这项研究是由以下资金来源支持部分:JSPS资助合援助科学研究（C）25350642（AT），从中山隼雄基金会研究经费用于科技和文化（SS＆YO），和从罗伯特·伍德·约翰逊基金会（格兰特＃66729）（SB＆JAN）健康游戏的研究资助。

此前参与，所有受试者提供按照机构准则知情同意。在这种情况下，该协议被批准，从明治大学（日本神奈川县），哥伦比亚大学医学中心（转移到耶鲁大学医学院进行数据分析），和长岛大学布鲁克林校区这项研究机构的人力保障计划。 1.软件和硬件改造和发展功能神经影像成像（fMRI和fNIRS） <ol><li>通过编辑使用DDR，Stepmania，开源克隆改时机，图形和音乐的功能磁共振成像使用的研究感兴趣区域的配置文件（.SM）的细节之前，fNIRS成像修改游戏热舞革命 （DDR） 。 <ol><li>在.SM文件中指定的变量:背景，音乐，偏移量（启动音乐扫描时间），samplestart，samplelength，BPMS和bgchanges。指定箭头PATTERNS每项措施在.SM文件通过定义每小节的箭头作为值"1"，"0"，或"M"。定义左，上，下，右按键为每个度量。用"1"的箭头，用"0"为空，并用"M"表示在静止时期地雷。 </li></ol></li><li>使用游戏歌曲" 蝴蝶 "（最初由Smile.dk进行，可在原跳舞机3 次混合游戏光盘索尼的PlayStation上），让受试者利用内置的游戏机制交替块设计，以发挥在修改该.SM配置文件。备用30秒游戏次与背景图形指示到播放器时，播放（绿），当放松30秒休息时间（红色; 图1）。 </li></ol><img alt="图1" src="/files/ftp_upload/52116/52116fig1.jpg" /> 无花果URE 1:范式设计（ 一 ）DDR图形用户界面。箭头在屏幕的底部移向屏幕的顶部。这些箭头表示科目按哪个按钮。当箭头到达山顶行动区域（在屏幕的顶部灰色箭头），受试者的反应是按正确按钮。播放时间显示一个绿色的背景。其余的时间由表示红色背景。在休息时间，箭被换成"炸弹"的动画。这些有关于游戏性或得分无功能，但被用来作为在休息时期占位。 （ 二）用于扫描的块设计由一共有5分钟的比赛和休息时期。预扫描为10秒的长度，然后交替30秒的发挥和休息块。 <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/52116/52116fig1highres.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> <ol s挞="3"&gt; <li>重复交替间隔五次每次运行，以确保特异性休息和活跃期之间的对比。 </li><li>在功能磁共振成像数据收集的情况下，限制动作，左，右箭头按键使用脚按键功能磁共振成像录音。按钮按压的总数目应保持相等的这两个任务（ 图2）。 </li><li>前向扫描过程，解说比赛的雏形受试者，允许受试者在成像之前几个实践中运行。指示受试者按与他们的脚尽可能接近在移动箭头的路径的顶部概述的完美的时间相应的箭头按钮，而是以最小化尽可能头部运动。 </li></ol><img alt="图2" src="/files/ftp_upload/52116/52116fig2.jpg" /> 图2:实验装置的功能磁共振成像（A）受试者躺在核磁共振成像扫描仪，而observi纳克使用安装在头部线圈主体上方的镜面投影互动环境。图2B。一种改进的脚平台包括允许受试者在游戏中进行实时左或右脚尖水龙头回应两个按钮。 <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/52116/52116fig2highres.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> 2.功能磁共振成像测试和分析<ol><li>获得结构图像的每一个前受游戏体验三维宠坏梯度回波序列（SPGR）（124片，256×256，视野=220毫米场），以10分38秒的总扫描时间。 </li><li>使用扫描以下设置平面回波（EPI）T2 *加权梯度回波序列中获得功能性磁共振图像:回波时间= 51毫秒，重复时间= 3秒，翻转角= 83°。取得脑的27个连续的轴向切片图像的尺寸如下:192×192毫米的视野的视图中，带有128×128网格的1.56 x1.56毫米一个总分辨率为4.5毫米的z轴分辨率。 </li><li>指导患者使用上面的范例，但只用左，右箭头，以减少运动伪影玩游戏。 </li><li>执行功能磁共振成像BOLD信号分析使用SPM8 5，在MATLAB 7.0中实现。 <ol><li>丢弃前10秒EPI系列，以尽量减少T2 *放松神器，功能数据是通过运动最小二乘6，参数"刚体空间变换纠正。 </li><li>正常化的重新调整的EPI扫描到MNI（蒙特利尔神经学研究所）模板具有2毫米3决议随后空间平滑为8毫米全宽度半最大值（FWHM）的高斯核。 </li><li>执行主体级使用一般线性模型（GLM）用于比较所述活动状态中（DDR）相比较，其余条件创建统计参数图。统计分析&lt;/ LI&gt; <li>执行组分析，使用标准的统计参数映射（SPM）个人成绩第二级随机效应的做法。以P &lt;100像素0.01和簇大小阈值的阈值获得的基于组的分析结果感兴趣区域。 </li><li>定义感兴趣的区域作为功能簇和优越和颞中回的解剖掩模之间的结合，从WFU PickAtlas工具13,14获得</li></ol></li></ol> 3. fNIRS设置和数据采集<ol><li>采用22通道fNIRS地形系统，​​记录从排列成一个3×5阵列光极数据。间光极的距离为每个源-检测器对为3cm（ 图3A，B）。 <ol><li>东方含光学传感器阵列，以便它排队从左侧前额叶皮层到左颞叶弹性帽（ 图3A，B）。保证在最低行的光极在最前位置是居中国际10-10系统15对FPZ。光极并联的劣势排与解剖标志FPZ和T7之间的线对齐。 </li></ol></li><li>拧紧光学探针阵列被摄物体的头部，并保证它使用肩带和下巴肩带连接牢固。应注意，从头部表面光极的位移，使得源-检测器对是紧到头部但不舒服向受试者（ 图3C）。 </li><li>样品原料模拟光极源 - 检测器对光线数据输入电脑，在7.9赫兹使用电脑的图形用户界面。 </li></ol><img alt="图3" src="/files/ftp_upload/52116/52116fig3.jpg" /> 图3:光极设置为NIRS记录（A）中该盖由装有的可弯曲的塑料的弹性片的耦合到和豪lding3厘米间隔光极持有人。肩带​​装配到帽，以允许它被紧紧地装配到所述头部。帽是较大，并且允许比3×5阵列（黄色示出）用于该研究的更多光极，但有必要可靠地将其固定到受试者的磁头。 （B）中的光极帽和定位在左前额到颞叶。关于3×5阵列的主题提供覆盖的头的光极帽在左前额区域向左侧颞叶的例子。 （C）光极安置在固定头上有收紧带和南极帽帽显示。 <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/52116/52116fig3highres.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> <ol start="4"><li>使用由记录之前的制造商提供的系统控制软件测试校准和信号强度和信噪比。在高噪声的情况下被检测到，Remove光极和使用LED通道出现干扰头发发亮的塑料棒（ 图4）。 </li></ol><img alt="图4" src="/files/ftp_upload/52116/52116fig4.jpg" /> 图4:光极信号优化头发从使用照明工具塑料取代头发从信道中心，以保证最佳的信号品质的每一个通道搬到<a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/52116/52116fig4highres.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> <ol start="5"><li>使用一个三维数字化笔，以确定在弹性帽的每个信道的源和检测器光极的位置的空间值。使用数字化仪立即收集数据和玩游戏（ 图5）之前，以确定每个受试者的鼻根，INION，耳廓和锆石的空间坐标。保存文本文件与源和检测或地点others.txt和解剖坐标origin.txt文件。 </li></ol><img alt="图5" src="/files/ftp_upload/52116/52116fig5.jpg" /> 图5:光极的位置校准磁数字化工具来确定的10-20标志上的光极道头的位置放置<a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/52116/52116fig5highres.jpg" target="_blank">请 ​​点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> <ol start="6"><li>处理使用在近红外-SPM 16,17内的MATLAB 7.0（ 图6）的注册选项捕获三维坐标。从SPM的主菜单，挑选独立空间的注册。在下一屏幕上，选择"带三维扫描仪"，并使用相应的对话框中选择之前保存的其他和起源的文本文件。从软件的对话框中，选择"配准N（使用NFRI功能）"，确定空间表征</li></ol><img alt="图6" src="/files/ftp_upload/52116/52116fig6.jpg" /> 图6:对近红外光谱校准数据样本输出数字化数据被用来确定在大脑的特定区域的每个信道的概率。第22频道在这一主题表现出0.4129的颞中回和0.47419于颞上回的概率。该通道是由发射器和检测器对之间的区域限定。各地图中的通道22的圆圈代表促成从这个主题的光极对记录信号的区域的近似。 <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/52116/52116fig6highres.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> <ol start="7"><li>当所有光极频道位置都被数字化，并且每个通道提供关于S在由制造商提供的软件界面的GUI表示ufficient信号强度，要求受试者站立和DDR测试做准备（ 图7A，B）。 </li></ol><img alt="图7" src="/files/ftp_upload/52116/52116fig7.jpg" /> 图7:在舞蹈游戏fNIRS数据收集 （ 一 ）主题站到使用块模式在游戏中扮演一个标准的舞蹈游戏垫，同时被拴在NIRS机。 （B）显示在收集来自受实时背景画面的原始数据收集数据的另一种观点。 <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/52116/52116fig7highres.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> 4. fNIRS数据收集<ol><li>在此之前建立记录光极的fNIRS，提供科目一简要介绍以游戏和让实践熟悉游戏在功能磁共振成像检测。 </li><li>对于fNIRS测试，使用相同的范例该功能磁共振成像测试中，并添加相对于用于fMRI的仅左箭头和右箭头的向上/向下箭头的。确保箭头压力机的总数是相同的fMRI和fNIRS任务之间，只有图案不同。 </li><li>在fNIRS测试（ 图7A）使用一个标准的4键地板垫按钮响应系统进行游戏。 </li><li>一旦舒适的游戏的基本知识，指导患者打30秒的比赛时间有30秒的休息时间，如步骤1.2。每个科目重复这个5分钟的比赛两次。 <ol><li>责成专门科目不碰自己的脸或鼻子，尤其是他们的头发或头部附近的光极。指导患者尽量减少在游戏过程中其头部的转动，YAWL或俯仰运动。 </li></ol></li></ol> 5. fNIRS数据分析<ol&gt; <li>使用一种改进的比尔-朗伯方法18中的计算分别反映了氧化血红蛋白（氧血红蛋白），脱氧血红蛋白（脱氧血红蛋白），和总血红蛋白（总血红蛋白）的浓度变化ΔoxyHb，ΔdeoxyHb和ΔtotalHb相对信号使用以下公式任意单位（μM厘米）: ΔoxyHb= -1.4887×780ΔABS+ 0.5970×805ΔABS+ 1.4847×830ΔABS ΔdeoxyHb= 1.8545×780ΔABS+（-0.2394）×805ΔABS+（-1.0947）×830ΔABS ΔtotalHb=ΔoxyHb+ΔdeoxyHb; 其中，ΔABS表示在对应的波长光线吸收的变化。 </li><li>从个体血液动力学信号通过25 阶 Savitzky-Golay滤波低通滤波器的原始数据和平均19。 </li><li>与发病设置为零申请基线校正的平均数据。 </li><li>通过由信号的标准偏差除以平均值正常化血液动力学信号振幅记录前的任务10秒。 </li><li>基于三维数字化仪的信息进行分析选择频​​道。这里，使用一个信道，根据登记过程的输出，以利用用于分析具有在中东和颞上回80％或更多的注册的概率）。 </li></ol>功能磁共振成像和fNIRS信号6.比较<ol><li>使用在SPM8结果在功能T&gt; 2.6或相应的P值&lt;0.01，以确定超阈值像素。使用重叠超阈值的体素以限定解剖区域的内侧的簇确定的感兴趣区域（ROI）的区域。 <ol><li>在这种情况下，使用定义包含在挑选WFU阿特拉斯AAL地图集优越，颞中回。在THI案，将所得簇具有572 2×2×2mm的位于颞中回具有峰体素在坐标（-66，-24，0）和峰值T = 5.73 fNIRS体素。 </li></ol></li><li>确定兴趣fNIRS数据使用3D其中使用NIRS-SPM坐标上面的步骤3.5.1转换为数字化MNI坐标通道。在这种情况下，在大多数受试者通道22有活性的，在步骤6.1中定义的投资回报率的概率最高。 </li><li>确定平均，事件触发的投资回报率在功能磁共振成像对fNIRS的60秒块（活动和休息，结合）的响应时间和相应的通道。 </li><li>对于每个受试者，在群集内平均的血氧水平依赖（BOLD）的原料为所述体素信号，以生成fMRI的事件触发的平均数据。 </li><li>比较功能磁共振成像和fNIRS通过缩放功能磁共振成像数据来优化使用线性回归使用fNIRS = B *功能磁共振成像，那里的回归方法获得B值，以便塔匹配fNIRS数据T中的根平均fNIRS -b * fMRI的平方值最小。 </li><li>由两组相关比较fNIRS与fMRI信号。 </li></ol>

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fNIRS是，具有可自然活动的神经关联的研究的一个承诺脑功能成像技术。这些技术的发展，是一个活跃的研究方向。我们在这里勾勒出这是有效的，用于记录脑功能活动与参与舞蹈视频游戏相关联的兴趣单个区域的方法。 出版物调查运动学习范式与fNIRS的数量迅速，近年来引进日立和日本岛津（以及其他），能够记录在大脑的多个区域同时20,21功能活动的多通道fNIRS单位增加。它有可能确定fNIRS信号的解剖特异性以及使用所述信号来确定变化的信号的定时和幅度如何有助于运动任务的行为表现，我们以前曾表明<suP&gt; 11。该杂志神经成像的最近特刊集中在近红外光谱技术目前的应用，其中包括一些具体的电机学习22项研究。即使在近红外光谱技术，这种滚雪球的兴趣，很少有研究侧重于验证功能磁共振成像自然行为的神经机制。而这个特殊的问题和许多其他出版物23-26清晰勾勒fNIRS的学习运动行为未来的作用，该协议在这里描述的开发是为了验证一个统一的方法从自然的行为比较功能磁共振成像和fNIRS数据。 结果表明对于fNIRS和组的fMRI信号之间在颞叶的积分区域和高相关性的信号之间的相关性的在线与之前在并发的fMRI / fNIRS研究3中示出。 图9表示在fNIRS活动颞叶不仅皮层在自然界机智ħ差动氧基和deoxyHb chromofore吸光度，而且在颞叶该活动是从出现在额叶不与fMRI的活动关联的颞叶有很大不同。我们强调，研究的几个关键方面，允许数据到两种技术之间进行比较。第一，光极位置的标定被概括为在确认皮质解剖和结果的解释的关键战略。修改为我们做的软件和硬件，使我们与优化，以产生强劲的皮质反应在两个程序块的设计方案同步我们的范例。我们还列出关键战略，以确保高信噪比（光极从表面脱毛）和减少文物，包括运动和面部刺激（受试者特别指示不要触碰他们的头部或面部）的。 这些结果与以往的研究调查并发fNIRS / FM结果RI成像过程确认的信号之间的高度相关性作为理论预测1-3。一个限制到这里给出的数据的解释是，我们无法利用在近红外光谱记录，显示它是能够提高使用高密度记录的个别信道的数据的分辨率的优化更新的技术。这种高密度技术也被用来分离浅表部件从皮质NIRS除了从血压，心脏速率等全身变量6,7,28除去伪影的其它技术的信号27。还已经表明，探针放置和色体的选择可用于控制误报29和近红外光谱信号的自适应滤波，可以在高信号的情况下的信噪比有效地使用。我们在这里和以前使用商业使用近红外系统在模块化设计10,11呈现范式任务已生产与大信号数据，并没有需要进一步的分析技术或硬件显示信号之间的相似性。然而，有可能的是，这里给出的数据可以进一步通过在近红外光谱信号处理中使用的这些和其他技术的提高。 目前的方法在功能NIRS不会取代需要功能磁共振成像扫描;相反，正如我们在这里建议，这两个成像过程（除了脑电图和其他）可以用来互补。在一组个人被禁忌功能磁共振成像扫描的情况下，可以fNIRS证明的唯一可行的方法来确定一个培训计划，如与帕金森氏症的个体跌倒风险预防方案带来的好处。此外，fNIRS具有一定数量的也可用于将信息添加到通过磁共振扫描提供的解剖细节的未来方向。高密度光极安置和增加光极会产生更高的可用于连接的主分量分析以及BOLD信号建模的增加的准确度的时间分辨率。

这里描述的方法的目标是开发了一个工作协议比较功能磁共振成像（功能性磁共振成像）和fNIRS（功能近红外光谱）中类似的多模态的任务的信号。具体来说，我们的目的是开发与禁忌传统的功能磁共振成像扫描，由于震颤，运动障碍或多个植入设备的个人使用的功能成像过程。虽然许多有效的培训和康复方案为个人存在的风险下降，有潜在的这些方案的疗效的神经机制的不确认。通常，参与这些训练方案的个体是禁忌所援引的原因。我们对这项研究的理由是确定功能近红外光谱（fNIRS）的疗效，以确定与自然电动机的任务，涉及整个身体运动有关的大脑活动模式。长期目标包括工具的发展，根根Ÿ不仅运动学习的范例，但也有助于确认fNIRS是否适合更广泛的品种，都不可能在用传统方法自然主义的方式来执行任务。 fNIRS活动以前被证明是高度相关（r = 0.77-0.94）的同源区域，在有限的研究中测量其中使用经典的心理学和简单的手指敲击范式并发fNIRS和功能磁共振成像功能磁共振成像活动BOLD（血氧水平依赖）信号记录1-3。这些研究的结果证实fNIRS是有效和可靠的，以确定与减少对环境的任务与fMRI的兼容相关皮质活动。然而，fNIRS拥有fMRI的许多优点为神经影像学方法。 fNIRS，重要的是要多运动伪影比fMRI的不敏感，并且允许受试者的行为，因为他们将在一个自然的环境，而不是fMRI研究制约电机paradigMS 4。与fNIRS相关联的时间准确度允许测定变化具有增加的粒度神经响应函数由于增加采样频率。最后，fNIRS的成本比fMRI的扫描下，并允许研究，以更低的成本来进行。但是，也有fNIRS相比的fMRI包括有限的穿透深度，有限的空间分辨率，以及最近的缺点，已经表明，某些生理现象，如血压，心脏速率和头皮血流量的影响可以引入误报的皮质血流信号5-9。而目前正在开发的一些方法和特定的硬件NIRS发展，包括信号处理，硬件提供高密度的光极梯度，它仍然是重要的，发展混合方法，使功能磁共振成像和fNIRS程序，相得益彰。 这项研究用于测试fNIRS用于确定在一个自然的舞蹈视频游戏的任务从事神经机制的方法。这项研究的目的是要在一组个体之间的脑（上级和颞中回）的集成中心比较使用的任务的一个自然版本使用fMRI的另一组受试者使用fNIRS成像的成像活性。我们小组已经使用类似的互动游戏的范例预先调查了这一领域，并表现出活性的颞叶响应二者根据皮质激活10氧和去oxyHb色团。我们还以前试图以前由表示在这个区域响应调制幅度相对于所述任务的皮质负荷和不相关的活动本身11的全 ​​身反应，以控制用于 ​​全身工件。上级和颞中回已经知道有集成多模态感官刺激的相关活动，我们有以前显示此区域是活跃在跳舞机（DDR）试点fMRI研究游戏中除了我们fNIRS出版物10-12。我们的假设为目前的研究是在该领域的使用记录功能fNIRS活动将显著以类似的，但有限的舞蹈游戏使用协议记录功能磁共振成像功能活动密切相关。 这里所描述的协议包括如何修改一个舞蹈视频游戏被用作在这两个fNIRS与fMRI协议的神经影像学范例。然而，整个过程是不特定的视频游戏的范例，可以是适当的任何数量的任务它们不可能在一个功能磁共振成像协议的制约，包括语言和运动任务来执行的。该协议还概述了使用功能磁共振成像的解剖特异性开发的感兴趣区（ROI），它可以在使用fNIRS真实现实世界的任务进一步被研究的特定区域的过程。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="800">
	<colgroup>
		<col />
		<col span="2" />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;width:208px;">Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:49px;"></td>
			<td style="width:49px;"></td>
			<td style="width:495px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Shimadzu OMM-3000</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>http://www.shimadzu.com/an/lifescience/imaging/nirs/nirs_top.html; The OMM-3000 used in this study has been replaced by the LABNIRS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Polhemus Patriot 3D Digitizer</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>http://polhemus.com/motion-tracking/all-trackers/patriot/</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">GE Twin-Speed 1.5T MRI scanner</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>http://www3.gehealthcare.com/en/Products/Categories/Magnetic_Resonance_Imaging; The Twin-Speed 1.5T scanner has been retired.&#160; A number of new scanners are available to replicate this procedure</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;"></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Software</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Stepmania</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>http://www.stepmania.com/</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Matlab</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>http://www.mathworks.com/</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">NIRS-SPM</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>http://bisp.kaist.ac.kr/NIRS-SPM.html</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">WFU Pick Atlas</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>http://fmri.wfubmc.edu/software/PickAtlas</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

fmri validation of fnirs measurements during a naturalistic task

We present a method to compare brain activity recorded with near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) in a dance video game task to that recorded in a reduced version of the task using fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging). Recently, it has been shown that fNIRS can accurately record functional brain activities equivalent to those concurrently recorded with functional magnetic resonance imaging for classic psychophysical tasks and simple finger tapping paradigms. However, an often quoted benefit of fNIRS is that the technique allows for studying neural mechanisms of complex, naturalistic behaviors that are not possible using the constrained environment of fMRI. Our goal was to extend the findings of previous studies that have shown high correlation between concurrently recorded fNIRS and fMRI signals to compare neural recordings obtained in fMRI procedures to those separately obtained in naturalistic fNIRS experiments. Specifically, we developed a modified version of the dance video game Dance Dance Revolution (DDR) to be compatible with both fMRI and fNIRS imaging procedures. In this methodology we explain the modifications to the software and hardware for compatibility with each technique as well as the scanning and calibration procedures used to obtain representative results. The results of the study show a task-related increase in oxyhemoglobin in both modalities and demonstrate that it is possible to replicate the findings of fMRI using fNIRS in a naturalistic task. This technique represents a methodology to compare fMRI imaging paradigms which utilize a reduced-world environment to fNIRS in closer approximation to naturalistic, full-body activities and behaviors. Further development of this technique may apply to neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson&#8217;s disease, late states of dementia, or those with magnetic susceptibility which are contraindicated for fMRI scanning.

该实验的结果表明，从集成的中心在使用功能性磁共振成像（fMRI）上级和中间颞上回得到活性具有高度相关的功能的近红外光谱（fNIRS）信号形成相同的区域中的任务的自然版本图8示出了从由磁共振成像扫描过程（蓝色迹线），并从fNIRS协议（红色迹线）的26个受试者16受试者的标准化和平均的原始数据。该数据被固定在0时间和游戏交互的活跃期在第30秒的曲线图（标有任务）的发生。垂直虚线表示绿色到红色背景中的任务和休息阶段开始的过渡（表示为休息）两个数据集显示增加的响应，在活跃期和下降中的其余阶段具有增加的可变性见于功能磁共振成像信号。比较采用第一章的痕迹之间进行ressing功能磁共振成像信号，以减少根意味着两种走线之间方差。两个信号之间的所得的相关系数为0.78和相关P值为0.03。 图9表示一个大脑与来自一个单一的主题叠加通道的位置呈现。平均从通道1和22迹线显示与代表氧合血红蛋白的信号的实线和虚线表示的脱氧血红蛋白的信号线。红色和蓝色的痕迹代表了游戏，音乐和非音乐两个版本，分别为。来自通道1的信号作为一个控制例与感兴趣区域比较。在这两个地区不同的信号相对于任务的响应。 <img alt="图8" src="/files/ftp_upload/52116/52116fig8.jpg" /> 图8:从颞中回和fNIRS功能磁共振成像信号之间关系的fNIRS（红色）和磁共振成像（蓝色）信号显示每个组平均值±SEM由阴影边缘表示。这两者之间的相关系数为0.78; P = 0.03。插入显示了活动的功能磁共振成像与MNI在活动高峰确定的投资回报率的渲染坐标（-66，-24，0）与簇大小= 571，峰值T = 5.73。 <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/52116/52116fig8highres.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看大图这个数字。</a> <img alt="图9" src="/files/ftp_upload/52116/52116fig9.jpg" /> 图9:差异在时间和额叶信号的时间，当然ΔoxyHb（实线）和ΔdeoxyHb（虚线）一个单一的主题，从舞蹈游戏呈现出两个条件，"用音乐的两个单审判响应（红色）。 "和"无音乐（蓝色）"的条件。这个数字已经被修改小野等人。 </eM&gt; 10。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about fMRI Validation of fNIRS Measurements During a Naturalistic Task at JoVE.com

fMRI Validation of fNIRS Measurements During a Naturalistic Task

We present a method to compare functional brain activity recorded during a naturalistic task using fNIRS with activity recorded during fMRI.

的fNIRS功能磁共振成像测量验证过程中一个自然主义任务

We present a method to compare brain activity recorded with near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) in a dance video game task to that recorded in a reduced ...

fmri-validation-of-fnirs-measurements-during-a-naturalistic-task

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JoVE Journal

Behavior

20.7K 次观看.  Yale School of Medicine. We present a method to compare functional brain activity recorded during a naturalistic task using fNIRS with activity recorded during fMRI. 

视频: fMRI Validation of fNIRS Measurements During a Naturalistic Task

Method for Simultaneous fMRI/EEG Data Collection during a Focused Attention Suggestion for Differential Thermal Sensation

In the present work, we demonstrate a method for concurrent collection of EEG/fMRI data. In our setup, EEG data are collected using a high-density 256-channel sensor net. The EEG amplifier itself is contained in a field isolation containment system (FICS), and MRI clock signals are synchronized with EEG data collection for subsequent MR artifact characterization and removal. We demonstrate this method first for resting state data collection. Thereafter, we demonstrate a protocol for EEG/fMRI data recording, while subjects listen to a tape asking them to visualize that their left hand is immersed in a cold-water bath and referred to, here, as the cold glove paradigm. Thermal differentials between each hand are measured throughout EEG/fMRI data collection using an MR compatible temperature sensor that we developed for this purpose. We collect cold glove EEG/fMRI data along with simultaneous differential hand temperature measurements both before and after hypnotic induction. Between pre and post sessions, single modality EEG data are collected during the hypnotic induction and depth assessment process. Our representative results demonstrate that significant changes in the EEG power spectrum can be measured during hypnotic induction, and that hand temperature changes during the cold glove paradigm can be detected rapidly using our MR compatible differential thermometry device.

We present a protocol for concurrent collection of EEG/fMRI data, and synchronized MR clock signal recording. We demonstrate this method using a unique paradigm whereby subjects receive &#x2018;cold glove&#x2019; instructions during scanning, and EEG/fMRI data are recorded along with hand temperature measurements both before and after hypnotic induction.

微分热感集中注意建议期间同步 fMRI/EEG 数据收集方法

In the present work, we demonstrate a method for concurrent collection of EEG/fMRI data. In our setup, EEG data are collected using a high-density ...

科研

行为学

Best Current Practice for Obtaining High Quality EEG Data During Simultaneous fMRI

Simultaneous EEG-fMRI allows the excellent temporal resolution of EEG to be combined with the high spatial accuracy of fMRI. The data from these two modalities can be combined in a number of ways, but all rely on the acquisition of high quality EEG and fMRI data. EEG data acquired during simultaneous fMRI are affected by several artifacts, including the gradient artefact (due to the changing magnetic field gradients required for fMRI), the pulse artefact (linked to the cardiac cycle) and movement artifacts (resulting from movements in the strong magnetic field of the scanner, and muscle activity). Post-processing methods for successfully correcting the gradient and pulse artifacts require a number of criteria to be satisfied during data acquisition. Minimizing head motion during EEG-fMRI is also imperative for limiting the generation of artifacts.
Interactions between the radio frequency (RF) pulses required for MRI and the EEG hardware may occur and can cause heating. This is only a significant risk if safety guidelines are not satisfied. Hardware design and set-up, as well as careful selection of which MR sequences are run with the EEG hardware present must therefore be considered.
The above issues highlight the importance of the choice of the experimental protocol employed when performing a simultaneous EEG-fMRI experiment. Based on previous research we describe an optimal experimental set-up. This provides high quality EEG data during simultaneous fMRI when using commercial EEG and fMRI systems, with safety risks to the subject minimized. We demonstrate this set-up in an EEG-fMRI experiment using a simple visual stimulus. However, much more complex stimuli can be used. Here we show the EEG-fMRI set-up using a Brain Products GmbH (Gilching, Germany) MRplus, 32 channel EEG system in conjunction with a Philips Achieva (Best, Netherlands) 3T MR scanner, although many of the techniques are transferable to other systems.

Simultaneous electroencephalography (EEG) and functional Magnetic Resonance imaging (fMRI) is a powerful neuroimaging tool. However, the inside of an MRI scanner forms a difficult environment for EEG data recording and safety must be considered whenever operating EEG equipment inside a scanner. Here, we present an optimised EEG-fMRI data acquisition protocol.

获得高质量的脑电数据在同步功能磁共振成像的当前最佳实践

Simultaneous  EEG-fMRI allows the excellent temporal resolution of EEG to be combined with the  high spatial accuracy of fMRI. The data  from these two ...

The 5-Choice Serial Reaction Time Task: A Task of Attention and Impulse Control for Rodents

This protocol describes the 5-choice serial reaction time task, which is an operant based task used to study attention and impulse control in rodents. Test day challenges, modifications to the standard task, can be used to systematically tax the neural systems controlling either attention or impulse control. Importantly, these challenges have consistent effects on behavior across laboratories in intact animals and can reveal either enhancements or deficits in cognitive function that are not apparent when rats are only tested on the standard task. The variety of behavioral measures that are collected can be used to determine if other factors (i.e., sedation, motivation deficits, locomotor impairments) are contributing to changes in performance. The versatility of the 5CSRTT is further enhanced because it is amenable to combination with pharmacological, molecular, and genetic techniques.

This protocol describes the 5-choice serial reaction time task, which is an operant based task used to study attention and impulse control in rodents. Test day challenges, which are modifications of the standard task, increase flexibility of the task and can be combined with other manipulations to more fully characterize behavior.

5选择序列反应时任务:注意的任务和脉冲控制鼠害

This protocol describes the 5-choice serial reaction time task, which is an operant based task used to study attention and impulse control in rodents. ...

Transferring Cognitive Tasks Between Brain Imaging Modalities: Implications for Task Design and Results Interpretation in fMRI Studies

As cognitive neuroscience methods develop, established experimental tasks are used with emerging brain imaging modalities. Here transferring a paradigm (the visual oddball task) with a long history of behavioral and electroencephalography (EEG) experiments to a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) experiment is considered. The aims of this paper are to briefly describe fMRI and when its use is appropriate in cognitive neuroscience; illustrate how task design can influence the results of an fMRI experiment, particularly when that task is borrowed from another imaging modality; explain the practical aspects of performing an fMRI experiment. It is demonstrated that manipulating the task demands in the visual oddball task results in different patterns of blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) activation. The nature of the fMRI BOLD measure means that many brain regions are found to be active in a particular task. Determining the functions of these areas of activation is very much dependent on task design and analysis. The complex nature of many fMRI tasks means that the details of the task and its requirements need careful consideration when interpreting data. The data show that this is particularly important in those tasks relying on a motor response as well as cognitive elements and that covert and overt responses should be considered where possible. Furthermore, the data show that transferring an EEG paradigm to an fMRI experiment needs careful consideration and it cannot be assumed that the same paradigm will work equally well across imaging modalities. It is therefore recommended that the design of an fMRI study is pilot tested behaviorally to establish the effects of interest and then pilot tested in the fMRI environment to ensure appropriate design, implementation and analysis for the effects of interest.

Transferring a paradigm with a history of use in EEG experiments to an fMRI experiment is considered. It is demonstrated that manipulating the task demands in the visual oddball task resulted in different patterns of BOLD activation and illustrated how task design is crucial in fMRI experiments.

传输认知任务的脑成像方法:对任务的设计和结果判读的功能磁共振成像研究

As cognitive neuroscience methods develop, established experimental tasks are used with emerging brain imaging modalities. Here transferring a paradigm ...

Topographical Estimation of Visual Population Receptive Fields by fMRI

Visual cortex is retinotopically organized so that neighboring populations of cells map to neighboring parts of the visual field. Functional magnetic resonance imaging allows us to estimate voxel-based population receptive fields (pRF), i.e., the part of the visual field that activates the cells within each voxel. Prior, direct, pRF estimation methods1 suffer from certain limitations: 1) the pRF model is chosen a-priori and may not fully capture the actual pRF shape, and 2) pRF centers are prone to mislocalization near the border of the stimulus space. Here a new topographical pRF estimation method2 is proposed that largely circumvents these limitations. A linear model is used to predict the Blood Oxygen Level-Dependent (BOLD) signal by convolving the linear response of the pRF to the visual stimulus with the canonical hemodynamic response function. PRF topography is represented as a weight vector whose components represent the strength of the aggregate response of voxel neurons to stimuli presented at different visual field locations. The resulting linear equations can be solved for the pRF weight vector using ridge regression3, yielding the pRF topography. A pRF model that is matched to the estimated topography can then be chosen post-hoc, thereby improving the estimates of pRF parameters such as pRF-center location, pRF orientation, size, etc. Having the pRF topography available also allows the visual verification of pRF parameter estimates allowing the extraction of various pRF properties without having to make a-priori assumptions about the pRF structure. This approach promises to be particularly useful for investigating the pRF organization of patients with disorders of the visual system.

It is important to obtain unbiased estimates of visual population receptive fields (pRFs) by functional magnetic resonance imaging. We use mild regularization constraints to estimate pRF topography without a-priori assumptions about pRF shape, allowing us to choose specific pRF models post-hoc. This is particularly advantageous in subjects with visual-pathway lesions.

人口视觉感受野由功能磁共振成像地形估计

Visual cortex is retinotopically organized so that neighboring populations of cells map to neighboring parts of the visual field. Functional magnetic ...

Using the Threat Probability Task to Assess Anxiety and Fear During Uncertain and Certain Threat

Fear of certain threat and anxiety about uncertain threat are distinct emotions with unique behavioral, cognitive-attentional, and neuroanatomical components. Both anxiety and fear can be studied in the laboratory by measuring the potentiation of the startle reflex. The startle reflex is a defensive reflex that is potentiated when an organism is threatened and the need for defense is high. The startle reflex is assessed via electromyography (EMG) in the orbicularis oculi muscle elicited by brief, intense, bursts of acoustic white noise (i.e., &#8220;startle probes&#8221;). Startle potentiation is calculated as the increase in startle response magnitude during presentation of sets of visual threat cues that signal delivery of mild electric shock relative to sets of matched cues that signal the absence of shock (no-threat cues). In the Threat Probability Task, fear is measured via startle potentiation to high probability (100% cue-contingent shock; certain) threat cues whereas anxiety is measured via startle potentiation to low probability (20% cue-contingent shock; uncertain) threat cues. Measurement of startle potentiation during the Threat Probability Task provides an objective and easily implemented alternative to assessment of negative affect via self-report or other methods (e.g., neuroimaging) that may be inappropriate or impractical for some researchers. Startle potentiation has been studied rigorously in both animals (e.g., rodents, non-human primates) and humans which facilitates animal-to-human translational research. Startle potentiation during certain and uncertain threat provides an objective measure of negative affective and distinct emotional states (fear, anxiety) to use in research on psychopathology, substance use/abuse and broadly in affective science. As such, it has been used extensively by clinical scientists interested in psychopathology etiology and by affective scientists interested in individual differences in emotion.

Potentiation of the startle reflex is measured via electromyography of the orbicularis oculi muscle during low (uncertain) and high (certain) probability electric shock threat in the Threat Probability Task. This provides an objective measure of distinct negative emotional states (fear/anxiety) for research on psychopathology, substance use/abuse, and broad affective science.

使用威胁概率任务，以评估焦虑和恐惧在不确定性和一定的威胁

Fear of certain threat and anxiety about uncertain threat are distinct emotions with unique behavioral, cognitive-attentional, and neuroanatomical ...

Quantifying Learning in Young Infants: Tracking Leg Actions During a Discovery-learning Task

Task-specific actions emerge from spontaneous movement during infancy. It has been proposed that task-specific actions emerge through a discovery-learning process. Here a method is described in which 3-4 month old infants learn a task by discovery and their leg movements are captured to quantify the learning process. This discovery-learning task uses an infant activated mobile that rotates and plays music based on specified leg action of infants. Supine infants activate the mobile by moving their feet vertically across a virtual threshold. This paradigm is unique in that as infants independently discover that their leg actions activate the mobile, the infants&#8217; leg movements are tracked using a motion capture system allowing for the quantification of the learning process. Specifically, learning is quantified in terms of the duration of mobile activation, the position variance of the end effectors (feet) that activate the mobile, changes in hip-knee coordination patterns, and changes in hip and knee muscle torque. This information describes infant exploration and exploitation at the interplay of person and environmental constraints that support task-specific action. Subsequent research using this method can investigate how specific impairments of different populations of infants at risk for movement disorders influence the discovery-learning process for task-specific action.

A method is described in which 3-4 month old infants learn a task by discovery and their leg movements are captured to quantify the learning process.

量化学习婴幼儿:跟踪腿操作期间发现，学习任务

Task-specific actions emerge from spontaneous movement during infancy. It has been proposed that task-specific actions emerge through a discovery-learning ...

Acquisition of a High-precision Skilled Forelimb Reaching Task in Rats

Movements are the main measurable output of central nervous system function. Developing behavioral paradigms that allow detailed analysis of motor learning and execution is of critical importance in order to understand the principles and processes that underlie motor function. Here we present a paradigm to study movement acquisition within a daily session of training (within-session) representing the fast learning component and primary acquisition as well as skilled motor learning over several training sessions (between-session) representing the slow learning component and consolidation of the learned task. This behavioral paradigm increases the degree of difficulty and complexity of the motor skill task due to two features: First, the animal realigns its body prior to each pellet retrieval forcing renewed orientation and preventing movement execution from the same angle. Second, pellets are grasped from a vertical post that matches the diameter of the pellet and is placed in front of the cage. This requires a precise grasp for successful pellet retrieval and thus prevents simple pulling of the pellet towards the animal. In combination with novel genetics, imaging and electrophysiological technologies, this behavioral method will aid to understand the morphological, anatomical and molecular underpinnings of motor learning and memory.

A paradigm is presented to analyze the acquisition of a high-precision skilled forelimb reaching task in rats.

收购高精度熟练的前肢到达任务大鼠

Movements are the main measurable output of central nervous system function. Developing behavioral paradigms that allow detailed analysis of motor ...

Utilizing Electroencephalography Measurements for Comparison of Task-Specific Neural Efficiencies: Spatial Intelligence Tasks

Spatial intelligence is often linked to success in engineering education and engineering professions. The use of electroencephalography enables comparative calculation of individuals&#39; neural efficiency as they perform successive tasks requiring spatial ability to derive solutions. Neural efficiency here is defined as having less beta activation, and therefore expending fewer neural resources, to perform a task in comparison to other groups or other tasks. For inter-task comparisons of tasks with similar durations, these measurements may enable a comparison of task type difficulty. For intra-participant and inter-participant comparisons, these measurements provide potential insight into the participant&#39;s level of spatial ability and different engineering problem solving tasks. Performance on the selected tasks can be analyzed and correlated with beta activities. This work presents a detailed research protocol studying the neural efficiency of students engaged in the solving of typical spatial ability and Statics problems. Students completed problems specific to the Mental Cutting Test (MCT), Purdue Spatial Visualization test of Rotations (PSVT:R), and Statics. While engaged in solving these problems, participants&#39; brain waves were measured with EEG allowing data to be collected regarding alpha and beta brain wave activation and use. The work looks to correlate functional performance on pure spatial tasks with spatially intensive engineering tasks to identify the pathways to successful performance in engineering and the resulting improvements in engineering education that may follow.

This manuscript describes an approach to measure neural activity of humans while solving spatially focused engineering problems. The electroencephalogram methodology helps interpret beta brain wave measurements in terms of neural efficiency, with the aim of ultimately enabling comparisons of task performance both between problem types and between participants.

利用脑电图测量任务特定神经效率的比较:空间智能任务

Spatial intelligence is often linked to success in engineering education and engineering professions. The use of electroencephalography enables ...

Feeding Experimentation Device (FED): Construction and Validation of an Open-source Device for Measuring Food Intake in Rodents

Food intake measurements are essential for many research studies. Here, we provide a detailed description of a novel solution for measuring food intake in mice: the Feeding Experimentation Device (FED). FED is an open-source system that was designed to facilitate flexibility in food intake studies. Due to its compact and battery powered design, FED can be placed within standard home cages or other experimental equipment. Food intake measurements can also be synchronized with other equipment in real-time via FED's transistor-transistor logic (TTL) digital output, or in post-acquisition processing as FED timestamps every event with a real-time clock. When in use, a food pellet sits within FED's food well where it is monitored via an infrared beam. When the pellet is removed by the mouse, FED logs the timestamp onto its internal secure digital (SD) card and dispenses another pellet. FED can run for up to 5 days before it is necessary to charge the battery and refill the pellet hopper, minimizing human interference in data collection. Assembly of FED requires minimal engineering background, and off-the-shelf materials and electronics were prioritized in its construction. We also provide scripts for analysis of food intake and meal patterns. Finally, FED is open-source and all design and construction files are online, to facilitate modifications and improvements by other researchers.

Feeding Experimentation Device FED: Construction and Validation of an Open-source Device for Measuring Food Intake in Rodents

Feeding Experimentation Device (FED) is an open-source device for measuring food intake in mice. FED can also synchronize food intake measurements with other techniques via a real-time digital output. Here, we provide a step-by-step tutorial for the construction, validation, and usage of FED.

饲养实验装置（FED）:建筑和验​​证的开源设备的在鼠害测量摄食

Food intake measurements are essential for many research studies. Here, we provide a detailed description of a novel solution for measuring food intake in ...