这项工作一直由德国联邦教育与研究，GO-生物批准号：0315569。

注：与知情同意和伦理委员会批准（伦理委员会的Charité大学医学院，德国柏林）获得人类幼年包皮，符合有关法律，从常规包皮环切后，小儿外科。 1.生产组织等效的培育，在MOC <ol><li>聚集HepaRG和HHSteC在悬滴板以产生肝球体。 <ol><li>为了达到在细胞培养瓶中生长的HepaRG细胞的胰蛋白酶（75 平方厘米），除去从汇合培养基，分化单层培养，洗净用PBS两次，并加入3毫升0.05％胰蛋白酶/ EDTA中。孵育3至5分钟，在37℃，使反应停止通过加入6 ml胰蛋白酶抑制剂。 </li><li>离心机HepaRG细胞在150×g离心5分钟，除去上清，重悬细胞沉淀在1ml HepaRG细胞培养基，并计数细胞。细胞生存力应&gt; 90％。 </li><li>在为了实现HHSteC细胞的胰蛋白酶处理，除去从单层培养的培养基，用PBS洗两次，并加入3毫升0.05％胰蛋白酶/ EDTA中。孵育5分钟，在37℃，使反应停止通过加入6 ml胰蛋白酶抑制剂。 </li><li>离心机的HHSteC细胞在150×g离心5分钟，除去上清，重悬细胞沉淀在1ml HepaRG细胞培养基，和计数细胞。 </li><li>在HepaRG细胞培养基1：联合HepaRG和HHSteC以24比。这样做，通过在HepaRG细胞培养基稀释细胞悬浮液调整细胞数，并添加1×10 5个细胞/ ml HHSteC至4.8×10 6细胞/ ml的HepaRG细胞。仔细混合。 </li><li>加入2毫升的PBS以悬滴和接收机板制备悬滴板。 </li><li>吸管20微升细胞悬浮液放入悬滴板的各孔中。总是准备约10％的悬滴比你需要检索聚集，一些聚集丢失杜里纳克的过程。小心地将板在37℃的孵化器。等待48小时的球体形成。 </li><li>为了获取球体，一定要使用枪头宽尖结局或削减1毫升枪头用无菌刀技巧，以扩大开放为约2〜3毫米。使用这些枪头处理球体，而不破坏它们。 </li><li>通过反复加入1毫升介质悬滴板的使用移液管的孔的顶端从悬滴板仔细洗掉球体。洗板，直到所有的球体都名落孙山。球状​​体是稍有盘形为300至400微米的中径为200至300微米，在这一点上的高度。 </li><li>收集的球状体，在接收器板，并将其与最多20球状体每使用制备的移液器吸头以及转移到24孔超低附着板上。调整每个媒体卷井0.5毫升。使用20到聚集INOculate 1 MOC电路，以获得1 / 100,000关于体内细胞数的小型化速率。 </li><li>孵育球状体在37℃和5％的CO 2，直至在信息操作中心进一步使用。不要使用前超过三天存储的球状体，以保证可比性。培育的聚集体为至少一天在超低附着板来检索均匀球状体。 </li></ol></li><li>追求两种方法来产生皮肤组织等同物：使用钻取活组织检查（1.2.1）或利用现成体外组织模型（1.3.1）的。 <ol><li>切转孔与托架下面白炽灯刀以制备在无菌条件直至进一步使用下96孔细胞培养插入和存储。 </li><li>消毒在80％的乙醇包皮样品30秒和切断环打开。样品应当具有2mm的平均高度。 </li><li>用活检穿孔削减4.5毫米直径活检获得平等miniaturiza灰比为肝脏和皮肤。加载活检入制备96孔Transwell小钳插入。照顾与表皮朝上放置活检。 </li><li>地方的细胞培养插入用含有HepaRG细胞培养基并储存在37℃和5％的CO 2，直至在信息操作中心进一步使用活检中的接收机板。做得比2更长的时间3小时不存储样品。 </li></ol></li><li>整合现成的体外皮肤模型中，从各种供应商处购买，进入MOC，确保它们是在96孔Transwell小格式。使用由供应商，或者，如果与另一种组织的共存设想在进一步的步骤中，使用同时支持组织的基本培养基供给的细胞培养液中。测试在现有的静态试验的各基本培养基为它支持的组织的能力。 <ol><li>检索皮肤模型从保持架板和切断96-插入托架下面白炽灯刀。 </li&gt; <li>将插入件放回接收机板并储存在37℃和5％的CO 2，直至在信息操作中心进一步使用。不要储存样本超过一天时间。 </li></ol></li></ol> 2. MOC制造<ol><li>混合的PDMS和固化剂以10：1的比例（体积/体积）并在真空下放置该混合物15分钟以除去气泡。 </li><li>同时，把聚碳酸酯盖板与硅橡胶添加剂，在80℃进行20分钟。 </li><li>插入螺丝铁氟龙进入盖板的各个孔创建微型四个PDMS无细胞培养室和六个PDMS膜，500微米厚。 </li><li>插上准备盖板两个微血管电路的母模，注入脱气PDMS。小心不要气泡集成到系统中。如果气泡冒出，尝试通过倾斜装置将其删除。 </li><li>孵育体系在80℃下60分钟以固化硅橡胶层。 </li><li>除去母模，并从该设备的特氟隆螺钉和粘接的PDMS层与一个75×25 平方毫米的足迹使用低压等离子体氧化载玻片。 </li><li>螺丝特殊螺纹接头MOC所有四个细胞培养的盖板的隔间。 </li><li>连接含有培养基注射器阴鲁尔X¼-28的男性适配器和它们拧到盖板的MOC适配器。 </li><li>通过重复压下并拉动注射器柱塞注入介质到微流体电路。 </li><li>检查通道在显微镜下介质的适当填充。 </li></ol> 3.内皮医监<ol><li>之前endothelializing操作中心，冲洗每个MOC电路与内皮细胞生长介质和静态孵育它三天，在37℃和5％的CO 2。 <ol><li>消毒用的酒精擦拭MOCS并将其放置在层流工作台。我ñ此外，消毒两对镊子，为进一步利用2六角键。 </li><li>松开MOC的组织培养室的使用六角形按键帽使用镊子取下盖子。插入介质后，螺丝帽回到MOCS以相同的方式。 </li></ol></li><li>为了实现人皮肤微血管内皮细胞（HDMEC）的胰蛋白酶处理，取出来自单层培养物的培养基，用PBS洗两次，并加入3毫升0.05％胰蛋白酶/ EDTA中。孵育5分钟，在37℃，使反应停止通过加入6 ml胰蛋白酶抑制剂。 </li><li>离心机的HDMEC在220×g离心5分钟，除去上清，重悬细胞沉淀在1ml内皮细胞生长培养基中，计数细胞。细胞生存力应&gt; 90％。 </li><li>调整在细胞悬浮液中的细胞数为2×10 7个细胞/ ml的终浓度通过它与内皮细胞生长培养基稀释，并转移250微升它1ml注射器。应用细胞的该浓度来操作中心保持的1 / 100,000的所有器官的小型化速率。 </li><li>注射器连接到阴路厄X¼-28雄性适配器，排出空气从该嵌合，并且它拧到一个特殊的螺纹MOC适配器。该适配器连接到每个MOC电路的两个隔间之一。 </li><li>连接一个空的注射器相同的方式来操作中心电路的第二隔室。 </li><li>压下并拉动两个注射器柱塞几次以连续的方式注入的细胞均匀。控制细胞的显微镜下的输注。 </li><li>孵育MOC在37℃和5％CO 2的静态条件下进行3小时，以使细胞附着在通道壁上。 </li><li>从培养箱中取出芯片，并将其放置在层流工作台，并用特殊螺纹MOC细胞培养室更换注射器和MOC适配器。 </li><li>加入400微升新鲜培养基到一个COM每个MOC电路partment，让它通过渠道由静水压冲洗。此后，更换介质在这两个区室用300μl的新鲜培养基。 </li><li>使用瓶盖关闭隔间，如3.1.2所述。 </li><li>连接芯片到泵控制单元。调节泵送速度以0.475赫兹的频率和培育芯片在37℃和5％的CO 2。 </li><li>替换每个MOC隔室的每一到两天的介质和监测细胞形态​​学用光学显微镜。 </li></ol> 4.装载芯片<ol><li>将MOC的层流板凳下并打开它，按步骤3.1.2描述。 </li><li>从组织培养室中取出介质，并用300微升新鲜HepaRG细胞培养液进行更换。 </li><li>转让20预制球体一个组织培养用枪头具有广泛开放的每个MOC电路仓（请参阅步骤1.1.8 / 9）。关闭了C使用镊子和六角形按键AP。 </li><li>转让的96孔细胞培养插入物含有皮肤等同于使用镊子每个MOC电路的其余组织培养室中。请注意，以避免皮肤替代物的膜下面形成气泡。为了做到这一点，将转孔在略微倾斜的角度，推动轻轻放下。周围的透孔中取出多余的媒体被从下向上推用吸管。 </li><li>关闭使用镊子和六角形按键帽。 </li></ol> 5.连接芯片到泵控制单元<ol><li>在控制单元的值设置运行参数需要的。修改的空气压力从0到8000毫巴，真空从0至-800毫巴，并泵送频率从0.24到2.4赫兹。顺时针或逆时针设置泵送方向。 </li><li>从层流长椅下除去含MOC组织等同物和将其连接到泵控制单元。 </li><li>继numerat离子的管，插入气压管上的MOC各自的配件。 </li><li>培育MOC在37℃和5％的CO 2在培养箱中，或在活组织成像的情况下，使用MOC支撑到芯片加热至37℃，培养培养箱外的芯片。使用温水支持标准的显微镜下培养的细胞在MOC。 </li></ol> 6.执行媒体交流，取样媒体和暴露于物质<ol><li>执行例行媒体交换每天或每隔一天，在考虑组织培养，细胞的代谢活性的类型。 <ol><li>检索从孵化器的MOC并观察它在显微镜控制媒体的流量和检查污染之下。 </li><li>拔下空气高压油管断开泵控制单元的MOC。使用酒精湿巾消毒MOC，并把它的层流板凳下。 </li><li>打开组织培养补偿artment含有肝球体，如在步骤3.1.2说明。 </li><li>去除高达200微升从使用移液管的隔间，而不破坏球状体和介质存放在深 - 孔平板的一个空的井。介质样品直接分析或关闭深孔板和存储介质的样品在-80℃下用于进一步分析。 </li><li>更换MOC的媒体多达250微升的新鲜细胞培养基，并关闭盖子。在除去培养基并换成占损失量由于少量关闭系统时泄漏出的芯片的差异。 </li><li>打开组织培养室保持皮肤当量在这一点上，以检查组织完整性的上限。小心不要引入气泡进入系统。关闭盖子。 </li><li>连接所述泵控制单元向信息操作中心的油管，根据步骤5.3，并放置MOC在培养箱。 </li></ol></li></ol> 7。分析日报传媒样品并进行在线分析<ol><li>上线使用活细胞成像或脱机，通过分析每天的媒体样本分析组织培养性能。执行后者通过标准常规酶测定（ 例如乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）活性）或酶联免疫吸附（ 例如白蛋白浓度）。在线分析是在下面说明。 </li><li>除去内皮MOC的介质，如在步骤6.1.1至6.1.4中描述，并且它在两个组织培养室用200μl的10微克替换/ ml的荧光团共轭乙酰低密度脂蛋白（LDL）的溶液（稀释在细胞培养基）。 </li><li>关闭帽。连接信息操作中心到泵控制单元，根据步骤5.3，和泵它为30分钟，在0.475 Hz到微流体回路内分布均匀溶液。 </li><li>停止泵送，并培育商务部静态3.5小时，在37℃和5％的CO 2。 </li><li>类似吨Ø步骤7.2，删除这两个车厢的乙酰化LDL的解决方案，并与400微升新鲜培养基在两个车厢的更换。 </li><li>等待3至5分钟，以允许通过所述微流体通道电路的静水压力驱动介质。 </li><li>更换已流经用300μl新鲜培养基，并填补上述第二组织培养室用300μl的新鲜培养基的培养基。 </li><li>关闭MOC，根据步骤3.1.2。把它在荧光显微镜下观察细胞的生长和生存能力。 </li><li>将染色MOC早在孵化器继续培养。除去污渍泄漏出的细胞与每个下列介质的更换。 </li></ol> 8.检索从MOC等效组织和执行终点分析<ol><li>检索组织当量从信息操作中心在端点分析实验结束。 <ol><li>为了检索肝脏和皮肤Ë从MOC quivalents，从每个组织培养舱取出介质，如步骤6.1.1到6.1.4描述。 </li><li>删除包含从使用镊子操作中心皮肤的96孔细胞培养插入。用钳子夹住它放在一边，拉下来仔细剥离从插入膜。小心不要失去皮肤相当于在这一点上。 </li><li>冷冻该膜保持皮肤等效于冷冻嵌入化合物，并将其存储在-80℃直至进一步分析。 </li></ol></li><li>通过使用切割枪头吸取他们的组织培养舱同样取下肝脏当量（请参阅步骤1.1.8 / 9）。 <ol><li>嵌入肝球体的冷冻嵌入化合物。小心不转让过多的液体，并删除任何多余的液体用吸管。放置在球体上的嵌入化合物并除去培养基后，添加更多的冷冻化合物到球状体的顶部，以完全封闭它们。 </li><li>冷冻肝脏当量，并将其存储在-80℃直至进一步分析。 </li></ol></li><li>通过切割所述组织当量在冷冻切片机至8微米的部分和染色用于组织特异性标志物，如在先前的协议10描述执行端点分析。 </li></ol>

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乌韦·马克思TissUse GmbH的产生和销售在文章中使用的多器官芯片平台CEO。 本出版物的经费是由授予康宁公司获奖

这里所描述的MOC平台代表了稳定而强大的工具，培育各种来源的组织，在动态中流动状况在长期的文化时期10,16。在本实施例中，平台被用于培养原代细胞（HDMEC），来自细胞系产生的组织等同物（肝聚集体），以及前述的共培养与组织活检。操作中心是能够维持三组织共培养长达28天的联合介质回路。以最好的作者的知识，这是第一次已经超过4周进行了多组织共同培养包括活检，原代细胞和细胞系。 一个微流体系统的主要缺点之一是小分子附着于流体回路的表面材料的亲合性。作为表面与体积之比是在微流体系统中特别高的，这样的效果变得更加明显17 </s了&gt;。稳定HDMEC覆盖的通道的，在这里引入，可能作为生物屏障防止分子的粘附到信息操作中心。此外，它可以作为全血循环一个血液相容容器中，防止血液凝固。然而，使用全血作为介质取代是不可行的器官当量的全血管尚未实现。现有的体外组织-生成的血管作品是有前途的，引导的方式继续深造18,19。 它是众所周知的，肝细胞倾向于在静态二维体外培养条件下20随时间失去肝特异性功能。代谢酶，如细胞色素P450家族，是特别重要，如果某药物的代谢是待研究。细胞色素P450 3A4，涉及到许多外源物的生物转化酶，和细胞色素P450 7A，瓦特HICH参与胆汁酸的合成，表达在肝凝集在MOC培养超过14天。这表明代谢活性的表型的保存，允许药物代谢研究。聚集体在比静态培养物中的MOC增加白蛋白生产速率是一个额外的指征适当的培养条件。在这项研究中观察到的白蛋白生产速度是相当的，甚至高于通过微流控芯片，包括HepG2细胞21获得先前报道的价值- 23，但是，值没有达到这些人原代肝细胞培养24。此外，MOC系统，在其临时布局，不允许胆汁的单独隔离。细胞在总量偏振光形成胆小管样结构，如由MRP-2染色。然而，这些小管没有连接到一个信道的技术收集胆汁。这种非生理混合荷兰国际集团与血液隔室中的胆汁在系统的未来重新设计加以解决。 的流量特性的调整是非常重要25，特别是关于组织敏感剪切应力，如肝脏。剪应力由组织所感知的量可以用两种方式进行修改：首先，用于向下推动泵的膜的空气压力可以被降低，在系统中减少峰值剪切应力值。其次，组织可以嵌入在细胞外基质分层或在Transwell小培养插入物进行培养。后者屏蔽从底层当前的组织中的多孔膜。这些调整必须在开始MOC实验前对每个器官相当于在个人基础上进行的。以2.4赫兹的脉动操作中，例如，其对应于144次高，但仍然生理，心脏活动/分钟在人类中，所测定的剪切应力微血管电路的渠道达到约25达因/厘米2。这对应于生理剪切应力在刻度中微血管的较高端的，因此，也适用于实验，包括所述信道的内皮化。然而，由于提出的MOC系统的当前微流体布局仅由一个连接两个器官室介质电路，一泵送速度和剪切应力速率已被选择为整个系统。因此，流动特性，以各单一器官的需要精确的调整并不总是可行的。 此外，保健已采取在调节细胞的共同平台。培养细胞在MOC在组合媒体电路，因此，可用于每种组织模型中没有个别的细胞培养基，如在体外细胞培养的标准。一个最小的组合培养基配方需要事先和T定义他的细胞需要调整逐步到这个新的介质。的80％/ 20％旧到新媒体两天的调整过程中，然后用50％/ 50％，其次是20％/ 80％，并充分交换总是导致培养物在我们手中的一个合理的细胞活力和功能。 信息操作中心系统的当前微流体布局允许多达三个组织的共培养。人体中的至少十个最重要的器官的共存是必要的，以达到动态平衡。因此，提出的系统是能够预测特定组织 - 组织相互作用，而不是一种物质的真实全身反应。商务部的进一步发展，包括更多的器官腔设想。此外，该系统的有效性，是使用一组参考化合物显示。优选地，在临床试验期间（如曲格列酮）已经失败的化合物是其在MOC性能进行测试。然而，这样的复杂系统的真实有效性仍是阻碍BŸ有关的生物标志物和端点的功能评价缺乏标准化，收集有关这一点，类似系统的毒性表现更多的数据将扩大其可靠性和应用领域。

当前单层或悬浮细胞培养测定为药物开发没有能够模仿人类细胞微环境，因此，导致快速去分化和功能的原代人细胞培养物的损失。需要组织模型具有较高生理相关它们接纳于临床试验之前，预测化合物的功效和安全性。最近， 体外细胞培养技术的标准已经从二维单层培养进化朝向三维的多细胞模型，旨在模仿体内组织的微环境。这些系统已经显示出对化合物1,2的作用模式的更准确的预测重大改进。此外，适应在体外培养条件下细胞的高度专业化的需求是特别令人感兴趣的。 在标准的体外条件下，各种重要的尽头TURE参数，如营养和氧气供应，去除累积的产品，和机械力作用在细胞通常不能在大多数情况下，充分进行控制。许多器官具备的物质和溶解氧生理学相关浓度梯度。然而，这些高度调节和优化的条件，在体外条件下，明确反对周围组织中的不可控的扩散梯度，导致一个非常不稳定的环境中，以及限制细胞发展3。因此，更稳定，尤其是在体外条件更加量化的需要，以保持细胞的存活和分化的多长时间。灌注系统，其中培养基成分，定期删除和取代，往往是更好的表征和可控比关于直接周围组织的静态文化。在静态条件下，细胞的分泌物扩散梯度和培养液中的营养成分可能围绕培养细胞3。周围的组织引入良好的特点中型流速使细胞的分泌物混合通过灌注丰富的媒介。这使得能够确定蜂窝微环境的产生，从而确保了稳定的细胞表型，并在整个试验持续时间4代谢酶的表达。 在多器官芯片（MOC）的最新发展为基础的系统，结合了控制介质流动的周围组织工程与生物反应器微观的中小型和细胞质量的要求带来的好处，从而导致物质的测试过程中需要的量减少。几种微流体系统用于组织培养已经描述迄今5,6。这些系统在组织内对流体的比率起到模拟生理学相关细胞串扰一个特别重要的作用。但是，由于技术的限制，例如使用外部泵和介质储层，第相比于组织体积E综合循环介质在大多数系统体积过大。该集团舒勒等人都是第一次来开发，确保在细胞培养室和体内相关组织，以流体比7,8物质的适当停留时间的系统。这是通过按比例缩放所述外部容器下降到96孔板，也代表了“其他组织”隔室来实现的。为了最大限度地减少了操作中心平台中的循环介质体积，我们集成蠕动片上的微型泵，省去了外部介质电路。这个微型泵能够在介质的流速和剪切应力速率9的可选择数操作该系统。 500微米的宽度和100μm的高度的微流控通道系统互连两个标准化组织培养空间，每一个都具有一个96孔板的单个孔的大小。坚持行业标准孔板大小S允许在透孔格式制作已经存在的组织模型的集成。此外，transwell小细胞培养插入物的垂直位置是可调的，从而使组织模型它们不仅直接暴露于流体流的培养，但也可以被提起并从底层当前屏蔽。同样地，空气 - 液体界面的文化为使用本系统时是可行的。 信息操作中心平台由聚二甲基硅氧烷（PDMS）层2毫米高，并与一个足迹75×25平方毫米 ，这是由低压等离子体氧化永久性地粘接，以形成不透流体的微流体回路的玻璃显微镜载片制造。通过标准软光刻和副本模塑9制造含有的各通道和细胞培养室的PDMS层。在这项研究中所使用的MOC的微流体设计，包括了每个芯片两个独立的微电路，各持2单元Culture车厢由通道系统100微米高的互连。这允许使用一种多器官芯片两个单独的两组织共培养物的性能。泵送频率被调整，得到40μl/ min的介质的流速。 在生理流动条件下，结合媒体的电路，这两个组织MOC设计提供在共存肝球体和皮肤穿刺活检在不同的文化空间，能力虽然。分化HepaRG细胞用在24比人类肝星状细胞（HHSteC）聚合在一起：1，以形成均匀的球状体。此比率被发现是最佳的，因为在以前的实验中观察到10，即使，肝细胞的近两倍的数量被用来相对于在体内的情况。皮肤栽培在内侧的transwell小细胞培养插管的空气 - 液体界面，从而使局部物质暴露。这些组织模型共培养了28天在MOC AYS证明该系统的全面性。此外，该芯片的微流体通道电路被充分覆盖人皮肤微血管内皮细胞（HDMEC）更紧密地模拟血管系统。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="756">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Name of Material/ Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:163px;"></td>
			<td style="width:215px;">Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">HepaRG cells</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Biopredic International</td>
			<td style="width:163px;"></td>
			<td>undifferentiated cells</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">HHSteC</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">ScienCell Research Laboratories</td>
			<td style="width:163px;"></td>
			<td style="width:215px;">cells and all culture supplements</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="171">
			<td height="171" style="height:171px;width:216px;">HepaRG Medium</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:163px;"></td>
			<td style="width:215px;">William&#39;s Medium E&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; 10% FCS&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; 100 U/ml penicillin&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; 100 &#181;g/ml streptomycin&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; 5 &#181;g/ml human insulin&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; 2 mM L-glutamine&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; 5 x 10-5 M hydrocortisone hemisuccinate</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="84">
			<td height="84" style="height:84px;width:216px;">HDMEC Medium</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">PromoCell</td>
			<td style="width:163px;"></td>
			<td style="width:215px;">Endothelial Cell Growth Medium MV2 with Supplement-Pack MV2 and&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; 1% penicillin-streptomycin</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Dimethyl sulfoxide</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Carl Roth</td>
			<td style="width:163px;"></td>
			<td>add 2% to HepaRG media</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Trypsin/EDTA</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Biowest</td>
			<td style="width:163px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Trypsininhibitor</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Carl Roth</td>
			<td style="width:163px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">MAXYMum Recovery Tips</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Corning</td>
			<td style="width:163px;"></td>
			<td>1000 &#181;l Pipet Tips Wide Bore</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">384-Well Hanging Drop Plate</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">3D Biomatrix</td>
			<td style="width:163px;"></td>
			<td style="width:215px;">Perfecta 3D 384-Well Hanging Drop Plate</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;width:216px;">Tissue culture flasks</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Corning</td>
			<td style="width:163px;"></td>
			<td>75 cm2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Ultra-low attachment plate</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Corning</td>
			<td style="width:163px;"></td>
			<td>24-well</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Transwell cell culture inserts</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Corning</td>
			<td style="width:163px;"></td>
			<td style="width:215px;">96-well unit,&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; 0.4 &#181;m pore size</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Deep well plates</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Corning</td>
			<td style="width:163px;"></td>
			<td style="width:215px;">96-well, 1 ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Biopsy punch</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Stusche</td>
			<td style="width:163px;"></td>
			<td>4.5 mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Glass microscope slide</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Menzel</td>
			<td style="width:163px;"></td>
			<td>footprint of 75 x 25mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Polydimethylsiloxane</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Dow Corning</td>
			<td style="width:163px;"></td>
			<td>Sylgard 184</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Silicon rubber additive</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Wacker Chemie</td>
			<td style="width:163px;"></td>
			<td>Wacker Primer G790</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Tubes for air pressure</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">SMC Pneumatik GmbH</td>
			<td style="width:163px;"></td>
			<td>Polyurethan-Schlauch, metrisch</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Alumin ELISA</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Bethyl Laboratories</td>
			<td style="width:163px;"></td>
			<td style="width:215px;">Human Albumin ELISA Quantitation Set</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Lactate dehydrogenase assay</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Stanbio Laboratory</td>
			<td style="width:163px;"></td>
			<td>LDH Liqui-UV kit</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="23">
			<td height="23" style="height:23px;width:216px;">Alexa Fluor 594 acetylated LDL</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:163px;"></td>
			<td>1 mg/ml</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

the multi-organ chip - a microfluidic platform for long-term multi-tissue coculture

The ever growing amount of new substances released onto the market and the limited predictability of current in vitro test systems has led to a high need for new solutions for substance testing. Many drugs that have been removed from the market due to drug-induced liver injury released their toxic potential only after several doses of chronic testing in humans. However, a controlled microenvironment is pivotal for long-term multiple dosing experiments,&#160;as even minor alterations in extracellular conditions may greatly influence the cell physiology. We focused within our research program on the generation of a microengineered bioreactor, which can be dynamically perfused by an on-chip pump and combines at least two culture spaces for multi-organ applications. This circulatory system mimics the in vivo conditions of primary cell cultures better and assures a steadier,&#160;more quantifiable extracellular relay of signals to the cells. 
For demonstration purposes, human liver equivalents, generated by aggregating differentiated HepaRG cells with human hepatic stellate cells in hanging drop plates, were cocultured with human skin punch biopsies for up to 28 days inside the microbioreactor. The use of cell culture inserts enables the skin to be cultured at an air-liquid interface, allowing topical substance exposure. The microbioreactor system is capable of supporting these cocultures at near physiologic fluid flow and volume-to-liquid ratios, ensuring stable and organotypic culture conditions. The possibility of long-term cultures enables the repeated exposure to substances. Furthermore, a vascularization of the microfluidic channel circuit using human dermal microvascular endothelial cells yields a physiologically more relevant vascular model.

标准的体外组织培养物是在静态条件下进行的，这限制了氧气和营养供应到组织的扩散。流体系统，表现出改善电源特性，常常被其庞大的中等要求的阻碍，有非生理高，中到组织的比率。因此，代谢物和稀释的细胞不能够调节他们的周围环境。在本研究中提出的信息操作中心连接两个独立的组织培养室中，一个标准的96孔板的单个孔的每个的大小，通过微流体通道系统。在小规模的系统，并在芯片上的泵的整合允许系统在只有200至800微升介质卷操作。这对应于一个总的全身介质8的组织比：1至31：1，分别为肝脏和皮肤组织共培养物（具有约26微升的总的组织体积）。在一个人体重7总细胞外液容量3千克是14.6升，虚耗损intercapillary流体体积是5.1升，导致生理细胞外液为1组织的比例：4。因此，媒体在整个循环系统中MOC的量仍然较大相比的生理状况;然而，它代表了最小的媒体组织比迄今为止所报道的多器官系统5。作为工业标准的组织培养格式被保留，研究人员能够在一个共同的流体流动结合现有的和已验证的静态组织模型。 图1示出的实验装置的可能的MOC单一组织或多层组织共培养物的示意图。主组织切片和体外组织-生成当量从细胞系或原代细胞可以培养或者使用96孔细胞培养插入或通过直接将它们放置到组织培养室中。作为信道系统互连的细胞培养室仅为100μ米高，组织现金等价物超过这些尺寸将保持文化车厢内。商务部电路主要HDMECs的内皮使迈向更符合生理培养条件进一步措施提供了一个生物血管结构。 <img alt="图1" src="/files/ftp_upload/52526/52526fig1highres.jpg" width="700" /> 图1：MOC培养物的示意图组织等同物标准的体外条件下制备，接种到信息操作中心，并培养作为动态条件下的单培养物或共培养物。每日媒体样品和端点分析执行。气压驱动泵是通过从上面连接到MOC的三个蓝色管子应用。 <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/52526/52526fig1highres.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> </a&gt; 继内皮协议，是在四天内动态培养所获得的微流体通道电路的汇合HDMEC覆盖， 如图2。细胞容易粘附到操作中心通道的壁中，创建一个汇合单层，并沿剪切伸长应力（ 图2B）。此外，细胞覆盖的信道的全周，如先前报道9。四天后，培养，观察直到培养结束内皮形态没有进一步的变化。 <img alt="图2" src="/files/ftp_upload/52526/52526fig2.jpg" /> 图2：内皮MOC通道人皮肤微血管内皮细胞（HDMEC）形成在微流体回路的汇合单层。细胞后MOC文化23天沾上乙酰化LDL。 （A）整米icrovascular电路嵌着沿剪切应力伸长细胞和（B）的细胞。标尺：（A）1000μm和（B）100微米。 在进一步的实验中，一致的盘形肝细胞的球状体是由HepaRG和HHSteC期间悬滴培养两天形成，因为这个模型系统先前报道的适用于药物代谢研究11 - 13。出于演示的目的，每个MOC电路的一个组织培养室中，接种20球状体在96孔细胞培养插入和组织中使用非内皮MOCS栽培动态条件下超过14天。任何数量的聚集体或原材料的量可以被集成或者直接进入隔室或使用细胞培养插入。从MOC检索后球体的免疫荧光染色显示出强大的，同质的表达李VER-典型细胞角蛋白8/18和I期代谢酶细胞色素P450 3A4和7A1（ 图3A和3B）。泪小管转运多药耐药蛋白2的染色（MRP-2）揭示了偏振光的表型和基本的胆小管状网络的存在（ 图3C）。 <img alt="图3" src="/files/ftp_upload/52526/52526fig3.jpg" /> 图3：。培养人人工肝微组织在MOC肝聚集在MOC培养14天被染色（A）细胞角蛋白8/18（红色）及（B）细胞色素P450 3A4（红色）和7A1（绿色）。的小管转运MRP-2（绿色）（C）的表达，蓝色的核染色。比例尺：100微米。 由于生产白蛋白是肝组织文化的一个基本前提，它有蜂N的监视，在MOC肝典型活动。白蛋白生产分析每日媒体样本示出了在生产速率在​​MOC培养相比静态培养物（ 图4）和以文献报道11值显著增加。在白蛋白合成率的增加可能是由于增加的氧气和营养供应在MOC培养物。因此，信息操作中心是能够维持肝聚集体超过14天的培养期间在代谢活跃的状态，增强肝典型行为，如白蛋白的生产。 <img alt="图4" src="/files/ftp_upload/52526/52526fig4.jpg" /> 图4：在MOC十四日肝脏球体性能白蛋白产量的肝脏单一组织培养在MOC和静态文化。数据是平均值±SEM（N = 4）。 澈Subsystemic重复给药毒性试验micals和化妆品中的动物，需要接触21至28日，由OECD方针定义没有。 410“重复剂量皮肤毒性：二十八分之二十一天的研究。”长期皮肝共培养这里列举的28天，以应对监管要求。通过培养皮肤活检在96孔细胞培养插入提供购买真皮物质暴露的空气 - 液体界面。在共培养实验中示例性地执行在内皮化MOCS证明三组织共培养以组合媒体电路是否可以保持可行的和代谢活性超过28天。 在首八天培养的，其中在约80单位/升之后（ 图5）保持不变在媒体上清液中LDH活性的分析表明，一个稳定下降的水平。这表示一个人工的但稳定组织转化系统中的在稍后的时间点。比较这三个组织共培养肝单-tissue和肝脏内皮细胞共培养实验中，显著降低LDH水平可以发现，特别是在培养物中不包括皮肤的第一天。高LDH活性的这个第一周期内的细胞死亡主要发生于皮肤培养室中，如皮肤组织的单MOC培养显示（数据未示出）。这可能是由于周围活检作为皮肤的冲压的结果而受伤区域。 <img alt="图5" src="/files/ftp_upload/52526/52526fig5.jpg" /> 图5：在肝脏单一组织培养（MOC李），肝文化传媒上清液中内皮MOCS（MOC李-VA）和肝，皮肤在共同培养内皮MOC 建设部 LDH活性十五日组织绩效 （MOC李-va-SK）。数据是平均值±SEM（N = 4）。 在28天的培养期间，肝脏球状体附着在MOC一个底部第二细胞生长出来，形成相邻的球状体之间的多层连接。这并没有妨碍组织功能。通过免疫荧光端点分析表明，肝球状体仍然具有代谢活性后MOC共培养28天，如由细胞色素P450 3A4染色（ 图6A）。 HHSteC被分布在整个肝等效整体，如图波形蛋白染色（ 图6B）。在波形蛋白染色强度的增加可能在细胞已经生长出球体的区域进行观察。染色为血管性血友病因子（vWF）表明，内皮细胞没有深入到组织，但均与外肝细胞（ 图6C）的直接细胞-细胞接触。 皮肤活检的免疫组化染色可见腱C和在基底膜（ 图6D），Ⅳ型胶原的表达，而静态控制染色显示elevat编辑水平腱C（ 图6E）的。腱生蛋白C已被证实的伤口愈合，炎性过程和间质纤维化过程中被上调，提示诱导静电纤维化过程中，但不是在动态培养14,15。 稳定的细胞生存力和在28天共培养在MOC后组织的功能性证明，该系统能够保持在一个共同的媒体电路最多三个组织的结合。主细胞，以及组织模型和活检，可以在信息操作中心系统同时栽培。 <img alt="图6" src="/files/ftp_upload/52526/52526fig6highres.jpg" width="700" /> 图6：多组织培养的性能在28天肝现金等价物和皮肤活检培养于内皮化MOC和细胞功能所表现出的（A）相免疫酶我的细胞色素P4503A4（红色），（B）的波形蛋白（红色），（C）的角蛋白8/18（红色）和vWF（绿色）肝组织中。共培育在静态条件下操作中心或（E）26天（D）的皮肤活组织检查中染色腱生蛋白C（红色）和IV型胶原（绿），蓝核染色。 （F）H＆E后，MOC培养28天皮肤染色。比例尺：100微米。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about The Multi-organ Chip - A Microfluidic Platform for Long-term Multi-tissue Coculture at JoVE.com

The Multi-organ Chip - A Microfluidic Platform for Long-term Multi-tissue Coculture | Bioengineering | Video

The Multi-organ Chip - A Microfluidic Platform for Long-term Multi-tissue Coculture

Here, we present a protocol to coculture primary cells, tissue models and punch biopsies in a microfluidic multi-organ chip for up to 28 days. Human dermal microvascular endothelial cells, liver aggregates and skin biopsies were successfully combined in a common media circulation.

多器官芯片 - 一种微流体平台的长期多组织共培养

The ever growing amount of new substances released onto the market and the limited predictability of current in vitro test systems has led to a high need ...

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28.4K 次观看.  Technische Universität Berlin. Here, we present a protocol to coculture primary cells, tissue models and punch biopsies in a microfluidic multi-organ chip for up to 28 days. Human dermal microvascular endothelial cells, liver aggregates and skin biopsies were successfully combined in a common media circulation.

视频: The Multi-organ Chip - A Microfluidic Platform for Long-term Multi-tissue Coculture

High-throughput Protein Expression Generator Using a Microfluidic Platform

Rapidly increasing fields, such as systems biology, require the development and implementation of new technologies, enabling high-throughput and high-fidelity measurements of large systems. Microfluidics promises to fulfill many of these requirements, such as performing high-throughput screening experiments on-chip, encompassing biochemical, biophysical, and cell-based assays1. Since the early days of microfluidics devices, this field has drastically evolved, leading to the development of microfluidic large-scale integration2,3. This technology allows for the integration of thousands of micromechanical valves on a single device with a postage-sized footprint (Figure 1). We have developed a high-throughput microfluidic platform for generating in vitro expression of protein arrays (Figure 2) named PING (Protein Interaction Network Generator). These arrays can serve as a template for many experiments such as protein-protein 4, protein-RNA5 or protein-DNA6 interactions.
The device consist of thousands of reaction chambers, which are individually programmed using a microarrayer. Aligning of these printed microarrays to microfluidics devices programs each chamber with a single spot eliminating potential contamination or cross-reactivity Moreover, generating microarrays using standard microarray spotting techniques is also very modular, allowing for the arraying of proteins7, DNA8, small molecules, and even colloidal suspensions. The potential impact of microfluidics on biological sciences is significant. A number of microfluidics based assays have already provided novel insights into the structure and function of biological systems, and the field of microfluidics will continue to impact biology.

We present a microfluidic approach for the expression of protein arrays. The device consists of thousands of reaction chambers controlled by micro-mechanical valves. The microfluidic device is mated to a microarray-printed gene library. These genes are then transcribed and translated on-chip, resulting in a protein array ready for experimental use.

利用微流控平台的高通量蛋白质表达发生器

Rapidly increasing fields, such as systems biology, require the development and implementation of new technologies, enabling high-throughput and ...

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生物工程

A Microfluidic Chip for the Versatile Chemical Analysis of Single Cells

We present a microfluidic device that enables the quantitative determination of intracellular biomolecules in multiple single cells in parallel. For this purpose, the cells are passively trapped in the middle of a microchamber. Upon activation of the control layer, the cell is isolated from the surrounding volume in a small chamber. The surrounding volume can then be exchanged without affecting the isolated cell. However, upon short opening and closing of the chamber, the solution in the chamber can be replaced within a few hundred milliseconds. Due to the reversibility of the chambers, the cells can be exposed to different solutions sequentially in a highly controllable fashion, e.g. for incubation, washing, and finally, cell lysis. The tightly sealed microchambers enable the retention of the lysate, minimize and control the dilution after cell lysis. Since lysis and analysis occur at the same location, high sensitivity is retained because no further dilution or loss of the analytes occurs during transport. The microchamber design therefore enables the reliable and reproducible analysis of very small copy numbers of intracellular molecules (attomoles, zeptomoles) released from individual cells. Furthermore, many microchambers can be arranged in an array format, allowing the analysis of many cells at once, given that suitable optical instruments are used for monitoring. We have already used the platform for proof-of-concept studies to analyze intracellular proteins, enzymes, cofactors and second messengers in either relative or absolute quantifiable manner.

In this article we present a microfluidic chip for single cell analysis. It allows the quantification of intracellular proteins, enzymes, cofactors, and second messengers by means of fluorescent assays or immunoassays.&#160;

一个微流控芯片单细胞的多功能化学分析

We present a microfluidic device that enables the quantitative determination of intracellular biomolecules in multiple single cells in parallel. For this ...

Cell Squeezing as a Robust, Microfluidic Intracellular Delivery Platform

Rapid mechanical deformation of cells has emerged as a promising, vector-free method for intracellular delivery of macromolecules and nanomaterials. This technology has shown potential in addressing previously challenging applications; including, delivery to primary immune cells, cell reprogramming, carbon nanotube, and quantum dot delivery. This vector-free microfluidic platform relies on mechanical disruption of the cell membrane to facilitate cytosolic delivery of the target material. Herein, we describe the detailed method of use for these microfluidic devices including, device assembly, cell preparation, and system operation. This delivery approach requires a brief optimization of device type and operating conditions for previously unreported applications. The provided instructions are generalizable to most cell types and delivery materials as this system does not require specialized buffers or chemical modification/conjugation steps. This work also provides recommendations on how to improve device performance and trouble-shoot potential issues related to clogging, low delivery efficiencies, and cell viability.

Rapid mechanical deformation of cells has emerged as a promising, vector-free method for intracellular delivery of macromolecules and nanomaterials. This protocol provides detailed steps on how to use the system for a broad range of applications.

电池挤压作为一种强大的，微流控细胞内传送平台

Rapid mechanical deformation of cells has emerged as a promising, vector-free method for intracellular delivery of macromolecules and nanomaterials. This ...

Microfluidic Platform for Measuring Neutrophil Chemotaxis from Unprocessed Whole Blood

Neutrophils play an essential role in protection against infections and their numbers in the blood are frequently measured in the clinic. Higher neutrophil counts in the blood are usually an indicator of ongoing infections, while low neutrophil counts are a warning sign for higher risks for infections. To accomplish their functions, neutrophils also have to be able to move effectively from the blood where they spend most of their life, into tissues, where infections occur. Consequently, any defects in the ability of neutrophils to migrate can increase the risks for infections, even when neutrophils are present in appropriate numbers in the blood. However, measuring neutrophil migration ability in the clinic is a challenging task, which is time consuming, requires large volume of blood, and expert knowledge. To address these limitations, we designed a robust microfluidic assays for neutrophil migration, which requires a single droplet of unprocessed blood, circumvents the need for neutrophil separation, and is easy to quantify on a simple microscope. In this assay, neutrophils migrate directly from the blood droplet, through small channels, towards the source of chemoattractant. To prevent the granular flow of red blood cells through the same channels, we implemented mechanical filters with right angle turns that selectively block the advance of red blood cells. We validated the assay by comparing neutrophil migration from blood droplets collected from finger prick and venous blood. We also compared these whole blood (WB) sources with neutrophil migration from samples of purified neutrophils and found consistent speed and directionality between the three sources. This microfluidic platform will enable the study of human neutrophil migration in the clinic and the research setting to help advance our understanding of neutrophil functions in health and disease.

This protocol details an assay designed to measure human neutrophil chemotaxis from one droplet of whole blood with robust reproducibility. This approach circumvents the need for neutrophil separation and requires only a few minutes of assay preparation time. The microfluidic chip enables the repeated measure of neutrophil chemotaxis over time in infants or small mammals, where sample volume is limited.

微流体平台从未经加工的全血测定中性粒细胞趋

Neutrophils play an essential role in protection against infections and their numbers in the blood are frequently measured in the clinic. Higher ...

A Microfluidic Chip for ICPMS Sample Introduction

This protocol discusses the fabrication and usage of a disposable low cost microfluidic chip as sample introduction system for inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICPMS). The chip produces monodisperse aqueous sample droplets in perfluorohexane (PFH). Size and frequency of the aqueous droplets can be varied in the range of 40 to 60 &#181;m and from 90 to 7,000&#160;Hz, respectively. The droplets are ejected from the chip with a second flow of PFH and remain intact during the ejection. A custom-built desolvation system removes the PFH and transports the droplets into the ICPMS. Here, very stable signals with a narrow intensity distribution can be measured, showing the monodispersity of the droplets. We show that the introduction system can be used to quantitatively determine iron in single bovine red blood cells. In the future, the capabilities of the introduction device can easily be extended by the integration of additional microfluidic modules.

We present a discrete droplet sample introduction system for inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICPMS). It is based on a cheap and disposable microfluidic chip that generates highly monodisperse droplets in a size range of 40&#8722;60 &#181;m at frequencies from 90 to 7,000 Hz.

微流体芯片ICPMS进样

This protocol discusses the fabrication and usage of a disposable low cost microfluidic chip as sample introduction system for inductively coupled plasma ...

Imaging the Root Hair Morphology of Arabidopsis Seedlings in a Two-layer Microfluidic Platform

Root hairs increase root surface area for better water uptake and nutrient absorption by the plant. Because they are small in size and often obscured by their natural environment, root hair morphology and function are difficult to study and often excluded from plant research. In recent years, microfluidic platforms have offered a way to visualize root systems at high resolution without disturbing the roots during transfer to an imaging system. The microfluidic platform presented here builds on previous plant-on-a-chip research by incorporating a two-layer device to confine the Arabidopsis thaliana main root to the same optical plane as the root hairs. This design enables the quantification of root hairs on a cellular and organelle level and also prevents z-axis drifting during the addition of experimental treatments. We describe how to store the devices in a contained and hydrated environment, without the need for fluidic pumps, while maintaining a gnotobiotic environment for the seedling. After the optical imaging experiment, the device may be disassembled and used as a substrate for atomic force or scanning electron microscopy while keeping fine root structures intact.

Imaging the Root Hair Morphology of Arabidopsis Seedlings in a Two-layer Microfluidic Platform

This article demonstrates how to culture Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings in a two-layer microfluidic platform that confines the main root and root hairs to a single optical plane. This platform can be used for real-time optical imaging of fine root morphology as well as for high-resolution imaging by other means.

影像学在两层微流控平台拟南芥幼苗的根头发形态

Root hairs increase root surface area for better water uptake and nutrient absorption by the plant. Because they are small in size and often obscured by ...

Dry Film Photoresist-based Electrochemical Microfluidic Biosensor Platform: Device Fabrication, On-chip Assay Preparation, and System Operation

In recent years, biomarker diagnostics became an indispensable tool for the diagnosis of human disease, especially for the point-of-care diagnostics. An easy-to-use and low-cost sensor platform is highly desired to measure various types of analytes (e.g., biomarkers, hormones, and drugs) quantitatively and specifically. For this reason, dry film photoresist technology - enabling cheap, facile, and high-throughput fabrication - was used to manufacture the microfluidic biosensor presented here. Depending on the bioassay used afterwards, the versatile platform is capable of detecting various types of biomolecules. For the fabrication of the device, platinum electrodes are structured on a flexible polyimide (PI) foil in the only clean-room process step. The PI foil serves as a substrate for the electrodes, which are insulated with an epoxy-based photoresist. The microfluidic channel is subsequently generated by the development and lamination of dry film photoresist (DFR) foils onto the PI wafer. By using a hydrophobic stopping barrier in the channel, the channel is separated into two specific areas: an immobilization section for the enzyme-linked assay and an electrochemical measurement cell for the amperometric signal readout.
The on-chip bioassay immobilization is performed by the adsorption of the biomolecules to the channel surface. The glucose oxidase enzyme is used as a transducer for electrochemical signal generation. In the presence of the substrate, glucose, hydrogen peroxide is produced, which is detected at the platinum working electrode. The stop-flow technique is applied to obtain signal amplification along with rapid detection. Different biomolecules can quantitatively be measured by means of the introduced microfluidic system, giving an indication of different types of diseases, or, in regard to therapeutic drug monitoring, facilitating a personalized therapy.

A microfluidic biosensor platform was designed and fabricated using low-cost dry film photoresist technology for the rapid and sensitive quantification of various analytes. This single-use system allows for the electrochemical readout of on-chip-immobilized enzyme-linked assays by means of the stop-flow technique.

干膜 Photoresist-based 电化学微流控生物传感器平台: 器件制备、片上检测制备及系统运行

In recent years, biomarker diagnostics became an indispensable tool for the diagnosis of human disease, especially for the point-of-care diagnostics. An ...

A Microfluidic Platform for Longitudinal Imaging in Caenorhabditis elegans

In the last decade, microfluidic techniques have been applied to study small animals, including the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, and have proved useful as a convenient live imaging platform providing capabilities for precise control of experimental conditions in real time. In this article, we demonstrate live imaging of individual worms employing WormSpa, a previously-published custom microfluidic device. In the device, multiple worms are individually confined to separate chambers, allowing multiplexed longitudinal surveillance of various biological processes. To illustrate the capability, we performed proof-of-principle experiments in which worms were infected in the device with pathogenic bacteria, and the dynamics of expression of immune response genes and egg laying were monitored continuously in individual animals. The simple design and operation of this device make it suitable for users with no previous experience with microfluidic-based experiments. We propose that this approach will be useful for many researchers interested in longitudinal observations of biological processes under well-defined conditions.

A Microfluidic Platform for Longitudinal Imaging in Caenorhabditis elegans

In this article, we demonstrate live imaging of individual worms employing a custom microfluidic device. In the device, multiple worms are individually confined to separate chambers, allowing multiplexed longitudinal surveillance of various biological processes.

秀丽线虫纵向成像的微流控平台

In the last decade, microfluidic techniques have been applied to study small animals, including the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, and have proved ...

A Multilayer Microfluidic Platform for the Conduction of Prolonged Cell-Free Gene Expression

The limitations of cell-based synthetic biology are becoming increasingly apparent as researchers aim to develop larger and more complex synthetic genetic regulatory circuits. The analysis of synthetic genetic regulatory networks in vivo is time consuming and suffers from a lack of environmental control, with exogenous synthetic components interacting with host processes resulting in undesired behavior. To overcome these issues, cell-free characterization of novel circuitry is becoming more prevalent. In vitro transcription and translation (IVTT) mixtures allow the regulation of the experimental environment and can be optimized for each unique system. The protocols presented here detail the fabrication of a multilayer microfluidic device that can be utilized to sustain IVTT reactions for prolonged durations. In contrast to batch reactions, where resources are depleted over time and (by-) products accumulate, the use of microfluidic devices allows the replenishment of resources as well as the removal of reaction products. In this manner, the cellular environment is emulated by maintaining an out-of-equilibrium environment in which the dynamic behavior of gene circuits can be investigated over extended periods of time. To fully exploit the multilayer microfluidic device, hardware and software have been integrated to automate the IVTT reactions. By combining IVTT reactions with the microfluidic platform presented here, it becomes possible to comprehensively analyze complex network behaviors, furthering our understanding of the mechanisms that regulate cellular processes.

The fabrication process of a PDMS-based, multilayer, microfluidic device that allows in vitro transcription and translation (IVTT) reactions to be performed over prolonged periods is described. Furthermore, a comprehensive overview of the hardware and software required to automate and maintain these reactions for prolonged durations is provided.

用于长期无细胞基因表达传导的多层微流体平台

The limitations of cell-based synthetic biology are becoming increasingly apparent as researchers aim to develop larger and more complex synthetic genetic ...

A Microfluidic Platform for Stimulating Chondrocytes with Dynamic Compression

Mechanical stimuli are known to modulate biological functions of cells and tissues. Recent studies have suggested that compressive stress alters growth plate cartilage architecture and results in growth modulation of long bones of children. To determine the role of compressive stress in bone growth, we created a microfluidic device actuated by pneumatic pressure, to dynamically (or statically) compress growth plate chondrocytes embedded in alginate hydrogel cylinders. In this article, we describe detailed methods for fabricating and characterizing this device. The advantages of our protocol are: 1) Five different magnitudes of compressive stress can be generated on five technical replicates in a single platform, 2) It is easy to visualize cell morphology via a conventional light microscope, 3) Cells can be rapidly isolated from the device after compression to facilitate downstream assays, and 4) The platform can be applied to study mechanobiology of any cell type that can grow in hydrogels.

This article provides detailed methods for fabricating and characterizing a pneumatically actuating microfluidic device for chondrocyte compression.

微流体平台，用于用动态压缩刺激软骨细胞

Mechanical stimuli are known to modulate biological functions of cells and tissues. Recent studies have suggested that compressive stress alters growth ...