我们感谢B.康克林（美国加州大学旧金山分校），用于提供对G qi5和G QS5的cDNA，A史怀哲寻求帮助，以电子，N.泰勒与克隆，伊恩Glaaser和罗伯特·里夫金的校对筛查援助，和Olivier Griesbeck为TN-XXL。 （; DA037170 DA029706），生物医学成像和生物工程研究所（NIBIB）（EB003832），霍夫曼 - 罗氏（88610A）和"神经科学这项工作是通过药物滥用美国国家研究所（NIDA）的研究资助项目通过NIDA（DA007315）关于滥用"培训资助的药物。

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作者什么都没有透露。

CNiFERs的创建提供了用于体内光学测量大脑神经递质释放的创新和独特的策略。 CNiFERs非常适合用于测量突触外发布， 即音量传导，神经递质。重要的是，每CNiFER具有天然的GPCR的性质，提供了在大脑中的神经递质的水平的变化的生理光学测量。迄今，已被用于检测乙酰创建CNiFERs（M1-CNiFER）6，多巴胺（D2-CNiFER）7和去甲肾上腺素（α1A-CNiFER）7。 <p class="jove_co...

为了全面了解神经元在大脑中的通信方式，它必须有用于测量神经递质在体内的释放的方法。有在体内神经递质检测几种行之有效的方法。一种常用的技术是微透析，其中套管被插入到脑和脑脊液中的一小体积被收集并用高效液相色谱法和电化学检测1进行分析。微透析有探针的几个直径的量级的空间分辨率， 例如 ，约0.5毫米的直径200微米的微探针。这种技术的时间分辨率，但是，是缓慢由于采样间隔，通常持续约5分钟以上1。此外，分析还没有实时进行。另一种技术是快速扫描循环伏安（FSCV），其使用插入到大脑的碳纤维探针。 FSCV具有优良的温度口服分辨率（亚秒），高灵敏度（毫微摩尔），并与探针直径的5至30微米的空间分辨率。然而，FSCV被限制为在碳势探头2产生的特性的氧化和与电压降低信息发射机。 测量神经递质第三种技术是直接通过基因编码的神经递质（NT）生物传感器3。用这种方法，融合蛋白创建包含用于耦合到荧光共振能量转移（FRET）系一对荧光团4或置换的GFP 5的发射机的配体结合域。不同于前两种方法，这些生物传感器遗传编码和表达的宿主细胞的表面上，如神经元，通过生产转基因动物的或急性与使用病毒试剂的感染细胞。迄今为止，遗传编码的生物传感器已被被仅用于detectin开发摹谷氨酸和GABA 3-5。这些技术的限制一直是低的灵敏度，在nM范围内，以及无法扩大检测到大量的发送器， 例如 ，经典的神经递质，神经肽和神经调质，其通过G蛋白偶联受体（GPCR）的信号。事实上，也有人类基因组近800 G蛋白偶联受体。 为了解决这些不足，我们已经开发了一种创新工具，通过一个GPCR信号的任何神经递质的光学测量释放。 CNiFERs（基于细胞的神经递质的荧光工程记者）的设计，以表达特定的GPCR是，在受到刺激时，会触发钙离子浓度由遗传编码的基于FRET的钙离子传感器检测到细胞内增加克隆HEK293细胞， TN-XXL。因此，CNiFERs变换神经递质受体结合到荧光变化，提供了一个直接和实时的光读EAD出局部神经递质的活动。通过利用天然受体对于给定的神经递质，CNiFERs保留化学特异性，亲和力和内源性表达的受体的时空动力 ​​学。到目前为止，我们已经创建了三种CNiFERs，一个用于使用M1受体，一个用于检测多巴胺检测乙酰胆碱使用D2受体，和一个用于使用α1A受体6,7-检测去甲肾上腺素。该CNiFER技术很容易扩展和可扩展性，使得它适合于任何类型的GPCR的。在这个朱庇特的文章中，我们描述和示出了在体内 CNiFERs设计，实现的方法，及测试方法的任何应用。

<table><tbody><tr><td>pCDH-CMV-MCS-EF1-Puro&amp;nbsp;</td><td>System Biosciences</td><td>CD510B-1</td><td>Cloning: for generating lentivirus</td></tr><tr><td>12 x 75 *BD Falcon High Clarity Polypropylene Round Bottom Test Tube</td><td>BD Biosciences</td><td>352063</td><td>FACS</td></tr><tr><td>BD 40 um Falcon cell strainers</td><td>BD Biosciences</td><td>352340</td><td>FACS</td></tr><tr><td>0.05% Trypsin EDTA&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Invitrogen</td><td>25200056</td><td>FACS</td></tr><tr><td>96 Well Plate, flat bottom, clear&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Corning&amp;nbsp;</td><td>3596</td><td>FACS</td></tr><tr><td>96 well cell culture plates&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Corning&amp;nbsp;</td><td>CLS3997</td><td>Flexstation</td></tr><tr><td>Optilux black clear bottom&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Corning&amp;nbsp;</td><td>3603</td><td>Flexstation</td></tr><tr><td>Flexstation pipet tips</td><td>Molecular Devices</td><td>9000-0911</td><td>Flexstation</td></tr><tr><td>Acetylcholine Chloride&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>A2661</td><td>Flexstation</td></tr><tr><td>Norepinephrine&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>A7256</td><td>Flexstation</td></tr><tr><td>Dopamine Hydrochloride&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>PHR1090</td><td>Flexstation</td></tr><tr><td>GABA&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>A2129</td><td>Flexstation</td></tr><tr><td>Histamine&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>H7125</td><td>Flexstation</td></tr><tr><td>Glutamate&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>49621</td><td>Flexstation</td></tr><tr><td>Epinephrine&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>E4642</td><td>Flexstation</td></tr><tr><td>Somatostatin&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>S1763</td><td>Flexstation</td></tr><tr><td>5HT&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>H9523</td><td>Flexstation</td></tr><tr><td>VIP&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Alpha Diagnostics Inc.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;</td><td>SP-69627</td><td>Flexstation</td></tr><tr><td>Orexin A</td><td>Alpha Diagnostics Inc.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;</td><td>12-p-01</td><td>Flexstation</td></tr><tr><td>Substance P&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>S6883</td><td>Flexstation</td></tr><tr><td>Adenosine</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>A4036</td><td>Flexstation</td></tr><tr><td>Melatonin&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>M5250C</td><td>Flexstation</td></tr><tr><td>Fluorescence Plate Reader &amp;amp; software</td><td>Molecular Devices</td><td>Flexstation 3</td><td>Flexstation</td></tr><tr><td>&amp;nbsp;DMEM (high glucose) with Glutamax&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>10569-010</td><td>Tissue culture</td></tr><tr><td>&amp;nbsp;Fetal bovine serum</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>10082-139</td><td>Tissue culture</td></tr><tr><td>&amp;nbsp;Pen/Strep&amp;nbsp; antibiotics</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>15140-122</td><td>Tissue culture</td></tr><tr><td>&amp;nbsp;Puromycin&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;</td><td>InvivoGen</td><td>ant-pr-1</td><td>Tissue culture</td></tr><tr><td>&amp;nbsp;Fibronectin&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>F0895</td><td>Tissue culture</td></tr><tr><td>CoolCell LX Alcohol-free controlled-rate cell freezing box</td><td>Bioexpress</td><td>D-3508)</td><td>Tissue culture</td></tr><tr><td>cyanoacrylate glue&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Loctite</td><td>Loctite no. 495</td><td>surgery and stereotaxic injection</td></tr><tr><td>plastic paraffin film&amp;nbsp;</td><td>VWR</td><td>Parafilm&amp;reg;</td><td>surgery and stereotaxic injection</td></tr><tr><td>Nanoinjector</td><td>Drummond</td><td>3-000-204</td><td>surgery and stereotaxic injection</td></tr><tr><td>Glass electrodes</td><td>Drummond</td><td>3-000-203G</td><td>surgery and stereotaxic injection</td></tr><tr><td>hand held drill</td><td>OSADA</td><td>Exl-M40</td><td>surgery and stereotaxic injection</td></tr><tr><td>Burrs for drill</td><td>Fine Scientific</td><td>19007-05; 19007-07)</td><td>surgery and stereotaxic injection</td></tr><tr><td>Sterilizing bath</td><td>FST</td><td>18000-45, Hot Bead Sterilizer</td><td>surgery and stereotaxic injection</td></tr><tr><td>isoflurane chamber/mask</td><td>Highland Medical Equipment</td><td>564-0427, HME 109 Table Top Anesthetic Machine with Isoflurane Vaporizer, O2 Flowmeter, Gang Valve; 564-0852, Induction Chamber 16X7X7.5cm</td><td>surgery and stereotaxic injection</td></tr><tr><td>3D scope with arm</td><td>Zeiss</td><td></td><td>surgery and stereotaxic injection</td></tr><tr><td>fiber optic light</td><td></td><td></td><td>surgery and stereotaxic injection</td></tr><tr><td>Betadine&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td><td></td><td>surgery and stereotaxic injection</td></tr><tr><td>70 % (v/v) isopropyl alcohol</td><td></td><td></td><td>surgery and stereotaxic injection</td></tr><tr><td>Povidone-Iodine Prep Pads</td><td>dynarex</td><td>1108</td><td>surgery and stereotaxic injection</td></tr><tr><td>NaCl 0.9% (injection, USP, 918610)</td><td></td><td></td><td>surgery and stereotaxic injection</td></tr><tr><td>CYCLOSPORINE (INJECTION, USP)</td><td></td><td></td><td>surgery and stereotaxic injection</td></tr><tr><td>Buprenex (injection) buprenorphine (0.03 &amp;mu;g per g rodent)</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td></td><td>surgery and stereotaxic injection</td></tr><tr><td>Ophthalmic ointment&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Akorn</td><td>NDC 17478-235-35</td><td>surgery and stereotaxic injection</td></tr><tr><td>Surgifoam</td><td>Ethicon</td><td></td><td>surgery and stereotaxic injection</td></tr><tr><td>Grip dental cement</td><td>Dentsply</td><td>#675571, 675572</td><td>surgery and stereotaxic injection</td></tr><tr><td>Instant SuperGlue&amp;nbsp;</td><td>NDindustries</td><td></td><td>surgery and stereotaxic injection</td></tr><tr><td>LOCTITE 4041</td><td></td><td></td><td>surgery and stereotaxic injection</td></tr><tr><td>METABOND</td><td>C&amp;amp;B</td><td></td><td>surgery and stereotaxic injection</td></tr><tr><td>no. 0 cover glass</td><td>Fisher</td><td></td><td>surgery and stereotaxic injection</td></tr><tr><td>stereotaxic frame&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Kopf</td><td></td><td>surgery and stereotaxic injection</td></tr><tr><td>Rectal probe and heating pad</td><td>FHC</td><td>40-90-8D, DC Temperature Controller,40-90-2-06, 6.5X9.5cm Heating Pad40-90-5D-02, Rectal Thermistor Probe</td><td>surgery and stereotaxic injection</td></tr><tr><td>optical breadboard for imaging</td><td>Thorlabs</td><td></td><td>surgery and stereotaxic injection</td></tr><tr><td>Mineral oil</td><td>Fisher</td><td>S55667</td><td>surgery and stereotaxic injection</td></tr><tr><td>Kwik-Cast (Silicone elastomer)</td><td>World Precision Instruments</td><td></td><td>surgery and stereotaxic injection</td></tr><tr><td>Suture&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Ethicon</td><td>18&amp;rsquo;&amp;rsquo;, 1667, 4-0</td><td>surgery and stereotaxic injection</td></tr><tr><td>Scissors</td><td>Fine Scientific Tools</td><td>91500-09, 15018-10</td><td>surgery and stereotaxic injection</td></tr><tr><td>Forcepts</td><td>Fine Scientific Tools</td><td>11252-30; #55, 11295-51; Grafe, 11050-10</td><td>surgery and stereotaxic injection</td></tr><tr><td>Student Halsted-Mosquito Hemostats</td><td>Fine Scientific Tools</td><td>91308-12</td><td>surgery and stereotaxic injection</td></tr><tr><td>Small Vessel Cauterizer Kit</td><td>Fine Scientific Tools</td><td>18000-00</td><td>surgery and stereotaxic injection</td></tr><tr><td>Hot Bead Sterilizers</td><td>Fine Scientific Tools</td><td>18000-45</td><td>surgery and stereotaxic injection</td></tr><tr><td>Instrument Case with Silicone Mat</td><td>Fine Scientific Tools</td><td>20311-21</td><td>surgery and stereotaxic injection</td></tr><tr><td>Plastic Sterilization Containers with Silicone Mat</td><td>Fine Scientific Tools</td><td>20810-01</td><td>surgery and stereotaxic injection</td></tr><tr><td>2P fixed-stage fluorescence scope for &lt;em&gt;in vivo&lt;/em&gt; imaging</td><td>Olympus</td><td>FV1200 MPE</td><td>in vivo imaging</td></tr><tr><td>Multiphoton laser</td><td>SpectraPhysics</td><td>Mai Tai DeepSee</td><td>in vivo imaging</td></tr><tr><td>Green Laser</td><td>Olympus</td><td>473 nm Laser</td><td>in vivo imaging</td></tr><tr><td>xy translational base</td><td>Scientifica</td><td>MMBP</td><td>in vivo imaging</td></tr><tr><td>FRET filter cube for YFP and CFP</td><td>Olympus</td><td></td><td>in vivo imaging</td></tr><tr><td>10x and 40x water immersion objectives</td><td>Olympus</td><td></td><td>in vivo imaging</td></tr><tr><td>air table</td><td>Newport</td><td></td><td>in vivo imaging</td></tr><tr><td>custom built light-tight cage</td><td>Thorlab</td><td></td><td>in vivo imaging</td></tr></tbody></table>

construction of cell-based neurotransmitter fluorescent engineered reporters (cnifers) for optical detection of neurotransmitters in vivo

基于细胞的神经递质荧光工程记者（CNiFERs）为神经科学家光学检测神经递质的释放在脑中体内的新工具。具体CNiFER是从稳定地表达特定的G蛋白偶联受体，其耦合至G Q / 11的G蛋白，以及一个基于FRET的钙 -detector，TN-XXL人胚肾细胞产生。该受体的活化导致的增加的FRET信号。 CNiFERs有纳米灵敏度和几秒钟的时间响应，因为一个CNiFER克隆利用天然受体对特定的神经递质， 例如 D2R为多巴胺。 CNiFERs被直接注入到大脑，使他们能够感神经递质释放与小于一百微米的空间分辨率，这使得它们理想来测量体内体积传输。 CNiFERs也可以用来筛选其它药物用于在vi潜在的交叉反应性VO。我们最近扩大CNiFERs的系列，包括G蛋白偶联受体的夫妇至G I / O的G蛋白。 CNiFERs可用于检测乙酰胆碱（ACh），多巴胺（DA）和去甲肾上腺素（NE）。鉴于任何GPCR可用于创建一个新颖CNiFER并有大约在人类基因组800的GPCR，我们在这里描述的一般方法来设计，实现和测试的任何类型的CNiFER的。

特定G蛋白偶联受体（GPCR）和遗传编码的[Ca 2+]传感器，TN-XXL:一个CNiFER是从被设计为稳定地表达至少两种蛋白质人胚肾（HEK293）细胞衍生。 TN-XXL经受响应青色和黄色荧光蛋白，分别ECFP和黄晶，之间荧光共振能量转移（FRET）来的Ca 2+离子6,15。的GPCR即耦合到内源性ģq的G蛋白的激活触发胞质增加的[Ca 2+]通过PLC / IP 3通路，导致?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Construction of Cell-based Neurotransmitter Fluorescent Engineered Reporters CNiFERs for Optical Detection of Neurotransmitters In Vivo at JoVE.com

Construction of Cell-based Neurotransmitter Fluorescent Engineered Reporters CNiFERs for Optical Detection of Neurotransmitters In Vivo

我们提出了一个协议，用于容量神经递质释放的光学检测创建基于细胞的神经递质荧光工程记者（CNiFERs）。

构建基于细胞的神经递质荧光工程记者（CNiFERs）神经递质的光学检测<em&gt;在体内</em

Cell-based neurotransmitter fluorescent engineered reporters (CNiFERs) provide a new tool for neuroscientists to optically detect the release of ...

construction-cell-based-neurotransmitter-fluorescent-engineered

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Construction of Cell-based Neurotransmitter Fluorescent Engineered Reporters (CNiFERs) for Optical Detection of Neurotransmitters In Vivo

13.1K 次观看.  Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai. 我们提出了一个协议，用于容量神经递质释放的光学检测创建基于细胞的神经递质荧光工程记者（CNiFERs）。 

视频: Construction of Cell-based Neurotransmitter Fluorescent Engineered Reporters CNiFERs for Optical Detection of Neurotransmitters In Vivo

In vitro and in vivo Bioluminescence Reporter Gene Imaging of Human Embryonic Stem Cells

The discovery of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) has dramatically increased the tools available to medical scientists interested in regenerative medicine. However, direct injection of hESCs, and cells differentiated from hESCs, into living organisms has thus far been hampered by significant cell death, teratoma formation, and host immune rejection. Understanding the in vivo hESC behavior after transplantation requires novel imaging techniques to longitudinally monitor hESC localization, proliferation, and viability. Molecular imaging has given investigators a high-throughput, inexpensive, and sensitive means for tracking in vivo cell proliferation over days, weeks, and even months. This advancement has significantly increased the understanding of the spatio-temporal kinetics of hESC engraftment, proliferation, and teratoma-formation in living subjects.

A major advance in molecular imaging has been the extension of noninvasive reporter gene assays from molecular and cellular biology into in vivo multi-modality imaging platforms. These reporter genes, under control of engineered promoters and enhancers that take advantage of the host cell s transcriptional machinery, are introduced into cells using a variety of vector and non-vector methods. Once in the cell, reporter genes can be transcribed either constitutively or only under specific biological or cellular conditions, depending on the type of promoter used. Transcription and translation of reporter genes into bioactive proteins is then detected with sensitive, noninvasive instrumentation (e.g., CCD cameras) using signal-generating probes such as D-luciferin.

To avoid the need for excitatory light to track stem cells in vivo as is required for fluorescence imaging, bioluminescence reporter gene imaging systems require only an exogenously administered probe to induce light emission. Firefly luciferase, derived from the firefly Photinus pyralis, encodes an enzyme that catalyzes D-luciferin to the optically active metabolite, oxyluciferin. Optical activity can then be monitored with an external CCD camera. Stably transduced cells that carry the reporter construct within their chromosomal DNA will pass the reporter construct DNA to daughter cells, allowing for longitudinal monitoring of hESC survival and proliferation in vivo. Furthermore, because expression of the reporter gene product is required for signal generation, only viable parent and daughter cells will create bioluminescence signal; apoptotic or dead cells will not. 

In this video, the specific materials and methods needed for tracking stem cell proliferation and teratoma formation with bioluminescence imaging will be described.

With the growing interest in stem cell therapies, molecular imaging techniques are ideal for monitoring stem cell behavior after transplantation. Luciferase reporter genes have enabled non-invasive, repetitive assessment of cell survival, location, and proliferation in vivo. This video will demonstrate how to track hESC proliferation in a living mouse.

在体外和体内生物发光记者人类胚胎干细胞的基因显像

The discovery of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) has dramatically increased the tools available to medical scientists interested in regenerative ...

科研

生物学

Spectral Confocal Imaging of Fluorescently tagged Nicotinic Receptors in Knock-in Mice with Chronic Nicotine Administration

Ligand-gated ion channels in the central nervous system (CNS) are implicated in numerous conditions with serious medical and social consequences. For instance, addiction to nicotine via tobacco smoking is a leading cause of premature death worldwide (World Health Organization) and is likely caused by an alteration of ion channel distribution in the brain1. Chronic nicotine exposure in both rodents and humans results in increased numbers of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) in brain tissue1-3. Similarly, alterations in the glutamatergic GluN1 or GluA1 channels have been implicated in triggering sensitization to other addictive drugs such as cocaine, amphetamines and opiates4-6.

Consequently, the ability to map and quantify distribution and expression patterns of specific ion channels is critically important to understanding the mechanisms of addiction. The study of brain region-specific effects of individual drugs was advanced by the advent of techniques such as radioactive ligands. However, the low spatial resolution of radioactive ligand binding prevents the ability to quantify ligand-gated ion channels in specific subtypes of neurons. 

Genetically encoded fluorescent reporters, such as green fluorescent protein (GFP) and its many color variants, have revolutionized the field of biology7.By genetically tagging a fluorescent reporter to an endogenous protein one can visualize proteins in vivo7-10. One advantage of fluorescently tagging proteins with a probe is the elimination of antibody use, which have issues of nonspecificity and accessibility to the target protein. We have used this strategy to fluorescently label nAChRs, which enabled the study of receptor assembly using F&ouml;rster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) in transfected cultured cells11.More recently, we have used the knock-in approach to engineer mice with yellow fluorescent protein tagged &alpha;4 nAChR subunits (&alpha;4YFP), enabling precise quantification of the receptor ex vivo at submicrometer resolution in CNS neurons via spectral confocal microscopy12. The targeted fluorescent knock-in mutation is incorporated in the endogenous locus and under control of its native promoter, producing normal levels of expression and regulation of the receptor when compared to untagged receptors in wildtype mice. This knock-in approach can be extended to fluorescently tag other ion channels and offers a powerful approach of visualizing and quantifying receptors in the CNS.

In this paper we describe a methodology to quantify changes in nAChR expression in specific CNS neurons after exposure to chronic nicotine. Our methods include mini-osmotic pump implantation, intracardiac perfusion fixation, imaging and analysis of fluorescently tagged nicotinic receptor subunits from &alpha;4YFP knock-in mice (Fig. 1). We have optimized the fixation technique to minimize autofluorescence from fixed brain tissue.We describe in detail our imaging methodology using a spectral confocal microscope in conjunction with a linear spectral unmixing algorithm to subtract autofluoresent signal in order to accurately obtain &alpha;4YFP fluorescence signal. Finally, we show results of chronic nicotine-induced upregulation of &alpha;4YFP receptors in the medial perforant path of the hippocampus.

We have developed a novel technique of quantifying nicotinic acetylcholine receptor changes within subcellular regions of specific subtypes of CNS neurons to better understand the mechanisms of nicotine addiction by using a combination of approaches including fluorescent protein tagging of the receptor using the knock-in approach and spectral confocal imaging.

光谱共焦成像的荧光标记的尼古丁受体敲在慢性尼古丁政府小鼠

Ligand-gated ion channels in the central nervous system (CNS) are implicated in numerous conditions with serious medical and social consequences.  For ...

神经科学

Retrograde Fluorescent Labeling Allows for Targeted Extracellular Single-unit Recording from Identified Neurons In vivo

The overall goal of this method is to record single-unit responses from an identified population of neurons. In vivo electrophysiological recordings from individual neurons are critical for understanding how neural circuits function under natural conditions. Traditionally, these recordings have been performed 'blind', meaning the identity of the recorded cell is unknown at the start of the recording. Cellular identity can be subsequently determined via intracellular1, juxtacellular2 or loose-patch3 iontophoresis of dye, but these recordings cannot be pre-targeted to specific neurons in regions with functionally heterogeneous cell types. Fluorescent proteins can be expressed in a cell-type specific manner permitting visually-guided single-cell electrophysiology4-6. However, there are many model systems for which these genetic tools are not available. Even in genetically accessible model systems, the desired promoter may be unknown or genetically homogenous neurons may have varying projection patterns. Similarly, viral vectors have been used to label specific subgroups of projection neurons7, but use of this method is limited by toxicity and lack of trans-synaptic specificity. Thus, additional techniques that offer specific pre-visualization to record from identified single neurons in vivo are needed. Pre-visualization of the target neuron is particularly useful for challenging recording conditions, for which classical single-cell recordings are often prohibitively difficult8-11. The novel technique described in this paper uses retrograde transport of a fluorescent dye applied using tungsten needles to rapidly and selectively label a specific subset of cells within a particular brain region based on their unique axonal projections, thereby providing a visual cue to obtain targeted electrophysiological recordings from identified neurons in an intact circuit within a vertebrate CNS.
The most significant novel advancement of our method is the use of fluorescent labeling to target specific cell types in a non-genetically accessible model system. Weakly electric fish are an excellent model system for studying neural circuits in awake, behaving animals12. We utilized this technique to study sensory processing by "small cells" in the anterior exterolateral nucleus (ELa) of weakly electric mormyrid fish. "Small cells" are hypothesized to be time comparator neurons important for detecting submillisecond differences in the arrival times of presynaptic spikes13. However, anatomical features such as dense myelin, engulfing synapses, and small cell bodies have made it extremely difficult to record from these cells using traditional methods11, 14. Here we demonstrate that our novel method selectively labels these cells in 28% of preparations, allowing for reliable, robust recordings and characterization of responses to electrosensory stimulation.

Retrograde Fluorescent Labeling Allows for Targeted Extracellular Single-unit Recording from Identified Neurons In vivo

Retrograde transport of fluorescent dye labels a sub-population of neurons based on anatomical projection. Labeled axons can be visually targeted in vivo, permitting extracellular recording from identified axons. This technique facilitates recording when neurons cannot be labeled through genetic manipulation or are difficult to isolate using 'blind' in vivo approaches.

逆行荧光染料标记允许有针对性的外单细胞记录技术鉴定神经元<em&gt;在体内</em

The overall goal of this method is to record single-unit responses from an identified population of neurons. In vivo electrophysiological recordings from ...

An Enhanced Green Fluorescence Protein-based Assay for Studying Neurite Outgrowth in Primary Neurons

Neurite outgrowth is a fundamental event in the formation of the neural circuits during nervous system development. Severe neurite damage and synaptic dysfunction occur in various neurodegenerative diseases and age-related degeneration. Investigation of the mechanisms that regulate neurite outgrowth would not only shed valuable light on brain developmental processes but also on such neurological disorders. Due to the low transfection efficiency, it is currently challenging to study the effect of a specific protein on neurite outgrowth in primary mammalian neurons. Here, we describe a simple method for the investigation of neurite outgrowth by the co-transfection of primary rat cortical neurons with EGFP and a protein of interest (POI). This method allows the identification of POI transfected neurons through the EGFP signal, and thus the effect of the POI on neurite outgrowth can be determined precisely. This EGFP-based assay provides a convenient approach for the investigation of pathways regulating neurite outgrowth.

In this report, we describe a simple protocol for studying neurite outgrowth in embryonic rat cortical neurons by co-transfecting with EGFP and the protein of interest.

增强的绿色荧光蛋白测定，用于研究原神经元的神经质生长

Neurite outgrowth is a fundamental event in the formation of the neural circuits during nervous system development. Severe neurite damage and synaptic ...

发育生物学

TIRFM and pH-sensitive GFP-probes to Evaluate Neurotransmitter Vesicle Dynamics in SH-SY5Y Neuroblastoma Cells: Cell Imaging and Data Analysis

Synaptic vesicles release neurotransmitters at chemical synapses through a dynamic cycle of fusion and retrieval. Monitoring synaptic activity in real time and dissecting the different steps of exo-endocytosis at the single-vesicle level are crucial for understanding synaptic functions in health and disease.
Genetically-encoded pH-sensitive probes directly targeted to synaptic vesicles and Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence Microscopy (TIRFM) provide the spatio-temporal resolution necessary to follow vesicle dynamics. The evanescent field generated by total internal reflection can only excite fluorophores placed in a thin layer (&#60;150 nm) above the glass cover on which cells adhere, exactly where the processes of exo-endocytosis take place. The resulting high-contrast images are ideally suited for vesicles tracking and quantitative analysis of fusion events.
In this protocol, SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells are proposed as a valuable model for studying neurotransmitter release at the single-vesicle level by TIRFM, because of their flat surface and the presence of dispersed vesicles. The methods for growing SH-SY5Y as adherent cells and for transfecting them with synapto-pHluorin are provided, as well as the technique&#160;to perform TIRFM and imaging. Finally, a strategy aiming to select, count, and analyze fusion events at whole-cell and single-vesicle levels is presented.
To validate the imaging procedure and data analysis approach, the dynamics of pHluorin-tagged vesicles are&#160;analyzed under resting and stimulated (depolarizing potassium concentrations) conditions. Membrane depolarization increases the frequency of fusion events and causes a parallel raise of the net fluorescence signal recorded in whole cell. Single-vesicle analysis reveals modifications of fusion-event behavior (increased peak height and width). These data suggest that potassium depolarization not only induces a massive neurotransmitter release but also modifies the mechanism of vesicle fusion and recycling.
With the appropriate fluorescent probe, this technique can be employed in different cellular systems to dissect the mechanisms of constitutive and stimulated secretion.

This paper provides a method for investigating neurotransmitter vesicle dynamics in neuroblastoma cells, using a synaptobrevin2-pHluorin construct and Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence Microscopy. The strategy developed for image processing and data analysis is also reported.

TIRFM和pH敏感的GFP-探针来评估神经递质囊泡动力学SH-SY5Y神经母细胞瘤:细胞成像和数据分析

Synaptic vesicles release neurotransmitters at chemical synapses through a dynamic cycle of fusion and retrieval. Monitoring synaptic activity in real ...

In Vivo Functional Brain Imaging Approach Based on Bioluminescent Calcium Indicator GFP-aequorin

Functional in vivo imaging has become a powerful approach to study the function and physiology of brain cells and structures of interest. Recently a new method of Ca2+-imaging using the bioluminescent reporter GFP-aequorin (GA) has been developed. This new technique relies on the fusion of the GFP and aequorin genes, producing a molecule capable of binding calcium and&#160;&#8212; with the addition of its cofactor coelenterazine &#8212; emitting bright light that can be monitored through a photon collector. Transgenic lines carrying the GFP-aequorin gene have been generated for both mice and Drosophila. In Drosophila, the GFP-aequorin gene has been placed under the control of the GAL4/UAS binary expression system allowing for targeted expression and imaging within the brain. This method has subsequently been shown to be capable of detecting both inward Ca2+-transients and Ca2+-released from inner stores. Most importantly it allows for a greater duration in continuous recording, imaging at greater depths within the brain, and recording at high temporal resolutions (up to 8.3 msec). Here we present the basic method for using bioluminescent imaging to record and analyze Ca2+-activity within the mushroom bodies, a structure central to learning and memory in the fly brain.

In Vivo Functional Brain Imaging Approach Based on Bioluminescent Calcium Indicator GFP-aequorin

Here we present a novel Ca2+-imaging approach using a bioluminescent reporter. This approach uses a fused construct GFP-aequorin which binds to Ca2+ and emits light, eliminating the need for light excitation. Significantly this method permits long continuous imaging, access to deep brain structures and high temporal resolution.

在基于生物发光钙指标GFP的水母体内脑功能成像方法

Functional in vivo imaging has become a powerful approach to study the function and physiology of brain cells and structures of interest. Recently a new ...

In Vivo Monitoring of Circadian Clock Gene Expression in the Mouse Suprachiasmatic Nucleus Using Fluorescence Reporters

This technique combines optical fiber mediated fluorescence recordings with the precise delivery of recombinant adeno-associated virus based gene reporters. This new and easy to use in vivo fluorescence monitoring system was developed to record the transcriptional rhythm of the clock gene, Cry1, in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of freely moving mice. To do so, a Cry1 transcription fluorescence reporter was designed and packaged into Adeno-associated virus. Purified, concentrated virus was injected into the mouse SCN followed by the insertion of an optic fiber, which was then fixed onto the surface of the brain. The animals were returned to their home cages and allowed a 1-month post-operative recovery period to ensure sufficient reporter expression. Fluorescence was then recorded in freely moving mice via an in vivo monitoring system that was constructed at our institution. For the in vivo recording system, a 488 nm laser was coupled with a 1 &#215; 4 beam-splitter that divided the light into four laser excitation outputs of equal power. This setup enabled us to record from four animals simultaneously. Each of the emitted fluorescence signals was collected via a photomultiplier tube and a data acquisition card. In contrast to the previous bioluminescence in vivo circadian clock recording technique, this fluorescence in vivo recording system allowed the recording of circadian clock gene expression during the light cycle.

In Vivo Monitoring of Circadian Clock Gene Expression in the Mouse Suprachiasmatic Nucleus Using Fluorescence Reporters

This newly developed fluorescence-based technology enables long-term monitoring of the transcription of circadian clock genes in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of freely moving mice in real-time and at a high temporal resolution.

体内荧光记者对小鼠视交叉上细胞核生物钟基因表达的监测

This technique combines optical fiber mediated fluorescence recordings with the precise delivery of recombinant adeno-associated virus based gene ...

Real-Time Fluorescent Measurement of Synaptic Functions in Models of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

Before neuronal degeneration, the cause of motor and cognitive deficits in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and/or frontotemporal lobe dementia (FTLD) is dysfunction of communication between neurons and motor neurons and muscle. The underlying process of synaptic transmission involves membrane depolarization-dependent synaptic vesicle fusion and the release of neurotransmitters into the synapse. This process occurs through localized calcium influx into the presynaptic terminals where synaptic vesicles reside. Here, the protocol describes fluorescence-based live-imaging methodologies that reliably report depolarization-mediated synaptic vesicle exocytosis and presynaptic terminal calcium influx dynamics in cultured neurons.
Using a styryl dye that is incorporated into synaptic vesicle membranes, the synaptic vesicle release is elucidated. On the other hand, to study calcium entry, Gcamp6m is used, a genetically encoded fluorescent reporter. We employ high potassium chloride-mediated depolarization to mimic neuronal activity. To quantify synaptic vesicle exocytosis unambiguously, we measure the loss of normalized styryl dye fluorescence as a function of time. Under similar stimulation conditions, in the case of calcium influx, Gcamp6m fluorescence increases. Normalization and quantification of this fluorescence change are performed in a similar manner to the styryl dye protocol. These methods can be multiplexed with transfection-based overexpression of fluorescently tagged mutant proteins. These protocols have been extensively used to study synaptic dysfunction in models of FUS-ALS and C9ORF72-ALS, utilizing primary rodent cortical and motor neurons. These protocols easily allow for rapid screening of compounds that may improve neuronal communication. As such, these methods are valuable not only for the study of ALS but for all areas of neurodegenerative and developmental neuroscience research.

Two related methods are described to visualize subcellular events required for synaptic transmission. These protocols enable the real-time monitoring of the dynamics of presynaptic calcium influx and synaptic vesicle membrane fusion using live-cell imaging of in vitro cultured neurons.

肌萎缩性侧索硬化症模型中突触功能的实时荧光测量

Before neuronal degeneration, the cause of motor and cognitive deficits in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and/or frontotemporal lobe ...

Expanding the Toolkit for In Vivo Imaging of Axonal Transport

Axonal transport maintains neuronal homeostasis by enabling the bidirectional trafficking of diverse organelles and cargoes. Disruptions in axonal transport have devastating consequences for individual neurons and their networks, and contribute to a plethora of neurological disorders. As many of these conditions involve both cell autonomous and non-autonomous mechanisms, and often display a spectrum of pathology across neuronal subtypes, methods to accurately identify and analyze neuronal subsets are imperative.
This paper details protocols to assess in vivo axonal transport of signaling endosomes and mitochondria in sciatic nerves of anesthetized mice. Stepwise instructions are provided to 1) distinguish motor from sensory neurons in vivo, in situ, and ex vivo by using mice that selectively express fluorescent proteins within cholinergic motor neurons; and 2) separately or concurrently assess in vivo axonal transport of signaling endosomes and mitochondria. These complementary intravital approaches facilitate the simultaneous imaging of different cargoes in distinct peripheral nerve axons to quantitatively monitor axonal transport in health and disease.

Expanding the Toolkit for In Vivo Imaging of Axonal Transport

Using transgenic fluorescent mice, detailed protocols are described to assess in vivo axonal transport of signaling endosomes and mitochondria within motor and sensory axons of the intact sciatic nerve in live animals.

扩展轴突转运体内成像工具包

Axonal transport maintains neuronal homeostasis by enabling the bidirectional trafficking of diverse organelles and cargoes. Disruptions in axonal ...

Genetic Barcoding with Fluorescent Proteins for Multiplexed Applications

Fluorescent proteins, fluorescent dyes and fluorophores in general have revolutionized the field of molecular cell biology. In particular, the discovery of fluorescent proteins and their genes have enabled the engineering of protein fusions for localization, the analysis of transcriptional activation and translation of proteins of interest, or the general tracking of individual cells and cell populations. The use of fluorescent protein genes in combination with retroviral technology has further allowed the expression of these proteins in mammalian cells in a stable and reliable manner. Shown here is how one can utilize these genes to give cells within a population of cells their own biosignature. As the biosignature is achieved with retroviral technology, cells are barcoded &#180;indefinitely&#180;. As such, they can be individually tracked within a mixture of barcoded cells and utilized in more complex biological applications. The tracking of distinct populations in a mixture of cells is ideal for multiplexed applications such as discovery of drugs against a multitude of targets or the activation profile of different promoters. The protocol describes how to elegantly develop and amplify barcoded mammalian cells with distinct genetic fluorescent markers, and how to use several markers at once or one marker at different intensities. Finally, the protocol describes how the cells can be further utilized in combination with cell-based assays to increase the power of analysis through multiplexing.

Since the discovery of the green fluorescent protein gene, fluorescent proteins have impacted molecular cell biology. This protocol describes how expression of distinct fluorescent proteins through genetic engineering is used for barcoding individual cells. The procedure enables tracking distinct populations in a cell mixture, which is ideal for multiplexed applications.

遗传条形码与荧光蛋白的复用的应用程序

Fluorescent proteins, fluorescent dyes and fluorophores in general have revolutionized the field of molecular cell biology. In particular, the discovery ...

构建基于细胞的神经递质荧光工程记者（CNiFERs）神经递质的光学检测

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