Name: qualitative and comparative cortical activity data analyses from a functional near-infrared spectroscopy experiment applying block design
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Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Qualitative and Comparative Cortical Activity Data Analyses from a Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Experiment Applying Block Design at JoVE.com

这项工作部分得到了日本科学促进会（JSPS）科研资助（C）18K08956和福冈大学中央研究所（第201045号）的资助。

这项研究得到了日本福冈大学机构审查委员会（IRB）的批准（IRB No. 2017M017）。在参与之前，所有患者都提供书面知情同意。
1. 准备 fNIRS 实验
注:本实验使用了多通道连续波激光基NIRS系统。近红外光的波长为780纳米、805纳米和830纳米，采样率为7.8赫兹。时间和空间分辨率（发射光器和探测器探测器之间的距离）分别为0.13 s和3.0厘米。
<ol><li>将 fNIRS 设备设置在一个黑暗无噪音的地方。在室温下进行实验。在实验前30分钟启动fNIRS仪器。 注:fNIRS系统在受控温度和湿度条件下使用，以确保设备稳定运行。</li>
	<li>使用整个头盖进行 fNIRS 记录，并将头盖固定在主体的头上，以便对应于国际 10-20 系统中央 （Cz） 的位置位于头盖第 245 号的支架上。（图1） 。</li>
	<li>将标记贴纸附在参考位置点:鼻腔 （Nz）、右外部听觉肉 （AR） 和左外部听觉肉 （AL）。 注:由于三维 （3D） 坐标围绕 Nz、AR、AL 标记贴纸和 Cz 支架的位置进行读取，因此在拍照前必须附加标记贴纸。</li>
	<li>在高分辨率数码相机进行空间注册校准后，用探头位置拍摄受试者头部的照片，同时从 15 个角度显示参考点（Cz、Nz、AR 和 LR）。 注意:请在放置探头之前拍照。如果放置探头后拍摄照片，则探头和布线可能隐藏标记地标。根据制造商的建议，在拍摄 12 张照片 30° 对角线向前到主体的右侧后，在稍微高于 3 张或更多照片，使 Cz（持有人 No. 245）出现在图片中。这是因为在总共拍摄 15 张或更多张照片时，很容易使其成为三维拍摄。</li>
	<li>使用发光二极管 （LED） 照明塑料棒连接探头，小心地分离受试者干扰光极的头发。安排探头，使光极连接到从头皮表面的最小距离，并与头皮接触。 注意:仔细检查是否有任何压力或不适的病人由于附件的光子，因为增加强度的全身混淆与自主神经系统激活23。</li>
	<li>将带有 32 个光极（16 个光源和 16 个探测器;每个半球 4 x 4 个阵列）的 48 通道系统安排在正面和相干区域作为感兴趣区域的头部盖上（图 2）。</li>
	<li>开始并使用 3D 数字化软件来确定空间注册。</li>
	<li>扫描整个头部的图片数据后，通过自动测量确定每个患者的空间坐标，并保存为 "起源 " 文件和其他 文件（*CSV 文件）。 注意:如果无法使用自动测量从图像中检测到坐标点，请手动输入调整。</li>
</ol>2. 运行实验
<ol><li>为实验选择块设计，任务可以是研究的任何兴趣运动，如手开/闭，手指敲击等。在我们以前的研究中，任务是机器人辅助肘部运动15。 注:每个周期由三个方块（15 s 休息 - 15 s 任务 - 15 s 休息）组成，每个患者在每个会话中完成 7 个周期。</li>
	<li>让参与者在舒适的位置等待，直到启动信号。指示受试者在休息和任务期间闭上眼睛。</li>
	<li>给开始和停止提示（即"重复弯曲和肘部延伸"，"停止和放松"）。 注意:测量时不要说话。测量期间，仔细检查监视器屏幕上是否有人工制品。</li>
	<li>以相同的姿势执行块设计任务。直立姿势与站立或坐姿是可取的，不要扭曲耳机。 注意:如果患者在长时间佩戴头架后感到不舒服，请在机器人辅助练习中取出或松开探头。</li>
	<li>完成 NIRS 测量后，取下头架并标记贴纸以结束实验。 注意:仔细检查由于长时间佩戴对头皮的皮肤损伤。</li>
</ol>3. 使用 NIRS-SPM 软件进行定性 GLM 分析
<ol><li>在马特拉布软件上启动 NIRS-SPM。将与从 NIRS 设备获得的 HbO2 和 HHb 浓度变化相关的数据文件转换为用于 NIRS-SPM 分析的文件格式。</li>
	<li>从弹出式菜单中选择使用 NIRS 系统的选项。选择加载按钮并选择转换的 HbO2 和 HHb 浓度更改选项。</li>
	<li>检测 NIRS 通道位置的空间注册。选择 独立 复选框，然后选择 带 3D 数字化复 选框。</li>
	<li>在从真实坐标到 MNI 空间中，使用对话框选择 _origin。CSV 是指坐标参考点文件， 并_others。CSV 是指坐标探头/通道文件。</li>
	<li>选择 "注册 "按钮。选择要进行空间估计的点，然后单击 "确定 "按钮。单击 "渲染大脑"按钮的项目 MNI 坐标 。 注:根据蒙特利尔神经研究所 （MNI） 大脑模板估计 NIRS 通道位置的空间位置。</li>
	<li>选择 "多萨尔视图" 选项，然后单击 "保存" 按钮。</li>
	<li>在指定第 1级部分时，请选择 NIRS 数据文件名和 SPM 目录。选择血红蛋白复选框;HbO2或HHb.突出显示指定设计选项并选择Sec选项。突出显示条件/试验选项的数量，并输入数字7。</li>
	<li>突出显示发病和持续时间选项的矢量，并输入按以下实验条件持续时间乘以的发病媒介。 注意:在这种情况下，发病时间的向量应指定为[15:45:285] 或 [15 60 105 150 195 240 285]。持续时间的向量应指定为[15* （7，1）] 或 [15 15 15 15 15 15 15] 。</li>
	<li>要进行去趋势化，请选择 波莱特-MDL 按钮。使用 预着色方法:低通滤清器 并选择 hrf 按钮，并纠正串行相关性，然后选择 无 按钮。</li>
	<li>在估计时间相关性时，请检查 个人分析。 注意:保存单独的 MNI 坐标系统中 fNIRS 通道位置的空间本地化作为文本文件。同样，将地图保存在基于单个布罗德曼区域 （BA） 作为文本文件。</li>
	<li>在估计时间相关性时，请查看 组分析。NIRS-SPM 根据 MNI 标准化的大脑坐标系统对参与者人数的平均光学位置进行对齐。</li>
	<li>根据标准化大脑血红蛋白水平的变化计算激活图。HbO2 和 HHb 水平在 p < 0.01 的未更正阈值下被认为显著。 注:左/右信息在受右影响的侧翻转，用于组分析。</li>
</ol>4. 基于分层混合模型的多渠道比较分析
<ol><li>启动 SAS 软件。转换文本文档（。使用低通路滤波器处理的 NIRS 数据文件中 HbO2 和 HHb 的浓度变化的 TXT（截止频率设置为 0.1 Hz）到电子表格软件逗号分离值文件（）。CSV）。</li>
	<li>使用程序创建导入 SAS 数据 （.sas7bdat）。</li>
	<li>输出导入文件，并下列命令，以"导入文件"为名</li>
	<li>为每个主题输出干预前文件，在分析 SAS 中运行以下命令。（图3）在创建导入文件时，给出一个可以识别主题信息和干预前与干预后（例如 id1 预，id1 帖子）的名称。。。</li>
	<li>运行每个通道的干预前和干预后数据命令（ch1-48;HbO2 和 HHb 如下所示 （图 4）。</li>
	<li>根据从输出结果中获得的数据，在电子表格工作簿文件（.xlsx）中输入每个通道的干预前差异（任务和休息差异）、休息和任务值（估计值、上限和下限）。</li>
	<li>同样，将固定效果类型 3 测试的交互项的自由度、F 值和 P 值的数字和分母度输入到电子表格工作簿文件（.xlsx）中。</li>
	<li>要控制多通道测试中的误发现率 （FDR），请使用本杰明和霍奇伯格方法27， 并将 FDR 控制在 p 值< 0.01。</li>
</ol>

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作者与本研究无关，不得披露利益冲突。

在我们的 fNIRS 小组分析方法中，除了通过定性 t统计映射执行成像分析方法外，我们还使用比较多通道分析比较干预前与干预后（机器人辅助练习）。在定性分析方面，我们使用 NIRS-SPM 软件作为基于通用线性模型的大规模不变方法。NIRS-SPM 分析通过在任务期间可视化激活区域来显示每个会话的定性结果。此外，非侵入性 3D 数字化器的信息能够估计 fNIRS 通道相对于大脑的位置。使用NIRS-SPM分析的小组分析能够捕捉到感官运动任务中前干预与干预后大脑激活前的粗糙区域，但无法比较同一通道变化的差异。为了证实NIRS-SPM的发现，可以通过比较使用多通道分层混合模型在同一研究对象中从两个不同会话（即干预前后）获得的数据进行统计分析。通过使用这两种方法，结果相互补充，并得到了更清晰的展示。
通过NIRS数据、任务设计、探头放置、预分析处理、分析方法和环境设置获得准确的任务相关大脑活动非常重要。关于在我们的代表性研究中使用感官运动任务的块设计，我们分别将任务和休息时间设置为 15 和 30s，分别为15。据报道，活动结束后的高峰期和休息时间的恢复取决于任务设计。在以往的研究中，据报道，任务设计通常是10-30s的任务，涉及手部运动（手指敲击，抓任务）和30s的任务有关姿势控制和行走7，8，28。对于任务周期，在启动任务激活8、29后大约需要 5-10s 才能达到峰值，恢复周期有利，随机变化为 15 到 18s 以避免预期效果和迈尔波28，30。在这方面，我们研究的任务协议被认为是适当和可行的，因为它遵循块设计与肘部运动。但是，根据任务难度（如行走任务和复杂的认知任务），任务周期可能需要更长。在探头安排方面，fNIRS的空间分辨率较差，因此重新安排预干预与干预后是一个主要问题。在我们的代表性研究中，我们的设计没有要求探测器搬迁来确认机器人处理在同一天的立竿见影效果，从而弥补了这一缺陷。如果需要重新定位，请使用预先捕获的图像检查标记贴纸与持有人之间的距离，以确保与干预前相比，标记贴纸与持有人之间的距离不会失去安排。然而，在我们的设计中，它不足以确认系统生理干扰的影响，如自主神经系统对使用头架通过连续测量很长一段时间。因此，今后有必要在功能范式和多式联运监测23期间使用fNIRS监测。关于NIRS测量的兴趣领域，许多NIRS认知处理研究都集中在测量前额皮层（PFC）活动上，因为PFC是运动31，32的执行功能和认知控制的关键领域。对于感官运动任务，测量相位区域以评估感官活动非常重要。然而，对腹地区域的测量容易受到头发和厚头皮等障碍物的影响:因此，有必要仔细设置测量。这种fNIRS实验方法的一个限制是，由于头架的结构，我们使用了一般测量方法，光极距离为3厘米。然而，使用短的分离通道来校准表面信号或噪音，有可能测量准确的大脑活动33。
关于NIRS组分析方法，作为先决条件，最好仔细分析类似于EEG的NIRS测量结果的个人数据。单级分析和小组级分析的结合可能是最佳方法23。虽然标准化的大脑用于NIRS数据的组分析，但已经讨论了在较低的空间分辨率方面的局限性。在这项研究中，设计了空间注册方法，并有可能检测出更精确的坐标，从而有可能带来更好的结果。其次，本研究对所述NIRS系统的能力有局限性。分析中使用的数字值是使用连续波 NIRS 的相对值，需要使用绝对值34、35等设备（如时间域 （TD）-NIRS）进行评估。但是，TD-NIRS 成本高昂，存在不适合此类多渠道分析的缺点。由于CW-NIRS应用如此广泛，我们需要一种相对准确的评估方法来弥补这一缺陷。作为一个预分析过程，我们的渠道分析还需要考虑使用其他主要组件分析来消除这些混淆的方法。
今后，我们将报告帕金森病9号深脑刺激术前手术后变化的结果，痉挛性12型脑血管疾病，以及近红外光谱应用认知障碍36。 我们的方法可以应用于各种神经系统疾病，如运动障碍、脑血管疾病和神经精神病。

神经康复在感官运动障碍后的功能恢复中起着重要作用。为了澄清神经可塑性相关功能恢复的机制，我们使用了各种神经成像技术，如功能磁共振成像 （fMRI）、负电子发射断层扫描 （PET）、脑电图 （EEG） 和功能近红外光谱 （fNIRS）。不同的成像模式有不同的优点和缺点。虽然fMRI是最典型的设备，它受磁场的影响，具有高成本，高物理限制，和有限的感官运动任务1，2，3，4。fNIRS 设备是一种非侵入性光学神经成像，空间分辨率相对较低，但与 fMRI4相比，它具有更好的时间分辨率。fNIRS在验证治疗效果时是合适的，因为它比较了干预前和干预后的效果，具有动态运动任务，便携，在自然环境中比fMRI1、2、4功能更显著。据报道，NIRS在脑血管疾病、癫痫病、严重脑损伤、帕金森病和认知障碍等领域更为适用。在感官运动任务方面，它广泛应用于步态和站立平衡6、7、8、上肢功能（抓手、手指敲击）8、9、复杂运动技能训练10、11、机器人12、13、14、15和脑-计算机界面16、17、18。fNIRS基于光学神经成像和神经血管耦合原理，测量皮质代谢活动，增加血液流动，从而皮质活性作为次要信号19。据报道，fNIRS信号与血氧水平依赖性fMRI20信号有很强的相关性。连续波 fNIRS 使用修改后的啤酒-兰伯特定律，根据宽带近红外光衰减21、22的测量变化，确定含氧血红蛋白 （HbO2）和脱氧血红蛋白 （HHb） 皮质浓度水平的变化。由于无法使用连续波 NIRS 系统测量微分路径长度因子 （DPF），因此我们假设 DPF 是恒定的，血红蛋白信号变化表示为任意单位毫米 （mM x mm）2，18。
fNIRS 实验需要选择最充分的方法，包括探针设置、实验设计和分析方法。在探针设置方面，EEG测量中采用的国际10-20方法是许多研究人员在神经成像中使用的设定标准。近年来，根据蒙特利尔神经学研究所（MNI）坐标，基于标准大脑的坐标设置被使用。该实验使用块设计，通常用于感官运动任务，以及事件相关设计。这是比较休息和任务期间血红蛋白浓度变化的方法:HbO2 浓度水平增加，HHb 浓度水平随着与任务依赖皮质活动相关的脑血流量变化而降低。虽然有各种分析方法，但 NIRS-SPM 免费软件能够进行类似于 fMRI 统计参数映射 （SPM） 的分析。NIRS 数据的处理使用基于一般线性模型 （GLM） 的大规模不变方法。在执行任务依赖性大脑活动分析时，fNIRS 测量可受脑部和脑外隔间23中唤起或非唤起的神经元活动和全身生理干扰（心率、血压、呼吸速率和自主神经系统活动）的影响。因此，预分析处理、过滤、波转换和主要组件分析是有用的。关于使用 NIRS-SPM 进行数据处理的过滤和人工制品，使用低通滤9 和波段最小描述长度 （Wavelet-MDL）24 去趋势来克服运动或其他噪声/神器来源。有关此分析方法的详细信息，请参阅 Ye 等人25 的报告。虽然只有使用 SPM 的报告，但它只是图像分析的定性指标，由于 NIRS 的空间分辨率较低，因此组分析需要极其谨慎。此外，当 DPF 是恒定的时，不应执行通道和个人之间的数字比较，但可以验证每个通道的变化差异。基于上述条件，为了补充NIRS-SPM组分析结果，在提高空间注册精度后，采用了原有的多通道分析分析方法。这种多渠道分析比较了治疗前后每个通道的 HbO2 和 HHb 水平变化幅度，使用具有固定干预（之前或之后）、固定周期（休息或任务）和随机单个效果的分层混合模型。
这样，有几个fNIRS测量和分析方法:但是，尚未确定标准方法。本文介绍了基于GLM的定性统计参数映射和比较多层次的分层混合模型，利用具有感官运动任务的块设计，分析多通道fNIRS干预前与干预后实验获得的数据。

<table><tbody><tr><td>3D-digitizer software</td><td>TOPCON</td><td>-</td><td>NS-1000 software ver.1.50</td></tr><tr><td>NIRS system</td><td>Shimadzu</td><td>-</td><td>FOIRE-3000</td></tr><tr><td>Robot</td><td>CYBERDYNE</td><td>-</td><td>Single-joint type Hybrid Assitive Limb (HAL-SJ)</td></tr></tbody></table>

qualitative and comparative cortical activity data analyses from a functional near-infrared spectroscopy experiment applying block design

神经成像研究在评估介入前神经系统疾病（如康复和手术治疗）方面起着关键作用。在用于测量大脑活动的众多神经成像技术中，功能近红外光谱 （fNIRS） 通过测量类似于功能磁共振成像 （fMRI） 的局部血红蛋白水平，能够评估动态皮质活动。此外，由于 fNIRS 中的物理限制较小，可以评估感官运动任务的多个变体。许多实验室已经开发出几种用于fNIRS数据分析的方法:然而，尽管一般原则是相同的，但没有普遍标准化的方法。在这里，我们介绍了使用块设计从多通道 fNIRS 实验中获得的数据的定性和比较分析方法。在定性分析方面，我们使用 NIRS 软件作为基于通用线性模型的大规模不变方法。NIRS-SPM 分析通过在任务期间可视化激活区域来显示每个会话的定性结果。此外，非侵入性三维数字化器可用于估计 fNIRS 通道相对于大脑的位置。为了证实NIRS-SPM的发现，可以通过比较使用多通道分层混合模型从同一研究对象的两个不同会话（干预前后）获得的数据进行统计分析。我们的方法可用于测量各种神经系统疾病（如运动障碍、脑血管疾病和神经精神病）的干预前与干预后分析。

在此，我们介绍了我们团队目前正在研究的机器人辅助康复:急性中风患者上肢运动缺陷的生物反馈效应。我们包括10名同意中风患者（平均年龄:66.8岁±12.0岁;两名妇女和8名男子）住进我们医院。在下肢中风阶段，在发病后2周多，我们使用fNIRS系统评估了这些患者在同一天上肢机器人辅助康复前后与运动相关的皮质活动。关于块设计任务，他们在每个任务周期中在 15s 内执行受影响的肘部弯曲/扩展运动 15 倍，并重复了 7 个任务周期。此外，还招募了6名健康志愿者（平均年龄:58.7岁±7.1岁;2名妇女和4名男子）作为控制员，以确定右肘屈曲/延长运动期间正常任务相关皮质活化的位置。
图5 显示了使用NIRS-SPM软件的GLM模型的 t统计映射值对10名中风患者的组分析结果。与训练前相比，该方法表明，在机器人辅助康复后，测量的半球中主要运动皮层的皮质活性立即增加。干预前数据收集、干预（机器人辅助练习）和干预后数据收集在同一天和同一地点的单一实验会议上进行。
图6显示了多渠道组分析的结果，比较干预前和干预后（机器人辅助练习）。对SAS软件的多层次分层混合模型进行了统计分析。干预后观察到主要运动皮层皮层皮质活动增加，与NIRS-SPM的大脑区域相同。
<img alt="Figure 1" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/61836/61836fig01.jpg"> 图1:设置三维（3D）空间注册和用于fNIRS记录的头盖的每个持有人。 图中箭头指示的 245 号支架显示坐标轴之一的中央位置 （Cz）。 <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/61836/61836fig01large.jpg" target="_blank">请单击此处查看此图的较大版本。</a>
<img alt="Figure 2" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/61836/61836fig2v2.jpg"> 图2:在fNIRS记录期间，48通道系统安排32个光极。（A）探针位于头架上的位置，（B）安排48个通道和探针（16个光源和16个探测器:每个半球4×4个阵列），以双边方式在皮质区域（作为感兴趣的区域）的头盖。<a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/61836/61836fig2v2large.jpg" target="_blank">请单击此处查看此图的较大版本。</a>
<img alt="Figure 3" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/61836/61836fig03.jpg"> 图3:用于创建SAS分析软件中所用文件的命令输入。 该图显示了如何定义命令输入屏幕上的术语和数字值，该输入屏幕上将从 NIRS 文件中获取的文本文件信息转换为 Excel CSV 文件，然后将其转换为 SAS 分析。ID、年龄、性别、临入面、干预前后、总时间和任务周期均以数字输入。此外，还输入了关于HbO2、HHb和总血红蛋白浓度水平（mM x mm）的信息。 <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/61836/61836fig03large.jpg" target="_blank">请单击此处查看此图的较大版本。</a>
<img alt="Figure 4" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/61836/61836fig04.jpg"> 图4:用于SAS分析软件中每个通道分析的命令输入。 在此多级分层混合模型中，在 SAS 命令输入屏幕上设置并输入了以下数字值。比较了休息状态（任务 = 0）和任务状态（任务 = 1），并排除了恢复状态（任务 = 2）。此外，干预前的状态设置为 n = 0，干预后立即设置为 n = 1 的状态，并调查了相互作用，以调查每个通道 HbO2 和 HHb 变化量的统计显著差异。在图中，省略了高达 ch2 或 ch47 的输入屏幕信息。 <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/61836/61836fig04large.jpg" target="_blank">请单击此处查看此图的较大版本。</a>
<img alt="Figure 5" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/61836/61836fig05.jpg"> 图5:使用NRS-SPM软件的GLM模型的t统计映射值的组分析结果。所有患者的平均皮质活动都用上述标准化大脑模型来描述。上部和下部分别表示 HbO2和 HHb 级别的皮质激活。正确的图像表示健康受试者在任务期间的皮质活性。比较之前的机器人辅助康复，在同一天机器人辅助训练后，皮质活性立即增加。与其他皮质区域相比，每个执行状态显著增加（未更正，p < 0.01）。点缀线表示正常化大脑图像上的中央硫化物 （CS）。这个数字已经从赛塔等人15日修改。<a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/61836/61836fig05large.jpg" target="_blank">请单击此处查看此图的较大版本。</a>
<img alt="Figure 6" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/61836/61836fig06.jpg"> 图6:使用与SAS软件的多层次分层混合模型进行多渠道分析的结果。 变化的皮质活性表示使用机器人辅助康复治疗进行干预前和干预后之间的比较。对于左图，NIRS 通道的数量根据 MNI 坐标系叠加在标准化大脑中。对于正确的图像，红色和蓝色分别表示 HbO2 级别的增减（FDR 更正，p < 0.01）。格雷表示，机器人辅助康复后，通道没有显著变化。这个数字已经从赛塔等人15日修改。<a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/61836/61836fig06large.jpg" style="font-size: 14px;" target="_blank">请单击此处查看此图的较大版本。</a>

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Qualitative and Comparative Cortical Activity Data Analyses from a Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Experiment Applying Block Design at JoVE.com

Qualitative and Comparative Cortical Activity Data Analyses from a Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Experiment Applying Block Design

我们使用具有感官运动任务的块设计描述连续波功能近红外光谱实验的分析。为提高数据分析的可靠性，我们采用了基于定性的一般线性模型统计参数映射和多通道比较分层混合模型。

功能近红外光谱实验应用块设计的定性和比较皮质活动数据分析

Neuroimaging studies play a pivotal role in the evaluation of pre- vs. post-interventional neurological conditions such as in rehabilitation and surgical ...

qualitative-comparative-cortical-activity-data-analyses-from

Nanyang Technological University

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

3.6K 次观看.  Fukuoka University. 我们使用具有感官运动任务的块设计描述连续波功能近红外光谱实验的分析。为提高数据分析的可靠性，我们采用了基于定性的一般线性模型统计参数映射和多通道比较分层混合模型。

视频: Qualitative and Comparative Cortical Activity Data Analyses from a Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Experiment Applying Block Design

fMRI Validation of fNIRS Measurements During a Naturalistic Task

We present a method to compare brain activity recorded with near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) in a dance video game task to that recorded in a reduced version of the task using fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging). Recently, it has been shown that fNIRS can accurately record functional brain activities equivalent to those concurrently recorded with functional magnetic resonance imaging for classic psychophysical tasks and simple finger tapping paradigms. However, an often quoted benefit of fNIRS is that the technique allows for studying neural mechanisms of complex, naturalistic behaviors that are not possible using the constrained environment of fMRI. Our goal was to extend the findings of previous studies that have shown high correlation between concurrently recorded fNIRS and fMRI signals to compare neural recordings obtained in fMRI procedures to those separately obtained in naturalistic fNIRS experiments. Specifically, we developed a modified version of the dance video game Dance Dance Revolution (DDR) to be compatible with both fMRI and fNIRS imaging procedures. In this methodology we explain the modifications to the software and hardware for compatibility with each technique as well as the scanning and calibration procedures used to obtain representative results. The results of the study show a task-related increase in oxyhemoglobin in both modalities and demonstrate that it is possible to replicate the findings of fMRI using fNIRS in a naturalistic task. This technique represents a methodology to compare fMRI imaging paradigms which utilize a reduced-world environment to fNIRS in closer approximation to naturalistic, full-body activities and behaviors. Further development of this technique may apply to neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson&#8217;s disease, late states of dementia, or those with magnetic susceptibility which are contraindicated for fMRI scanning.

We present a method to compare functional brain activity recorded during a naturalistic task using fNIRS with activity recorded during fMRI.

的fNIRS功能磁共振成像测量验证过程中一个自然主义任务

We present a method to compare brain activity recorded with near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) in a dance video game task to that recorded in a reduced ...

科研

行为学

Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy of the Sensory and Motor Brain Regions with Simultaneous Kinematic and EMG Monitoring During Motor Tasks

There are several advantages that functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) presents in the study of the neural control of human movement. It is relatively flexible with respect to participant positioning and allows for some head movements during tasks. Additionally, it is inexpensive, light weight, and portable, with very few contraindications to its use. This presents a unique opportunity to study functional brain activity during motor tasks in individuals who are typically developing, as well as those with movement disorders, such as cerebral palsy. An additional consideration when studying movement disorders, however, is the quality of actual movements performed and the potential for additional, unintended movements. Therefore, concurrent monitoring of both blood flow changes in the brain and actual movements of the body during testing is required for appropriate interpretation of fNIRS results. Here, we show a protocol for the combination of fNIRS with muscle and kinematic monitoring during motor tasks. We explore gait, a unilateral multi-joint movement (cycling), and two unilateral single-joint movements (isolated ankle dorsiflexion, and isolated hand squeezing). The techniques presented can be useful in studying both typical and atypical motor control, and can be modified to investigate a broad range of tasks and scientific questions.

Monitoring brain activity during upright motor tasks is of great value when investigating the neural source of movement disorders. Here, we demonstrate a protocol that combines functional near infrared spectroscopy with continuous monitoring of muscle and kinematic activity during 4 types of motor tasks.

感觉和运动脑区与运动同步和肌电图监测功能近红外光谱在运动任务

There are several advantages that functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) presents in the study of the neural control of human movement. It is ...

Using Fiberless, Wearable fNIRS to Monitor Brain Activity in Real-world Cognitive Tasks

Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) is a neuroimaging technique that uses near-infrared light to monitor brain activity. Based on neurovascular coupling, fNIRS is able to measure the haemoglobin concentration changes secondary to neuronal activity. Compared to other neuroimaging techniques, fNIRS represents a good compromise in terms of spatial and temporal resolution. Moreover, it is portable, lightweight, less sensitive to motion artifacts and does not impose significant physical restraints. It is therefore appropriate to monitor a wide range of cognitive tasks (e.g., auditory, gait analysis, social interaction) and different age populations (e.g., new-borns, adults, elderly people). The recent development of fiberless fNIRS devices has opened the way to new applications in neuroscience research. This represents a unique opportunity to study functional activity during real-world tests, which can be more sensitive and accurate in assessing cognitive function and dysfunction than lab-based tests. This study explored the use of fiberless fNIRS to monitor brain activity during a real-world prospective memory task. This protocol is performed outside the lab and brain haemoglobin concentration changes are continuously measured over the prefrontal cortex while the subject walks around in order to accomplish several different tasks.

Monitoring brain activity outside the lab without physical constraints presents methodological challenges. A fiberless, wearable functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) system was used to measure brain activity during an ecological prospective memory task. It was demonstrated that this system could be used to monitor brain activity during non-lab based experiments.

用无纤维，耐磨fNIRS监视在真实世界的认知任务脑活动

Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) is a neuroimaging technique that uses near-infrared light to monitor brain activity. Based on neurovascular ...

Exploring Cognitive Functions in Babies, Children &amp; Adults with Near Infrared Spectroscopy

An explosion of functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) studies investigating cortical activation in relation to higher cognitive processes, such as language1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10, memory11, and attention12 is underway worldwide involving adults, children and infants 3,4,13,14,15,16,17,18,19 with typical and atypical cognition20,21,22. The contemporary challenge of using fNIRS for cognitive neuroscience is to achieve systematic analyses of data such that they are universally interpretable23,24,25,26, and thus may advance important scientific questions about the functional organization and neural systems underlying human higher cognition.
Existing neuroimaging technologies have either less robust temporal or spatial resolution. Event Related Potentials and Magneto Encephalography (ERP and MEG) have excellent temporal resolution, whereas Positron Emission Tomography and functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (PET and fMRI) have better spatial resolution. Using non-ionizing wavelengths of light in the near-infrared range (700-1000 nm), where oxy-hemoglobin is preferentially absorbed by 680 nm and deoxy-hemoglobin is preferentially absorbed by 830 nm (e.g., indeed, the very wavelengths hardwired into the fNIRS Hitachi ETG-400 system illustrated here), fNIRS is well suited for studies of higher cognition because it has both good temporal resolution (~5s) without the use of radiation and good spatial resolution (~4 cm depth), and does not require participants to be in an enclosed structure27,28. Participants cortical activity can be assessed while comfortably seated in an ordinary chair (adults, children) or even seated in mom s lap (infants). Notably, NIRS is uniquely portable (the size of a desktop computer), virtually silent, and can tolerate a participants subtle movement. This is particularly outstanding for the neural study of human language, which necessarily has as one of its key components the movement of the mouth in speech production or the hands in sign language. 
The way in which the hemodynamic response is localized is by an array of laser emitters and detectors. Emitters emit a known intensity of non-ionizing light while detectors detect the amount reflected back from the cortical surface. The closer together the optodes, the greater the spatial resolution, whereas the further apart the optodes, the greater depth of penetration. For the fNIRS Hitachi ETG-4000 system optimal penetration / resolution the optode array is set to 2cm. 
Our goal is to demonstrate our method of acquiring and analyzing fNIRS data to help standardize the field and enable different fNIRS labs worldwide to have a common background.

Exploring Cognitive Functions in Babies, Children & Adults with Near Infrared Spectroscopy

Here we describe a data collection and data analysis method for functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS), a novel non-invasive brain imaging system used in cognitive neuroscience, particularly in studying child brain development. This method provides a universal standard of data acquisition and analysis vital to data interpretation and scientific discovery.

近红外光谱技术在婴儿，儿童及成人的认知功能探索

An explosion of functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) studies investigating cortical activation in relation to higher cognitive processes, such as ...

生物学

Cerebral Blood Flow-Based Resting State Functional Connectivity of the Human Brain using Optical Diffuse Correlation Spectroscopy

To obtain a comprehensive understanding of the human brain, utilization of cerebral blood flow (CBF) as a source of contrast is desired because it is a key hemodynamic parameter related to cerebral oxygen supply. Resting state low frequency fluctuations based on oxygenation contrast have been shown to provide correlations between functionally connected regions. The presented protocol uses optical diffuse correlation spectroscopy (DCS) to assess blood flow-based resting state functional connectivity (RSFC) in the human brain. Results of CBF-based RSFC in human frontal cortex indicate that intra-regional RSFC is significantly higher in the left and right cortices compared to inter-regional RSFC in both cortices. This protocol should be of interest to researchers who employ multi-modal imaging techniques to study human brain function, especially in the pediatric population.

This protocol demonstrates how to measure resting state functional connectivity in the human prefrontal cortex using a custom-made diffuse correlation spectroscopy instrument. The report also discuss practical aspects of the experiment as well as detailed steps for analyzing the data.

使用光学漫反射相关光谱，基于脑血流的休息状态功能连接

To obtain a comprehensive understanding of the human brain, utilization of cerebral blood flow (CBF) as a source of contrast is desired because it is a ...

生物工程

Neuroimaging Field Methods Using Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) Neuroimaging to Study Global Child Development: Rural Sub-Saharan Africa

Portable neuroimaging approaches provide new advances to the study of brain function and brain development with previously inaccessible populations and in remote locations. This paper shows the development of field functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) imaging to the study of child language, reading, and cognitive development in a rural village setting of C&#244;te d&#39;Ivoire. Innovation in methods and the development of culturally appropriate neuroimaging protocols allow&#160;a first-time look into the brain&#39;s development and children&#39;s learning outcomes in understudied environments. This paper demonstrates protocols for transporting and setting up a mobile laboratory, discusses considerations for field versus laboratory neuroimaging, and presents a guide for developing neuroimaging consent procedures and building meaningful long-term collaborations with local government and science partners. Portable neuroimaging methods can be used to study complex child development contexts, including the impact of significant poverty and adversity on brain development. The protocol presented here has been developed for use in C&#244;te d&#39;Ivoire, the world&#39;s primary source of cocoa, and where reports of child labor in the cocoa sector are common. Yet, little is known about the impact of child labor on brain development and learning. Field neuroimaging methods have the potential to yield new insights into such urgent issues, and the development of children globally.

Neuroimaging Field Methods Using Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy NIRS Neuroimaging to Study Global Child Development: Rural Sub-Saharan Africa

Portable neuroimaging approaches (functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy) provide advances to the study of the brain in previously inaccessible regions; here, rural C&#244;te d&#39;Ivoire. Innovation in methods and development of culturally-appropriate neuroimaging protocols permits novel study of the brain&#39;s development and children&#39;s learning outcomes in environments with significant poverty and adversity.

利用功能近红外光谱成像技术研究全球儿童发展: 农村撒哈拉以南非洲地区的神经影像场方法

Portable neuroimaging approaches provide new advances to the study of brain function and brain development with previously inaccessible populations and in ...

神经科学

Conducting Hyperscanning Experiments with Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy

Concurrent brain recordings of two or more interacting persons, an approach termed hyperscanning, are gaining increasing importance for our understanding of the neurobiological underpinnings of social interactions, and possibly interpersonal relationships. Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) is well suited for conducting hyperscanning experiments because it measures local hemodynamic effects with a high sampling rate and, importantly, it can be applied in natural settings, not requiring strict motion restrictions. In this article, we present a protocol for conducting fNIRS hyperscanning experiments with parent-child dyads and for analyzing brain-to-brain synchrony. Furthermore, we discuss critical issues and future directions, regarding the experimental design, spatial registration of the fNIRS channels, physiological influences and data analysis methods. The described protocol is not specific to parent-child dyads, but can be applied to a variety of different dyadic constellations, such as adult strangers, romantic partners or siblings. To conclude, fNIRS hyperscanning has the potential to yield new insights into the dynamics of the ongoing social interaction, which possibly go beyond what can be studied by examining the activities of individual brains.

The present protocol describes how to conduct fNIRS hyperscanning experiments and analyze brain-to-brain synchrony. Further, we discuss challenges and possible solutions.

利用功能近红外光谱进行超扫描实验

Concurrent brain recordings of two or more interacting persons, an approach termed hyperscanning, are gaining increasing importance for our understanding ...

Cerebrovascular Reactivity Measurement with Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy

Cerebrovascular reactivity (CVR) is the capacity of blood vessels in the brain to alter cerebral blood flow (either with dilation or constriction) in response to chemical or physical stimuli. The amount of reactivity in the cerebral microvasculature depends on the integrity of the capacitance vasculature and is the primary function of endothelial cells. CVR is, therefore, an indicator of the microvasculature&#8217;s physiology and overall health. Imaging methods that can measure CVR are available but can be costly, and require magnetic resonance imaging centers and technical expertise. In this study, we used fNIRS technology to monitor changes of oxyhemoglobin (HbO) and deoxyhemoglobin (HbR) in the cerebral microvasculature to assess the CVR of 15 healthy controls (HC) in response to a vasoactive stimulus (inhaled 5% carbon dioxide or CO2). Our results suggest that this is a promising imaging technology that offers a non-invasive, accurate, portable, and cost-effective method of mapping cortical CVR and associated microvasculature function, resulting from a traumatic brain injury or other conditions associated with cerebral microvasculopathy.

Presented here is a protocol for imaging and measurement of cerebrovascular reactivity in humans with functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS). fNIRS is a novel imaging modality that captures the concentration changes of hemoglobin species in the brain&#8217;s outermost cortex under specific stimuli.

Cerebrovascular reactivity (CVR) is the capacity of blood vessels in the brain to alter cerebral blood flow (either with dilation or constriction) in ...

Simultaneous Data Collection of fMRI and fNIRS Measurements Using a Whole-Head Optode Array and Short-Distance Channels

Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) is a portable neuroimaging methodology, more robust to motion and more cost-effective than functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), which makes it highly suitable for conducting naturalistic studies of brain function and for use with developmental and clinical populations. Both fNIRS and fMRI methodologies detect changes in cerebral blood oxygenation during functional brain activation, and prior studies have shown high spatial and temporal correspondence between the two signals. There is, however, no quantitative comparison of the two signals collected simultaneously from the same subjects with whole-head fNIRS coverage. This comparison is necessary to comprehensively validate area-level activations and functional connectivity against the fMRI gold standard, which in turn has the potential to facilitate comparisons of the two signals across the lifespan. We address this gap by describing a protocol for simultaneous data collection of fMRI&#160;and fNIRS signals that: i) provides whole-head fNIRS coverage; ii) includes short-distance measurements for regression of the non-cortical, systemic physiological signal; and iii) implements two different methods for optode-to-scalp co-registration of fNIRS measurements. fMRI and fNIRS data from three subjects are presented, and recommendations for adapting the protocol to test developmental and clinical populations are discussed. The current setup with adults allows scanning sessions for an average of approximately 40 min, which includes both functional and structural scans. The protocol outlines the steps required to adapt the fNIRS equipment for use in the magnetic resonance (MR) environment, provides recommendations for both data recording and optode-to-scalp co-registration, and discusses potential modifications of the protocol to fit the specifics of the available MR-safe fNIRS system. Representative subject-specific responses from a flashing-checkerboard task illustrate the feasibility of the protocol to measure whole-head fNIRS signals in the MR environment. This protocol will be particularly relevant for researchers interested in validating fNIRS signals against fMRI across the lifespan.

We present a method for simultaneously collecting fMRI and fNIRS signals from the same subjects with whole-head fNIRS coverage. The protocol has been tested with three young adults and can be adapted for data collection for developmental studies and clinical populations.

使用全头光电阵列和短距离通道同时收集 fMRI 和 fNIRS 测量数据

Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) is a portable neuroimaging methodology, more robust to motion and more cost-effective than functional ...

Concurrent EEG and Functional MRI Recording and Integration Analysis for Dynamic Cortical Activity Imaging

Electroencephalography (EEG) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) are two of the fundamental noninvasive methods for identifying brain activity. Multimodal methods have sought to combine the high temporal resolution of EEG with the spatial precision of fMRI, but the complexity of this approach is currently in need of improvement. The protocol presented here describes the recently developed spatiotemporal fMRI-constrained EEG source imaging method, which seeks to rectify source biases and improve EEG-fMRI source localization through the dynamic recruitment of fMRI sub-regions. The process begins with the collection of multimodal data from concurrent EEG and fMRI scans, the generation of 3D cortical models, and independent EEG and fMRI processing. The processed fMRI activation maps are then split into multiple priors, according to their location and surrounding area. These are taken as priors in a two-level hierarchical Bayesian algorithm for EEG source localization. For each window of interest (defined by the operator), specific segments of the fMRI activation map will be identified as active to optimize a parameter known as model evidence. These will be used as soft constraints on the identified cortical activity, increasing the specificity of the multimodal imaging method by reducing cross-talk and avoiding erroneous activity in other conditionally active fMRI regions. The method generates cortical maps of activity and time-courses, which may be taken as final results, or used as a basis for further analyses (analyses of correlation, causation, etc.) While the method is somewhat limited by its modalities (it will not find EEG-invisible sources), it is broadly compatible with most major processing software, and is suitable for most neuroimaging studies.

An EEG-fMRI multimodal imaging method, known as the spatiotemporal fMRI-constrained EEG source imaging method, is described here. The presented method employs conditionally-active fMRI sub-maps, or priors, to guide EEG source localization in a manner that improves spatial specificity and limits erroneous results.