This work was supported by NIH HL-10342

הערה: כל פרוטוקולי בעלי החיים אושרו על ידי ועדת אוניברסיטת הטיפול בבעלי חיים והשימוש בג&#39;ונס הופקינס. 1. הכנת בעלי החיים <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> הכן עכברי 6 C57BL / 6 שליטה למדידת DFCO, על ידי הרדמתם עם קטמין וxylazine כפי שמתוארת בשלב 2.3 להלן. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> הכן את כל עכברים האחרים עם פתולוגיות ריאות השונות מוצגות בטבלה 1 על ידי שימוש באותו הליך כלבקרה. פרטים ספציפיים הנחוצים להקמה כל אחד ממודלים אלה נמצאים באזכור הרלוונטי. עכברי בקרה ואלה בקבוצות פתולוגיים האחרות הם כל 6-12 השבועות של גיל. </li></ol> 2. מדידה של פקטור Diffusion לפחמן חד חמצני (DFCO) <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> להגדיר את מודול כרומטוגרף גז המסופק עם המכשיר למדידת פסגות לחנקן, חמצן, ניאון, ופחמן חד חמצני. לשימוש ביישום זה רק את נתוני הניאון וCO. הערה: מכשיר זה משתמש בs מולקולריתטור ieve עם הליום כגז מוביל, עם 12.00 מיקרומטר סרט, מזהה מיקרומטר 320.00 ו -10 מ &#39;אורך. יש עמודת כרומטוגרף נפח של 0.8 מיליליטר, אבל השתמשנו 2 מיליליטר כדי להבטיח סליקה נאותה של צינורות חיבור עם המדגם. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> בתחילתו של כל יום ניסיוני, לפני ביצוע מדידות של דגימות מהעכברים, לקחת דגימת 2 מיליליטר ישירות משקית תערובת גז המכילה כ -0.5% Ne, CO 0.5%, ולאזן אוויר, ולהשתמש במדגם זה לכייל גז כרומטוגרף. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> הרדימי עכברים עם קטמין (90 מ&quot;ג / קילוגרם) ו xylazine (15 מ&quot;ג / קילוגרם), ולאשר הרדמה על ידי היעדר תנועת רפלקס. החל משחה טרינריים המשפיעה על העיניים כדי למנוע יובש. Tracheostomize עכברים עם צינורית מחט בדל (18 G במבוגרים או 20 G בעכברים צעירים מאוד). הערה: DFCO הושלם בתוך פחות מ -10 דקות לאחר הרדמה ולפני כל הנשמה מלאכותית או הליכים אחרים. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> בעכברים יותר מ -6 שבועות של גיל, השתמש t מזרק 3 מיליליטרo לסגת 0.8 מיליליטר של גז משקית תערובת גז. חבר את המזרק לצינורית לקנה הנשימה ולנפח את הריאות במהירות. שימוש במטרונום, לספור 9 שניות, ולאחר מכן במהירות למשוך את 0.8 מיליליטר (אוויר ננשף). </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> לדלל 0.8 מיליליטר למשיכה זו נשף אוויר עד 2 מיליליטר עם אוויר חדר, לאפשר לו לנוח לפחות 15 שניות. אז להזריק את כל המדגם לגז כרומטוגרף לניתוח. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> תוך ניתוח מדגם DFCO הראשון, לנפח את ריאות עכבר עם 0.8 מיליליטר שני משקית תערובת גז, ולאחר מכן לעבד מדגם זה זהה למדגם הראשון. ממוצע שתי מדידות DFCO. הערה: למדידות בעכברים צעירים כמו 2 שבועות של גיל, השתמש בהיקף של 0.4 מיליליטר, מאז 0.8 מיליליטר גדול מדי נפח לבצע מדידות בריאות של עכברים צעירים מאוד. עדיף להשתמש בנפח 0.8 מיליליטר לעכברים מבוגרים מ -6 שבועות, ושאם יש צורך בנפח 0.4 מ&quot;ל לכמה עכברים, יש להשתמש בו באופן עקבי לכל העכברים בקבוצה הנחקרים. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> לחשב DFCOכ1 - (CO 9 / CO ג) / (Ne 9 ג / Ne), שבו subscripts ג ו9 מתייחס לריכוזים של גזי הכיול המוזרקים והגזים הוסרו לאחר זמן לעצור את נשימת 9 שניות, בהתאמה. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> לנתח ולהשוות הבדלים עם ANOVA חד-כיווני ולהעריך את הרמה מובהקת עם התיקון של Tukey להשוואות מרובות בכל עכברי העוקבה. שקול p &lt;0.05 ערך משמעותי כ. הערה: כל העכברים משמשים כאן היה חלק ממחקרי ניסויים מעורבים מספר מדידות עוקבות של אוורור ריאות, מכניקה, שטיפת ריאות, או היסטולוגיה, אשר אינן מדווחות כאן. בנוסף, מאז השיטה היא זהה בכל הדגמים הניסיוניים כפי שנעשה לעיל בעכברי השליטה, רק התוצאות מדגמי פתולוגיים השונים מוצגות. מידע נוסף על דגמים אלה מוצג בטבלה משלימה. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> להרדים בעלי החיים על ידי anesthe העמוקמנת יתר של טיקים ואחריו נקע או עריפת ראש צוואר רחם. במידת צורך, להסיר את תאי ריאה ו / או רקמות מהעכברים המתים עבור ביולוגי נוספים או עיבוד היסטולוגית וניתוח. </li></ol>

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אין ניגודי אינטרסים, ומה למסור.

בעבודה הנוכחית, שהגדרנו מדד חדש לכמת את יכולת גז החלפה של ריאות העכבר. מדד זה מקביל ליכולת לשדר, מדידה קלינית נפוצה המודדת את התפקיד העיקרי של הריאות, כלומר, יכולתו להחליף גז. היכולת לשדר היא מדידת הריאות רק פונקציונלית, כי יכול לעשות זאת בקלות ובמהירות בשני עכברים ובנ...

העכבר הוא עכשיו בעלי החיים העיקריים המשמשים למודל מגוון של מחלות ריאה. כדי לחקור את המנגנונים שנמצאים בבסיס פתולוגיות כגון, יש צורך בשיטות פנוטיפי שיכול לכמת את זה שינויים פתולוגיים. למרות שיש מחקרים רבים שבם עכבר מכניקת אוורור נמדדות, מדידות אלה הן בדרך כלל אינן קשורות להערכות סטנדרטי של תפקוד הריאתי נעשו בדרך כלל בבני אדם. זה מצער, שכן היכולת לבצע מדידות מקבילות בעכברים ובני אדם עשוי להקל על התרגום של תוצאות במודלים של עכברים למחלות בבני אדם. אחת המדידות הנפוצות ביותר ונעשו בקלות בבני אדם הוא היכולת לשדר לפחמן חד חמצני (DLCO) 1,2, אך מדידה זו כמעט ולא נעשתה רק במודלים של עכברים. באותם מחקרים שבם זה כבר דווח 3-7, לא חלו מחקרי מעקב, בין שאר משום שהנהלים הם לעתים קרובות מסורבלים או עשוי require ציוד מורכב. גישה נוספת היא להשתמש בשיטה CO rebreathing במערכת במצב יציבה, שבו יש את היתרון של להיות מסוגל למדוד דיפוזיה CO בעכברים מודעים. עם זאת שיטה זו היא מסורבלת מאוד, ותוצאות יכולות להשתנות עם רמת האוורור של העכבר כמו גם O 2 ו- CO 2 ריכוזים 8,9. קשיים אלה נראים שמנעו שימוש שיגרתי בלשדר יכולת לזהות פתולוגיות ריאות בעכברים, למרות כמה יתרונות משלה. כדי לעקוף בעיות עם מדידה של קיבולת לשדר בעכברים, פרטים של אמצעים פשוטים למדוד את זה בעכברים כבר דיווח לאחרונה 10. ההליך מבטל את הבעיה הקשה של דגימת גז alveolar שאינו נגוע בדגימת נפח שווה לגז ההשראה כל מהירות. תוצאות הליך זה במדידה מאוד לשחזור, כינו את גורם דיפוזיה לפחמן חד חמצני (DFCO), כי הוא רגיש למארח של הרשות הפלסטיניתשינויי thologic בפנוטיפ הריאות. DFCO מחושב כך כ1 - (CO 9 / CO ג) / (Ne 9 / Ne ג), שבו ג ו9 התחתיים מתייחסים לריכוזים של גזי הכיול המוזרקים והגזים הוסרו לאחר זמן לעצור את נשימת 9 שניות, בהתאמה. DFCO הוא משתנה ממדים, אשר משתנה בין 0 ל -1, כאשר 1 משקף ספיגה של כל CO מלא, ומשקפים 0 אין ספיגה של CO. במצגת זו אנו מראים כיצד לבצע מדידת קיבולת לשדר זה, וכיצד ניתן להשתמש בו כדי לתעד שינויים כמעט בכל האחד מהמודלים הקיימים ריאות עכבר המחלה, כולל אמפיזמה, ציסטיק, פציעת ריאות חריפה, וזיהומים נגיפיים ופטריות.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Gas Chromatograph</td>
			<td>Inficon</td>
			<td>Micro GC Model 3000A</td>
			<td>Agilent makes a comparable model</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>18 g Luer stub needle</td>
			<td>Becton Dickenson</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Several other possible vendors</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>3 mL plastic syringe</td>
			<td>Becton Dickenson</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Several other possible vendors</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Polypropylene gas sample bags</td>
			<td>SKC</td>
			<td>1 or 2 liter capacity works well</td>
			<td>Other gas tight bags will work well</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gas tank, 0.3% Ne,0.3% CO, balance air; (size ME)</td>
			<td>Airgas, Inc</td>
			<td>Z04 NI785ME3012</td>
			<td>This is the standard mixture used for DLCO in humans</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>25 TCID50/mouse of influenza virus A/PR8 diluted in phosphate buffered saline.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Porcine pancreatic elastase</td>
			<td>Elastin Products, Owensville, MO</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>5.4 U</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bleomycin</td>
			<td>APP Pharmaceuticals, Schaumburg, IL</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>0.25 U</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Escherichia coli LPS8</td>
			<td>Sigma L2880</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>3 &#956;g/g body weight; O55:B5</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Aspergillus fumigatus (isolate Af293) conidia were collected from mature colonies grown on potato dextrose agar.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

phenotyping mouse pulmonary function in vivo with the lung diffusing capacity

העכבר הוא עכשיו בעלי החיים העיקריים המשמשים למודל מגוון של מחלות ריאה. כדי לחקור את המנגנונים העומדים בבסיס פתולוגיות כגון, יש צורך בשיטות פנוטיפי שיכול לכמת את השינויים פתולוגיים. יתר על כן, על מנת לספק את הרלוונטיות translational למודלים של העכברים, מדידות מסוג זה צריכה להיות בדיקות שיכולים להיעשות בקלות בבני האדם ועכברים. למרבה הצער, בספרות בהווה יש לי כמה מדידות פנוטיפי של תפקוד ריאות יישום ישיר לבני אדם. חריג היחיד הוא היכולת לשדר לפחמן חד חמצני, שהוא מדידה שנעשית באופן שיגרתי בבני אדם. בדו&quot;ח הנוכחי, אנו מתארים אמצעים למדידת יכולת לשדר את זה בעכברים במהירות ובפשטות. ההליך כרוך אינפלציה קצרה ריאות עם גזים נותב בעכבר הרדים, ואחרי זמן ניתוח גז 1 דקות. בדקנו את היכולת של שיטה זו כדי לזהות כמה פתולוגיות ריאה, כולל אמפיזמה, סיסטיק, פציעת ריאות חריפה, ושפעת וזיהומים פטרייתיים ריאות, כמו גם התבגרות ריאה ניטור בגורים צעירים. תוצאות מראות ירידה משמעותית בכל פתולוגיות הריאות, כמו גם עלייה ביכולת לשדר עם התבגרות ריאה. מדידה זו של קיבולת לשדר ריאות ובכך מספקת בדיקת תפקוד ריאתי שיש לו בקשה רחבה עם היכולת שלה לזהות שינויים מבניים פנוטיפי עם רוב דגמי ריאות פתולוגיים הקיימים.

איור 1 מציג את מדידות DFCO מהעכברים הבוגרים בקבוצות A, B, C, D, E, ופ היו ירידה משמעותית בשני זיהומי אספרגילוס ושפעת, כמו גם לירידה משמעותית בfibrotic, emphysematous, ואקוטי מודלים פציעת ריאות. איור 2 מראה את השינויים בקבוצה G התפתחותיים בDFCO לאורך זמן כמו עכברים מגיל 2-6...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Phenotyping Mouse Pulmonary Function In Vivo with the Lung Diffusing Capacity at JoVE.com

Phenotyping Mouse Pulmonary Function In Vivo with the Lung Diffusing Capacity

We describe a means to quickly and simply measure the lung diffusing capacity in mice and show that it is sufficiently sensitive to phenotype changes in multiple common lung pathologies. This metric thus brings direct translational relevance to the mouse models, since diffusing capacity is also easily measured in humans.

פונקצית phenotyping עכבר ריאתי<em&gt; In vivo</em&gt; עם קיבולת הריאות לשדר

The mouse is now the primary animal used to model a variety of lung diseases. To study the mechanisms that underlie such pathologies, phenotypic methods ...

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Biology

Phenotyping Mouse Pulmonary Function In Vivo with the Lung Diffusing Capacity

10.5K Views.  Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health. We describe a means to quickly and simply measure the lung diffusing capacity in mice and show that it is sufficiently sensitive to phenotype changes in multiple common lung pathologies. This metric thus brings direct translational relevance to the mouse models, since diffusing capacity is also easily measured in humans.

Video: Phenotyping Mouse Pulmonary Function In Vivo with the Lung Diffusing Capacity

Generation of Mice Derived from Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

The production of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from somatic cells provides a means to create valuable tools for basic research and may also produce a source of patient-matched cells for regenerative therapies. iPSCs may be generated using multiple protocols and derived from multiple cell sources. Once generated, iPSCs are tested using a variety of assays including immunostaining for pluripotency markers, generation of three germ layers in embryoid bodies and teratomas, comparisons of gene expression with embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and production of chimeric mice with or without germline contribution2. Importantly, iPSC lines that pass these tests still vary in their capacity to produce different differentiated cell types2. This has made it difficult to establish which iPSC derivation protocols, donor cell sources or selection methods are most useful for different applications.
The most stringent test of whether a stem cell line has sufficient developmental potential to generate all tissues required for survival of an organism (termed full pluripotency) is tetraploid embryo complementation (TEC)3-5. Technically, TEC involves electrofusion of two-cell embryos to generate tetraploid (4n) one-cell embryos that can be cultured in vitro to the blastocyst stage6. Diploid (2n) pluripotent stem cells (e.g. ESCs or iPSCs) are then injected into the blastocoel cavity of the tetraploid blastocyst and transferred to a recipient female for gestation (see Figure 1). The tetraploid component of the complemented embryo contributes almost exclusively to the extraembryonic tissues (placenta, yolk sac), whereas the diploid cells constitute the embryo proper, resulting in a fetus derived entirely from the injected stem cell line.
Recently, we reported the derivation of iPSC lines that reproducibly generate adult mice via TEC1. These iPSC lines give rise to viable pups with efficiencies of 5-13%, which is comparable to ESCs3,4,7 and higher than that reported for most other iPSC lines8-12. These reports show that direct reprogramming can produce fully pluripotent iPSCs that match ESCs in their developmental potential and efficiency of generating pups in TEC tests. At present, it is not clear what distinguishes between fully pluripotent iPSCs and less potent lines13-15. Nor is it clear which reprogramming methods will produce these lines with the highest efficiency. Here we describe one method that produces fully pluripotent iPSCs and "all- iPSC" mice, which may be helpful for investigators wishing to compare the pluripotency of iPSC lines or establish the equivalence of different reprogramming methods.

Generating induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) lines produces lines of differing developmental potential even when they pass standard tests for pluripotency. Here we describe a protocol to produce mice derived entirely from iPSCs, which defines the iPSC lines as possessing full pluripotency1.

דור של עכברים שמקורם בתאי גזע pluripotent מושרים

The production of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from somatic cells provides a means to create valuable tools for basic research and may also ...

Examining BCL-2 Family Function with Large Unilamellar Vesicles

The BCL-2 (B cell CLL/Lymphoma) family is comprised of approximately twenty proteins that collaborate to either maintain cell survival or initiate apoptosis1. Following cellular stress (e.g., DNA damage), the pro-apoptotic BCL-2 family effectors BAK (BCL-2 antagonistic killer 1) and/or BAX (BCL-2 associated X protein) become activated and compromise the integrity of the outer mitochondrial membrane (OMM), though the process referred to as mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP)1. After MOMP occurs, pro-apoptotic proteins (e.g., cytochrome c) gain access to the cytoplasm, promote caspase activation, and apoptosis rapidly ensues2.
In order for BAK/BAX to induce MOMP, they require transient interactions with members of another pro-apoptotic subset of the BCL-2 family, the BCL-2 homology domain 3 (BH3)-only proteins, such as BID (BH3-interacting domain agonist)3-6. Anti-apoptotic BCL-2 family proteins (e.g., BCL-2 related gene, long isoform, BCL-xL; myeloid cell leukemia 1, MCL-1) regulate cellular survival by tightly controlling the interactions between BAK/BAX and the BH3-only proteins capable of directly inducing BAK/BAX activation7,8. In addition, anti-apoptotic BCL-2 protein availability is also dictated by sensitizer/de-repressor BH3-only proteins, such as BAD (BCL-2 antagonist of cell death) or PUMA (p53 upregulated modulator of apoptosis), which bind and inhibit anti-apoptotic members7,9. As most of the anti-apoptotic BCL-2 repertoire is localized to the OMM, the cellular decision to maintain survival or induce MOMP is dictated by multiple BCL-2 family interactions at this membrane.
 Large unilamellar vesicles (LUVs) are a biochemical model to explore relationships between BCL-2 family interactions and membrane permeabilization10. LUVs are comprised of defined lipids that are assembled in ratios identified in lipid composition studies from solvent extracted Xenopus mitochondria (46.5% phosphatidylcholine, 28.5% phosphatidylethanoloamine, 9% phosphatidylinositol, 9% phosphatidylserine, and 7% cardiolipin)10. This is a convenient model system to directly explore BCL-2 family function because the protein and lipid components are completely defined and tractable, which is not always the case with primary mitochondria. While cardiolipin is not usually this high throughout the OMM, this model does faithfully mimic the OMM to promote BCL-2 family function. Furthermore, a more recent modification of the above protocol allows for kinetic analyses of protein interactions and real-time measurements of membrane permeabilization, which is based on LUVs containing a polyanionic dye (ANTS: 8-aminonaphthalene-1,3,6-trisulfonic acid) and cationic quencher (DPX: p-xylene-bis-pyridinium bromide)11. As the LUVs permeabilize, ANTS and DPX diffuse apart, and a gain in fluorescence is detected. Here, commonly used recombinant BCL-2 family protein combinations and controls using the LUVs containing ANTS/DPX are described.

Biochemically-defined large unilamellar vesicles (LUVs) are a convenient model system to analyze BCL-2 family interactions with immediate implications in better understanding the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis. A method to produce LUVs, along with standard BCL-2 family protein combinations and controls to examine LUV permeabilization, are presented.

BCL-2 פונקצית בחינת משפחה עם שלפוחית ​​Unilamellar גדולה

The BCL-2 (B cell CLL/Lymphoma) family is comprised of approximately twenty proteins that collaborate to either maintain cell survival or initiate ...

Protein Transfection of Mouse Lung

Increasing protein expression enables researchers to better understand the functional role of that protein in regulating key biological processes1. In the lung, this has been achieved typically through genetic approaches that utilize transgenic mice2,3 or viral or non-viral vectors that elevate protein levels via increased gene expression4. Transgenic mice are costly and time-consuming to generate and the random insertion of a transgene or chronic gene expression can alter normal lung development and thus limit the utility of the model5. While conditional transgenics avert problems associated with chronic gene expression6, the reverse tetracycline-controlled transactivator (rtTA) mice, which are used to generate conditional expression, develop spontaneous air space enlargement7. As with transgenics, the use of viral and non-viral vectors is expensive8 and can provoke dose-dependent inflammatory responses that confound results9 and hinder expression10. Moreover, the efficacy of repeated doses are limited by enhanced immune responses to the vector11,12. Researchers are developing adeno-associated viral (AAV) vectors that provoke less inflammation and have longer expression within the lung13.
Using &beta;-galactosidase, we present a method for rapidly and effectively increasing protein expression within the lung using a direct protein transfection technique. This protocol mixes a fixed amount of purified protein with 20 &mu;l of a lipid-based transfection reagent (Pro-Ject, Pierce Bio) to allow penetration into the lung tissue itself. The liposomal protein mixture is then injected into the lungs of the mice via the trachea using a microsprayer (Penn Century, Philadelphia, PA). The microsprayer generates a fine plume of liquid aerosol throughout the lungs. Using the technique we have demonstrated uniform deposition of the injected protein throughout the airways and the alveoli of mice14. The lipid transfection technique allows the use of a small amount of protein to achieve effect. This limits the inflammatory response that otherwise would be provoked by high protein administration. Indeed, using this technique we published that we were able to significantly increase PP2A activity in the lung without affecting lung lavage cellularity15. Lung lavage cellularity taken 24 hr after challenge was comparable to controls (27&plusmn;4 control vs. 31&plusmn;5 albumin transfected; N=6 per group). Moreover, it increases protein levels without inducing lung developmental changes or architectural changes that can occur in transgenic models. However, the need for repeated administrations may make this technique less favorable for studies examining the effects of long-term increases in protein expression. This would be particularly true for proteins with short half-lives.

Transgenic mice or viral vectors have been used to increase protein expression within the lung. However, these techniques are time-consuming, technically challenging and have off-target effects that can confound results. Our protein transfection protocol uses a lipid based transfection reagent and an ultrafine microsprayer to uniformly deliver active protein to lung cells.

Transfection החלבון של ריאות מאוס

Increasing protein expression enables researchers to  better understand the functional role of that protein in regulating key  biological processes1. In ...

Culturing of Human Nasal Epithelial Cells at the Air Liquid Interface

In vitro models using human primary epithelial cells are essential in understanding key functions of the respiratory epithelium in the context of microbial infections or inhaled agents. Direct comparisons of cells obtained from diseased populations allow us to characterize different phenotypes and dissect the underlying mechanisms mediating changes in epithelial cell function. Culturing epithelial cells from the human tracheobronchial region has been well documented, but is limited by the availability of human lung tissue or invasiveness associated with obtaining the bronchial brushes biopsies. Nasal epithelial cells are obtained through much less invasive superficial nasal scrape biopsies and subjects can be biopsied multiple times with no significant side effects. Additionally, the nose is the entry point to the respiratory system and therefore one of the first sites to be exposed to any kind of air-borne stressor, such as microbial agents, pollutants, or allergens. 
Briefly, nasal epithelial cells obtained from human volunteers are expanded on coated tissue culture plates, and then transferred onto cell culture inserts. Upon reaching confluency, cells continue to be cultured at the air-liquid interface (ALI), for several weeks, which creates more physiologically relevant conditions. The ALI culture condition uses defined media leading to a differentiated epithelium that exhibits morphological and functional characteristics similar to the human nasal epithelium, with both ciliated and mucus producing cells. Tissue culture inserts with differentiated nasal epithelial cells can be manipulated in a variety of ways depending on the research questions (treatment with pharmacological agents, transduction with lentiviral vectors, exposure to gases, or infection with microbial agents) and analyzed for numerous different endpoints ranging from cellular and molecular pathways, functional changes, morphology, etc. 
In vitro models of differentiated human nasal epithelial cells will enable investigators to address novel and important research questions by using organotypic experimental models that largely mimic the nasal epithelium in vivo.

Nasal epithelial cells, obtained through superficial scrape biopsy of human volunteers, are expanded and transferred onto tissue culture inserts. Upon reaching confluency, cells are grown at air liquid interface, yielding cultures of ciliated and non-ciliated cells. Differentiated nasal epithelial cell cultures provide viable experimental models for studying the respiratory mucosa.

Culturing של אדם תאי אפיתל באף בממשק האוויר הנוזלי

In vitro models using human primary  epithelial cells are essential in understanding key functions of the respiratory  epithelium in the context of ...

Assessment of Calcium Sparks in Intact Skeletal Muscle Fibers

Maintaining homeostatic Ca2+ signaling is a fundamental physiological process in living cells. Ca2+ sparks are the elementary units of Ca2+ signaling in the striated muscle fibers that appear as highly localized Ca2+ release events mediated by ryanodine receptor (RyR) Ca2+ release channels on the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) membrane. Proper assessment of muscle Ca2+ sparks could provide information on the intracellular Ca2+&#160;handling properties of healthy and diseased striated muscles. Although Ca2+ sparks events are commonly seen in resting cardiomyocytes, they are rarely observed in resting skeletal muscle fibers; thus there is a need for methods to generate and analyze sparks in skeletal muscle fibers.
Detailed here is an experimental protocol for measuring Ca2+ sparks in isolated flexor digitorm brevis (FDB) muscle fibers using fluorescent Ca2+ indictors and laser scanning confocal microscopy. In this approach, isolated FDB fibers are exposed to transient hypoosmotic stress followed by a return to isotonic physiological solution. Under these conditions, a robust Ca2+ sparks response is detected adjacent to the sarcolemmal membrane in young healthy FDB muscle fibers. Altered Ca2+ sparks response is detected in dystrophic or aged skeletal muscle fibers. This approach has recently demonstrated that membrane-delimited signaling involving cross-talk between inositol (1,4,5)-triphosphate receptor (IP3R) and RyR contributes to Ca2+ spark activation in skeletal muscle. In summary, our studies using osmotic stress induced Ca2+ sparks showed that this intracellular response reflects a muscle signaling mechanism in physiology and aging/disease states, including mouse models of muscle dystrophy (mdx mice) or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS model).

Described here is a method to directly measure calcium sparks, the elementary units of Ca2+ release from sarcoplasmic reticulum&#160;in intact skeletal muscle fibers. This method utilizes osmotic-stress-mediated triggering of Ca2+ release from ryanodine receptor in isolated muscle fibers. The dynamics and homeostatic capacity of intracellular Ca2+ signaling can be employed to assess muscle function in health and disease.

הערכה של סידן ניצוצות בסיבי שריר שלד שלמים

Maintaining homeostatic Ca2+ signaling is a fundamental physiological process in living cells. Ca2+ sparks are the elementary units of Ca2+ signaling in ...

Fundamental Technical Elements of Freeze-fracture/Freeze-etch in Biological Electron Microscopy

Freeze-fracture/freeze-etch describes a process whereby specimens, typically biological or nanomaterial in nature, are frozen, fractured, and replicated to generate a carbon/platinum &#8220;cast&#8221; intended for examination by transmission electron microscopy. Specimens are subjected to ultrarapid freezing rates, often in the presence of cryoprotective agents to limit ice crystal formation, with subsequent fracturing of the specimen at liquid nitrogen cooled temperatures under high vacuum. The resultant fractured surface is replicated and stabilized by evaporation of carbon and platinum from an angle that confers surface three-dimensional detail to the cast. This technique has proved particularly enlightening for the investigation of cell membranes and their specializations and has contributed considerably to the understanding of cellular form to related cell function. In this report, we survey the instrument requirements and technical protocol for performing freeze-fracture, the associated nomenclature and characteristics of fracture planes, variations on the conventional procedure, and criteria for interpretation of freeze-fracture images. This technique has been widely used for ultrastructural investigation in many areas of cell biology and holds promise as an emerging imaging technique for molecular, nanotechnology, and materials science studies.

Basic techniques and refinements of freeze-fracture processing of biological specimens and nanomaterials for examination by transmission electron microscopy are described. This technique is a preferred method for revealing ultrastructural features and specializations of biological membranes and for obtaining ultrastructural level dimensional and spatial data in materials sciences and nanotechnology products.

טכני אלמנטים בסיסיים של ההקפאה-בר / הקפאה-לחרוט בביולוגי מיקרוסקופית אלקטרונים

Freeze-fracture/freeze-etch describes a process whereby specimens, typically biological or nanomaterial in nature, are frozen, fractured, and replicated ...

Isolation of Mitochondria from Minimal Quantities of Mouse Skeletal Muscle for High Throughput Microplate Respiratory Measurements

Dysfunctional skeletal muscle mitochondria play a role in altered metabolism observed with aging, obesity and Type II diabetes. Mitochondrial respirometric assays from isolated mitochondrial preparations allow for the assessment of mitochondrial function, as well as determination of the mechanism(s) of action of drugs and proteins that modulate metabolism. Current isolation procedures often require large quantities of tissue to yield high quality mitochondria necessary for respirometric assays. The methods presented herein describe how high quality purified mitochondria (~ 450 &#181;g) can be isolated from minimal quantities (~75-100 mg) of mouse skeletal muscle for use in high throughput respiratory measurements. We determined that our isolation method yields 92.5&#177; 2.0% intact mitochondria by measuring citrate synthase activity spectrophotometrically. In addition, Western blot analysis in isolated mitochondria resulted in the faint expression of the cytosolic protein, GAPDH, and the robust expression of the mitochondrial protein, COXIV. The absence of a prominent GAPDH band in the isolated mitochondria is indicative of little contamination from non-mitochondrial sources during the isolation procedure. Most importantly, the measurement of O2 consumption rate with micro-plate based technology and determining the respiratory control ratio (RCR) for coupled respirometric assays shows highly coupled (RCR; &#62;6 for all assays) and functional mitochondria. In conclusion, the addition of a separate mincing step and significantly reducing motor driven homogenization speed of a previously reported method has allowed the isolation of high quality and purified mitochondria from smaller quantities of mouse skeletal muscle that results in highly coupled mitochondria that respire with high function during microplate based respirometirc assays.

Here, we present a modification of a previously reported method that allows for the isolation of high quality and purified mitochondria from smaller quantities of mouse skeletal muscle. This procedure results in highly coupled mitochondria that respire with high function during microplate based respirometirc assays.

בידוד של המיטוכונדריה מכמויות מינימליות של שרירי שלד עכבר למדידות תפוקה גבוהה microplate נשימה

Dysfunctional skeletal muscle mitochondria play a role in altered metabolism observed with aging, obesity and Type II diabetes. Mitochondrial ...

The c-FOS Protein Immunohistological Detection: A Useful Tool As a Marker of Central Pathways Involved in Specific Physiological Responses In Vivo and Ex Vivo

Many studies seek to identify and map the brain regions involved in specific physiological regulations. The proto-oncogene c-fos, an immediate early gene, is expressed in neurons in response to various stimuli. The protein product can be readily detected with immunohistochemical techniques leading to the use of c-FOS detection to map groups of neurons that display changes in their activity. In this article, we focused on the identification of brainstem neuronal populations involved in the ventilatory adaptation to hypoxia or hypercapnia. Two approaches were described to identify involved neuronal populations in vivo in animals and ex vivo in deafferented brainstem preparations. In vivo, animals were exposed to hypercapnic or hypoxic gas mixtures. Ex vivo, deafferented preparations were superfused with hypoxic or hypercapnic artificial cerebrospinal fluid. In both cases, either control in vivo animals or ex vivo preparations were maintained under normoxic and normocapnic conditions. The comparison of these two approaches allows the determination of the origin of the neuronal activation i.e., peripheral and/or central. In vivo and ex vivo, brainstems were collected, fixed, and sliced into sections. Once sections were prepared, immunohistochemical detection of the c-FOS protein was made in order to identify the brainstem groups of cells activated by hypoxic or hypercapnic stimulations. Labeled cells were counted in brainstem respiratory structures. In comparison to the control condition, hypoxia or hypercapnia increased the number of c-FOS labeled cells in several specific brainstem sites that are thus constitutive of the neuronal pathways involved in the adaptation of the central respiratory drive.

The c-FOS Protein Immunohistological Detection: A Useful Tool As a Marker of Central Pathways Involved in Specific Physiological Responses In Vivo and Ex Vivo

Here, we present a protocol based on c-FOS protein immunohistological detection, a classical technique used for the identification of neuronal populations involved in specific physiological responses in vivo and ex vivo.

חלבון C-FOS איתור immunohistological: כלי שימושי כסמן של מסלולים מרכזיים המעורבים בתגובות פיסיולוגיות ספציפיות<em&gt; In vivo</em&gt; ו<em&gt; Ex Vivo</em

Many studies seek to identify and map the brain regions involved in specific physiological regulations. The proto-oncogene c-fos, an immediate early gene, ...

In Vivo Study of Human Endothelial-Pericyte Interaction Using the Matrix Gel Plug Assay in Mouse

Angiogenesis is the process by which new blood vessels are formed from existing vessels. New vessel growth requires coordinated endothelial cell proliferation, migration, and alignment to form tubular structures followed by recruitment of pericytes to provide mural support and facilitate vessel maturation. Current in vitro cell culture approaches cannot fully reproduce the complex biological environment where endothelial cells and pericytes interact to produce functional vessels. We present a novel application of the in vivo matrix gel plug assay to study endothelial-pericyte interactions and formation of functional blood vessels using severe combined immune deficiency mutation (SCID) mice. Briefly, matrix gel is mixed with a solution containing endothelial cells with or without pericytes followed by injection into the back of anesthetized SCID mice. After 14 days, the matrix gel plugs are removed, fixed and sectioned for histological analysis. The length, number, size and extent of pericyte coverage of mature vessels (defined by the presence of red blood cells in the lumen) can be quantified and compared between experimental groups using commercial statistical platforms. Beyond its use as an angiogenesis assay, this matrix gel plug assay can be used to conduct genetic studies and as a platform for drug discovery. In conclusion, this protocol will allow researchers to complement available in vitro assays for the study of endothelial-pericyte interactions and their relevance to either systemic or pulmonary angiogenesis.

In Vivo Study of Human Endothelial-Pericyte Interaction Using the Matrix Gel Plug Assay in Mouse

We present a protocol to study human endothelial-pericyte interactions in mouse using a variation of the matrix gel plug angiogenesis assay.

In vivo לחקר האדם האנדותל-pericyte אינטראקציה באמצעות assay Plug מטריקס ג&#39;ל עכבר

Angiogenesis is the process by which new blood vessels are formed from existing vessels. New vessel growth requires coordinated endothelial cell ...

Measuring the Stiffness of Ex Vivo Mouse Aortas Using Atomic Force Microscopy

Arterial stiffening is a significant risk factor and biomarker for cardiovascular disease and a hallmark of aging. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is a versatile analytical tool for characterizing viscoelastic mechanical properties for a variety of materials ranging from hard (plastic, glass, metal, etc.) surfaces to cells on any substrate. It has been widely used to measure the stiffness of cells, but less frequently used to measure the stiffness of aortas. In this paper, we will describe the procedures for using AFM in contact mode to measure the ex vivo elastic modulus of unloaded mouse arteries. We describe our procedure for isolation of mouse aortas, and then provide detailed information for the AFM analysis. This includes step-by-step instructions for alignment of the laser beam, calibration of the spring constant and deflection sensitivity of the AFM probe, and acquisition of force curves. We also provide a detailed protocol for data analysis of the force curves.

Measuring the Stiffness of Ex Vivo Mouse Aortas Using Atomic Force Microscopy

We present detailed protocols for isolation of aortas from mouse and measurement of their elastic modulus using atomic force microscopy.

מדידת הקשיחות של<em&gt; Ex Vivo</em&gt; עכבר Aortas באמצעות מיקרוסקופ כוח אטומי

Arterial stiffening is a significant risk factor and biomarker for cardiovascular disease and a hallmark of aging. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is a ...