우리는 전자 제품에 대한 지원은 G의 qi5 및 G QS5 cDNA를, A. 슈바이처를 제공 B. 콘 클린 (캘리포니아 대학 샌프란시스코)를 감사, N. 테일러 증거 읽기 클론, 이안 Glaaser 로버트 리프킨의 심사에 대한 지원 및 TN-XXL에 대한 올리비에 Griesbeck. (; DA037170 DA029706), 바이오 메디컬 이미징 및 생물의 국립 연구소 (NIBIB) (EB003832), 호프만 - 라 로슈 (88610A)과 &quot;신경 과학이 작품은 약물 남용에 미국 국립 연구소 (NIDA)를 통해 연구비에 의해 지원되었다 NIDA (DA007315)를 통해 남용 &quot;훈련 보조금의 마약 관련.

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저자는 공개 아무것도 없어.

CNiFERs의 생성은 광학적으로 생체 내에서 뇌의 신경 전달 물질의 방출을 측정하기위한 혁신적이고 독특한 전략을 제공합니다. CNiFERs 이상적으로 신경 전달 물질에 대한 예 extrasynaptic 해제, 볼륨 전도를 측정하기에 적합합니다. 중요한 것은, 각 CNiFER은 뇌의 신경 전달 물질의 농도의 변화 생리 광 측정을 제공하는 천연 GPCR의 특성을 가지고있다. 지금까지 CNiFERs은 아세틸 콜린을 검출 ?...

완전히 신경 뇌에서 통신하는 방법을 이해하기 위해, 생체 내에서 신경 전달 물질의 방출을 측정하는 방법을 갖는 것이 필요하다. 생체 내에서 신경 전달 물질을 측정하기위한 몇 가지 잘 확립 된 기술이있다. 하나의 일반적으로 사용되는 기술은 캐뉼라 뇌에 삽입 뇌척수액 소량의 수집 및 고성능 액체 크로마토 그래피 및 전기 검사 1을 사용하여 분석되는 미세 투석이다. 미세 투석 프로브 몇 직경 정도의 공간 분해능을 가지며, 예를 들어 ~ 200 μm의 마이크로 프로브 직경 0.5 mm. 이 기법의 시간 해상도는, 그러나, 일반적으로 ~ 5 분 1 이상을 지속 샘플링 간격으로 느립니다. 또한, 분석은 실시간으로 제작되지 않습니다. 다른 기술은 뇌에 삽입되는 탄소 섬유 프로브를 사용하여 고속 스캐닝 순환 전압 전류 법 (FSCV)이다. FSCV 우수한 온도가구강 해상도 (초 단위), 고감도 (나노 몰), 30 μm의 5의 프로브 직경 공간 해상도. 그러나 FSCV는 탄소 전위차 프로브 (2)에 전압 특성 산화 및 환원 프로파일을 생성 송신기들로 제한된다. 신경 전달 물질을 측정하는 세 번째 기술은 유 전적으로 인코딩 된 신경 전달 물질 (NT) 바이오 센서 (3)를 통해 직접입니다. 이 방법으로 융합 단백질은 형광 공명 에너지 전달 (FRET) - 기반 형광체 (4)의 쌍 또는 순열 GFP (5)에 결합 된 송신기에 대한 리간드 결합 도메인을 포함하는 생성된다. 앞의 두 방법과 달리,이 바이오 센서는 전적으로 인코딩 된 형질 전환 동물의 생산을 통해 또는 급성 세포 감염 바이러스 제제의 사용과 같은 신경 세포와 같은 숙주 세포의 표면에 발현. 현재까지 유전자 부호화 바이오 센서 만 detectin 개발되어왔다g 글루타메이트와 GABA 3-5. 이러한 기술에 대한 제한은 nM의 범위에서 낮은 감도 및 G 단백질 결합 수용체 (GPCR에)를 통해 신호를 예를 들어 송신기, 고전 신경 전달 물질, 신경 펩티드 및 신경 조절의 다수 검출 확대 없게되었다. 실제로, 인간 게놈에서 거의 800 GPCRs에있다. 이러한 부족을 해결하기 위해, 우리는 GPCR을 통해 신호를 어떤 신경 전달 물질의 광학적 측정 자료에 혁신적인 도구를 개발했습니다. CNiFERs (셀 기반의 신경 전달 물질의 형광 설계 기자)가 자극하면 [Ca를 2+ 즉이 유전자 부호화 FRET 계 칼슘 센서에 의해 검출되어, 세포 내에서의 증가를 유발 특정 GPCR을 발현하도록 유전자 클론 HEK293 세포이다 TN-XXL. 따라서 CNiFERs은 신경 전달 물질 수용체, 형광의 변화에​​ 직접 결합 실시간 광 (R)을 제공하는 변환지역의 신경 전달 물질 활동의 EAD 아웃. 특정 신경 전달 물질에 대한 고유 수용체를 이용하여, CNiFERs 화학 특이성, 친 화성 및 내생 발현 수용체의 시간적 동성을 보유한다. 지금까지, 우리는 CNiFERs 세 가지 유형, 도파민을 검출하는 M1 수용체를 이용하여 아세틸 콜린의 검출을 작성한 D2 수용체를 사용하고 α1a 수용체 6,7을 사용하여 노르 에피네프린을 검출하기위한 하나. CNiFER 기술은 GPCR의 유형은 의무가있어 쉽게 확장과 확장 성이다. 이 조브 기사에서, 우리는 설명하고 모든 응용 프로그램에 대한 생체 CNiFERs의 설계, 실현 방법, 테스트를 보여줍니다.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1212">
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			<td style="width:191px;">System Biosciences</td>
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			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">12x75 *BD Falcon High Clarity Polypropylene Round Bottom Test Tube</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>352063</td>
			<td>FACS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">BD 40 um Falcon cell strainers</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>352340</td>
			<td>FACS</td>
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		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">0.05% Trypsin EDTA&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td>25200056</td>
			<td>FACS</td>
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			<td>Corning&#160;</td>
			<td>3596</td>
			<td>FACS</td>
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			<td></td>
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			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">96 well cell culture plates&#160;</td>
			<td>Corning&#160;</td>
			<td>CLS3997</td>
			<td>Flexstation</td>
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			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Optilux black clear bottom&#160;</td>
			<td>Corning&#160;</td>
			<td>3603</td>
			<td>Flexstation</td>
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			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Flexstation pipet tips</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Molecular Devices</td>
			<td>9000-0911</td>
			<td>Flexstation</td>
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			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Acetylcholine Chloride&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">SimgaAldrich</td>
			<td style="width:429px;">A2661</td>
			<td>Flexstation</td>
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			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Norepinephrine&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">SimgaAldrich</td>
			<td style="width:429px;">A7256</td>
			<td>Flexstation</td>
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		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Dopamine Hydrochloride&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">SimgaAldrich</td>
			<td style="width:429px;">PHR1090</td>
			<td>Flexstation</td>
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		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">GABA&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">SimgaAldrich</td>
			<td style="width:429px;">A2129</td>
			<td>Flexstation</td>
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		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Histamine&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">SimgaAldrich</td>
			<td style="width:429px;">H7125</td>
			<td>Flexstation</td>
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			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Glutamate&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">SimgaAldrich</td>
			<td style="width:429px;">49621</td>
			<td>Flexstation</td>
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			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Epinephrine&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">SimgaAldrich</td>
			<td style="width:429px;">E4642</td>
			<td>Flexstation</td>
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			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Somatostatin&#160;&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">SimgaAldrich</td>
			<td style="width:429px;">S1763</td>
			<td>Flexstation</td>
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			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">5HT&#160;&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">SimgaAldrich</td>
			<td style="width:429px;">H9523</td>
			<td>Flexstation</td>
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			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">VIP&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Alpha Diagnostics Inc.&#160;&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:429px;">SP-69627</td>
			<td>Flexstation</td>
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			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Orexin A</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Alpha Diagnostics Inc.&#160;&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:429px;">12-p-01</td>
			<td>Flexstation</td>
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			<td style="width:191px;">SimgaAldrich</td>
			<td style="width:429px;">S6883</td>
			<td>Flexstation</td>
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			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Adenosine</td>
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			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:387px;">Fluorescence Plate Reader &#38; software</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Molecular Devices</td>
			<td style="width:429px;">Flexstation 3</td>
			<td>Flexstation</td>
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			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:387px;">&#160;Pen/Strep&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:429px;">15140-122</td>
			<td>Tissue culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:387px;">&#160;Puromycin&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">InvivoGen</td>
			<td style="width:429px;">ant-pr-1</td>
			<td>Tissue culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:387px;">&#160;Fibronectin&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">SimgaAldrich</td>
			<td style="width:429px;">F0895</td>
			<td>Tissue culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:387px;">CoolCell LX Alcohol-free controlled-rate cell freezing box</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Bioexpress</td>
			<td style="width:429px;">D-3508)</td>
			<td>Tissue culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:387px;"></td>
			<td style="width:191px;"></td>
			<td style="width:429px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:387px;">cyanoacrylate glue&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Loctite</td>
			<td style="width:429px;">Loctite no. 495</td>
			<td>surgery and stereotaxic injection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">plastic paraffin film&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:429px;">Parafilm&#174;</td>
			<td>surgery and stereotaxic injection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">NANOINJECTOR</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Drummond</td>
			<td style="width:429px;">3-000-204</td>
			<td>surgery and stereotaxic injection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">GLASS ELECTRODES</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Drummond</td>
			<td style="width:429px;">3-000-203G</td>
			<td>surgery and stereotaxic injection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">hand held drill</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">OSADA</td>
			<td style="width:429px;">Exl-M40</td>
			<td>surgery and stereotaxic injection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Burrs for drill</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Fine Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:429px;">19007-05; 19007-07)</td>
			<td>surgery and stereotaxic injection</td>
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		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:387px;">Sterilizing bath</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">FST</td>
			<td style="width:429px;">18000-45, Hot Bead Sterilizer</td>
			<td>surgery and stereotaxic injection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="60">
			<td height="60" style="height:60px;width:387px;">isoflurane chamber/mask</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Highland Medical Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:429px;">564-0427, HME 109 Table Top Anesthetic Machine with Isoflurane Vaporizer, O2 Flowmeter, Gang Valve; 564-0852, Induction Chamber 16X7X7.5cm</td>
			<td>surgery and stereotaxic injection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:387px;">3D scope with arm</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Zeiss</td>
			<td style="width:429px;"></td>
			<td>surgery and stereotaxic injection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:387px;">fiber optic light</td>
			<td style="width:191px;"></td>
			<td style="width:429px;"></td>
			<td>surgery and stereotaxic injection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Betadine&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:191px;"></td>
			<td style="width:429px;"></td>
			<td>surgery and stereotaxic injection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">70 % (v/v) isopropyl alcohol</td>
			<td style="width:191px;"></td>
			<td style="width:429px;"></td>
			<td>surgery and stereotaxic injection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Povidone-Iodine Prep Pads</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">dynarex</td>
			<td style="width:429px;">1108</td>
			<td>surgery and stereotaxic injection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">NaCl 0.9% (INJECTION, USP, 918610)</td>
			<td style="width:191px;"></td>
			<td style="width:429px;"></td>
			<td>surgery and stereotaxic injection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">CYCLOSPORINE (INJECTION, USP)</td>
			<td style="width:191px;"></td>
			<td style="width:429px;"></td>
			<td>surgery and stereotaxic injection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Buprenex (INJECTION) buprenorphine (0.03 &#956;g per g rodent)</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:429px;"></td>
			<td>surgery and stereotaxic injection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Ophthalmic ointment&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Akorn</td>
			<td style="width:429px;">NDC 17478-235-35</td>
			<td>surgery and stereotaxic injection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Surgifoam</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Ethicon</td>
			<td style="width:429px;"></td>
			<td>surgery and stereotaxic injection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Grip dental cement</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Dentsply</td>
			<td style="width:429px;">#675571, 675572</td>
			<td>surgery and stereotaxic injection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Instant SuperGlue&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">NDindustries</td>
			<td style="width:429px;"></td>
			<td>surgery and stereotaxic injection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">LOCTITE 4041</td>
			<td style="width:191px;"></td>
			<td style="width:429px;"></td>
			<td>surgery and stereotaxic injection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">METABOND</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">C&#38;B</td>
			<td style="width:429px;"></td>
			<td>surgery and stereotaxic injection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">no. 0 cover glass</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:429px;"></td>
			<td>surgery and stereotaxic injection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">stereotaxic frame&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Kopf</td>
			<td style="width:429px;"></td>
			<td>surgery and stereotaxic injection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="60">
			<td height="60" style="height:60px;">Rectal probe and heating pad</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">FHC</td>
			<td style="width:429px;">40-90-8D, DC Temperature Controller,40-90-2-06, 6.5X9.5cm Heating Pad40-90-5D-02, Rectal Thermistor Probe</td>
			<td>surgery and stereotaxic injection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">optical breadboard for imaging</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Thorlabs</td>
			<td style="width:429px;"></td>
			<td>surgery and stereotaxic injection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Mineral oil</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:429px;">S55667</td>
			<td>surgery and stereotaxic injection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">Kwik-Cast (Silicone elastomer)</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">World Precision Instruments</td>
			<td style="width:429px;"></td>
			<td>surgery and stereotaxic injection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Suture&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Ethicon</td>
			<td style="width:429px;">18&#8217;&#8217;, 1667, 4-0</td>
			<td>surgery and stereotaxic injection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Scissors</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Fine Scientific Tools</td>
			<td style="width:429px;">91500-09, 15018-10</td>
			<td>surgery and stereotaxic injection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Forcepts</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Fine Scientific Tools</td>
			<td style="width:429px;">11252-30; #55, 11295-51; Grafe, 11050-10</td>
			<td>surgery and stereotaxic injection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Student Halsted-Mosquito Hemostats</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Fine Scientific Tools</td>
			<td style="width:429px;">91308-12</td>
			<td>surgery and stereotaxic injection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Small Vessel Cauterizer Kit</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Fine Scientific Tools</td>
			<td style="width:429px;">18000-00</td>
			<td>surgery and stereotaxic injection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Hot Bead Sterilizers</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Fine Scientific Tools</td>
			<td style="width:429px;">18000-45</td>
			<td>surgery and stereotaxic injection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Instrument Case with Silicone Mat</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Fine Scientific Tools</td>
			<td style="width:429px;">20311-21</td>
			<td>surgery and stereotaxic injection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Plastic Sterilization Containers with Silicone Mat</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Fine Scientific Tools</td>
			<td style="width:429px;">20810-01</td>
			<td>surgery and stereotaxic injection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:387px;"></td>
			<td style="width:191px;"></td>
			<td style="width:429px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:387px;"></td>
			<td style="width:191px;"></td>
			<td style="width:429px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:387px;">2P fixed-stage fluorescence scope for in vivo imaging</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Olympus</td>
			<td style="width:429px;">FV1200 MPE</td>
			<td>in vivo imaging</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:387px;">Multiphoton laser</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">SpectraPhysics</td>
			<td style="width:429px;">Mai Tai DeepSee</td>
			<td>in vivo imaging</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:387px;">Green Laser</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Olympus</td>
			<td style="width:429px;">473 nm Laser</td>
			<td>in vivo imaging</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:387px;">xy translation base</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Scientifica</td>
			<td style="width:429px;">MMBP</td>
			<td>in vivo imaging</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:387px;">FRET filter cube for YFP and CFP</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Olympus</td>
			<td style="width:429px;"></td>
			<td>in vivo imaging</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:387px;">25-X water immersion objective</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Olympus</td>
			<td style="width:429px;"></td>
			<td>in vivo imaging</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:387px;">air table</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Newport</td>
			<td style="width:429px;"></td>
			<td>in vivo imaging</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:387px;">custom built light-tight cage</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Thorlab</td>
			<td style="width:429px;"></td>
			<td>in vivo imaging</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

construction of cell-based neurotransmitter fluorescent engineered reporters (cnifers) for optical detection of neurotransmitters in vivo

세포 기반 신경 전달 형광 설계 기자 (CNiFERs)는 신경 과학자 광학적 생체의 뇌에서 신경 전달 물질의 방출을 검출하기위한 새로운 수단을 제공한다. 특정 CNiFER 안정적 특정 G 단백질 결합 수용체, G의 Q에 커플 / 11 G 단백질 및 FRET 기반 칼슘) 검출기 (, TN-XXL를 표현하는 인간 배아 신장 세포에서 생성됩니다. 수용체의 활성화는 FRET 신호의 증가를 이끈다. CNiFER 클론은 도파민에 대한 D2R, 예를 들어, 특정 신경 전달 물질의 고유 수용체를 이용하기 때문에 CNiFERs는 nM의 감도와 초 시간 응답이 있습니다. CNiFERs 직접 뇌에 이식 생체 내에서 볼륨 전송을 측정하기에 이상적 미만 백 ㎛의 공간 해상도와 신경 전달 물질 방출을 감지 할 수 있도록하고 있습니다. CNiFERs 또한 VI 잠재적 교차 - 반응성에 대한 다른 약물을 스크리닝하는데 사용될 수있다VO. 우리는 최근의 GPCR에게 G I / O G 단백질에 그 부부를 포함 CNiFERs의 제품군을 확장했다. CNiFERs은 아세틸 콜린 (ACH), 도파민 (DA)과 노르 에피네프린 (NE)를 검출 할 수 있습니다. 어떤 GPCR이 CNiFER 소설을 생성하는데 사용될 수 있음을 감안할 때 대략 인간 게놈 800 GPCRs에 있다는 것을 우리는 설계, 실현 및 CNiFER 임의의 타입을 테스트하기 위해 여기 일반적인 방법을 설명한다.

특정 G 단백질 결합 수용체 (GPCR)와 유전자 코드 [칼슘 2 +] 센서, TN-XXL하십시오 CNiFER 안정적 적어도 두 개의 단백질을 발현하도록 유전자 조작 된 인간 배아 신장 (HEK293) 세포에서 파생됩니다. TN-XXL은 칼슘 이온 -6,15-의 질문에 답변 시안과 노란색 형광 단백질 각각 eCFP과 황수정, 사이의 형광 공명 에너지 전달 (FRET)을 겪는다. 내생 G q를 G 단?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Construction of Cell-based Neurotransmitter Fluorescent Engineered Reporters CNiFERs for Optical Detection of Neurotransmitters In Vivo at JoVE.com

Construction of Cell-based Neurotransmitter Fluorescent Engineered Reporters CNiFERs for Optical Detection of Neurotransmitters In Vivo

우리는 체적 신경 전달 물질 방출의 광학 검출을위한 셀 기반의 신경 전달 물질의 형광 설계 기자 (CNiFERs)를 만들 수있는 프로토콜을 제시한다.

건설 셀 기반의 신경 전달 물질의 광학 검출을위한 신경 전달 물질 형광 엔지니어링 기자 (CNiFERs)<em&gt; 생체</em

Cell-based neurotransmitter fluorescent engineered reporters (CNiFERs) provide a new tool for neuroscientists to optically detect the release of ...

construction-cell-based-neurotransmitter-fluorescent-engineered

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Construction of Cell-based Neurotransmitter Fluorescent Engineered Reporters (CNiFERs) for Optical Detection of Neurotransmitters In Vivo

13.1K 조회수.  Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai.  우리는 체적 신경 전달 물질 방출의 광학 검출을위한 셀 기반의 신경 전달 물질의 형광 설계 기자 (CNiFERs)를 만들 수있는 프로토콜을 제시한다. 

비디오: Construction of Cell-based Neurotransmitter Fluorescent Engineered Reporters CNiFERs for Optical Detection of Neurotransmitters In Vivo

Assessing Burrowing, Nest Construction, and Hoarding in Mice

Deterioration in the ability to perform "Activities of daily living" (ADL) is an early sign of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Preclinical behavioural screening of possible treatments for AD currently largely focuses on cognitive testing, which frequently demands expensive equipment and lots of experimenter time. However, human episodic memory (the most severely affected aspect of memory in AD) is different to rodent memory, which seems to be largely non-episodic. Therefore the present ways of screening for new AD treatments for AD in rodents are intrinsically unlikely to succeed. A new approach to preclinical screening would be to characterise the ADL of mice. Fortuitously, several such assays have recently been developed at Oxford, and here the three most sensitive and well-characterised are presented.
Burrowing was first developed in Oxford13. It evolved from a need to develop a mouse hoarding paradigm. Most published rodent hoarding paradigms required a distant food source to be linked to the home cage by a connecting passage. This would involve modifying the home cage as well as making a mouse-proof connecting passage and food source. So it was considered whether it would be possible to put the food source inside the cage. It was found that if a container was placed on the floor it was emptied by the next morning., The food pellets were, however, simply deposited in a heap at the container entrance, rather than placed in a discrete place away from the container, as might be expected if the mice were truly hoarding them. Close inspection showed that the mice were performing digging ("burrowing") movements, not carrying the pellets in their mouths to a selected place as they would if truly hoarding them.6



Food pellets are not an essential substrate for burrowing; mice will empty tubes filled with sand, gravel, even soiled bedding from their own cage. Moreover, they will empty a full tube even if an empty one is placed next to it8.



Several nesting protocols exist in the literature. The present Oxford one simplifies the procedure and has a well-defined scoring system for nest quality5. 



A hoarding paradigm was later developed in which the mice, rather than hoarding back to the real home cage, were adapted to living in the "home base" of a hoarding apparatus. This home base was connected to a tube made of wire mesh, the distal end of which contained the food source. This arrangement proved to yield good hoarding behaviour, as long as the mice were adapted to living in the "home base" during the day and only allowed to enter the hoarding tube at night.

Burrowing, nesting, and hoarding are species-typical activities that mice readily perform in the laboratory. This article describes how they can be easily and cheaply assessed. These protocols are extremely sensitive to mouse strain, brain lesions and diseases. Moreover they constitute &#x201C;environmental enrichment&#x201D; for the mice, and embody the &#x201C;Refinement&#x201D; aspect of the &#x201C;3 Rs&#x201D;18.

평가는 마우스에 둥지 건설, 그리고 비장을내는

Deterioration in the ability to perform "Activities of daily living" (ADL) is an early sign of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Preclinical behavioural screening ...

연구

신경과학

Transfection of Mouse Retinal Ganglion Cells by in vivo Electroporation

The targeting and refinement of RGC projections to the midbrain is a popular and powerful model system for studying how precise patterns of neural connectivity form during development. In mice, retinofugal projections are arranged in a topographic manner and form eye-specific layers in the Lateral Geniculate Nucleus (dLGN) of the thalamus and the Superior Colliculus (SC). The development of these precise patterns of retinofugal projections has typically been studied by labeling populations of RGCs with fluorescent dyes and tracers, such as horseradish peroxidase1-4. However, these methods are too coarse to provide insight into developmental changes in individual RGC axonal arbor morphology that are the basis of retinotopic map formation. They also do not allow for the genetic manipulation of RGCs.
Recently, electroporation has become an effective method for providing precise spatial and temporal control for delivery of charged molecules into the retina5-11. Current retinal electroporation protocols do not allow for genetic manipulation and tracing of retinofugal projections of a single or small cluster of RGCs in postnatal mice. It has been argued that postnatal in vivo electroporation is not a viable method for transfecting RGCs since the labeling efficiency is extremely low and hence requires targeting at embryonic ages when RGC progenitors are undergoing differentiation and proliferation6. 
In this video we describe an in vivo electroporation protocol for targeted delivery of genes, shRNA, and fluorescent dextrans to murine RGCs postnatally. This technique provides a cost effective, fast and relatively easy platform for efficient screening of candidate genes involved in several aspects of neural development including axon retraction, branching, lamination, regeneration and synapse formation at various stages of circuit development. In summary we describe here a valuable tool which will provide further insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying sensory map development.

Transfection of Mouse Retinal Ganglion Cells by in vivo Electroporation

We demonstrate an in vivo electroporation protocol for transfecting single or small clusters of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and other retinal cell types in postnatal mice over a wide range of ages. The ability to label and genetically manipulate postnatal RGCs in vivo is a powerful tool for developmental studies.

마우스 망막 신경절 세포 Transfection로 생체내에 Electroporation

The targeting and refinement of RGC projections to the midbrain is a popular and powerful model system for studying how precise patterns of neural ...

Retrograde Fluorescent Labeling Allows for Targeted Extracellular Single-unit Recording from Identified Neurons In vivo

The overall goal of this method is to record single-unit responses from an identified population of neurons. In vivo electrophysiological recordings from individual neurons are critical for understanding how neural circuits function under natural conditions. Traditionally, these recordings have been performed 'blind', meaning the identity of the recorded cell is unknown at the start of the recording. Cellular identity can be subsequently determined via intracellular1, juxtacellular2 or loose-patch3 iontophoresis of dye, but these recordings cannot be pre-targeted to specific neurons in regions with functionally heterogeneous cell types. Fluorescent proteins can be expressed in a cell-type specific manner permitting visually-guided single-cell electrophysiology4-6. However, there are many model systems for which these genetic tools are not available. Even in genetically accessible model systems, the desired promoter may be unknown or genetically homogenous neurons may have varying projection patterns. Similarly, viral vectors have been used to label specific subgroups of projection neurons7, but use of this method is limited by toxicity and lack of trans-synaptic specificity. Thus, additional techniques that offer specific pre-visualization to record from identified single neurons in vivo are needed. Pre-visualization of the target neuron is particularly useful for challenging recording conditions, for which classical single-cell recordings are often prohibitively difficult8-11. The novel technique described in this paper uses retrograde transport of a fluorescent dye applied using tungsten needles to rapidly and selectively label a specific subset of cells within a particular brain region based on their unique axonal projections, thereby providing a visual cue to obtain targeted electrophysiological recordings from identified neurons in an intact circuit within a vertebrate CNS.
The most significant novel advancement of our method is the use of fluorescent labeling to target specific cell types in a non-genetically accessible model system. Weakly electric fish are an excellent model system for studying neural circuits in awake, behaving animals12. We utilized this technique to study sensory processing by "small cells" in the anterior exterolateral nucleus (ELa) of weakly electric mormyrid fish. "Small cells" are hypothesized to be time comparator neurons important for detecting submillisecond differences in the arrival times of presynaptic spikes13. However, anatomical features such as dense myelin, engulfing synapses, and small cell bodies have made it extremely difficult to record from these cells using traditional methods11, 14. Here we demonstrate that our novel method selectively labels these cells in 28% of preparations, allowing for reliable, robust recordings and characterization of responses to electrosensory stimulation.

Retrograde Fluorescent Labeling Allows for Targeted Extracellular Single-unit Recording from Identified Neurons In vivo

Retrograde transport of fluorescent dye labels a sub-population of neurons based on anatomical projection. Labeled axons can be visually targeted in vivo, permitting extracellular recording from identified axons. This technique facilitates recording when neurons cannot be labeled through genetic manipulation or are difficult to isolate using 'blind' in vivo approaches.

역행 형광 라벨이 확인 된 신경 세포의 표적 세포 외 단일 단위 기록을 허용<em&gt; 생체 내</em

The overall goal of this method is to record single-unit responses from an identified population of neurons. In vivo electrophysiological recordings from ...

Functional Neuroimaging Using Ultrasonic Blood-brain Barrier Disruption and Manganese-enhanced MRI

Although mice are the dominant model system for studying the genetic and molecular underpinnings of neuroscience, functional neuroimaging in mice remains technically challenging. One approach, Activation-Induced Manganese-enhanced MRI (AIM MRI), has been used successfully to map neuronal activity in rodents 1-5. In AIM MRI, Mn2+ acts a calcium analog and accumulates in depolarized neurons 6,7. Because Mn2+ shortens the T1 tissue property, regions of elevated neuronal activity will enhance in MRI. Furthermore, Mn2+ clears slowly from the activated regions; therefore, stimulation can be performed outside the magnet prior to imaging, enabling greater experimental flexibility. However, because Mn2+ does not readily cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB), the need to open the BBB has limited the use of AIM MRI, especially in mice.
One tool for opening the BBB is ultrasound. Though potentially damaging, if ultrasound is administered in combination with gas-filled microbubbles (i.e., ultrasound contrast agents), the acoustic pressure required for BBB opening is considerably lower. This combination of ultrasound and microbubbles can be used to reliably open the BBB without causing tissue damage 8-11.
Here, a method is presented for performing AIM MRI by using microbubbles and ultrasound to open the BBB. After an intravenous injection of perflutren microbubbles, an unfocused pulsed ultrasound beam is applied to the shaved mouse head for 3 minutes. For simplicity, we refer to this technique of BBB Opening with Microbubbles and UltraSound as BOMUS 12. Using BOMUS to open the BBB throughout both cerebral hemispheres, manganese is administered to the whole mouse brain. After experimental stimulation of the lightly sedated mice, AIM MRI is used to map the neuronal response.
To demonstrate this approach, herein BOMUS and AIM MRI are used to map unilateral mechanical stimulation of the vibrissae in lightly sedated mice 13. Because BOMUS can open the BBB throughout both hemispheres, the unstimulated side of the brain is used to control for nonspecific background stimulation. The resultant 3D activation map agrees well with published representations of the vibrissae regions of the barrel field cortex 14. The ultrasonic opening of the BBB is fast, noninvasive, and reversible; and thus this approach is suitable for high-throughput and/or longitudinal studies in awake mice.

A technique is described for broadly opening the blood-brain barrier in the mouse using microbubbles and ultrasound. Using this technique, manganese can be administered to the mouse brain. Because manganese is an MRI contrast agent that accumulates in depolarized neurons, this approach enables imaging of neuronal activity.

초음파 혈액 - 뇌 장벽 파괴 및 망간 향상된 MRI를 사용하여 기능성 Neuroimaging

Although mice are the dominant model system for studying the genetic and molecular underpinnings of neuroscience, functional neuroimaging in mice remains ...

Thinned-skull Cortical Window Technique for In Vivo Optical Coherence Tomography Imaging

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a biomedical imaging technique with high spatial-temporal resolution. With its minimally invasive approach OCT has been used extensively in ophthalmology, dermatology, and gastroenterology1-3. Using a thinned-skull cortical window (TSCW), we employ spectral-domain OCT (SD-OCT) modality as a tool to image the cortex in vivo. Commonly, an opened-skull has been used for neuro-imaging as it provides more versatility, however, a TSCW approach is less invasive and is an effective mean for long term imaging in neuropathology studies. Here, we present a method of creating a TSCW in a mouse model for in vivo OCT imaging of the cerebral cortex.

Thinned-skull Cortical Window Technique for In Vivo Optical Coherence Tomography Imaging

We present a method of creating a thinned-skull cortical window (TSCW) in a mouse model for in vivo OCT imaging of the cerebral cortex.

에 얇게 - 두개골 두피 창 기술<em&gt; 생체 내</em&gt; 광 결맞음 단층 촬영 영상

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a biomedical imaging technique  with high spatial-temporal resolution. With its minimally invasive approach OCT  has ...

Modeling Astrocytoma Pathogenesis In Vitro and In Vivo Using Cortical Astrocytes or Neural Stem Cells from Conditional, Genetically Engineered Mice

Current astrocytoma models are limited in their ability to define the roles of oncogenic mutations in specific brain cell types during disease pathogenesis and their utility for preclinical drug development. In order to design a better model system for these applications, phenotypically wild-type cortical astrocytes and neural stem cells (NSC) from conditional, genetically engineered mice (GEM) that harbor various combinations of floxed oncogenic alleles were harvested and grown in culture. Genetic recombination was induced in vitro using adenoviral Cre-mediated recombination, resulting in expression of mutated oncogenes and deletion of tumor suppressor genes. The phenotypic consequences of these mutations were defined by measuring proliferation, transformation, and drug response in vitro. Orthotopic allograft models, whereby transformed cells are stereotactically injected into the brains of immune-competent, syngeneic littermates, were developed to define the role of oncogenic mutations and cell type on tumorigenesis in vivo. Unlike most established human glioblastoma cell line xenografts, injection of transformed GEM-derived cortical astrocytes into the brains of immune-competent littermates produced astrocytomas, including the most aggressive subtype, glioblastoma, that recapitulated the histopathological hallmarks of human astrocytomas, including diffuse invasion of normal brain parenchyma. Bioluminescence imaging of orthotopic allografts from transformed astrocytes engineered to express luciferase was utilized to monitor in vivo tumor growth over time. Thus, astrocytoma models using astrocytes and NSC harvested from GEM with conditional oncogenic alleles provide an integrated system to study the genetics and cell biology of astrocytoma pathogenesis in vitro and in vivo and may be useful in preclinical drug development for these devastating diseases.

Modeling Astrocytoma Pathogenesis In Vitro and In Vivo Using Cortical Astrocytes or Neural Stem Cells from Conditional, Genetically Engineered Mice

Phenotypically wild-type astrocytes and neural stem cells harvested from mice engineered with floxed, conditional oncogenic alleles and transformed via viral Cre-mediated recombination can be used to model astrocytoma pathogenesis in vitro and in vivo by orthotopic injection of transformed cells into brains of syngeneic, immune-competent littermates.

모델링 성상 세포종 병인<em&gt; 체외</em&gt;와<em&gt; 생체</em&gt; 대뇌 피질의 성상이나 조건, 유전자 조작 쥐에서 신경 줄기 세포를 사용하여

Current astrocytoma models are limited in their ability to define the roles of oncogenic mutations in specific brain cell types during disease ...

Simultaneous ex vivo Functional Testing of Two Retinas by in vivo Electroretinogram System

An In vivo electroretinogram (ERG) signal is composed of several overlapping components originating from different retinal cell types, as well as noise from extra-retinal sources. Ex vivo ERG provides an efficient method to dissect the function of retinal cells directly from an intact isolated retina of animals or donor eyes. In addition, ex vivo ERG can be used to test the efficacy and safety of potential therapeutic agents on retina tissue from animals or humans. We show here how commercially available in vivo ERG systems can be used to conduct ex vivo ERG recordings from isolated mouse retinas. We combine the light stimulation, electronic and heating units of a standard in vivo system with custom-designed specimen holder, gravity-controlled perfusion system and electromagnetic noise shielding to record low-noise ex vivo ERG signals simultaneously from two retinas with the acquisition software included in commercial in vivo systems. Further, we demonstrate how to use this method in combination with pharmacological treatments that remove specific ERG components in order to dissect the function of certain retinal cell types.

Simultaneous ex vivo Functional Testing of Two Retinas by in vivo Electroretinogram System

Ex vivo ERG can be used to record electrical activity of retinal cells directly from isolated intact retinas of animals or humans. We demonstrate here how common in vivo ERG systems can be adapted for ex vivo ERG recordings in order to dissect the electrical activity of retinal cells.

동시<em&gt; 생체</em두 망막의&gt; 기능 테스트로<em&gt; 생체</em&gt; 전위도 시스템

An In vivo electroretinogram (ERG) signal is composed of several overlapping components originating from different retinal cell types, as well as noise ...

Optical Monitoring of Living Nerve Terminal Labeling in Hair Follicle Lanceolate Endings of the Ex Vivo Mouse Ear Skin

A novel dissection and recording technique is described for optical monitoring staining and de-staining of lanceolate terminals surrounding hair follicles in the skin of the mouse pinna. The preparation is simple and relatively fast, reliably yielding extensive regions of multiple labeled units of living nerve terminals to study uptake and release of styryl pyridinium dyes extensively used in studies of vesicle recycling. Subdividing the preparations before labeling allows test vs. control comparisons in the same ear from a single individual. Helpful tips are given for improving the quality of the preparation, the labeling and the imaging parameters. This new system is suitable for assaying pharmacologically and mechanically-induced uptake and release of these vital dyes in lanceolate terminals in both wild-type and genetically modified animals. Examples of modulatory influences on labeling intensity are given.

Optical Monitoring of Living Nerve Terminal Labeling in Hair Follicle Lanceolate Endings of the Ex Vivo Mouse Ear Skin

Here we describe a novel preparation for imaging live lanceolate sensory terminals of palisade endings that innervate mouse ear skin hair follicles during staining and destaining with styryl pyridinium dyes.

의 헤어 난포 피침 엔딩에서 생활 신경 터미널 라벨의 광학 모니터링<em&gt; 전의 VIVO</em&gt; 마우스 귀 피부

A novel dissection and recording technique is described for optical monitoring staining and de-staining of lanceolate terminals surrounding hair follicles ...

Optical Coherence Tomography: Imaging Mouse Retinal Ganglion Cells In Vivo

Structural changes in the retina are common manifestations of ophthalmic diseases. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) enables their identification in vivo&#8212;rapidly, repetitively, and at a high resolution. This protocol describes OCT imaging in the mouse retina as a powerful tool to study optic neuropathies (OPN). The OCT system is an interferometry-based, non-invasive alternative to common post mortem histological assays. It provides a fast and accurate assessment of retinal thickness, allowing the possibility to track changes, such as retinal thinning or thickening. We present the imaging process and analysis with the example of the Opa1delTTAG mouse line. Three types of scans are proposed, with two quantification methods: standard and homemade calipers. The latter is best for use on the peripapillary retina during radial scans; being more precise, is preferable for analyzing thinner structures. All approaches described here are designed for retinal ganglion cells (RGC) but are easily adaptable to other cell populations. In conclusion, OCT is efficient in mouse model phenotyping and has the potential to be used for the reliable evaluation of therapeutic interventions.

Optical Coherence Tomography: Imaging Mouse Retinal Ganglion Cells In Vivo

This manuscript describes a protocol for the in vivo imaging of the mouse retina with high-resolution spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). It focuses on retinal ganglion cells (RGC) in the peripapillary region, with several scanning and quantifying approaches described.

광학 일관성 단층 촬영: 마우스 망막 신경 절 세포에서 Vivo에서 화상 진 찰

Structural changes in the retina are common manifestations of ophthalmic diseases. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) enables their identification in ...

Measuring In Vivo Changes in Extracellular Neurotransmitters During Naturally Rewarding Behaviors in Female Syrian Hamsters

The ability to measure neurotransmitter release on a rapid time scale allows patterns of neurotransmission to be linked to specific behaviors or manipulations; a powerful tool in elucidating underlying mechanisms and circuitry. While the technique of microdialysis has been used for decades to measure nearly any analyte of interest in the brain, this technique is limited in temporal resolution. Alternatively, fast scan cyclic voltammetry is both temporally precise and extremely sensitive; however, because this technically difficult method relies on the electroactivity of the analyte of interest, the possibility to detect nonelectroactive substances (e.g., the neurotransmitter glutamate) is eliminated. This paper details the use of a turn-key system that combines fixed-potential amperometry and enzymatic biosensing to measure both electroactive and nonelectroactive neurotransmitters with temporal precision. The pairing of these two powerful techniques allows for the measurement of both tonic and phasic neurotransmission with relative ease, and permits recording of multiple neurotransmitters simultaneously. The aim of this manuscript is to demonstrate the process of measuring dopamine and glutamate neurotransmission in vivo using a naturally rewarding behavior (i.e., sexual behavior) in female hamsters, with the ultimate goal of displaying the technical feasibility of this assay for examining other behaviors and experimental paradigms.

Measuring In Vivo Changes in Extracellular Neurotransmitters During Naturally Rewarding Behaviors in Female Syrian Hamsters

This paper details the use of fixed-potential amperometric recordings using carbon fiber electrodes and enzymatic biosensor technology to measure the release of dopamine and glutamate with high temporal resolution during natural rewarding behavior in the female hamster.

건설 셀 기반의 신경 전달 물질의 광학 검출을위한 신경 전달 물질 형광 엔지니어링 기자 (CNiFERs)

요약

더 많은 비디오 탐색

이 비디오의 챕터

평가는 마우스에 둥지 건설, 그리고 비장을내는

마우스 망막 신경절 세포 Transfection로 생체내에 Electroporation

역행 형광 라벨이 확인 된 신경 세포의 표적 세포 외 단일 단위 기록을 허용

초음파 혈액 - 뇌 장벽 파괴 및 망간 향상된 MRI를 사용하여 기능성 Neuroimaging

에 얇게 - 두개골 두피 창 기술

모델링 성상 세포종 병인

동시

의 헤어 난포 피침 엔딩에서 생활 신경 터미널 라벨의 광학 모니터링

광학 일관성 단층 촬영: 마우스 망막 신경 절 세포에서 Vivo에서 화상 진 찰

자연스럽 게 여성 시리아 햄스터에 동작을 보람 있는 하는 동안 Extracellular 신경 전달 물질의 생체 내에서 변화를 측정