The research was partly funded by an internal University of Greenwich grant to the first and third authors. Thanks go to Dominic Goodchild, Chris Hughes, Adrian Ibanescu, Corrado Ranelli, and Charlie Shaw for acting as culprit-actors in the crime scene videos, and to Henry DC Williams for filming and directing the crime scene videos. Thanks also to Detective Chief Inspector Mick Neville, Inspector Barry Burnell and Sergeant Nick Milbourn from the Metropolitan Police Service for creating and supplying the PROMAT video line-ups for the project and advising on the design and video line-up procedure. Thanks also to Detective Constable Tony Barnes of the Metropolitan Police Service for providing advice on the use of the specific holistic facial composite system in police investigations, and allowing the second author of this paper, who is the composite operator depicted in the videos, to shadow him while working with eyewitnesses to create facial composites during investigations into real crimes.

Solomon and Gibson are faculty members of the University of Kent and directors of VisionMetric Ltd. VisionMetric Ltd market the EFIT-V facial composite system. Solomon and Gibson&#8217;s contribution to this work was to facilitate operator training that took place at the University of Kent, development of the software and provision of software support, and assistance with manuscript preparation. Data collection, analysis, interpretation, and manuscript preparation were performed by Davis, Jolliffe and Maigut who have nothing to disclose.

面部复合材料的创建可提供警方调查1中的第一主角。复合构建证人可随后要求查看包含警方怀疑一个阵容。警方怀疑可能实际上是有罪的罪犯，在这种情况下的阵容将是罪魁祸首存在的，也可能是无辜的，而阵容将是罪魁祸首，缺席。这里描述的应用实验范式已受聘于研究表明在正确的罪魁祸首，演员选择的罪魁祸首至今连续九人视频阵容程序，全面的面部复合生产的正面影响，而对罪犯缺席的程序11产生任何影响。该模式具有很强的法医和生态效度，因为它紧密地复制警务程序在英格兰和威尔士使用。事实上，虽然分析不是一个核心组成部分，该协议紧随面试程序的类型（例如， </EM&gt;，认知专访23-24），警方可以使用在这种情况下，虽然这将是关注的变化在今后的研究中认知采访的组件来研究这个作为一个独立的变量。此外，尽管没有实际需要说明的整体复合结构，运营商仍然会要求证人描述的罪魁祸首，为了表现出良好的做法，因为如果复合匹配的描述和外观，它表明在没有不正当的影响从操作构造（例如，关注可能在法庭上提出的，如果复合材料和警方怀疑具有金发，说明暗头发）。 该过程的其他方面，应遵循以提高司法鉴定的有效性。举例来说，真正的证人通常是不知道提前，他们将见证一个犯罪，预警的参与者，他们将可以创建一个面部复合材料或被要求作标识的决定可能影响他们参加的罪魁祸首的初始视频的方式。因此，这是正常的，以避免警告参与者，该研究正在调查目击者程序，并为此目的标题往往可能有些误导（ 例如 ，“视频分析研究”）。此外，为了避免无意实验者偏压，各种实验者的角色（ 例如 ，复合系统操作员，阵容管理员）应理想地由不同的人进行的。出于同样的原因，运营商，谁应该在使用复合体系的全面培训，阵容管理员，都应该是不熟悉的罪魁祸首，而且从来没有见过的罪魁祸首视频。理想的情况下，也是如此，阵容程序应进行双盲，以确保没有管理员偏差44-46，虽然双盲程序PACE代码为D识别程序英格兰和威尔士没有规定。同样，PACE代码为D不需要被收集识别置信措施，即使作为这种范式它被收集用于研究目的。的确，信心可以提供一个标记为阵容精度。因此，通常存在信心和准确性阵容挑肥拣瘦之间有很强的正相关关系，但不是非挑肥拣瘦47-49。 基本范例也可以很容易地适于与不同类型的面部复合系统的使用（例如，见11，其中上创建基于特征的面部复合的视频阵容结果的影响，与创建一个整体的系统的复合比）。有许多可用的整体组合系统的，并且，虽然在整体原则的所有工作的界面不一定相同13-15。范例也将考虑与不同类型的阵容可能在英国或其他法律辖区标准比较。例如，在美国，莫ST鉴定程序是六人相继或同时拍摄阵容33-36，而波兰主要采用四人同时首发阵容50。虽然如今非常罕见，在英国，某些司法管辖区其他地方可能仍经常采用现场阵容与存在于人的所有成员。对于这里所描述的实验范式而言附加的箔被选为随机从该警务人员阵容管理员选择的九替换罪魁祸首缺席的阵容的罪魁祸首。然而，一些目击者识别范式，可以提前，特别是选择一个“无辜的犯罪嫌疑人作此用途。罪魁祸首缺席的阵容将因此创造了可能包含了一些不同于列入罪魁祸首，目前的阵容，例如 ，51个不同箔，作为一个真正的警察的阵容将进行个体化的具体犯罪嫌疑人。为了进一步检验复合科瑞的影响离子上阵容的结果，结合的罪魁祸首，本和罪魁祸首-缺席阵容的结果也将通知以存储器敏感性或反应偏差是否作出选择的影响（参见例如52，它讨论了使用信号检测这种类型的分析的测量值）。 此外，还有一些已知影响人脸识别和目击者识别精度许多变量，并且设计可容纳的这些测试以检查它们是否提供附加的影响时的面部复合生产之后是阵容（如罪魁祸首演员的性别，年龄，种族或;参与者的信心，程序之间的延迟;箔的选择方法，参与者罪魁祸首质量来看，证人的描述质量;对审查这类&#39;估计&#39;变量见53）。然而，有一个问题与这种类型的设计是，将需要大量的参与者对于足够的统计功率，如阵容反应是在自然界中主要二分（例如，正确的对比不正确的），并作为一个真正的警方调查大部分参与者将创建一个复合材料和图1阵容只。此外，该设计是耗时。要复制警方调查，有最好应在三个阶段的研究之间的延迟，以及复合结构孤独往往需要一个多小时。尽管存在这些问题，但重要的是，可能会由警察进行调查（例如，面部的复合系统）中可以使用的新技术，根据经验，在实验室测试，以研究这种技术对后续的调查程序的效果（例如，线-UPS）。一个真正的警察犯罪嫌疑人的命运，不论有罪，可能会一定程度上取决于最佳实践是否遵循与否。

如果警方没有犯罪嫌疑人的犯罪，目击者，往往是受害者;可能产生的罪魁祸首面部复合材料从内存中与警察系统操作员1的协助。这样做的目的是，有人熟悉的罪魁祸首将认识到的图像。所识别嫌疑犯 - 谁可能不是实际的罪魁祸首 - 可以被放置在一个阵容看原始目击者是否能够识别它们。许多目击者作出错误鉴定。从真正的警察阵容超过20％的识别箔英国2和美国3，知是无辜的，但包含在阵容提供的罪魁祸首证人的记忆的测试。有时候，证人选择一个事实无辜警方的怀疑。这种类型的错误可能是错判4-6的主要原因。目击者在面部复合材料46的司法案件4第250美的DNA免除流产，以及许多随后确定从阵容的无辜的人。有可能已被替代inculpating证据，从而使面部复合过程不一定负责。然而，阵容精度可以损害如 7-10，不受影响例如 ，8，或增强如 11,12由复合的创建，和这里描述的类型的应用研究的目的是要表明最佳操作程序，可由警察，当面部复合建筑之后是阵容被采用。 警察部队在许多国家采用电脑整体的面部复合系统，例如 ，13-15，取代了原先普遍存在的特征为基础的系统 （综述复合系统看16-17）。这主要是因为整体系统更紧密地全脸&#39;Gestaltic“的方式比赛中，各年龄层的过程和识别测试的人nize面临例如，18-20。随着功能的系统，证人必须先口头回忆，嫌疑人的面部特征（ 例如眼睛，鼻子和嘴），第二，找到来自往往有限功能的数据库和第三方这些个别的功能，将它们组装成一个整体综合。每个步骤是认知苛刻 - 少数人拥有的词汇，以提供详细的面部的说明中，特征逐个特征面部分析是容易出错，并且口头召回往往比识别不太精确，这可能是由于在模式之间的不匹配面对被编码（视觉模式），和面对从存储器检索（口头模式）21-22。毫不奇怪基于特征的复合材料往往是一个可怜的罪魁祸首神似16-17。 随着整体面部复合系统13-15，证人一系列现实的，但计算机生成的面部阵列的选择，图像最为匹配的罪魁祸首他们的记忆。因此，主检索模式是可视的，匹配的面对被编码的模式。不同系统的接口各不相同，包括图像是否是彩色或没有，数字阵列，以及证人是否认为整个面部或面与外部功能删除17。然而，与所有的整体系统，图像的连续阵列用于实现一个步骤一步改善复合到罪魁祸首样式。在每一步，包括阵列的面由证人的先前的选择（S）和进化算法来确定。证人选择从阵列的脸，进化算法品种的选择，以创建以下数组新一代的面孔。其他工具可以添加衣物，纹身，面部毛发或其他个体化标志，操作的人脸特征的大小和位置，并调整整体性能（如年龄，独特性）。公关ocess完成时的证人满意他们的复合材料。自始至终，警察操作者建议，但不影响该过程。 与最初的认知访谈23-24结合，强调了自由回忆组件这有利于信息的质量和数量，全面系统的生产上促进全脸，而不是需要与基于特征的系统-孤立的面部特征分析。的面部特征和它们的配置的操作总是发生整个面的范围内，并因此，整体系统的复合材料质量更高的频率，以及通过人们熟悉的那些描绘比复合识别更容易使用的功能为基础的系统17中创建，25-26。警方实地调查也显示，整体系统的复合材料产生的犯罪嫌疑人身份，例如 ，27-28更高的利率。此外，即使小孩年仅六年前，8岁，和成人智力残疾29能理解他们的任务要求。由于这些原因，特别是如果证人确有困难的描述一张脸，首席警官协会（ACPO）在英格兰和威尔士建议使用全面系统30。 一旦潜在的犯罪嫌疑人已被确定的警察，他们可能会问的复合创造的见证查看嫌疑人的阵容或身份阅兵。一些研究已经发现，复合创建增强识别精度，当性能与非复合创建控件例如 11-12进行比较。其他的研究，主要采用基于特征的系统中发现，复合创作负面影响识别的性能，例如 ，7，9-10。如果复合材料是一个贫穷的相似的罪魁祸首，识别精度似乎最容易受到8，10，这表明，用于创建证人，面部复合材料可以提供一个更突出的记忆痕迹比原来的嫌疑。然而，所有其他的事情都是平等的，一个正确识别的可能性，应通过建立一个全面系统的复合增强，因为这很可能是接近的相似的罪魁祸首不是基于特征的复合材料。 这里所描述的研究范式密切复制一个设计，并与年轻的成年8，11，31，孩子8中使用的程序，和老年成人31人参加。复合创作的参与者 - 证人和非复合创建控件查看最初的“罪魁祸首演员&#39;犯罪现场的视频。延时后，参与者，见证构建一个全面系统的面部合成。随后，在进一步的延迟，所有的参与者试图识别从视频阵容的嫌疑，用于在几乎所有approxim的技术英国2，32年息ately 110000正式 ​​的鉴定程序。犯罪现场视频观看和阵容之间的平均延时等于两组。基于庞大的身躯实证研究，有一个正在进行的辩论，以用于进行阵容的最好方法。一些研究者认为有利于连续阵容在替代同步阵容例如 ，33-34。别人有一种相反的观点，例如 ，35-36。但是，正确识别率从视频中阵容高于通常建议我们的顺序步骤37-38。无论如何，这里所描述的方法具有较强的生态效度，因为它紧密地匹配程序，真正的警方调查中使用，并且可以适用于不同的阵容类型的使用。确保阵容是“公平的”犯罪嫌疑人的方法也描述了39-40。另外，整体的排版采用osite系统是由绝大多数英国警察部队的标准，面试技巧是那些通常由警察综合运营商，视频阵容是由伦敦伦敦警察厅构造就像一个真正的调查，遵循的准则警察与刑事证据法（PACE）工作守则（代码D），它规定在英格兰和威尔士41警察鉴定程序。此外，该设计是灵活的，允许对可能在复合质量和识别精度影响的替代变量测量（例如，复合系统，罪魁祸首演员性别，年龄，种族或;程序之间的延迟）。 在做出决定是否要公布面部复合与否，警方运营商可能会要求创建见证评估最终的复合材料的品质。对于这种模式，下面的结构，每一个参与者，见证得分的composi忒为相似的罪魁祸首的他们的记忆。这些评价相比，那些由独立评估提供-高度熟悉人复合应该描绘，以便提供更客观的识别性的措施。这些等级作为要求人们熟悉的罪魁祸首试图命名复合的生态更有效的方法的代理。但是，评估员的评分关联与命名率表明它们基本上是测量同一构造42。他们还积极与成年相关，但质量8的不是孩子参与见证创造者评估。 总之，本范例采用一个独立的措施设计。第一个因素是参与者角色 - 参与者被分配给任一参与者-证人复合创建组或所述非复合作成对照组。第二个因素是罪魁祸首的存在 - 参与者提出了一个罪魁祸首存在的视频包含在原来的犯罪现场视频观看的罪魁祸首，还是罪魁祸首缺席的阵容，其中的罪魁祸首被替换的附加箔阵容。第三个因素，如果改变，是观看犯罪现场视频和阵容之间的延迟。主要的因变量是阵容的准确性。在参与者见证复合创建组，一个相关设计测量由参与者，见证人和独立的评估，其中一些人应该是罪魁祸首的熟人提供的复合元凶相似的收视率之间的关系。该复合罪魁祸首相似的评分和视频阵容精度之间的关系也被检查。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="580">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:163px;">Video Line-ups</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">Promat Envision International</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">PROMAT</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Website: http://www.promatenvision.co.uk Contact: info@promatenvision.co.uk&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Statistics Software</td>
			<td>IBM</td>
			<td>SPSS Statistics 20</td>
			<td>Website: http://www-01.ibm.com/software/uk/analytics/spss/ Contact: +44 (0) 870 542 6426</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Online Survey Tool</td>
			<td>Qualtrics</td>
			<td>Qualtrics</td>
			<td>Website:&#160; http://www.qualtrics.com Contact: 1-800-340-9194</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;">Facial Composite System</td>
			<td>VisionMetric Ltd</td>
			<td>EFIT-V 5.006</td>
			<td>Website: http://www.visionmetric.com/ Contact: efit@visionmetric.com.</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

holistic facial composite creation and subsequent video line-up eyewitness identification paradigm

在这个手稿中详细介绍的范例描述了基于真实警方调查期间，现场目击者或受害人的罪行可以从内存中创建一个警察运营商的协助下罪魁祸首的整体面部复合施加的实验方法。这样做的目的是，复合材料的人谁相信他们知道罪魁祸首认可。对于这种模式，与会者观看罪魁祸首演员的视频和以下的延迟， 参与者，见证构建一个整体的系统，面部复合。 控件不构建一个复合。从一系列的计算机生成的，但现实的面孔阵列，在整体系统的施工方法主要是要求参加者的证人 ，选择人脸图像最密切满足的罪魁祸首他们的记忆。面孔在连续阵列之间的差异将降低，直到理想的最终图像具有密切的相似的罪魁祸首。参与者-Witness定向工具还可以改变功能和全面的特性（如年龄，独特性，肤色）之间的面部特征，构造，都在一个全脸上下文。该程序的目的是由人类整体的方式密切配合“过程中面临。在完成的基础上，罪魁祸首他们的记忆，复合元凶相似的收视率从参加者的证人收集。类似的评分从罪魁祸首-熟人评估收集，作为复合识别似然的标记。经过进一步拖延，所有的参与者 - 包括控制 - 试图找出罪魁祸首无论是罪魁祸首，现在还是罪魁祸首缺席的视频阵容，复制在何种情况下，警方已经找到了正确的罪魁祸首，还是一个无辜的嫌疑。控制者和参与者，见证阵容成果数据的情况下，表现出整体的复合结构上identific的积极影响通货膨胀的准确性。相关性分析是进行测量评估者和参与者，见证复合元凶相似的收视率，延迟，识别精度和信心之间的关系，研究哪些因素影响视频的阵容结果。

这里报告的数据是收集在两项研究的数据，其中所描述的实验范例被部分随后8,11的子集。 阵容公平性检查在第6节中描述的飞行员模拟见证模式，目的是为了确保阵容不偏针对犯罪嫌疑人，在他们不应该站出来以任何方式诱导的选择往往会偶然39,40有望从这个过程中，阵容公平性的量度是通过保证没有构件计算被选中显著往往将由单独由偶然模拟证人（如1/9 = 11.1％）预期的。 Tredoux公司的E 39测量功能大小的被施加到评估的阵容成员是谁“可信”的数量，并在真实的阵容将提供证人的存储器的合适的测试。理想情况下这个值应该是接近最大的（ 例如，九 ）。对于报道中11代表数据的阵容被认为是公平的模拟证人选择的罪魁祸首在接近水平的机会（10.9％），和箔的绝大多数是合理的（Tredoux的E = 7.05）。 匹配条件检查接下来的分析采用独立制措施t检验43，以确保未来的信心的能够识别的罪魁祸首收视率，收集后不久，与会者观看犯罪现场视频在这两个实验条件大致相同（见1.6） 。该结果应该是不显著。在11，这个规模1.6所描述的反应符合预期大致相等，T（266）= 0.57，P&gt; 2，表明参与者之前，任何其他程序匹配。 复合罪犯相似性评估为了工商业污水附加费关于自己的复合材料的参与者，见证“自我评估的客观性吨的假设，第二次分析检查是否有只属于自己的复合材料提供的参与者，见证了复合犯罪嫌疑人相似收视率之间的关系（见第3节），以及由独立的罪魁祸首，熟人提供的评估（见第4节）。 8，皮尔森的相关性检验43提供给所有57整体面部复合材料的收视率是不显著。然而，当后续的分析，以分离儿童和成人参与者，见证数据进行的，有26个成年人的复合材料，这些收视率之间的正相关关系，R（26）= 0.46，P &lt;0.05;但还没到31名儿童的复合材料，R（31）= 0.01，P&gt; 0.2;这表明成人的证人，但没有孩子，可以提供自己的复合材料质量的客观评估。 &lt;P类=“j​​ove_content”&gt;视频阵容响应要测试阵容性能相关的假设，分层对数线性分析43，或卡方检验43考察实验条件对阵容成果（见7.9）的影响。这些标称数据分析报告的影响大小度量是Φ，虽然比值比（OR）也报告提供的相关的措施两者之间的报道变量。与大多数目击者调查，罪魁祸首，现在和罪魁祸首缺席的视频阵容数据是分开的。每个参与者只在一阵容的决定。 复合材料结构上目击者识别的影响是通过比较阵容选择的参与者-证人和控制测量。 表3显示代表性结果，从在该控制阵容结果是收集于11个实验1中的数据的一个子集所采取相比机智^ h的参与者，见证谁在使用本协议描述的系统整体的面部合成。显示初始罪魁祸首犯罪现场视频和视频阵容在该实验之间的延迟大约为2小时。 罪魁祸首-本阵容提供一种识别过程的敏感性的如由疑识别率，而在这种范例是正确的罪魁祸首标识测定主要的指示。其他结果是不正确的箔标识或不正确的阵容拒绝。 罪魁祸首缺席的阵容提供了程序的公正性的指示，通过正确的阵容抑制率来衡量。其他结果是不正确的陪衬标识。有没有指定的“无辜的犯罪嫌疑人在这项研究中，并在表3是空白的罪魁祸首，缺席审判，因此第一列。 罪魁祸首，目前选择behavio△：从记录在表3中的数据最初呈现在实验1中11，第一分析检查从一个阵容，因为这选择行为复合创作影响是否可以指示一个响应偏差。 A 2（参与者的角色-参与见证与控制）×2（选择行为-选择器：不正确的阵容抑制：罪魁祸首标识或箔识别与非选配）在选择每一个的费率卡方检验43结果不显著，χ2（1，N = 108）&lt;1，P&gt; 0.2，Φ= 0.072。参与者 - 证人（80.0％）是大致同样可能作为对照组是阵容挑肥拣瘦（73.1％，OR = 1.09）​​。 罪魁祸首至今正确的标识：第二个也是最关键的罪魁祸首，现在的分析仅检查响应精度。 A 2（参与者角色）×2（精度 - 正确的：罪魁祸首识别与INCOR矩形：箔识别或阵容排斥）卡方检验43从表3中实验1首先呈现在11中的数据是显著，χ2（1，N = 108）= 5.48，p值= 0.019，Φ= 0.225。参与者 - 证人（70.0％）取得了大约一个和一个半倍的正确的罪魁祸首阵容的选择比对照组（44.9％，OR = 1.56）。 这些结果与后续实验（试验2月11日），其中新的合格的警察运营商被招募一致，犯罪现场视频描述六个不同的罪犯和犯罪现场视频浏览和观看视频的阵容之间的平均延迟是约30小时（参与者，见证正确的罪魁祸首识别率= 48.8％;对照= 35.0％），和荟萃分析发现复合材料结构对阵容识别12积极的影响。然而，其他研究8，采用t他基本相同的实验范式，整体面部复合系统，以及阵容的类型，但具有不同的罪魁祸首，参与者发现在成年复合创建的参与者，目击者（34.6％）和对照组（31.7％）的正确识别率没有显著差异。此外，在研究8，孩子6岁和11年更加正确的标识（42.9％），比同年龄（19.4％）的孩子参与，证人之间的控制。后者的结果可能是孩子的面部复合材料是显著逊色于成人的结果，儿童的罪魁祸首初始内存是恶化或他们努力去理解运用的信心尺度。不过，这一结果与研究发现复合材料的质量和正确的鉴定阵容10率之间存在正相关关系是一致的。对此的解释是也与这种类型的大多数以前的研究，它使用了常INFE一致rior基于特征的复合系统，发现下面的复合结构，例如 ，7，9-10的识别精度降低。 罪魁祸首至今箔标识：第三罪魁祸首，目前的分析检查是否箔标识的比例相差条件。 A 2（参与者角色）×2（箔与否-箔识别与其他决定：正确的罪魁祸首识别或不正确的阵容抑制）卡方检验43 在表3中的数据 和 11是显著，χ2（ 1，N = 108）= 4.04，P = 0.045，Φ= 0.193。控制（28.2％）了近三倍箔选择作为参与者，见证（10.0％; OR = 2.82）。 罪魁祸首-缺席阵容拒绝：由于只有两个与罪魁祸首-缺席数据从表3如originall相关结果ý报道在11中，只有一个测试中进行。 A 2（条件）×2（精确度-正确的阵容排斥与不正确箔识别）卡方检验43不显著，χ2（1，N = 100）&lt;1，P&gt; 2，Φ=。 055。有在参加者的证人（44.4％）和对照组之间的正确阵容抑制率无显着差异（38.4％，OR = 1.16）。这些结果与以往的研究发现在元凶缺席的审判10相似的空效果是一致的。 复合材料的质量和参与者，见证阵容精度之间的关系进一步的分析检查面部复合材料的质量和正确罪魁祸首视频阵容识别的可能性之间的关系。这里报道的有代表性的数据是从第二个实验中报告11，其中所有的阵容是罪魁祸首至今。一个点之二erial相关检验43上阵容精度之间的关系进行的（正确1 = 0 =不正确的）罪魁祸首复合相似性和罪魁祸首-相识的评分，为不显著，R（45）= -.05，P&gt; 0.2 ，这表明不像一些以前的研究8，10，有参与者-证人的面部复合材料的质量和视频阵容响应的准确性之间没有关系。这个意外的非显著发现可能是许多随机变量（例如，延迟，多罪魁祸首，演员变量）的结果。 <table fo:keep-together.within-page="1"><tbody><tr><td></td><td> 总 </td><td colspan="2"> 可疑ID </td><td colspan="2"> 铝箔ID </td><td colspan="2"> 阵容排斥 </td></tr><tr><td></td><td> ñ </td><td> ñ </td><td> ％ </td><td> ñ </td><td> ％ </td><td> ñ </td><td> ％ </td></tr><tr><td colspan="8"> 罪魁祸首至今 </td></tr><tr><td>控制</td><td> 78 </td><td> 35 </td><td> 44.9 </td><td> 22 </td><td> 28.2 </td><td> 21 </td><td> 26.9 </td></tr><tr><td>目击者</td><td>三十</td><td> 21 </td><td> 70.0 </td><td> 3 </td><td> 10.0 </td><td> 6 </td><td> 20.0 </td></tr><tr><td colspan="8"> 罪魁祸首，缺席 </td></tr><tr><td>控制</td><td> 73 </td><td> - </td><td></td><td> 45 </td><td> 61.6 </td><td> 28 </td><td> 38.4 </td></tr><tr><td>目击者</td><td> 27 </td><td> - </td><td></td><td> 15 </td><td> 55.6 </td><td> 12 </td><td> 44.4 </td></tr></tbody></table>参与者（N） 表 3 罪魁祸首，现在和罪魁祸首缺席的视频阵容的结果。数量和类型的阵容结果作为罪魁祸首存在的函数百分比，和PA从数据的子集rticipant作用最初发表于实验11 1中，其中成人参与者-证人所使用的相同的整体复合系统，其当前协议说明。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Holistic Facial Composite Creation and Subsequent Video Line-up Eyewitness Identification Paradigm at JoVE.com

Holistic Facial Composite Creation and Subsequent Video Line-up Eyewitness Identification Paradigm

这个应用实验范式复制的情况下由一名目击者到一个真正的犯罪分子，可以创建一个从内存的罪魁祸首的整体面部复合，然后试图找出从视频的阵容包含罪魁祸首或者一个他或她是罪魁祸首不存在。

整体面部复合创作以后的视频阵容目击者识别范式

The paradigm detailed in this manuscript describes an applied experimental method based on real police investigations during which an eyewitness or victim ...

holistic-facial-composite-creation-subsequent-video-line-up

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

14.0K 次观看.  University of Greenwich. 这个应用实验范式复制的情况下由一名目击者到一个真正的犯罪分子，可以创建一个从内存的罪魁祸首的整体面部复合，然后试图找出从视频的阵容包含罪魁祸首或者一个他或她是罪魁祸首不存在。 

视频: Holistic Facial Composite Creation and Subsequent Video Line-up Eyewitness Identification Paradigm

The Resident-intruder Paradigm: A Standardized Test for Aggression, Violence and Social Stress

This video publication explains in detail the experimental protocol of the resident-intruder paradigm in rats. This test is a standardized method to measure offensive aggression and defensive behavior in a semi natural setting. The most important behavioral elements performed by the resident and the intruder are demonstrated in the video and illustrated using artistic drawings. The use of the resident intruder paradigm for acute and chronic social stress experiments is explained as well. Finally, some brief tests and criteria are presented to distinguish aggression from its more violent and pathological forms.

This video shows the resident-intruder paradigm in rats. This test is a standardized method to measure offensive aggression, defensive behavior and violence in a semi-natural setting. The use of the paradigm for social stress experiments is explained as well.

驻地入侵者范式：一种标准化考试的侵略，暴力和社会压力

This video publication explains in detail the experimental protocol of the resident-intruder paradigm in rats. This test is a standardized method to ...

科研

行为学

A Cognitive Paradigm to Investigate Interference in Working Memory by Distractions and Interruptions

Goal-directed behavior is often impaired by interference from the external environment, either in the form of distraction by irrelevant information that one attempts to ignore, or by interrupting information that demands attention as part of another (secondary) task goal. Both forms of external interference have been shown to detrimentally impact the ability to maintain information in working memory (WM). Emerging evidence suggests that these different types of external interference exert different effects on behavior and may be mediated by distinct neural mechanisms. Better characterizing the distinct neuro-behavioral impact of irrelevant distractions versus attended interruptions is essential for advancing an understanding of top-down attention, resolution of external interference, and how these abilities become degraded in healthy aging and in neuropsychiatric conditions. This manuscript describes a novel cognitive paradigm developed the Gazzaley lab that has now been modified into several distinct versions used to elucidate behavioral and neural correlates of interference, by to-be-ignored distractors versus to-be-attended interruptors. Details are provided on variants of this paradigm for investigating interference in visual and auditory modalities, at multiple levels of stimulus complexity, and with experimental timing optimized for electroencephalography (EEG) or functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies. In addition, data from younger and older adult participants obtained using this paradigm is reviewed and discussed in the context of its relationship with the broader literatures on external interference and age-related neuro-behavioral changes in resolving interference in working memory.

A novel cognitive paradigm is developed to elucidate behavioral and neural correlates of interference by to-be-ignored distractors versus interference by to-be-attended interruptors during a working memory task. In this manuscript, several variants of this paradigm are detailed, and data obtained with this paradigm in younger/older adult participants is reviewed.

认知范式调查干扰工作记忆的干扰和中断

Goal-directed behavior is often impaired by interference from the external environment, either in the form of distraction by irrelevant information that ...

Examining Recall Memory in Infancy and Early Childhood Using the Elicited Imitation Paradigm

The ability to recall the past allows us to report on details of previous experiences, from the everyday to the significant. Because recall memory is commonly assessed using verbal report paradigms in adults, studying the development of this ability in preverbal infants and children proved challenging. Over the past 30 years, researchers have developed a non-verbal means of assessing recall memory known as the elicited or deferred imitation paradigm. In one variant of the procedure, participants are presented with novel three-dimensional stimuli for a brief baseline period before a researcher demonstrates a series of actions that culminate in an end- or goal-state. The participant is allowed to imitate the demonstrated actions immediately, after a delay, or both. Recall performance is then compared to baseline or to performance on novel control sequences presented at the same session; memory can be assessed for the individual target actions and the order in which they were completed. This procedure is an accepted analogue to the verbal report techniques used with adults, and it has served to establish a solid foundation of the nature of recall memory in infancy and early childhood. In addition, the elicited or deferred imitation procedure has been modified and adapted to answer questions relevant to other aspects of cognitive functioning. The broad utility and application of imitation paradigms is discussed, along with limitations of the approach and directions for future research.

The elicited imitation procedure was established to examine the development of recall memory in infancy and early childhood. This procedure has been widely used to establish a solid foundation of the nature of recall memory in infancy and early childhood.

使用仿引起范式检查召回内存在婴幼儿时期

The ability to recall the past allows us to report on details of previous experiences, from the everyday to the significant. Because recall memory is ...

Task Interruption and Resumption Paradigm for Testing the Activation and Pursuit of an Abstract Thinking Goal

This protocol is based on the task interruption and resumption paradigm, the premise of which is that active goals lead to persistent behavior and thus a higher resumption rate after a period of delay or interruption. The task interruption and resumption protocol described in this research is tailored to test the activation of cognitive goals (e.g., a goal to think more abstractly). Cognitive goals may be pursued even during the interruption period; thus, to prevent this, the protocol involves cognitive distraction. The protocol consists of several stages. Specifically, the initial stage includes the goal activation process, where the treatment (versus control) condition receives a manipulation to activate the cognitive goal being tested by the researcher. In the next stage, participants are presented with the introduction of a task that is perceived to either satisfy or not satisfy the cognitive goal of interest. Importantly, this task is interrupted a few seconds after it begins. The task interruption forces a delay period and introduces a cognitive distraction to prevent the automatic pursuit and fulfillment of the cognitive goal. After the interruption period, participants are given a choice between resuming the interrupted task and abandoning the interrupted task to complete an alternative task instead. Among participants whose cognitive goals had been activated at the earlier stage, the task resumption rate should be higher if the task was perceived as an opportunity to satisfy (versus not satisfy) the goal. Such a finding would provide empirical evidence that the cognitive goal has been activated and pursued. In previous research, this protocol has been used to test whether causal uncertainty activates an abstract thinking goal. Adapting the protocol to test the activation of other cognitive goals is also discussed.

This protocol was designed to test the activation and pursuit of cognitive goals (e.g., an abstract thinking goal) using the task interruption and resumption paradigm. The protocol is suitable for cognitive goals that are automatically pursued once activated, as the distraction procedure prevents goal pursuit during the interruption period.

任务中断和抽象思维的目标测试的激活和恢复追求范式

This protocol is based on the task interruption and resumption paradigm, the premise of which is that active goals lead to persistent behavior and thus a ...

The Modified Temptation Resistance Task: A Paradigm to Elicit Children's Strategic Lie-telling

The protocol for the temptation resistance paradigm was designed to elicit 2- to 8-year-old children's strategic lie-telling behaviors. The reward of transgression was intended to be too tempting to resist, so that children's spontaneous lie-telling behavior in the presence of irreversible evidence due to the transgression could be observed. Conducted in a developmental psychology laboratory behind a one-way mirror and video recorded with a hidden camcorder, the protocol starts with a guessing game where the child is given three trials to guess the identities of hidden objects under an upside down cup. The experimenter gives hints in the first two trials to make sure the child "guess" them correctly. At the beginning of the final trial, the experimenter leaves the room briefly and asks the child not to peek under the cup. If the child could not resist the temptation and peeks, small particles previously filled in the cup would scatter on a grooved surface. Upon the experimenter's return, the child is asked if he/she has peeked. If he/she denies transgression contrary to the presence of the physical evidence, he/she is asked to explain why the particles are on the table. Three responses could be observed in the procedure, including the initial transgression, truth-telling or lie-telling behavior if the child peeked, and the strategic lie-telling behavior in the presence of the physical evidence.

The Modified Temptation Resistance Task: A Paradigm to Elicit Children&#039;s Strategic Lie-telling

The protocol for the temptation resistance paradigm was designed to elicit 2- to 8-year-old children&#39;s strategic lie-telling behaviors. The reward of transgression was intended to be too tempting to resist, so that children&#39;s spontaneous lie-telling behavior in the presence of irreversible evidence due to the transgression could be observed.

修正诱惑力的任务: 一种诱导儿童战略说谎的范式

The protocol for the temptation resistance paradigm was designed to elicit 2- to 8-year-old children's strategic lie-telling behaviors. The reward of ...

Using Eye Movements Recorded in the Visual World Paradigm to Explore the Online Processing of Spoken Language

In a typical eye tracking study using the visual world paradigm, participants' eye movements to objects or pictures in the visual workspace are recorded via an eye tracker as the participant produces or comprehends a spoken language describing the concurrent visual world. This paradigm has high versatility, as it can be used in a wide range of populations, including those who cannot read and/or who cannot overtly give their behavioral responses, such as preliterate children, elderly adults, and patients. More importantly, the paradigm is extremely sensitive to fine grained manipulations of the speech signal, and it can be used to study the online processing of most topics in language comprehension at multiple levels, such as the fine grained acoustic phonetic features, the properties of words, and the linguistic structures. The protocol described in this article illustrates how a typical visual world eye tracking study is conducted, with an example showing how the online processing of some semantically complex statements can be explored with the visual world paradigm.

The visual world paradigm monitors participants' eye movements in the visual workspace as they are listening to or speaking a spoken language. This paradigm can be used to investigate the online processing of a wide range of psycholinguistic questions, including semantically complex statements, such as disjunctive statements.

利用视觉世界范式中的眼球运动探索口语的在线处理

In a typical eye tracking study using the visual world paradigm, participants' eye movements to objects or pictures in the visual workspace are recorded ...

Using the Visual World Paradigm to Study Sentence Comprehension in Mandarin-Speaking Children with Autism

Sentence comprehension relies on the ability to rapidly integrate different types of linguistic and non-linguistic information. However, there is currently a paucity of research exploring how preschool children with autism understand sentences using different types of cues. The mechanisms underlying sentence comprehension remains largely unclear. The present study presents a protocol to examine the sentence comprehension abilities of preschool children with autism. More specifically, a visual world paradigm of eye-tracking is used to explore the moment-to-moment sentence comprehension in the children. The paradigm has multiple advantages. First, it is sensitive to the time course of sentence comprehension and thus can provide rich information about how sentence comprehension unfolds over time. Second, it requires minimal task and communication demands, so it is ideal for testing children with autism. To further minimize the computational burden of children, the present study measures eye movements that arise as automatic responses to linguistic input rather than measuring eye movements that accompany conscious responses to spoken instructions.

We present a protocol to examine the use of morphological cues during real-time sentence comprehension by children with autism.

用视觉世界范式研究自闭症普通话儿童的句子理解

Sentence comprehension relies on the ability to rapidly integrate different types of linguistic and non-linguistic information. However, there is ...

The HoneyComb Paradigm for Research on Collective Human Behavior

Collective human behavior such as group movement frequently shows surprising patterns and regularities, such as the emergence of leadership. Recent literature has revealed that these patterns, often visible at the global level of the group, are based on self-organized, individual behaviors that follow several simple local parameters. Understanding the dynamics of human collective behavior can help to improve coordination and leadership in group and crowd scenarios, such as identifying the ideal placement and number of emergency exits in buildings.
In this article, we present the experimental paradigm HoneyComb, which can be used to systematically investigate conditions and effects of human collective behavior. This paradigm uses a computer-based multi-user platform, providing a setting that can be shaped and adapted to various types of research questions. Situational conditions (e.g., cost-benefit ratios for specific behavior, monetary incentives and resources, various degrees of uncertainty) can be set by experimenters, depending on the research question. Each participant's motions are recorded by the server as hexagonal coordinates with timestamps at an accuracy of 50 ms and with individual IDs. Thus, a metric can be defined on the playfield, and movement parameters (e.g., distances, velocity, clustering, etc.) of participants can be measured over time. Movement data can in turn be combined with non-computerized data from questionnaires garnered within the same experiment setup.
The HoneyComb paradigm is paving the way for new types of human movement experiments. We demonstrate here that these experiments can render results with sufficient internal validity to meaningfully deepen our understanding of human collective behavior.

Here, we present the computer-based, multi-agent game HoneyComb, which enables experimental investigations of collective human movement behavior via black-dot-avatars on a virtual 2D hexagonal playfield. Different experimental conditions, like variable&#160;incentives on goal fields or vision radius, can be set, and their effects on human movement behavior can be investigated.

集体人类行为研究的蜂窝范式

Collective human behavior such as group movement frequently shows surprising patterns and regularities, such as the emergence of leadership. Recent ...

Using Facial Electromyography to Assess Facial Muscle Reactions to Experienced and Observed Affective Touch in Humans

"Affective" touch is believed to be processed in a manner distinct from discriminatory touch and to involve activation of C-tactile (CT) afferent fibers. Touch that optimally activates CT fibers is consistently rated as hedonically pleasant. Patient groups with impaired social-emotional functioning also show disordered affective touch ratings. However, relying on self-reported ratings of touch has many limitations, including recall bias and communication barriers. Here, we describe a methodological approach to study affective responses to touch via facial electromyography (EMG) that circumvents the reliance on self-report ratings. Facial EMG is an objective, quantitative, and non-invasive method to measure facial muscle activity indicative of affective responses. Responses can be assessed across healthy and patient populations without the need for verbal communication. Here, we provide two separate datasets demonstrating that CT-optimal and non-optimal touch elicit distinct facial muscle reactions. Moreover, facial EMG responses are consistent across stimulus modalities, e.g. tactile (experienced touch) and visual (observed touch). Finally, the temporal resolution of facial EMG can detect responses on timescales that supersede that of verbal reporting. Together, our data suggest that facial EMG is a suitable methodology for use in affective tactile research that can be used to supplement, or in some cases, supplant, existing measures.

We describe a protocol to assess facial muscle activity in response to experienced and observed tactile stimulation using facial electromyography.

面部肌电图对人体有经验和观察到的情感触觉的影响评估

"Affective" touch is believed to be processed in a manner distinct from discriminatory touch and to involve activation of C-tactile (CT) afferent fibers. ...

Observing the Transformation of Bodily Self-consciousness in the Squeeze-machine Experiment

How is our bodily self-consciousness acquired, and how does it affect cognition? To investigate this, we conducted an experiment using the squeeze machine, a device that provides pressure along the length of the user&#8217;s whole body. The squeeze machine is used to help autistic people relax. The inventor of the machine, Dr. Temple Grandin says that the squeeze machine, beyond bringing her relaxation, enables her to feel empathy for others. This claim is of considerable interest and raises the following two points; first, the problem of empathy in autism is an important issue and Squeeze Machine could be effective. Second, it suggests that the physical action of Squeeze Machine could provide an insight of mind-body problem to us. Here, we hypothesize that the squeeze machine focuses conscious to direct the bodily self, transforming bodily self-consciousness itself. Such intentionality could bring empathy to others. In this study, we tested whether bodily self-consciousness would be transformed through the squeeze-machine experience. In the first part of the protocol, we simplified the original design of Grandin&#8217;s squeeze machine but ensured that it retained its relaxing effect. In the second part of the protocol, we adopted a preestablished method of peri-personal space (PPS) measurement to estimate changes in extended bodily space. The results showed that the boundaries of PPS that appeared in the control experiment disappeared during the use of the squeeze machine. Indeed, collected subjective reports suggest that bodily self-consciousness continually drifted between the point of action of the external force (squeeze-machine pressure) and of an internal force (balance among body parts that are usually not consciously controlled), leading to the abandonment of the immobilization of individual PPS.

The squeeze machine, a V-shaped device that provides pressure along the whole body is used in therapy especially for people with autism. Here, we focus on its possible use in experiments to capture the typical transformations of bodily self-consciousness with peri-personal space measurement.