作者想感谢格伦斯洛克姆（威斯康星医学院）和科琳A.拉文（尼康仪器公司）与显微镜实验优秀的技术援助。格雷戈里·布拉斯是公认的手稿校对至关重要。这项研究是支持的健康补助HL108880和美国糖尿病协会的国家机构给予1-15-BS-172（AS到），以及本J.里普斯研究奖学金由美国肾脏病学会（至DVI）。

动物使用和福利要坚持NIH指南实验动物以下机构动物护理和使用委员会（IACUC）审查和批准协议的管理和使用。 1.肾冲洗<ol><li>使用8〜12周龄雄性大鼠（建议是只SD菌株，但不同年龄和性别的其他菌株可以适当变化来使用）。 </li><li>根据由IACUC协议所允许的过程麻醉动物;监测麻醉深度，检查动物。将在1.3实施手术的详细描述- 1.8可在Ilatovskaya 等人找到7。 </li><li>适当麻醉后，将动物在一个温度控制的手术台，使腹部中线切口（最多3英寸长），并揭示了腔静脉和主动脉。 </li><li>将周围结扎腹腔及肠系膜上动脉和腹主动脉高于;不结扎。 </li><li>钝解剖低于肾动脉腹主动脉，并把周围的两份结扎，但不结扎，然后夹住上述结扎主动脉和领带底线。 </li><li>导尿用聚乙烯PE50管（连接于注射器泵充满PBS）中的钳下面主动脉和固定与所述第二绑带的导管;除去夹具，打开泵，并结扎主动脉和肠系膜腹腔动脉。迅速使切口肾静脉，以减轻压力。 </li><li>注入与预冷却的PBS主动脉为2或3分钟以6ml / min的速率。 </li><li>停止灌注，消费税和7解封肾脏，并把它们在冰上PBS液。根据经批准的协议IACUC安乐死的动物。 </li></ol> 2.分离的大鼠肾小球<ol><li>制备将30ml 5％的BSA的新鲜溶液中的RPMI 1640。 </li><li>用刀片和剪刀，隔离双肾皮质，然后剁碎直到均匀。这个程序已经较早7描述。 </li><li>通过100目的不锈钢筛推在先前步骤剁碎的组织使用刮刀（预先浸泡在5％BSA / RPMI溶液）。收集流过并通过重力允许流动通过穿过一个140目筛。 </li><li>过滤流通从140目筛收集的使用预浸渍200目筛网，弃去滤液，并用10筛的顶部 - 将15ml制备的BSA / RPMI溶液来收集沉淀的肾小球筛。 </li><li>把含有在冰上肾小球BSA / RPMI溶液在一个15毫升管并让肾小球沉淀在试管底部达20分钟。肾小球集中在管的底部将被看得很清楚。除去多余的溶液，留下约2毫升管中。 </li></ol> 3.单通道膜片钳萨尔瓦多ectrophysiology <ol><li>准备5×5mm的玻璃盖片与MW 70000涂层他们 - 150000聚ʟ赖氨酸，​​让干。每护罩玻璃使用约30微升的0.01％的无菌过滤的溶液中的水。 </li><li>预热实验溶液至室温，并填充膜片钳腔和吸管。对于TRPC通道监控，使用沐浴液，在MM：126氯化钠，氯化钙1 2，10 HEPES，2 氯化镁 ，10葡萄糖，pH值7.4;吸管：126氯化钠，氯化钙1.5 2，10 HEPES，10葡萄糖; pH为7.4。 <ol><li>添加抑制剂的吸移管溶液来阻断内源性通道，这是不相关的研究（建议的活动有：100μM的尼氟酸或DIDS（方框钙激活Cl -的信道），10mM的TEA（以抑制大电导钙离子-依赖性K +通道），10nM的iberiotoxin（阻止的钙激活K +通道），10μM尼卡地平（方框N型Ca2+直接膜片钳实验前通道））。 </li></ol></li><li>轻轻地混合含肾小球溶液，然后应用大约50微升到聚ʟ赖氨酸包被的玻璃盖片。让肾小球附加约5分钟。 </li><li>移动的玻璃碎片与肾小球的膜片钳室预先填充的浴溶液;灌注腔室以3毫升/分钟进行1分钟的速率，以保证在除去未附着的肾小球。 </li><li>进行常规的膜片钳实验中一个细胞贴附模式7。用玻璃移液管（7 - 10 M吸液管电阻）形成吸管和通过施加轻柔抽吸（附连到分离的肾小球的表面上的足细胞吸管一个足细胞膜之间的高电阻密封示于图2中 ，上左边）。 </li><li>对于细胞贴附测量，由一个八极贝塞尔滤波器低通的电流，在300赫兹。 </li><li> ü本身分离肾小球在膜片钳实验长达4 - 6小时。置于冰上股票肾小球部分。 </li></ol>在足细胞内钙离子浓度成比例4.共聚焦荧光测量<ol><li>将500微升肾小球分数（在2.5描述）的0.5毫升的锥形管，并补充钙染料的Fura红，AM和荧光 - 4，AM。使用2毫米和1mM储备浓度的Fura红，AM和的Fluo-4，AM，分别为（储存在-20℃下，溶解在DMSO中），并使用2.5微升每种染料为500微升肾小球馏分。立即加入染料后用铝箔覆盖的管。 </li><li>地方管在旋转摇动器至少20分钟到1小时，在室温。 注意：药理剂可在此步骤中加入。 </li><li>制备的玻璃盖玻片，用聚ʟ赖氨酸覆盖它们，并允许使用加热板设定为70℃的干燥。 </li><li>一旦钙染料的负载量为COMPLET即，应用100微升含有溶液的聚ʟ赖氨酸包被的盖玻片的肾小球，让他们粘在表面上为约5分钟。安装肾小球附着盖玻片到成像室中，并灌注同浴溶液（含有（以mM计）：145氯化钠，4.5氯化钾，2的MgCl 2，10 HEPES，pH值7.35）以3ml / min的速率以除去未连接的肾小球和剩余的染料。 </li><li>设置在共聚焦激光扫描显微镜488nm的激发波长和发射滤光片（25分之525和二十五分之六百五，纳米为的Fluo-4和的Fura红分别）。成像软件设定为所希望的频率和分辨率。 </li><li>发现在明肾小球，然后打开荧光信号的检测。调节激光的强度为每个染料，以避免信号的饱和度。与直接连接到玻璃中的足细胞选择焦平面。这响应于药物最小化由于肾小球的萎缩的效果应用。仔细检查选择的肾小球很好地附着在玻璃; </li><li>开始成像选择的焦平面（取为512×512的图像与频率设定为4秒来可视化快的Ca 2+瞬时变化。使用60X / NA的1.4或类似物镜，用于高分辨率图像），应用药物的兴趣，并记录的响应。 <ol><li>选择期望的焦平面（如靠近玻璃尽可能的表面上，以确保肾小球的表面上足细胞的成像）。荧光检查的Fluo4和FuraRed渠道的力度，并确保肾小球清楚地看到在明。 </li><li>启动成像。应用的任何药物之前，基线荧光记录至少1分钟，以确保该信号是稳定的（没有突然尖峰或衰落的信号）。 </li><li>应用所需的药物用微量的帮助;要小心，并确保药物是能够扩散良好，达到glomer汗国。混合槽液轻轻如果需要的话，监视选定焦平面并检查它没动，因为药物应用失焦。 </li><li>记录为Fluo4和FuraRed信号的荧光强度的变化。确保记录足够长时，通过等待直到信号达到平台期的水平或达到峰值，然后返回到基线。如果需要的话执行解变化或加入任何其它药物。 </li><li>停止录制，并保存在文件中的软件的本机格式。 </li></ol></li></ol>对于钙测量5图像分析<ol><li>与搭载ND实用插件，允许进口的原生ND2格式图像ImageJ的开源软件进行图像分析。 </li><li>导入图像序列;确保分裂渠道和使用hyperstack灰度模式。 </li><li>按照分析→工具→投资回报率经理路径在ImageJ的软件邻笔投资回报率管理器窗​​口。选择感兴趣的（足细胞），使用椭圆选择工具和“添加（吨）”中的投资回报率管理器功能几个区域。当最后的投资回报率，选择在后台区域;保存选定的ROI（更多→保存）。 </li><li>突出显示包含选择用于分析所述信道的窗口。使用更多→多功能测量功能的投资回报率经理，标志着在弹出的对话“一排每片”复选框，然后单击确定。结果将显示在可设置在结果窗口中的格式：进入菜单选项结果→设置测量，选择“平均灰度值”，并计算每个投资回报率，这将显示在像素强度值结果窗口中的每个单独的投资回报率列。 </li><li>复制所测量的ROI强度值的每个信道（的Fluo-4和的Fura红）到优选的数据分析软件;从每个DAT减去背景强度值一个点。 </li><li>对于每个时间点计算出的Fluo-4的强度来的Fura红信道的比率。剧情分散/的钙瞬变每个ROI线点时间的变化。计算平均/ SE值选定肾小球。 注意：时间列应根据在4.5选定的成像频率来设置。 </li></ol> 6.细胞内钙离子浓度计算使用荧光 - 4荧光信号<ol><li>取肾小球的样品，并执行实验方案直到步骤4.7。记录的背景荧光后添加离子霉素（终浓度在浴室应10μM）向浴溶液中，并记录荧光强度的增加。一旦强度达到其最大值和衰减开始，添加的MnCl 2（最终浓度应为5毫米）以猝灭荧光8。 </li><li>分析在6.1中获得的数据。根据获得的荧光 - 4信号ROI强度值复制以在5.1中描述的协议 - 5.5通过优选分析软件。 </li><li>计算出细胞内钙离子浓度（纳米）在使用公式相应的投资回报率足： <img alt="式（1）" src="/files/ftp_upload/52850/52850equation1.jpg" /> 其中K d是预先确定的解离常数的Fluo-4（345纳米），F是强度在您正在计算中的钙浓度为（基线）的时间点，和F 分钟和F 最大值是在强度值点的最大钙负荷（洛诺霉素应用后）和荧光（带有的MnCl 2），骤冷后，分别（ 见图3）。 </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Machuca, E., Benoit, G., Antignac, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genetics+of+nephrotic+syndrome:+connecting+molecular+genetics+to+podocyte+physiology.">Genetics of nephrotic syndrome: connecting molecular genetics to podocyte physiology.</a> Hum. Mol. Genet. 18, R185-R194 (2009).</li><li>Haraldsson, B., Nystrom, J., Deen, W. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Properties+of+the+glomerular+barrier+and+mechanisms+of+proteinuria.">Properties of the glomerular barrier and mechanisms of proteinuria.</a> Physiol. Rev. 88, 451-487 (2008).</li><li>Patrakka, J., Tryggvason, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=New+insights+into+the+role+of+podocytes+in+proteinuria.">New insights into the role of podocytes in proteinuria.</a> Nat. Rev. Nephrol. 5, 463-468 (2009).</li><li>Savin, V. J., Sharma, R., Lovell, H. B., Welling, D. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Measurement+of+albumin+reflection+coefficient+with+isolated+rat+glomeruli.">Measurement of albumin reflection coefficient with isolated rat glomeruli.</a> J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 3, 1260-1269 (1992).</li><li>Gloy, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Angiotensin+II+depolarizes+podocytes+in+the+intact+glomerulus+of+the+Rat.">Angiotensin II depolarizes podocytes in the intact glomerulus of the Rat.</a> J. Clin. Invest. 99, 2772-2781 (1997).</li><li>Nitschke, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Angiotensin+II+increases+the+intracellular+calcium+activity+in+podocytes+of+the+intact+glomerulus.">Angiotensin II increases the intracellular calcium activity in podocytes of the intact glomerulus.</a> Kidney Int. 57, 41-49 (2000).</li><li>Ilatovskaya, D., Staruschenko, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Single-channel+analysis+of+TRPC+channels+in+the+podocytes+of+freshly+isolated+glomeruli.">Single-channel analysis of TRPC channels in the podocytes of freshly isolated glomeruli.</a> Methods Mol Biol. 998, 355-369 (2013).</li><li>Snitsarev, V. A., McNulty, T. J., Taylor, C. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Endogenous+heavy+metal+ions+perturb+fura-2+measurements+of+basal+and+hormone-evoked+Ca2++signals.">Endogenous heavy metal ions perturb fura-2 measurements of basal and hormone-evoked Ca2+ signals.</a> Biophys. J. 71, 1048-1056 (1996).</li><li>Fukuda, A., Fujimoto, S., Iwatsubo, S., Kawachi, H., Kitamura, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+mineralocorticoid+and+angiotensin+II+receptor+blockers+on+proteinuria+and+glomerular+podocyte+protein+expression+in+a+model+of+minimal+change+nephrotic+syndrome.">Effects of mineralocorticoid and angiotensin II receptor blockers on proteinuria and glomerular podocyte protein expression in a model of minimal change nephrotic syndrome.</a> Nephrology (Carlton). 15, 321-326 (2010).</li><li>Abramowitz, J., Birnbaumer, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Physiology+and+pathophysiology+of+canonical+transient+receptor+potential+channels).">Physiology and pathophysiology of canonical transient receptor potential channels).</a> FASEB J. 23, 297-328 (2009).</li><li>Heeringa, S. F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+novel+TRPC6+mutation+that+causes+childhood+FSGS.">A novel TRPC6 mutation that causes childhood FSGS.</a> PLoS ONE. 4, e7771 (2009).</li><li>Zhang, X., Song, Z., Guo, Y., Zhou, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+novel+role+of+TRPC6+in+vitamin+D+ameliorating+podocyte+injury+in+STZ-induced+diabetic+rats.">The novel role of TRPC6 in vitamin D ameliorating podocyte injury in STZ-induced diabetic rats.</a> Mol. Cell. Biochem. 399, 155-165 (2015).</li><li>Bohrer, M. P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mechanisms+of+the+puromycin-induced+defects+in+the+transglomerular+passage+of+water+and+macromolecules.">Mechanisms of the puromycin-induced defects in the transglomerular passage of water and macromolecules.</a> J. Clin. Invest. 60, 152-161 (1977).</li><li>Olson, J. L., Rennke, H. G., Venkatachalam, M. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Alterations+in+the+charge+and+size+selectivity+barrier+of+the+glomerular+filter+in+aminonucleoside+nephrosis+in+rats.">Alterations in the charge and size selectivity barrier of the glomerular filter in aminonucleoside nephrosis in rats.</a> Lab. Invest. 44, 271-279 (1981).</li><li>Schiessl, I. M., Castrop, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Angiotensin+II+AT2+receptor+activation+attenuates+AT1+receptor-induced+increases+in+the+glomerular+filtration+of+albumin:+a+multiphoton+microscopy+study.">Angiotensin II AT2 receptor activation attenuates AT1 receptor-induced increases in the glomerular filtration of albumin: a multiphoton microscopy study.</a> Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 305, F1189-F1200 (2013).</li><li>Ilatovskaya, D. V., Levchenko, V., Ryan, R. P., Cowley, A. W., Staruschenko, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=NSAIDs+acutely+inhibit+TRPC+channels+in+freshly+isolated+rat+glomeruli.">NSAIDs acutely inhibit TRPC channels in freshly isolated rat glomeruli.</a> Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 408, 242-247 (2011).</li><li>Peti-Peterdi, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Calcium+wave+of+tubuloglomerular+feedback.">Calcium wave of tubuloglomerular feedback.</a> Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol. 291, F473-F480 (2006).</li><li>Peti-Peterdi, J., Warnock, D. G., Bell, P. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Angiotensin+II+directly+stimulates+ENaC+activity+in+the+cortical+collecting+duct+via+AT(1)+receptors.">Angiotensin II directly stimulates ENaC activity in the cortical collecting duct via AT(1) receptors.</a> J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 13, 1131-1135 (2002).</li><li>Ilatovskaya, D. V., Palygin, O., Levchenko, V., Staruschenko, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pharmacological+characterization+of+the+P2+receptors+profile+in+the+podocytes+of+the+freshly+isolated+rat+glomeruli.">Pharmacological characterization of the P2 receptors profile in the podocytes of the freshly isolated rat glomeruli.</a> Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol. 305, C1050-C1059 (2013).</li><li>Ilatovskaya, D. V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Angiotensin+II+has+acute+effects+on+TRPC6+channels+in+podocytes+of+freshly+isolated+glomeruli.">Angiotensin II has acute effects on TRPC6 channels in podocytes of freshly isolated glomeruli.</a> Kidney Int. 305, C1050-C1059 (2014).</li><li>Schaldecker, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Inhibition+of+the+TRPC5+ion+channel+protects+the+kidney+filter.">Inhibition of the TRPC5 ion channel protects the kidney filter.</a> J. Clin. Invest. 123, 5298-5309 (2013).</li><li>Roshanravan, H., Dryer, S. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=ATP+acting+through+P2Y+receptors+causes+activation+of+podocyte+TRPC6+channels:+role+of+podocin+and+reactive+oxygen+species.">ATP acting through P2Y receptors causes activation of podocyte TRPC6 channels: role of podocin and reactive oxygen species.</a> Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol. 306, F1088-F1097 (2014).</li><li>Anderson, M., Roshanravan, H., Khine, J., Dryer, S. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Angiotensin+II+activation+of+TRPC6+channels+in+rat+podocytes+requires+generation+of+reactive+oxygen+species.">Angiotensin II activation of TRPC6 channels in rat podocytes requires generation of reactive oxygen species.</a> J. Cell. Physiol. 229, 434-442 (2014).</li></ol>

作者什么都没有透露。

这里所描述的方法允许的钙处理由啮齿类肾小球的足细胞的分析。这种技术允许应用膜片钳单通道电生理和荧光比率共焦成像。然而，这两种方法可以单独使用，在他们自己的。该协议有几个相对简单的步骤，包括：1）肾脏冲洗; 2）肾小球通过差筛分分离; 3）进行膜片钳电生理实验，或用荧光钙标记染料更改胞内钙的比例共焦成像的肾小球的孵化。 为了分离肾小球，基于Gloy...

肾脏维持自我平衡各种物质和的方式，确定总血压调节血容量。干扰在肾过滤，重吸收或分泌导致或伴随的病理状态，从高血糖或低血压结束末期肾病，最终需要肾移植。肾过滤单元（肾小球）由三层-毛细血管内皮，基底膜和上皮细胞的单细胞层-足细胞，从而起到的狭缝隔膜的完整性和功能1的维持起主要作用。功能障碍的选择性渗透肾小球过滤导致大分子，​​如蛋白的尿中丢失。各种试剂可以影响足细胞和它们的足突，这确定肾小球滤过屏障的完整性的结构。 足细胞都参与了格莱姆教授的维护eruli过​​滤功能。它已经确定，不当钙处理由足细胞导致细胞损伤和起着各种形式肾病2,3的发展中起重要作用。因此，一个模型，允许对细胞内钙离子浓度的变化直接测量将有助于对足细胞功能研究的发展。孤立肾小球在许多研究，包括白蛋白反射系数测量变化4，并在全细胞电生理膜片钳测量5,6-积分蜂窝电流的评估以前使用。在本论文中，我们描述的协议，该协议允许研究者测量响应于药理学试剂的应用细胞内钙离子浓度的变化，估算出细胞内钙的基础水平，和评估个体的钙离子通道的活性。 Ratometric钙离子浓度的测量和膜片钳electrophysiology分别用来确定足细胞和信道活动中的变化，在细胞内钙离子浓度。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Fluo4 AM</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>F14217</td>
			<td>500&#181;l in DMSO</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FuraRed AM</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>F-3020</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Poly-L-lysine</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>P4707</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pluronic acid</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>F-68&#160;</td>
			<td>solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ionomycin</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>I3909-1ML</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tube rotator</td>
			<td>Miltenyi Biotec GmbH</td>
			<td>130-090-753</td>
			<td>Germany</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nikon confocal microscope (inverted)</td>
			<td>Nikon</td>
			<td>Nikon A1R</td>
			<td>&#160;Laser exitation 488nm. Emission filters 500-550nm and 570-620nm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Objective</td>
			<td>Nikon</td>
			<td>Plan Apo 60x/NA 1.4 Oil</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cover Glass</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>6661B52</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>High vacuum grease</td>
			<td>Dow Corning</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Silicone Compound</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Software</td>
			<td>Nikon</td>
			<td>Nikon NIS-Elements&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Recording/perfusion chamber</td>
			<td>Warner Instruments</td>
			<td>RC-26</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Patch Clamp amplifier</td>
			<td>Molecular Devices</td>
			<td>MultiClamp 700B</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Data Acquisition System</td>
			<td>Molecular Devices</td>
			<td>Digidata 1440A</td>
			<td>Axon Digidata&#174; System</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Low Pass Filter</td>
			<td>Warner Instruments</td>
			<td>LPF-8</td>
			<td>8 pole Bessel</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Borosilicate glass capillaries</td>
			<td>World Precision Instruments</td>
			<td>1B150F-4</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Micropipette Puller</td>
			<td>Sutter Instrument Co</td>
			<td>P-97</td>
			<td>Flaming/Brown type micropipette puller</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microforge</td>
			<td>Narishige</td>
			<td>MF-830</td>
			<td>Japan</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Motorized Micromanipulator</td>
			<td>Sutter Instrument Co</td>
			<td>MP-225</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Inverted microscope</td>
			<td>Nikon</td>
			<td>Eclipse Ti</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microvibration isolation table</td>
			<td>TMC</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>equipped with Faraday cage</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Multichannel valve perfusion system</td>
			<td>AutoMake Scientific</td>
			<td>Valve Bank II</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Recording/perfusion chamber</td>
			<td>Warner Instruments</td>
			<td>RC-26</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Software</td>
			<td>Molecular Devices</td>
			<td>pClamp 10 . 2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nicardipine</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>N7510</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Iberiotoxin</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>I5904-5UG</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Niflumic acid</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>N0630</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DIDS</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>D3514-25MG</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TEA chloride</td>
			<td>Tocris</td>
			<td>T2265</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RPMI 1640</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>11835030</td>
			<td>without antibiotics</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BSA</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>A8327</td>
			<td>30% albumin solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Temperature controlled surgical table&#160;</td>
			<td>MCW core</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>for rodents</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Steel sieves:</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>#100 (150 &#956;m), 140 (106 &#956;m)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gilson, Inc&#160; SIEVE 3 SS FH NO200</td>
			<td>Fisher Sci</td>
			<td>50-871-316</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gilson, Inc&#160; SIEVE 3 SS FH NO270</td>
			<td>Fisher Sci</td>
			<td>50-871-318</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gilson, Inc&#160; SIEVE 3 SS FH NO400</td>
			<td>Fisher Sci</td>
			<td>50-871-320</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&#160;mesh 200&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>s4145</td>
			<td>screen for CD-1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Binocular microscope</td>
			<td>Nikon</td>
			<td>Eclipse TS100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Binocular microscope</td>
			<td>Nikon</td>
			<td>SMZ745</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Syringe pump-based perfusion system</td>
			<td>Harvard Apparatus</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>polyethylene tubing</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>PE50</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isofluorane anesthesia</td>
			<td><a href="http://www.vetequip.com/">http://www.vetequip.com/</a></td>
			<td>911103</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Other basic reagents</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

single-channel analysis and calcium imaging in the podocytes of the freshly isolated glomeruli

Podocytes (renal glomerular epithelial cells) are known to regulate glomerular permeability and maintain glomerular structure; a key role for these cells in the pathogenesis of various renal diseases has been established since podocyte injury leads to proteinuria and foot process effacement. It was previously reported that various endogenous agents may cause a dramatic overload in intracellular Ca2+ concentration in podocytes, presumably leading to albuminuria, and this likely occurs via calcium-conducting ion channels. Therefore, it appeared important to study calcium handling in the podocytes both under normal conditions and in various pathological states. However, available experimental approaches have remained somewhat limited to cultured and transfected cells. Although they represent a good basic model for such studies, they are essentially extracted from the native environment of the glomerulus. Here we describe the methodology of studying podocytes as a part of the freshly isolated whole glomerulus. This preparation retains the functional potential of the podocytes, which are still attached to the capillaries; therefore, podocytes remain in the environment that conserves the major parts of the glomeruli filtration apparatus. The present manuscript elaborates on two experimental approaches that allow 1) real-time detection of calcium concentration changes with the help of ratiometric confocal fluorescence microscopy, and 2) the recording of the single ion channels activity in the podocytes of the freshly isolated glomeruli. These methodologies utilize the advantages of the native environment of the glomerulus that enable researchers to resolve acute changes in the intracellular calcium handling in response to applications of various agents, measure basal concentration of calcium within the cells (for instance, to evaluate disease progression), and assess and manipulate calcium conductance at the level of single ion channels.

这里我们讨论测量在足细胞中的钙水平急性改变的问题。 图1显示了实验方案设计，以便在新鲜的足细胞进行高分辨率实时荧光共焦成像和单离子通道活性的录音的示意表示孤立的啮齿类动物肾小球。简要地说，将大鼠麻醉后，肾脏应用PBS冲洗以清除血液它们。然后，将肾脏切除和解封装，并且肾小球从肾皮质通过差筛分分离。样品的部分可采取膜片钳分析，其余的可以装载荧光钙染...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Single-channel Analysis and Calcium Imaging in the Podocytes of the Freshly Isolated Glomeruli at JoVE.com

Single-channel Analysis and Calcium Imaging in the Podocytes of the Freshly Isolated Glomeruli

Changes in the intracellular calcium levels in the podocytes are one of the most important means to control the filtration function of glomeruli. Here we explain a high-throughput approach that allows detection of real-time calcium handling and single ion channels activity in the podocytes of the freshly isolated glomeruli.

单通道分析和钙成像在新鲜分离的肾小球足细胞

Podocytes (renal glomerular epithelial cells) are known to regulate glomerular permeability and maintain glomerular structure; a key role for these cells ...

single-channel-analysis-calcium-imaging-podocytes-freshly-isolated

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

10.9K 次观看.  Medical College of Wisconsin. Changes in the intracellular calcium levels in the podocytes are one of the most important means to control the filtration function of glomeruli. Here we explain a high-throughput approach that allows detection of real-time calcium handling and single ion channels activity in the podocytes of the freshly isolated glomeruli. 

视频: Single-channel Analysis and Calcium Imaging in the Podocytes of the Freshly Isolated Glomeruli

Functional Imaging of Brown Fat in Mice with 18F-FDG micro-PET/CT

Brown adipose tissue (BAT) differs from white adipose tissue (WAT) by its discrete location and a brown-red color due to rich vascularization and high density of mitochondria. BAT plays a major role in energy expenditure and non-shivering thermogenesis in newborn mammals as well as the adults 1. BAT-mediated thermogenesis is highly regulated by the sympathetic nervous system, predominantly via &beta; adrenergic receptor 2, 3. Recent studies have shown that BAT activities in human adults are negatively correlated with body mass index (BMI) and other diabetic parameters 4-6. BAT has thus been proposed as a potential target for anti-obesity/anti-diabetes therapy focusing on modulation of energy balance 6-8. While several cold challenge-based positron emission tomography (PET) methods are established for detecting human BAT 9-13, there is essentially no standardized protocol for imaging and quantification of BAT in small animal models such as mice. Here we describe a robust PET/CT imaging method for functional assessment of BAT in mice. Briefly, adult C57BL/6J mice were cold treated under fasting conditions for a duration of 4 hours before they received one dose of 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG). The mice were remained in the cold for one additional hour post FDG injection, and then scanned with a small animal-dedicated micro-PET/CT system. The acquired PET images were co-registered with the CT images for anatomical references and analyzed for FDG uptake in the interscapular BAT area to present BAT activity. This standardized cold-treatment and imaging protocol has been validated through testing BAT activities during pharmacological interventions, for example, the suppressed BAT activation by the treatment of &beta;-adrenoceptor antagonist propranolol 14, 15, or the enhanced BAT activation by &beta;3 agonist BRL37344 16. The method described here can be applied to screen for drugs/compounds that modulate BAT activity, or to identify genes/pathways that are involved in BAT development and regulation in various preclinical and basic studies.

Functional Imaging of Brown Fat in Mice with 18F-FDG micro-PET/CT

A method of functional imaging of mouse brown adipose tissue (BAT) is described in which cold-stimulated uptake of 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) in BAT is non-invasively assessed with a standardized micro-PET/CT protocol. This method is robust and sensitive to detect differences in BAT activities in mouse models.

功能成像在小鼠体内的棕色脂肪与FDG micro-PET/CT

Brown adipose tissue (BAT) differs from white adipose  tissue (WAT) by its discrete location and a brown-red color due to rich  vascularization and high ...

科研

生物学

Live Imaging of Apoptotic Cell Clearance during Drosophila Embryogenesis

The proper elimination of unwanted or aberrant cells through apoptosis and subsequent phagocytosis (apoptotic cell clearance) is crucial for normal development in all metazoan organisms. Apoptotic cell clearance is a highly dynamic process intimately associated with cell death; unengulfed apoptotic cells are barely seen in vivo under normal conditions. In order to understand the different steps of apoptotic cell clearance and to compare 'professional' phagocytes - macrophages and dendritic cells to 'non-professional' - tissue-resident neighboring cells, in vivo live imaging of the process is extremely valuable. Here we describe a protocol for studying apoptotic cell clearance in live Drosophila embryos. To follow the dynamics of different steps in phagocytosis we use specific markers for apoptotic cells and phagocytes. In addition, we can monitor two phagocyte systems in parallel: 'professional' macrophages and 'semi-professional' glia in the developing central nervous system (CNS). The method described here employs the Drosophila embryo as an excellent model for real time studies of apoptotic cell clearance.

Live Imaging of Apoptotic Cell Clearance during Drosophila Embryogenesis

Here we describe an effective method for studying dynamics of apoptotic cell clearance in vivo. This method employs live Drosophila embryos as a powerful model for monitoring phagocytosis of apoptotic cells using specific labeling of apoptotic cells and phagocytes.

凋亡细胞清除过程中实时成像<em&gt;果蝇</em&gt;胚胎发育

The  proper elimination of unwanted or aberrant cells through apoptosis and  subsequent phagocytosis (apoptotic cell clearance) is crucial for normal  ...

Assessment of Calcium Sparks in Intact Skeletal Muscle Fibers

Maintaining homeostatic Ca2+ signaling is a fundamental physiological process in living cells. Ca2+ sparks are the elementary units of Ca2+ signaling in the striated muscle fibers that appear as highly localized Ca2+ release events mediated by ryanodine receptor (RyR) Ca2+ release channels on the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) membrane. Proper assessment of muscle Ca2+ sparks could provide information on the intracellular Ca2+&#160;handling properties of healthy and diseased striated muscles. Although Ca2+ sparks events are commonly seen in resting cardiomyocytes, they are rarely observed in resting skeletal muscle fibers; thus there is a need for methods to generate and analyze sparks in skeletal muscle fibers.
Detailed here is an experimental protocol for measuring Ca2+ sparks in isolated flexor digitorm brevis (FDB) muscle fibers using fluorescent Ca2+ indictors and laser scanning confocal microscopy. In this approach, isolated FDB fibers are exposed to transient hypoosmotic stress followed by a return to isotonic physiological solution. Under these conditions, a robust Ca2+ sparks response is detected adjacent to the sarcolemmal membrane in young healthy FDB muscle fibers. Altered Ca2+ sparks response is detected in dystrophic or aged skeletal muscle fibers. This approach has recently demonstrated that membrane-delimited signaling involving cross-talk between inositol (1,4,5)-triphosphate receptor (IP3R) and RyR contributes to Ca2+ spark activation in skeletal muscle. In summary, our studies using osmotic stress induced Ca2+ sparks showed that this intracellular response reflects a muscle signaling mechanism in physiology and aging/disease states, including mouse models of muscle dystrophy (mdx mice) or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS model).

Described here is a method to directly measure calcium sparks, the elementary units of Ca2+ release from sarcoplasmic reticulum&#160;in intact skeletal muscle fibers. This method utilizes osmotic-stress-mediated triggering of Ca2+ release from ryanodine receptor in isolated muscle fibers. The dynamics and homeostatic capacity of intracellular Ca2+ signaling can be employed to assess muscle function in health and disease.

钙火花的评估在正常肌肉纤维

Maintaining homeostatic Ca2+ signaling is a fundamental physiological process in living cells. Ca2+ sparks are the elementary units of Ca2+ signaling in ...

Quantifying Single Microvessel Permeability in Isolated Blood-perfused Rat Lung Preparation

The isolated blood-perfused lung preparation is widely used to visualize and define signaling in single microvessels. By coupling this preparation with real time imaging, it becomes feasible to determine permeability changes in individual pulmonary microvessels. Herein we describe steps to isolate rat lungs and perfuse them with autologous blood. Then, we outline steps to infuse fluorophores or agents via a microcatheter into a small lung region. Using these procedures described, we determined permeability increases in rat lung microvessels in response to infusions of bacterial lipopolysaccharide. The data revealed that lipopolysaccharide increased fluid leak across both venular and capillary microvessel segments. Thus, this method makes it possible to compare permeability responses among vascular segments and thus, define any heterogeneity in the response. While commonly used methods to define lung permeability require postprocessing of lung tissue samples, the use of real time imaging obviates this requirement as evident from the present method. Thus, the isolated lung preparation combined with real time imaging offers several advantages over traditional methods to determine lung microvascular permeability, yet is a straightforward method to develop and implement.

The isolated blood-perfused lung preparation makes it feasible to visualize microvessel networks on the lung surface. Here we describe an approach to quantify permeability of single microvessels in isolated lungs using real time fluorescence imaging.

在离体血液灌注大鼠肺备量化单微血管通透性

The isolated blood-perfused lung preparation is widely used to visualize and define signaling in single microvessels. By coupling this preparation with ...

Measuring the Osmotic Water Permeability Coefficient (Pf) of Spherical Cells: Isolated Plant Protoplasts as an Example

Studying AQP regulation mechanisms is crucial for the understanding of water relations at both the cellular and the whole plant levels. Presented here is a simple and very efficient method for the determination of the osmotic water permeability coefficient (Pf) in plant protoplasts, applicable in principle also to other spherical cells such as frog oocytes. The first step of the assay is the isolation of protoplasts from the plant tissue of interest by enzymatic digestion into a chamber with an appropriate isotonic solution. The second step consists of an osmotic challenge assay: protoplasts immobilized on the bottom of the chamber are submitted to a constant perfusion starting with an isotonic solution and followed by a hypotonic solution. The cell swelling is video recorded. In the third step, the images are processed offline to yield volume changes, and the time course of the volume changes is correlated with the time course of the change in osmolarity of the chamber perfusion medium, using a curve fitting procedure written in Matlab (the &#8216;PfFit&#8217;), to yield Pf.

Measuring the Osmotic Water Permeability Coefficient Pf of Spherical Cells: Isolated Plant Protoplasts as an Example

Measuring the osmotic water permeability coefficient (Pf) of cells can help understand the regulatory mechanisms of aquaporins (AQPs). Pf determination in spherical plant cell protoplasts presented here involves protoplasts isolation and numerical analysis of their initial rate of volume change as a result of an osmotic challenge during constant bath perfusion.

测量渗透水渗透系数（P<sub&gt; F</sub&gt;）球形细胞：隔离植物原生质体为例。

Studying AQP regulation mechanisms is crucial for the understanding of water relations at both the cellular and the whole plant levels. Presented here is ...

Implementing Patch Clamp and Live Fluorescence Microscopy to Monitor Functional Properties of Freshly Isolated PKD Epithelium

Cyst initiation and expansion during polycystic kidney disease is a complex process characterized by abnormalities in tubular cell proliferation, luminal fluid accumulation and extracellular matrix formation. Activity of ion channels and intracellular calcium signaling are key physiologic parameters which determine functions of tubular epithelium. We developed a method suitable for real-time observation of ion channels activity with patch-clamp technique and registration of intracellular Ca2+ level in epithelial monolayers freshly isolated from renal cysts. PCK rats, a genetic model of autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD), were used here for ex vivo analysis of ion channels and calcium flux. Described here is a detailed step-by-step procedure designed to isolate cystic monolayers and non-dilated tubules from PCK or normal Sprague Dawley (SD) rats, and monitor single channel activity and intracellular Ca2+ dynamics. This method does not require enzymatic processing and allows analysis in a native setting of freshly isolated epithelial monolayer. Moreover, this technique is very sensitive to intracellular calcium changes and generates high resolution images for precise measurements. Finally, isolated cystic epithelium can be further used for staining with antibodies or dyes, preparation of primary cultures and purification for various biochemical assays.

Ion channels expressed in renal tubular epithelium play a significant role in the pathology of polycystic kidney disease. Here we describe experimental protocols used to perform patch-clamp analysis and intracellular calcium level measurements in cystic epithelium freshly isolated from rodent kidneys.

实施膜片钳和活荧光显微镜监视新鲜分离的PKD上皮细胞的功能特性

Cyst initiation and expansion during polycystic kidney disease is a complex process characterized by abnormalities in tubular cell proliferation, luminal ...

High-resolution Time-lapse Imaging and Automated Analysis of Microtubule Dynamics in Living Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells

The physiological process by which new vasculature forms from existing vasculature requires specific signaling events that trigger morphological changes within individual endothelial cells (ECs). These processes are critical for homeostatic maintenance such as wound healing, and are also crucial in promoting tumor growth and metastasis. EC morphology is defined by the organization of the cytoskeleton, a tightly regulated system of actin and microtubule (MT) dynamics that is known to control EC branching, polarity and directional migration, essential components of angiogenesis. To study MT dynamics, we used high-resolution fluorescence microscopy coupled with computational image analysis of fluorescently-labeled MT plus-ends to investigate MT growth dynamics and the regulation of EC branching morphology and directional migration. Time-lapse imaging of living Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells (HUVECs) was performed following transfection with fluorescently-labeled MT End Binding protein 3 (EB3) and Mitotic Centromere Associated Kinesin (MCAK)-specific cDNA constructs to evaluate effects on MT dynamics. PlusTipTracker software was used to track EB3-labeled MT plus ends in order to measure MT growth speeds and MT growth lifetimes in time-lapse images. This methodology allows for the study of MT dynamics and the identification of how localized regulation of MT dynamics within sub-cellular regions contributes to the angiogenic processes of EC branching and migration.

Protocols for Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cell (HUVEC) culture, transient transfection of fluorescently-labeled markers of microtubule growth, live-cell imaging and automated analysis of interphase microtubule growth dynamics are detailed.

高分辨率成像定时，并在活体人脐静脉内皮细胞微管动力学自动分析

The physiological process by which new vasculature forms from existing vasculature requires specific signaling events that trigger morphological changes ...

The Mouse Isolated Perfused Kidney Technique

The mouse isolated perfused kidney (MIPK) is a technique for keeping a mouse kidney under ex vivo conditions perfused and functional for 1 hr. This is a prerequisite for studying the physiology of the isolated organ and for many innovative applications that may be possible in the future, including perfusion decellularization for kidney bioengineering or the administration of anti-rejection or genome-editing drugs in high doses to prime the kidney for transplantation. During the time of the perfusion, the kidney can be manipulated, renal function can be assessed, and various pharmaceuticals administered. After the procedure, the kidney can be transplanted or processed for molecular biology, biochemical analysis, or microscopy.
This paper describes the perfusate and the surgical technique needed for the ex vivo perfusion of mouse kidneys. Details of the perfusion apparatus are given and data are presented showing the viability of the kidney&#39;s preparation: renal blood flow, vascular resistance, and urine data as functional, transmission electron micrographs of different nephron segments as morphological readouts, and western blots of transport proteins of different nephron segments as molecular readout.

The mouse isolated perfused kidney (MIPK) is a technique for keeping a mouse kidney under ex vivo conditions perfused and functional for 1 hr. The buffers and surgical technique are described in detail.

鼠标离体肾技术

The mouse isolated perfused kidney (MIPK) is a technique for keeping a mouse kidney under ex vivo conditions perfused and functional for 1 hr. This is a ...

Analysis of Beta-cell Function Using Single-cell Resolution Calcium Imaging in Zebrafish Islets

Pancreatic beta-cells respond to increasing blood glucose concentrations by secreting the hormone insulin. The dysfunction of beta-cells leads to hyperglycemia and severe, life-threatening consequences. Understanding how the beta-cells operate under physiological conditions and what genetic and environmental factors might cause their dysfunction could lead to better treatment options for diabetic patients. The ability to measure calcium levels in beta-cells serves as an important indicator of beta-cell function, as the influx of calcium ions triggers insulin release. Here we describe a protocol for monitoring the glucose-stimulated calcium influx in zebrafish beta-cells by using GCaMP6s, a genetically encoded sensor of calcium. The method allows monitoring the intracellular calcium dynamics with single-cell resolution in ex vivo mounted islets. The glucose-responsiveness of beta-cells within the same islet can be captured simultaneously under different glucose concentrations, which suggests the presence of functional heterogeneity among zebrafish beta-cells. Furthermore, the technique provides high temporal and spatial resolution, which reveals the oscillatory nature of the calcium influx upon glucose stimulation. Our approach opens the doors to use the zebrafish as a model to investigate the contribution of genetic and environmental factors to beta-cell function and dysfunction.

Beta-cell functionality is important for blood-glucose homeostasis, which is evaluated at single-cell resolution using a genetically encoded reporter for calcium influx.

斑马鱼胰岛单细胞分辨率钙成像对β细胞功能的分析

Pancreatic beta-cells respond to increasing blood glucose concentrations by secreting the hormone insulin. The dysfunction of beta-cells leads to ...

Simultaneous Measurements of Intracellular Calcium and Membrane Potential in Freshly Isolated and Intact Mouse Cerebral Endothelium

Cerebral arteries and their respective microcirculation deliver oxygen and nutrients to the brain via blood flow regulation. Endothelial cells line the lumen of blood vessels and command changes in vascular diameter as needed to meet the metabolic demand of neurons. Primary endothelial-dependent signaling pathways of hyperpolarization of membrane potential (Vm) and nitric oxide typically operate in parallel to mediate vasodilation and thereby increase blood flow. Although integral to coordinating vasodilation over several millimeters of vascular length, components of endothelium-derived hyperpolarization (EDH) have been historically difficult to measure. These components of EDH entail intracellular Ca2+ [Ca2+]i increases and subsequent activation of small- and intermediate conductance Ca2+-activated K+ (SKCa/IKCa) channels.
Here, we present a simplified illustration of the isolation of fresh endothelium from mouse cerebral arteries; simultaneous measurements of endothelial [Ca2+]i and Vm using Fura-2 photometry and intracellular sharp electrodes, respectively; and a continuous superfusion of salt solutions and pharmacological agents under physiological conditions (pH 7.4, 37 &#176;C). Posterior cerebral arteries from the Circle of Willis are removed free of the posterior communicating and the basilar arteries. Enzymatic digestion of cleaned posterior cerebral arterial segments and subsequent trituration facilitates removal of adventitia, perivascular nerves, and smooth muscle cells. Resulting posterior cerebral arterial endothelial &#34;tubes&#34; are then secured under a microscope and examined using a camera, photomultiplier tube, and one to two electrometers while under continuous superfusion. Collectively, this method can simultaneously measure changes in endothelial [Ca2+]i and Vm in discrete cellular locations, in addition to the spreading of EDH through gap junctions up to millimeter distances along the intact endothelium. This method is expected to yield a high-throughput analysis of the cerebral endothelial functions underlying mechanisms of blood flow regulation in the normal and diseased brain.

Demonstrated here are protocols for (1) freshly isolating intact cerebral endothelial "tubes" and (2) simultaneous measurements of endothelial calcium and membrane potential during endothelium-derived hyperpolarization. Further, these methods allow for pharmacological tuning of endothelial cell calcium and electrical signaling as individual or interactive experimental variables.

新鲜分离和内联小鼠脑内皮细胞内钙和膜电位的同时测量

Cerebral arteries and their respective microcirculation deliver oxygen and nutrients to the brain via blood flow regulation. Endothelial cells line the ...