，使测量非常年轻小鼠的肺部。最好是使用0.8毫升体积超过6周小鼠，而且如果是需要一些小鼠0.4毫升体积，应当一致地用于正在研究中的队列的所有小鼠。 </li><li>计算DFCO如1 - （CO 9 / CO C）/（氖9 /氖c）中 ，其中c和9标是指注入的校准气体的浓度，并分别经过9秒屏气时间除去气体。 </li><li>分析和比较用单向ANOVA差异和评估与Tukey的校正中的所有队列小鼠多重比较的显着性水平。考虑P &lt;0.05为显著的价值。 注意:所有在这里所用的小鼠是涉及肺通气，力学，肺灌洗，或组织学的几个后续测量，这未在此处报道的实验研究的一部分。此外，由于该方法是在所有的实验模型如在对照小鼠上面做了同样的，只能从各种病理模型的结果。这些模型的进一步信息呈现在补充表。 </li><li>安乐死的动物深anesthe抽动过量颈椎脱位或斩首。在需要的地方，从死老鼠进一步生物或组织学处理和分析取出肺细胞和/或组织。 </li></ol>

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W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+standardized+breath+holding+technique+for+the+clinical+measurement+of+the+diffusing+capacity+of+the+lung+for+carbon+monoxide.">A standardized breath holding technique for the clinical measurement of the diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide.</a> J Clin Invest. 36 (1 Pt 1), 1-17 (1957).</li><li>Miller, A., Warshaw, R., Nezamis, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Diffusing+capacity+and+forced+vital+capacity+in+5,003+asbestos-exposed+workers:+Relationships+to+interstitial+fibrosis+(ILO+profusion+score)+and+pleural+thickening.">Diffusing capacity and forced vital capacity in 5,003 asbestos-exposed workers: Relationships to interstitial fibrosis (ILO profusion score) and pleural thickening.</a> Am J Ind Med. 56 (12), 1383-1393 (2013).</li><li>Enelow, R. 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的兴趣，并没有什么不冲突透露。

在目前的工作中，我们定义了一个新的指标来量化小鼠肺的气体交换能力。这个度量类似于扩散能力，临床上常见的测量，其测量肺的主要功能，也就是它的交换气体的能力。扩散能力是唯一的肺功能测量，可以在小鼠和人类可容易且快速地进行。对于肺部疾病的小鼠的检测中，一个主要的目的是量化控制和实验队列之间肺功能的变化。为了实现这一目标，我们已经定义和使用的DFCO展示quanitfying?...

鼠标是目前用于模拟各种肺部疾病的主要动物。研究认为underly这样的病理机制，可以量化它的病理改变是需要的表型的方法。虽然有许多小鼠研究，其中通风力学测量，这些测量通常是无关的肺功能的标准评估在人类正常完成。这是不幸的，因为要执行在小鼠和人类受试者等效测量可以便于结果的翻译在小鼠模型与人类疾病的能力。 一种在人受试者中最常见的，并很容易地进行的测量的是一氧化碳（弥散）1,2-扩散能力，但是这种测量只有很少在小鼠模型中进行。在那些已经报道3-7的研究，没有出现过的后续研究中，部分是因为程序往往笨重，或者可以REQuire复杂的设备。另一种方法是在稳定状态下的系统，其具有能够测量CO扩散在有意识的小鼠的优点使用CO再呼吸方法。然而，这种方法非常麻烦，而且结果可以用鼠标的通风的水平以及O 2和CO 2浓度的8,9而改变。这些困难似乎已经排除了常规使用弥散量来检测小鼠肺病理学的，尽管它的几个优点。 规避问题漫射小鼠容量的测定中，一个简单的装置的细节，以测量它在小鼠中最近已报道10。该过程消除了快速采样体积等于整个灵感气体采样未被污染的肺泡气难的问题。这个过程的结果在一个非常可重复的测量，称为扩散系数为一氧化碳（DFCO），即到主机PA的敏感thologic变化在肺表型。因此DFCO计算为1 - （CO 9 / CO C）/（氖9 /氖c）中 ，其中c和9标是指注入的校准气体的浓度和后9秒屏气时间除去气体，分别。 DFCO是无量纲变量，0和1之间变化，其中1反映所有的CO完全吸收，而0反映无吸收的CO。 在这份报告中，我们展示了如何让这个弥散量的测量，以及如何可以用来记录变化，几乎所有现有的小鼠肺疾病模型，包括肺气肿，肝纤维化，急性肺损伤，以及病毒和真菌感染。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Gas Chromatograph</td>
			<td>Inficon</td>
			<td>Micro GC Model 3000A</td>
			<td>Agilent makes a comparable model</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>18 g Luer stub needle</td>
			<td>Becton Dickenson</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Several other possible vendors</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>3 mL plastic syringe</td>
			<td>Becton Dickenson</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Several other possible vendors</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Polypropylene gas sample bags</td>
			<td>SKC</td>
			<td>1 or 2 liter capacity works well</td>
			<td>Other gas tight bags will work well</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gas tank, 0.3% Ne,0.3% CO, balance air; (size ME)</td>
			<td>Airgas, Inc</td>
			<td>Z04 NI785ME3012</td>
			<td>This is the standard mixture used for DLCO in humans</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>25 TCID50/mouse of influenza virus A/PR8 diluted in phosphate buffered saline.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Porcine pancreatic elastase</td>
			<td>Elastin Products, Owensville, MO</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>5.4 U</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bleomycin</td>
			<td>APP Pharmaceuticals, Schaumburg, IL</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>0.25 U</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Escherichia coli LPS8</td>
			<td>Sigma L2880</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>3 &#956;g/g body weight; O55:B5</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Aspergillus fumigatus (isolate Af293) conidia were collected from mature colonies grown on potato dextrose agar.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

phenotyping mouse pulmonary function in vivo with the lung diffusing capacity

鼠标是目前用于模拟各种肺部疾病的主要动物。研究背后等病理机制，能够量化的病理改变是需要的表型的方法。此外，以提供平移的相关性的小鼠模型中，这样的测量应测试，可以很容易地在人类和小鼠中进行。不幸的是，在本文献中很少的表型肺功能的测量直接适用于人类。一个例外是对一氧化碳，这是一种测量被定期在人中进行的弥散能力。在本报告中，我们描述了快速，简单地衡量这种扩散能力的小鼠的一种手段。该过程涉及简要肺膨胀与示踪气体麻醉小鼠，接着是1分钟的气体分析时间。我们已经测试了该方法的检测几个肺病理学，包括肺气肿，纤维化，急性肺损伤，和流感和能力真菌肺部感​​染，以及在年轻幼仔监测肺成熟。结果表明在所有的肺病理学显著下跌，以及增加漫射容量与肺成熟。肺弥散量这一测量从而提供了一个肺功能测试有其检测与大多数现有的病理肺模型的表型的结构性变化的能力具有广阔的应用。

图1示出了从成年小鼠在组A，B，C，D，E和F的DFCO测量有显著下跌同时与曲霉属和流行性感冒感染，以及在纤维化，气肿显著减少，急性肺损伤的模型。 图2示出在DFCO随时间小鼠年龄2-6周的G组的发展变化。有轻微但显著增加与肺发育超过这个时间过程。使用较小的膨胀体积的效果也是在6周的时间点相当明显。有对女性具有稍高DFCO的倾向，但是这只是在5周时间点显著。 ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Phenotyping Mouse Pulmonary Function In Vivo with the Lung Diffusing Capacity at JoVE.com

Phenotyping Mouse Pulmonary Function In Vivo with the Lung Diffusing Capacity

We describe a means to quickly and simply measure the lung diffusing capacity in mice and show that it is sufficiently sensitive to phenotype changes in multiple common lung pathologies. This metric thus brings direct translational relevance to the mouse models, since diffusing capacity is also easily measured in humans.

表型鼠标肺功能<em&gt;在体内</em&gt;与肺弥散功能

The mouse is now the primary animal used to model a variety of lung diseases. To study the mechanisms that underlie such pathologies, phenotypic methods ...

phenotyping-mouse-pulmonary-function-vivo-with-lung-diffusing

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

Phenotyping Mouse Pulmonary Function In Vivo with the Lung Diffusing Capacity

10.5K 次观看.  Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health. We describe a means to quickly and simply measure the lung diffusing capacity in mice and show that it is sufficiently sensitive to phenotype changes in multiple common lung pathologies. This metric thus brings direct translational relevance to the mouse models, since diffusing capacity is also easily measured in humans.

视频: Phenotyping Mouse Pulmonary Function In Vivo with the Lung Diffusing Capacity

In vivo Imaging and Therapeutic Treatments in an Orthotopic Mouse Model of Ovarian Cancer

Human cancer and response to therapy is better represented in orthotopic animal models. This paper describes the development of an orthotopic mouse model of ovarian cancer, treatment of cancer via oral delivery of drugs, and monitoring of tumor cell behavior in response to drug treatment in real time using in vivo imaging system. In this orthotopic model, ovarian tumor cells expressing luciferase are applied topically by injecting them directly into the mouse bursa where each ovary is enclosed. Upon injection of D-luciferin, a substrate of firefly luciferase, luciferase-expressing cells generate bioluminescence signals. This signal is detected by the in vivo imaging system and allows for a non-invasive means of monitoring tumor growth, distribution, and regression in individual animals. Drug administration via oral gavage allows for a maximum dosing volume of 10 mL/kg body weight to be delivered directly to the stomach and closely resembles delivery of drugs in clinical treatments. Therefore, techniques described here, development of an orthotopic mouse model of ovarian cancer, oral delivery of drugs, and in vivo imaging, are useful for better understanding of human ovarian cancer and treatment and will improve targeting this disease.

In vivo Imaging and Therapeutic Treatments in an Orthotopic Mouse Model of Ovarian Cancer

Orthotopic animal models of ovarian cancer replicate better human disease and therefore enhance our understanding of cancer progression and tumor response to therapy. A mouse model receives an intrabursal injection of luciferase-expressing ovarian tumor cells. Treatment is administered via oral gavage. Tumor growth is monitored by in vivo imaging system.

活体成像和治疗卵巢癌的原位小鼠模型

Human cancer and response to therapy is better represented in orthotopic animal models.  This paper describes the development of an orthotopic mouse model ...

科研

生物学

Characterization of the Isolated, Ventilated, and Instrumented Mouse Lung Perfused with Pulsatile Flow

The isolated, ventilated and instrumented mouse lung preparation allows steady and pulsatile pulmonary vascular pressure-flow relationships to be measured with independent control over pulmonary arterial flow rate, flow rate waveform, airway pressure and left atrial pressure. Pulmonary vascular resistance is calculated based on multi-point, steady pressure-flow curves; pulmonary vascular impedance is calculated from pulsatile pressure-flow curves obtained at a range of frequencies. As now recognized clinically, impedance is a superior measure of right ventricular afterload than resistance because it includes the effects of vascular compliance, which are not negligible, especially in the pulmonary circulation. Three important metrics of impedance - the zero hertz impedance Z0, the characteristic impedance ZC, and the index of wave reflection RW - provide insight into distal arterial cross-sectional area available for flow, proximal arterial stiffness and the upstream-downstream impedance mismatch, respectively. All results obtained in isolated, ventilated and perfused lungs are independent of sympathetic nervous system tone, volume status and the effects of anesthesia. We have used this technique to quantify the impact of pulmonary emboli and chronic hypoxia on resistance and impedance, and to differentiate between sites of action (i.e., proximal vs. distal) of vasoactive agents and disease using the pressure dependency of ZC. Furthermore, when these techniques are used with the lungs of genetically engineered strains of mice, the effects of molecular-level defects on pulmonary vascular structure and function can be determined.

The following protocol outlines the process of isolating, ventilating and instrumenting mouse lungs to measure steady or pulsatile pulmonary vascular pressure-flow relationships in order to quantify the effects of blood flow, airflow, airway changes and vascular changes on right ventricular afterload.

表征隔离，通风，和仪表小鼠肺灌注与脉动流

The isolated, ventilated and instrumented mouse lung preparation allows steady and pulsatile pulmonary vascular pressure-flow relationships to be measured ...

Generation of Mice Derived from Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

The production of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from somatic cells provides a means to create valuable tools for basic research and may also produce a source of patient-matched cells for regenerative therapies. iPSCs may be generated using multiple protocols and derived from multiple cell sources. Once generated, iPSCs are tested using a variety of assays including immunostaining for pluripotency markers, generation of three germ layers in embryoid bodies and teratomas, comparisons of gene expression with embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and production of chimeric mice with or without germline contribution2. Importantly, iPSC lines that pass these tests still vary in their capacity to produce different differentiated cell types2. This has made it difficult to establish which iPSC derivation protocols, donor cell sources or selection methods are most useful for different applications.
The most stringent test of whether a stem cell line has sufficient developmental potential to generate all tissues required for survival of an organism (termed full pluripotency) is tetraploid embryo complementation (TEC)3-5. Technically, TEC involves electrofusion of two-cell embryos to generate tetraploid (4n) one-cell embryos that can be cultured in vitro to the blastocyst stage6. Diploid (2n) pluripotent stem cells (e.g. ESCs or iPSCs) are then injected into the blastocoel cavity of the tetraploid blastocyst and transferred to a recipient female for gestation (see Figure 1). The tetraploid component of the complemented embryo contributes almost exclusively to the extraembryonic tissues (placenta, yolk sac), whereas the diploid cells constitute the embryo proper, resulting in a fetus derived entirely from the injected stem cell line.
Recently, we reported the derivation of iPSC lines that reproducibly generate adult mice via TEC1. These iPSC lines give rise to viable pups with efficiencies of 5-13%, which is comparable to ESCs3,4,7 and higher than that reported for most other iPSC lines8-12. These reports show that direct reprogramming can produce fully pluripotent iPSCs that match ESCs in their developmental potential and efficiency of generating pups in TEC tests. At present, it is not clear what distinguishes between fully pluripotent iPSCs and less potent lines13-15. Nor is it clear which reprogramming methods will produce these lines with the highest efficiency. Here we describe one method that produces fully pluripotent iPSCs and "all- iPSC" mice, which may be helpful for investigators wishing to compare the pluripotency of iPSC lines or establish the equivalence of different reprogramming methods.

Generating induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) lines produces lines of differing developmental potential even when they pass standard tests for pluripotency. Here we describe a protocol to produce mice derived entirely from iPSCs, which defines the iPSC lines as possessing full pluripotency1.

诱导多能干细胞来源于小鼠的生成

The production of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from somatic cells provides a means to create valuable tools for basic research and may also ...

Examining BCL-2 Family Function with Large Unilamellar Vesicles

The BCL-2 (B cell CLL/Lymphoma) family is comprised of approximately twenty proteins that collaborate to either maintain cell survival or initiate apoptosis1. Following cellular stress (e.g., DNA damage), the pro-apoptotic BCL-2 family effectors BAK (BCL-2 antagonistic killer 1) and/or BAX (BCL-2 associated X protein) become activated and compromise the integrity of the outer mitochondrial membrane (OMM), though the process referred to as mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP)1. After MOMP occurs, pro-apoptotic proteins (e.g., cytochrome c) gain access to the cytoplasm, promote caspase activation, and apoptosis rapidly ensues2.
In order for BAK/BAX to induce MOMP, they require transient interactions with members of another pro-apoptotic subset of the BCL-2 family, the BCL-2 homology domain 3 (BH3)-only proteins, such as BID (BH3-interacting domain agonist)3-6. Anti-apoptotic BCL-2 family proteins (e.g., BCL-2 related gene, long isoform, BCL-xL; myeloid cell leukemia 1, MCL-1) regulate cellular survival by tightly controlling the interactions between BAK/BAX and the BH3-only proteins capable of directly inducing BAK/BAX activation7,8. In addition, anti-apoptotic BCL-2 protein availability is also dictated by sensitizer/de-repressor BH3-only proteins, such as BAD (BCL-2 antagonist of cell death) or PUMA (p53 upregulated modulator of apoptosis), which bind and inhibit anti-apoptotic members7,9. As most of the anti-apoptotic BCL-2 repertoire is localized to the OMM, the cellular decision to maintain survival or induce MOMP is dictated by multiple BCL-2 family interactions at this membrane.
 Large unilamellar vesicles (LUVs) are a biochemical model to explore relationships between BCL-2 family interactions and membrane permeabilization10. LUVs are comprised of defined lipids that are assembled in ratios identified in lipid composition studies from solvent extracted Xenopus mitochondria (46.5% phosphatidylcholine, 28.5% phosphatidylethanoloamine, 9% phosphatidylinositol, 9% phosphatidylserine, and 7% cardiolipin)10. This is a convenient model system to directly explore BCL-2 family function because the protein and lipid components are completely defined and tractable, which is not always the case with primary mitochondria. While cardiolipin is not usually this high throughout the OMM, this model does faithfully mimic the OMM to promote BCL-2 family function. Furthermore, a more recent modification of the above protocol allows for kinetic analyses of protein interactions and real-time measurements of membrane permeabilization, which is based on LUVs containing a polyanionic dye (ANTS: 8-aminonaphthalene-1,3,6-trisulfonic acid) and cationic quencher (DPX: p-xylene-bis-pyridinium bromide)11. As the LUVs permeabilize, ANTS and DPX diffuse apart, and a gain in fluorescence is detected. Here, commonly used recombinant BCL-2 family protein combinations and controls using the LUVs containing ANTS/DPX are described.

Biochemically-defined large unilamellar vesicles (LUVs) are a convenient model system to analyze BCL-2 family interactions with immediate implications in better understanding the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis. A method to produce LUVs, along with standard BCL-2 family protein combinations and controls to examine LUV permeabilization, are presented.

检查Bcl-2家族大单层脂质体的功能

The BCL-2 (B cell CLL/Lymphoma) family is comprised of approximately twenty proteins that collaborate to either maintain cell survival or initiate ...

Culturing of Human Nasal Epithelial Cells at the Air Liquid Interface

In vitro models using human primary epithelial cells are essential in understanding key functions of the respiratory epithelium in the context of microbial infections or inhaled agents. Direct comparisons of cells obtained from diseased populations allow us to characterize different phenotypes and dissect the underlying mechanisms mediating changes in epithelial cell function. Culturing epithelial cells from the human tracheobronchial region has been well documented, but is limited by the availability of human lung tissue or invasiveness associated with obtaining the bronchial brushes biopsies. Nasal epithelial cells are obtained through much less invasive superficial nasal scrape biopsies and subjects can be biopsied multiple times with no significant side effects. Additionally, the nose is the entry point to the respiratory system and therefore one of the first sites to be exposed to any kind of air-borne stressor, such as microbial agents, pollutants, or allergens. 
Briefly, nasal epithelial cells obtained from human volunteers are expanded on coated tissue culture plates, and then transferred onto cell culture inserts. Upon reaching confluency, cells continue to be cultured at the air-liquid interface (ALI), for several weeks, which creates more physiologically relevant conditions. The ALI culture condition uses defined media leading to a differentiated epithelium that exhibits morphological and functional characteristics similar to the human nasal epithelium, with both ciliated and mucus producing cells. Tissue culture inserts with differentiated nasal epithelial cells can be manipulated in a variety of ways depending on the research questions (treatment with pharmacological agents, transduction with lentiviral vectors, exposure to gases, or infection with microbial agents) and analyzed for numerous different endpoints ranging from cellular and molecular pathways, functional changes, morphology, etc. 
In vitro models of differentiated human nasal epithelial cells will enable investigators to address novel and important research questions by using organotypic experimental models that largely mimic the nasal epithelium in vivo.

Nasal epithelial cells, obtained through superficial scrape biopsy of human volunteers, are expanded and transferred onto tissue culture inserts. Upon reaching confluency, cells are grown at air liquid interface, yielding cultures of ciliated and non-ciliated cells. Differentiated nasal epithelial cell cultures provide viable experimental models for studying the respiratory mucosa.

人鼻粘膜上皮细胞在气液界面培养

In vitro models using human primary  epithelial cells are essential in understanding key functions of the respiratory  epithelium in the context of ...

Assessment of Calcium Sparks in Intact Skeletal Muscle Fibers

Maintaining homeostatic Ca2+ signaling is a fundamental physiological process in living cells. Ca2+ sparks are the elementary units of Ca2+ signaling in the striated muscle fibers that appear as highly localized Ca2+ release events mediated by ryanodine receptor (RyR) Ca2+ release channels on the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) membrane. Proper assessment of muscle Ca2+ sparks could provide information on the intracellular Ca2+&#160;handling properties of healthy and diseased striated muscles. Although Ca2+ sparks events are commonly seen in resting cardiomyocytes, they are rarely observed in resting skeletal muscle fibers; thus there is a need for methods to generate and analyze sparks in skeletal muscle fibers.
Detailed here is an experimental protocol for measuring Ca2+ sparks in isolated flexor digitorm brevis (FDB) muscle fibers using fluorescent Ca2+ indictors and laser scanning confocal microscopy. In this approach, isolated FDB fibers are exposed to transient hypoosmotic stress followed by a return to isotonic physiological solution. Under these conditions, a robust Ca2+ sparks response is detected adjacent to the sarcolemmal membrane in young healthy FDB muscle fibers. Altered Ca2+ sparks response is detected in dystrophic or aged skeletal muscle fibers. This approach has recently demonstrated that membrane-delimited signaling involving cross-talk between inositol (1,4,5)-triphosphate receptor (IP3R) and RyR contributes to Ca2+ spark activation in skeletal muscle. In summary, our studies using osmotic stress induced Ca2+ sparks showed that this intracellular response reflects a muscle signaling mechanism in physiology and aging/disease states, including mouse models of muscle dystrophy (mdx mice) or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS model).

Described here is a method to directly measure calcium sparks, the elementary units of Ca2+ release from sarcoplasmic reticulum&#160;in intact skeletal muscle fibers. This method utilizes osmotic-stress-mediated triggering of Ca2+ release from ryanodine receptor in isolated muscle fibers. The dynamics and homeostatic capacity of intracellular Ca2+ signaling can be employed to assess muscle function in health and disease.

钙火花的评估在正常肌肉纤维

Maintaining homeostatic Ca2+ signaling is a fundamental physiological process in living cells. Ca2+ sparks are the elementary units of Ca2+ signaling in ...

Fundamental Technical Elements of Freeze-fracture/Freeze-etch in Biological Electron Microscopy

Freeze-fracture/freeze-etch describes a process whereby specimens, typically biological or nanomaterial in nature, are frozen, fractured, and replicated to generate a carbon/platinum &#8220;cast&#8221; intended for examination by transmission electron microscopy. Specimens are subjected to ultrarapid freezing rates, often in the presence of cryoprotective agents to limit ice crystal formation, with subsequent fracturing of the specimen at liquid nitrogen cooled temperatures under high vacuum. The resultant fractured surface is replicated and stabilized by evaporation of carbon and platinum from an angle that confers surface three-dimensional detail to the cast. This technique has proved particularly enlightening for the investigation of cell membranes and their specializations and has contributed considerably to the understanding of cellular form to related cell function. In this report, we survey the instrument requirements and technical protocol for performing freeze-fracture, the associated nomenclature and characteristics of fracture planes, variations on the conventional procedure, and criteria for interpretation of freeze-fracture images. This technique has been widely used for ultrastructural investigation in many areas of cell biology and holds promise as an emerging imaging technique for molecular, nanotechnology, and materials science studies.

Basic techniques and refinements of freeze-fracture processing of biological specimens and nanomaterials for examination by transmission electron microscopy are described. This technique is a preferred method for revealing ultrastructural features and specializations of biological membranes and for obtaining ultrastructural level dimensional and spatial data in materials sciences and nanotechnology products.

冷冻断裂/冷冻蚀刻的生物电子显微技术的基本要素

Freeze-fracture/freeze-etch describes a process whereby specimens, typically biological or nanomaterial in nature, are frozen, fractured, and replicated ...

Isolation of Mitochondria from Minimal Quantities of Mouse Skeletal Muscle for High Throughput Microplate Respiratory Measurements

Dysfunctional skeletal muscle mitochondria play a role in altered metabolism observed with aging, obesity and Type II diabetes. Mitochondrial respirometric assays from isolated mitochondrial preparations allow for the assessment of mitochondrial function, as well as determination of the mechanism(s) of action of drugs and proteins that modulate metabolism. Current isolation procedures often require large quantities of tissue to yield high quality mitochondria necessary for respirometric assays. The methods presented herein describe how high quality purified mitochondria (~ 450 &#181;g) can be isolated from minimal quantities (~75-100 mg) of mouse skeletal muscle for use in high throughput respiratory measurements. We determined that our isolation method yields 92.5&#177; 2.0% intact mitochondria by measuring citrate synthase activity spectrophotometrically. In addition, Western blot analysis in isolated mitochondria resulted in the faint expression of the cytosolic protein, GAPDH, and the robust expression of the mitochondrial protein, COXIV. The absence of a prominent GAPDH band in the isolated mitochondria is indicative of little contamination from non-mitochondrial sources during the isolation procedure. Most importantly, the measurement of O2 consumption rate with micro-plate based technology and determining the respiratory control ratio (RCR) for coupled respirometric assays shows highly coupled (RCR; &#62;6 for all assays) and functional mitochondria. In conclusion, the addition of a separate mincing step and significantly reducing motor driven homogenization speed of a previously reported method has allowed the isolation of high quality and purified mitochondria from smaller quantities of mouse skeletal muscle that results in highly coupled mitochondria that respire with high function during microplate based respirometirc assays.

Here, we present a modification of a previously reported method that allows for the isolation of high quality and purified mitochondria from smaller quantities of mouse skeletal muscle. This procedure results in highly coupled mitochondria that respire with high function during microplate based respirometirc assays.

从小鼠骨骼肌高通量微孔板呼吸测量最低数量的隔离线粒体

Dysfunctional skeletal muscle mitochondria play a role in altered metabolism observed with aging, obesity and Type II diabetes. Mitochondrial ...

The c-FOS Protein Immunohistological Detection: A Useful Tool As a Marker of Central Pathways Involved in Specific Physiological Responses In Vivo and Ex Vivo

Many studies seek to identify and map the brain regions involved in specific physiological regulations. The proto-oncogene c-fos, an immediate early gene, is expressed in neurons in response to various stimuli. The protein product can be readily detected with immunohistochemical techniques leading to the use of c-FOS detection to map groups of neurons that display changes in their activity. In this article, we focused on the identification of brainstem neuronal populations involved in the ventilatory adaptation to hypoxia or hypercapnia. Two approaches were described to identify involved neuronal populations in vivo in animals and ex vivo in deafferented brainstem preparations. In vivo, animals were exposed to hypercapnic or hypoxic gas mixtures. Ex vivo, deafferented preparations were superfused with hypoxic or hypercapnic artificial cerebrospinal fluid. In both cases, either control in vivo animals or ex vivo preparations were maintained under normoxic and normocapnic conditions. The comparison of these two approaches allows the determination of the origin of the neuronal activation i.e., peripheral and/or central. In vivo and ex vivo, brainstems were collected, fixed, and sliced into sections. Once sections were prepared, immunohistochemical detection of the c-FOS protein was made in order to identify the brainstem groups of cells activated by hypoxic or hypercapnic stimulations. Labeled cells were counted in brainstem respiratory structures. In comparison to the control condition, hypoxia or hypercapnia increased the number of c-FOS labeled cells in several specific brainstem sites that are thus constitutive of the neuronal pathways involved in the adaptation of the central respiratory drive.

The c-FOS Protein Immunohistological Detection: A Useful Tool As a Marker of Central Pathways Involved in Specific Physiological Responses In Vivo and Ex Vivo

Here, we present a protocol based on c-FOS protein immunohistological detection, a classical technique used for the identification of neuronal populations involved in specific physiological responses in vivo and ex vivo.

在c-fos蛋白免疫组织学检测:一个有用​​的工具，中央通路在特定的生理反应所涉及的标记<em&gt;在体内</em&gt;和<em&gt;离体</em

Many studies seek to identify and map the brain regions involved in specific physiological regulations. The proto-oncogene c-fos, an immediate early gene, ...

In Vivo Study of Human Endothelial-Pericyte Interaction Using the Matrix Gel Plug Assay in Mouse

Angiogenesis is the process by which new blood vessels are formed from existing vessels. New vessel growth requires coordinated endothelial cell proliferation, migration, and alignment to form tubular structures followed by recruitment of pericytes to provide mural support and facilitate vessel maturation. Current in vitro cell culture approaches cannot fully reproduce the complex biological environment where endothelial cells and pericytes interact to produce functional vessels. We present a novel application of the in vivo matrix gel plug assay to study endothelial-pericyte interactions and formation of functional blood vessels using severe combined immune deficiency mutation (SCID) mice. Briefly, matrix gel is mixed with a solution containing endothelial cells with or without pericytes followed by injection into the back of anesthetized SCID mice. After 14 days, the matrix gel plugs are removed, fixed and sectioned for histological analysis. The length, number, size and extent of pericyte coverage of mature vessels (defined by the presence of red blood cells in the lumen) can be quantified and compared between experimental groups using commercial statistical platforms. Beyond its use as an angiogenesis assay, this matrix gel plug assay can be used to conduct genetic studies and as a platform for drug discovery. In conclusion, this protocol will allow researchers to complement available in vitro assays for the study of endothelial-pericyte interactions and their relevance to either systemic or pulmonary angiogenesis.

In Vivo Study of Human Endothelial-Pericyte Interaction Using the Matrix Gel Plug Assay in Mouse

We present a protocol to study human endothelial-pericyte interactions in mouse using a variation of the matrix gel plug angiogenesis assay.

表型鼠标肺功能

摘要

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此视频中的章节

活体成像和治疗卵巢癌的原位小鼠模型

表征隔离，通风，和仪表小鼠肺灌注与脉动流

诱导多能干细胞来源于小鼠的生成

检查Bcl-2家族大单层脂质体的功能

人鼻粘膜上皮细胞在气液界面培养

钙火花的评估在正常肌肉纤维

冷冻断裂/冷冻蚀刻的生物电子显微技术的基本要素

从小鼠骨骼肌高通量微孔板呼吸测量最低数量的隔离线粒体

在c-fos蛋白免疫组织学检测:一个有用的工具，中央通路在特定的生理反应所涉及的标记

在人类内皮周细胞的相互作用使用基质凝胶插件检测小鼠的体内研究

表型鼠标肺功能

摘要

探索更多视频

此视频中的章节

活体成像和治疗卵巢癌的原位小鼠模型

表征隔离，通风，和仪表小鼠肺灌注与脉动流

诱导多能干细胞来源于小鼠的生成

检查Bcl-2家族大单层脂质体的功能

人鼻粘膜上皮细胞在气液界面培养

钙火花的评估在正常肌肉纤维

冷冻断裂/冷冻蚀刻的生物电子显微技术的基本要素

从小鼠骨骼肌高通量微孔板呼吸测量最低数量的隔离线粒体

在c-fos蛋白免疫组织学检测:一个有用​​的工具，中央通路在特定的生理反应所涉及的标记

在人类内皮周细胞的相互作用使用基质凝胶插件检测小鼠的体内研究

在c-fos蛋白免疫组织学检测:一个有用的工具，中央通路在特定的生理反应所涉及的标记