The authors wish to thank the Defence Science and Technology Laboratory for funding the published work.

1.刚反力架<ol><li>确定经缩放的距离在该测试将采取使用公式1，其中，R是从炸药的中心的距离的地方，并且W是质量表示为TNT的等效质量的电荷。 Z = R / W 1/3（1） </li><li>计算近似的最大冲击这一安排将通过数值模拟产生（见附录A）或诸如ConWep 3特定的工具。 注意：使用ConWep 3的仅适用于自由空气鼓风，是否需要从埋电荷产生的压力的估计，需要更先进的数值模拟。 </li><li>从造型检查估计负载不会产生面内的超过0.5毫米的目标板的位移。 </li><li>增加了10倍计算出的负载占在建模误差，并为未来的TES增加灵活性婷。 </li><li>设计一个刚性的反应框架能够抵御16计算的最大负荷。工程部门，执行内部这些计算;否则寻求结构工程师的服务。 <ol><li>促使刚性反应框架，承揽专业承包商制造和安装帧结构工程师的设计。 </li></ol></li><li>采购目标板，承揽专家钢制造商。 注意，该板将需要被安装在负载细胞（如果使用的话），并且用于HPBs（第3节中设计的）的孔将需要通过板安装之前钻出。 </li></ol><img alt="图1" src="/files/ftp_upload/53412/53412fig1.jpg" /> 图1.原理测试框架（ 一 ）统筹安排，（B）目标板的计划，（C）目标板的特写图。 ŧ让他们坐下来与目标板的表面齐平，他霍普金森杆从酒吧组装接收器挂起。这样就可以记录作用于目标板充分体现压力。 <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/53412/53412fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> 2.负载单元设计<ol><li>采购或制造称重传感器（如果使用）。这些可以是关闭的，现成的通用（压缩/张力）应变计罐模型或内置在内部使用焊接到安装在惠斯登电桥形成固定应变仪板厚壁软钢管材的截面， 如图2。 </li><li>如果负载细胞已在内部被制作，并将它们发送到校准外部承包商。 </li></ol><img alt="图2" src="/files/ftp_upload/53412/53412fig2.jpg" /> 图2.图在内部制造的称重传感器。（A）侧视图，（B）结束高程 。深灰色的钢瓶是厚壁钢管装下这株。该菌株用作装载过程中没有旋转经历一个应变仪记录下来。来自称重传感器应变可以与回施加的应力的校准。 <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/53412/53412fig2large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> 3. Hopkinson压杆设计<ol><li>确定记录的持续时间， <img alt="公式9" src="/files/ftp_upload/53412/53412eq9.jpg" /> ，捕捉从爆炸的满载要求。所需的最低持续时间是在数值模型（1.2节）的压力返回到零，在初始压力​​尖峰之后的时间。在这里，使用1.2毫秒。 </li><li>德西德上选择用于HPBs的材料。这会影响弹性波的速度， <img alt="10式" src="/files/ftp_upload/53412/53412eq10.jpg" /> ，其中由下式给出的条<img alt="11式" src="/files/ftp_upload/53412/53412eq11.jpg" />哪里<img alt="12式" src="/files/ftp_upload/53412/53412eq12.jpg" />是杨氏模量和<img alt="13式" src="/files/ftp_upload/53412/53412eq13.jpg" />是密度。用于测量高压电击，用硬材料，如钢;在这里，如果一个较弱冲击的预期，使用较少的硬材料如镁合金或甚至尼龙。 </li><li>选择在HPB的立场是应变计将被定位，是尽可能接近到HPB的装载面对，以尽量减少分散。在靶板的当前的建立的厚度和以适应杆就位所需的操作性意味着压力表只能安装从装入面250毫米。 </li><li>计算HP使用要求B长度<img alt="14式" src="/files/ftp_upload/53412/53412eq14.jpg" /> ，其中<img alt="15式" src="/files/ftp_upload/53412/53412eq15.jpg" />是从HPB的装载面的应变仪的距离和<img alt="16式" src="/files/ftp_upload/53412/53412eq16.jpg" /> （3.25米）。 </li><li>确定所需HPB半径有足够的带宽使用捕获事件： <img alt="17式" src="/files/ftp_upload/53412/53412eq17.jpg" />千赫，其中<img alt="18式" src="/files/ftp_upload/53412/53412eq18.jpg" />是在毫米22,23（5毫米）的HPB半径。 </li><li>决定捕捉的压力在整个板的分布所需要的空间分辨率。这通常是尽可能接近，同时保持目标板的结构完整性。在目前的工作中，使用25毫米。 </li><li>在目标板装入HPBs钻孔（这可以是制造过程的一部分）。紧密配合，需要无覆盖旦是HPBs与板接触。这里，使用容差为0.5mm，在十字形状（ 图1b）被钻17的孔。 </li><li>促使HPBs（17），并确保有螺纹，以允许悬浮液在杆组件接收机（ 图3A）的远端。 </li></ol> 4.实验装置及数据采集注意：对于该反应框架，靶板， ​​测压元件和HPBs设计和制造，组装可以开始， 如图1，而在协议部分1而设计的。 <ol><li>安装半导体应变片HPBs（ 图3B）和称重传感器使用瞬干胶，小心翼翼地确保通过所有的电缆接地的连续性。用于HPBs惠斯登电桥的一个例子示于图3C。 <ol><li>确认所有接地电缆连接，以确保地球上的连续性。良好接地测试仪将提高信号质量明显。 </li></ol></li><li>确保布线是足够长，以确保示波器是在鼓风自由区域（屏蔽布线应当使用具有足够的信号带宽）可定位。 </li><li>适合目标板到刚性反应帧，使用可选的称重传感器（如果存在）（ 图1C）。 </li><li>杭HBPS从酒吧组装接收器，通过加载端穿过靶板正确的孔径。从旋到HPB的螺纹远端的螺母自由悬挂的HPBs。 </li><li>确保酒吧用酒精水准仪（相应地调整接收器）是垂直的。 </li><li>检查HPBs的面是与目标板水平，相应地调整螺母。 </li><li>设置在调理电路（ 图3C）的可变电阻器的微调，以保持示波器的测试期间的范围内的电压。通过试验做到这一点，错误旨在设定失去平衡各通道上的数字读出作为看到的放大器框为零。 </li><li>连接扩增仪输出到合适的数字示波器。配置为具有取样频率（1.56兆赫），记录持续时间（28.7毫秒）为3.3毫秒的预触发时间。 <ol><li>设置在记录时，在断裂线通道上的电压（其本身有线到示波器）超过一个“超出窗口”来触发。对于每个连接的压力表（总共22，17 HPBs，4个称重传感器和休息线）和时间记录电压。 </li></ol></li></ol><img alt="图3" src="/files/ftp_upload/53412/53412fig3.jpg" /> 图3.（A）图装到目标板，通过HPB（B）部分在表安装位置，（C）例如惠斯通电桥电路的HPB的。两个应变计在惠斯通电桥，使得使用和Hopkinson杆弯曲为cancelled出来。 <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/53412/53412fig3large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> 5.准备爆炸<ol><li>决定的炸药量和对峙在测试中所使用（为75毫米100克PE4）。 </li><li>决定收费是否在自由空气或其他介质（土壤，水等 ）内被引爆。对于自由的空气测试一个球形形状主管通常利用而埋收费标准是3：1蹲缸24,25。 </li><li>对于自由空气测试： <ol><li>暂停在正确的对峙（75毫米）的目标板下方的电荷。用细木条或通过将负责对聚乙烯的薄片实现这一目标。 </li><li>放置电荷同轴与测量阵列，以确保有效的读数。 </li><li>对于自由空气测试使用的电雷管，雷管放置半进入从基座上的电荷。射击时的范围内已经取得安全之前，在最后时刻做到这一点。 </li></ol></li><li>对于埋地测试： <ol><li>制造为介质的合适的容器中。对于土壤，目前测试使用1/4比例的容器23。 </li><li>作出决定要利用的土壤类型和岩土条件：水分含量和土壤的干密度，见参考文献15更多细节。 </li><li>决定埋藏深度在测试中使用。这通常为100毫米的全尺寸试验，因为目前的测试在四分之一比例完成。这意味着25毫米的埋藏深度。 </li><li>混合土壤彻底使用适当大小的建筑混合器达到目标水分含量。为砂所需的混合时间是10分钟。 <ol><li>通过除去少量检查混合物的水分含量并称重，以计算总质量， <img alt="19式" src="/files/ftp_upload/53412/53412eq19.jpg" /> 。干除去的土壤，并重新称重来计算的水的质量， <img alt="20式" src="/files/ftp_upload/53412/53412eq20.jpg" /> 。岩土水分含量在重量的水分含量来规定， <img alt="21式" src="/files/ftp_upload/53412/53412eq21.jpg" /> 。 </li><li>如果含水量内容差继续，否则重新混合的土壤。的±0.05-0.1％的容差已在当前的工作已经实现。 </li></ol></li><li>称量空容器的土壤和计算体积，使土壤密度计算一次全（步骤5.4.7）。 </li><li>压缩在层中的土壤，足够薄，以保证在目标密度，确保土壤进入容器的质量是已知的。对于莱顿巴扎德沙15这是在两层完成。 </li><li>一旦容器是满的，检查土壤的密度范围内的公差（±0.2％）。在莱顿巴扎德砂所有测试目标干密度为1.6毫克/米3。计算干密度，使用<img alt="式（22）" src="/files/ftp_upload/53412/53412eq22.jpg" /> ，其中ρd是干密度，M是土壤加入到容器中的总质量，V是土壤容器的容积和w是水分含量。 </li><li>挖掘一个小孔≈50毫米，以允许电荷在正确的埋藏深度（25毫米）被放置在顶表面。 </li><li>放置的非电雷管到电荷的基础上，并且挖掘一个合适的信道，以在容器的侧面，以确保一旦土壤被替换的容器的顶面是不间断的。 </li><li>将装药和雷管到挖好的洞，检查埋藏深度是正确的。回填土出土材料的孔中。 </li></ol></li></ol> 6.点火顺序注意：有一个与协议第5条的重叠少量由于NAT测试的URE。该点火顺序应着眼于最大限度地降低风险，只能由经过适当培训的工作人员进行。 <ol><li>对于自由空气测试： <ol><li>安排在正确的对峙（75毫米）目标板下方的免费支持。 </li><li>关闭范围。部署哨兵保证范围为烧制过程清晰。 </li><li>将负责向支持同轴的仪器。附加断丝到雷管，并将雷管中的电荷。 </li></ol></li><li>对于埋地测试： <ol><li>放置土壤容器，使得电荷被置于同轴到HPB阵列。 </li><li>关闭范围。部署哨兵保证范围为烧制过程清晰。 </li><li>连接线突破，以确保它是围绕充电外围（这使引爆埋费更可重复的时间）包裹。 </li></ol></li><li>移动到发射点，并确认仪器正在运行。 </li><li>供电破线。请与哨兵它是安全的烧制进行。 </li><li>启动炸药。使试验区的安全。 </li><li>下载并备份数据。 </li><li>重新打开测试范围。 </li></ol> 7.一种用于一维HPB阵列的数值内插<ol><li>从原始数据文件中的数据导入到Matlab。 </li><li>使每一杆的峰值压力到达的同时使用等式2（ 图4B）的中心杆的峰值压力在径向方向上的时间偏移的所有数据。 <img alt="23式" src="/files/ftp_upload/53412/53412eq23.jpg" /> （2） </li><li>插在从图4B任何径向距离上的压力。 </li><li>画出到达时间（ <img alt="24式" src="/files/ftp_upload/53412/53412eq24.jpg" /> ）用于对准的峰值压力和适合通过数据（ 图4C）的立方方程式。 </li><li>内插数据的时间偏移，以适应到达时间，属婷连续冲击前（ 图4D）。 </li><li>重复每个单独的测试数据。 </li></ol><img alt="图4" src="/files/ftp_upload/53412/53412fig4.jpg" /> 图4.插值序列一维数组HPB（A）原始数据，（B），时移数据，（C）震前到达时间，和（D）最终的插值压时间数据16。压力时间历程的离散性可以清楚地在（A）和有作为峰值压力之间没有连续性在每五个轨距位置看到。当由峰值压力如在（B）的压力在任何径向距离内插（假定相同的到达时间）对准是可能的。通过记录对齐峰值压力震荡前沿的到达时间所需的时间偏移可被计算为的sh（C）中自己的。这就使得（B）和（C）给予所看到的（D）的最终插值的压力。时间要计算的到达时间和压力时程任何径向距离是从压力插<a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/53412/53412fig4large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击这里查看大图版本这个数字。</a> 8.一种用于二维HPB阵列的数值内插注意：用于运行在Matlab插值的代码已经与将在本节被称为一个示例结果文件一起提供。 <ol><li>从原始数据文件中的数据导入到Matlab。对于本例的测试数据，对test_data.mat双击文件，然后单击“完成”在导入向导。 </li><li>打开interpolation2d.m MATLAB脚本。 </li><li>定义规则的网格超过该插补通过改变网格运行。确保这是相同的分辨率在任何未来的数值模拟26,27的网格。这是在&#39;网格％细节“代码段设置。 </li><li>运行interpolation2d.m MATLAB脚本。请注意以下步骤中的代码被实现在这里列出了清晰度。 <ol><li>通过时移所有HPB压力痕迹<img alt="24式" src="/files/ftp_upload/53412/53412eq24.jpg" /> （式2）。原始数据示出了用于<img alt="25式" src="/files/ftp_upload/53412/53412eq25.jpg" />毫米图5B，使用相同的数据时移图5C。 注意：时移被要求允许插值例程成功定位的休克前在任何给定的时间。这主要涉及对齐数据对于每个放射状阵列，这样所有的最大压力对齐。 </li><li>计算半径， <img alt="26式" src="/files/ftp_upload/53412/53412eq26.jpg" />和昂<html>乐， <img alt="27式" src="/files/ftp_upload/53412/53412eq27.jpg" />用于对电网的兴趣的给定点， 如图5A所示。 </li><li>应用一维内插最靠近所述兴趣点两个HPB阵列为当前半径<img alt="26式" src="/files/ftp_upload/53412/53412eq26.jpg" /> （对于<img alt="28式" src="/files/ftp_upload/53412/53412eq28.jpg" />内插将使用<img alt="29式" src="/files/ftp_upload/53412/53412eq29.jpg" />和<img alt="30式" src="/files/ftp_upload/53412/53412eq30.jpg" />数组）。 </li><li>基于该2压力之间线性插入<img alt="31式" src="/files/ftp_upload/53412/53412eq31.jpg" /> （同样的<img alt="28式" src="/files/ftp_upload/53412/53412eq28.jpg" />加权将是50％ <img alt="29式" src="/files/ftp_upload/53412/53412eq29.jpg" />和的50％的<html> 12eq30.jpg“/&gt;阵列计算的压力）。 </li><li>由网格间距（区）内插的压力，得到负载乘以计算瞬时负载。 </li><li>由采样的时间步长乘以负载获得的瞬时脉冲。 </li><li>重复所有地点和时间（求和瞬间冲动给总冲）。 </li><li>时间偏移中的压力的时间记录为基于三次插值的冲击到达时间（ 图5D）的每个位置。 </li></ol></li></ol><img alt="图5" src="/files/ftp_upload/53412/53412fig5.jpg" /> 图5.插值序列二维数组HPB。用（A）登录约定，（B）的原始数据<img alt="35式" src="/files/ftp_upload/53412/53412eq35.jpg" />毫米，（C）的时移数据412 / 53412eq36.jpg“/&gt;毫米，并为每个径向方向16（D）的到达时间，对于酒吧2D阵列在任何点处的压力的时间历史取决于径向距离和哪个象限的兴趣点位于如果鼓风是完全对称的，然后在（B）中的压力将形成的垂直线，如图（C）中，在（B）中可以看出，冲击前是在达到50 mm的位置<img alt="30式" src="/files/ftp_upload/53412/53412eq30.jpg" />轴第一。 <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/53412/53412fig5large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a>

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Impact Eng. 37 (7), 865-877 (2010).</li><li>Pickering, E. G., Chung Kim Yuen, S., Nurick, G. N., Haw, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+response+of+quadrangular+plates+to+buried+charges.">The response of quadrangular plates to buried charges.</a> Int. J. Impact Eng. 49, 103-114 (2012).</li><li>Bergeron, D. M., Trembley, J. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Canadian+research+to+characterize+mine+blast+output.">Canadian research to characterize mine blast output.</a> , (2000).</li><li>Hlady, S. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+soil+parameters+on+landmine+blast.">Effect of soil parameters on landmine blast.</a> , (2004).</li><li>Fourney, W. L., Leiste, U., Bonenberger, R., Goodings, D. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mechanism+of+loading+on+plates+due+to+explosive+detonation.">Mechanism of loading on plates due to explosive detonation.</a> Int. J. on Blasting and Fragmentation. 9 (4), 205-217 (2005).</li><li>Anderson, C. E., Behner, T., Weiss, C. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mine+blast+loading+experiments.">Mine blast loading experiments.</a> Int. J. Impact Eng. 38 (8-9), 697-706 (2011).</li><li>Fox, D. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+response+of+small+scale+rigid+targets+to+shallow+buried+explosive+detonations.">The response of small scale rigid targets to shallow buried explosive detonations.</a> Int. J. Impact Eng. 38 (11), 882-891 (2011).</li><li>Ehrgott, J. Q., Rhett, R. G., Akers, S. A., Rickman, D. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Design+and+fabrication+of+an+impulse+measurement+device+to+quantify+the+blast+environment+from+a+near-surface+detonation+in+soil.">Design and fabrication of an impulse measurement device to quantify the blast environment from a near-surface detonation in soil.</a> Experimental Techniques. 35 (3), 51-62 (2011).</li><li>Pope, D. J., Tyas, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Use+of+hydrocode+modelling+techniques+to+predict+loading+parameters+from+free+air+hemispherical+explosive+charges.">Use of hydrocode modelling techniques to predict loading parameters from free air hemispherical explosive charges.</a> , (2002).</li><li>Clarke, S. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Repeatability+of+buried+charge+testing.">Repeatability of buried charge testing.</a> , (2014).</li><li>Clarke, S. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+large+scale+experimental+approach+to+the+measurement+of+spatially+and+temporally+localised+loading+from+the+detonation+of+shallow-buried+explosives.">A large scale experimental approach to the measurement of spatially and temporally localised loading from the detonation of shallow-buried explosives.</a> Meas Sci Technol. 26, 015001 (2015).</li><li>Hopkinson, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Method+of+Measuring+the+Pressure+Produced+in+the+Detonation+of+High+Explosives+or+by+the+Impact+of+Bullets.">A Method of Measuring the Pressure Produced in the Detonation of High Explosives or by the Impact of Bullets.</a> Philos. Trans. R. Soc. (London) A. 213, 437-456 (1914).</li><li>Rigby, S. E., Tyas, A., Fay, S. D., Clarke, S. D., Warren, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Validation+of+semi-empirical+blast+pressure+predictions+for+far+field+explosions+-+is+there+inherent+variability+in+blast+wave+parameters?.">Validation of semi-empirical blast pressure predictions for far field explosions - is there inherent variability in blast wave parameters?.</a> , (2014).</li><li>Rigby, S. E., Tyas, A., Bennett, T., Clarke, S. D., Fay, S. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+negative+phase+of+the+blast+load.">The negative phase of the blast load.</a> Int. J. of Protective Structures. 5 (1), 1-20 (2014).</li><li>Rigby, S. E., Fay, S. D., Tyas, A., Warren, J. A., Clarke, S. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Angle+of+incidence+effects+on+far-field+positive+and+negative+phase+blast+parameters.">Angle of incidence effects on far-field positive and negative phase blast parameters.</a> Int. J. of Protective Structures. 6 (1), 23-42 (2015).</li><li>Tyas, A., Warren, J., Bennett, T., Fay, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Prediction+of+clearing+effects+in+far-field+blast+loading+of+finite+targets.">Prediction of clearing effects in far-field blast loading of finite targets.</a> Shock Waves. 21 (2), 111-119 (2011).</li><li>Tyas, A., Watson, A. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+study+of+the+effect+of+spatial+variation+of+load+in+the+pressure+bar.">A study of the effect of spatial variation of load in the pressure bar.</a> Meas Sci Technol. 11 (11), 1539-1551 (2000).</li><li>Tyas, A., Watson, A. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+investigation+of+frequency+domain+dispersion+correction+of+pressure+bar+signals.">An investigation of frequency domain dispersion correction of pressure bar signals.</a> Int. J. Impact Eng. 25 (1), 87-101 (2001).</li><li>NATO Standardisation Agency. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Procedures+for+evaluating+the+protection+level+of+logistic+and+light+armoured+vehicles.">Procedures for evaluating the protection level of logistic and light armoured vehicles.</a> Allied Engineering Publication (AEP) 55. 2, (2011).</li><li>Elgy, I. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> UK ministry of defence technical authority instructions for testing the protection level of vehicles against buried blast mines. , (2014).</li><li>Clarke, S. 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O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> LS-DYNA theory manual. , (2006).</li><li>Fay, S. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Capturing+the+spatial+and+temporal+variations+in+impulse+from+shallow+buried+charges.">Capturing the spatial and temporal variations in impulse from shallow buried charges.</a> , (2013).</li><li>Fay, S. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Measuring+the+spatial+and+temporal+pressure+variation+from+buried+charges.">Measuring the spatial and temporal pressure variation from buried charges.</a> , (2014).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

使用提交上面概述的协议已经表明，有可能从炸药得到高度变负载的高保真测量，使用的霍普金森压力棒的阵列。使用插值例程概述的离散压力 - 时间历史记录可以转化成一个连续的冲击前它是直接使用如在数值模拟或作为这种模型的输出验证数据的加载功能。 当使用掩埋费用于制备在协议部分5中概述的土壤容器中的方法必须进行检查，以确保有足够的压实能量被提供以达?...

表征炸药输出有很多好处，军事（抵御当前冲突地区埋简易爆炸装置）和民用（设计结构部件）。近来这个话题已经得到相当的重视。多收集的知识已经针对从电荷输出的量化，以便更有效地保护结构的设计。这里的主要问题在于，如果所取得的测量是高保真的不那么在这些炸药事件负荷转移的机制尚不清楚。这反过来又导致了验证数值模式依赖于这些测量结果进行验证的问题。 近场的术语是用来描述与缩放的距离，Z小于〜1米/公斤1/3，其中Z = R / W 1/3，R是从炸药的中心的距离，而W爆炸在电荷质量表示作为TNT的等效质量。在这种状态的负载量为典型特征是非常高的幅度，高空间和时间上的非均匀的负荷。强大的仪器，因此被要求测量与近场加载相关的极端压力。在缩放距离ž&lt;0.4米/ kg的1/3，爆破参数的直接测量要么不存在或很少1和此范围内的半经验预测的数据几乎完全基于参数研究。这包括使用由Kingery和Bulmash 2，这是笔者的预期范围之外给出的半经验预测。虽然基于这些预测3,4工具允许装载的优秀一阶估计他们并不完全捕捉近场事件，这都是当前研究的重点的机制。 近场爆破的测量有近来集中量化OUTP从葬费UT斯达康。所采用的方法，从评估造成结构目标5-7全球直接冲击测量8-13变形而变化。这些方法提供了保护系统设计验证有价值的信息，但不能够完全调查负荷转移的机制。测试可以在两个实验室天平（1/10满刻度）进行，或在附近的满刻度（&gt; 1/4），与实际的理由，例如控制埋藏深度或确保休克前的没有固有形状是由所生成的使用雷管，而不是裸露的费用14。埋电荷的土壤条件需要进行高度控制，以保证在测试15的可重复性。 独立的电荷是否被放置在自由空气或埋设，在测量产生爆炸的最根本的问题是确保测量由仪器deplo制成的有效性YED。在设计的测试装置16固定的&#39;刚性&#39;的目标板是用来屏蔽霍普金森杆17（HPBs），而在同一时间确保杆的末端，只能记录充分体现压力。笔者以前曾表明反射压力的该测量从一个硬指标更准确，比事件重复，或“自由场”三围18-20。该板的几 ​​何形状是这样的，通过围绕目标边缘21清零或流动而产生的任何压力释放可以忽略不计。这个新的测试装置已在1/4比例被构造。在以上的埋藏条件和炸药这种规模紧密控制可以确保，与按比例缩小至78克5公斤满刻度充电的大小，在25毫米的埋藏深度。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="573">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Load Cell</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">RDP</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">RSL0960</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">This is only indicative, the exact load cell should be able to resolve the required loading</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Steel target plate / HPBs</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Garratts&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">N/A</td>
			<td>Fabricated to order</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Strain gauge</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Kyowa</td>
			<td>KSP-2-120-E4</td>
			<td>To use with steel HPBs</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Cyanoacrylate</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Kyowa</td>
			<td>CC-33-A</td>
			<td>Check with manufacturer depending on mar material to be used</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Digital Oscilloscope</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">TiePie</td>
			<td>HS4 16-bit Handyscopes&#160;</td>
			<td>6 used in parallel in current testing</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Leighton Buzzard sand</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Garside sands</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Garside 14/25</td>
			<td>Uniform silica sand&#160;</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

blast quantification using hopkinson pressure bars

近场爆炸荷载的测量提供了一个问题的许多传感器类型，因为它们必须承受非常侵蚀性环境，并能够向上测量压力数百兆帕。在这方面，霍普金森压力棒的简单有，虽然Hopkinson杆的测定端可承受并暴露于恶劣的条件下，应变仪安装到杆可以一定距离被固定的一大优势。这允许利用防护罩用于保护所述应变计，但不与测量采集干扰。使用压力杆阵列的允许测量在离散已知点的压力 - 时间历史记录。本文还描述了用于在感兴趣的平面未仪表化的位置以得到压力 - 时间历史内插程序。目前，该技术已被用来测量在自由空气高能炸药装在各种土壤埋藏浅。

一个有效的刚性反应框架需要被提供。在目前的测试几百牛顿秒的总赋予的冲动需要以最小的变形予以抵制。用的硬质反应框架的图示于图1中给出。在每帧50毫米钢“受体”板已被铸入横梁的底部。虽然没有明确要求，这允许该负载细胞/靶板的容易固定，并提供额外的保护，以在混凝土梁的面。目前进行的接近的缩放距离已经0.15米/ kg的1/3。 <p clas...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Blast Quantification Using Hopkinson Pressure Bars at JoVE.com

Blast Quantification Using Hopkinson Pressure Bars

This protocol details the use of Hopkinson pressure bars to measure reflected blast loading from near-field explosive events. It is capable of interpolating a pressure-time history at any point on a reflective boundary and as such can be used to fully characterize the spatial and temporal variations in loading produced.

高炉利用定量霍普金森杆

Near-field blast load measurement presents an issue to many sensor types as they must endure very aggressive environments and be able to measure pressures ...

blast-quantification-using-hopkinson-pressure-bars

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SCIENTISTS IN ACTION

8.9K 次观看.  University of Sheffield. This protocol details the use of Hopkinson pressure bars to measure reflected blast loading from near-field explosive events. It is capable of interpolating a pressure-time history at any point on a reflective boundary and as such can be used to fully characterize the spatial and temporal variations in loading produced.

视频: Blast Quantification Using Hopkinson Pressure Bars

Synthesis and Microdiffraction at Extreme Pressures and Temperatures

High pressure compounds and polymorphs are investigated for a broad range of purposes such as determine structures and processes of deep planetary interiors, design materials with novel properties, understand the mechanical behavior of materials exposed to very high stresses as in explosions or impacts. Synthesis and structural analysis of materials at extreme conditions of pressure and temperature entails remarkable technical challenges. In the laser heated diamond anvil cell (LH-DAC), very high pressure is generated between the tips of two opposing diamond anvils forced against each other; focused infrared laser beams, shined through the diamonds, allow to reach very high temperatures on samples absorbing the laser radiation. When the LH-DAC is installed in a synchrotron beamline that provides extremely brilliant x-ray radiation, the structure of materials under extreme conditions can be probed in situ. LH-DAC samples, although very small, can show highly variable grain size, phase and chemical composition. In order to obtain the high resolution structural analysis and the most comprehensive characterization of a sample, we collect diffraction data in 2D grids and combine powder, single crystal and multigrain diffraction techniques. Representative results obtained in the synthesis of a new iron oxide, Fe4O5 1 will be shown.

The laser heated diamond anvil cell combined with synchrotron micro-diffraction techniques allows researchers to explore the nature and properties of new phases of matter at extreme pressure and temperature (PT) conditions. Heterogeneous samples can be characterized in situ under high pressure by 2D mapping and combined powder, single-crystal and multigrain diffraction approaches.

在极端的压力和温度的合成和Microdiffraction

High pressure compounds and polymorphs are investigated for a broad range of purposes such as determine structures and processes of deep planetary ...

科研

工程学

How to Ignite an Atmospheric Pressure Microwave Plasma Torch without Any Additional Igniters

This movie shows how an atmospheric pressure plasma torch can be ignited by microwave power with no additional igniters. After ignition of the plasma, a stable and continuous operation of the plasma is possible and the plasma torch can be used for many different applications. On one hand, the hot (3,600 K gas temperature) plasma can be used for chemical processes and on the other hand the cold afterglow (temperatures down to almost RT) can be applied for surface processes. For example chemical syntheses are interesting volume processes. Here the microwave plasma torch can be used for the decomposition of waste gases which are harmful and contribute to the global warming but are needed as etching gases in growing industry sectors like the semiconductor branch. Another application is the dissociation of CO2. Surplus electrical energy from renewable energy sources can be used to dissociate CO2 to CO and O2. The CO can be further processed to gaseous or liquid higher hydrocarbons thereby providing chemical storage of the energy, synthetic fuels or platform chemicals for the chemical industry. Applications of the afterglow of the plasma torch are the treatment of surfaces to increase the adhesion of lacquer, glue or paint, and the sterilization or decontamination of different kind of surfaces. The movie will explain how to ignite the plasma solely by microwave power without any additional igniters, e.g., electric sparks. The microwave plasma torch is based on a combination of two resonators &#8212; a coaxial one which provides the ignition of the plasma and a cylindrical one which guarantees a continuous and stable operation of the plasma after ignition. The plasma can be operated in a long microwave transparent tube for volume processes or shaped by orifices for surface treatment purposes.

This movie shows how an atmospheric plasma torch can be ignited by microwaves with no additional igniters and provides a stable and continuous plasma operation suitable for plenty of applications.

如何点燃常压微波等离子体炬没有任何额外的点火器

This movie shows how an atmospheric pressure plasma torch can be ignited by microwave power with no additional igniters. After ignition of the plasma, a ...

The Measurement of Unsteady Surface Pressure Using a Remote Microphone Probe

Microphones are widely applied to measure pressure fluctuations at the walls of solid bodies immersed in turbulent flows. Turbulent motions with various characteristic length scales can result in pressure fluctuations over a wide frequency range. This property of turbulence requires sensing devices to have sufficient sensitivity over a wide range of frequencies. Furthermore, the small characteristic length scales of turbulent structures require small sensing areas and the ability to place the sensors in very close proximity to each other. The complex geometries of the solid bodies, often including large surface curvatures or discontinuities, require the probe to have the ability to be set up in very limited spaces. The development of a remote microphone probe, which is inexpensive, consistent, and repeatable, is described in the present communication. It allows for the measurement of pressure fluctuations with high spatial resolution and dynamic response over a wide range of frequencies. The probe is small enough to be placed within the interior of typical wind tunnel models. The remote microphone probe includes a small, rigid, and hollow tube that penetrates the model surface to form the sensing area. This tube is connected to a standard microphone, at some distance away from the surface, using a "T" junction. An experimental method is introduced to determine the dynamic response of the remote microphone probe. In addition, an analytical method for determining the dynamic response is described. The analytical method can be applied in the design stage to determine the dimensions and properties of the RMP components.

Here, we present a protocol to measure, with high spatial resolution, the unsteady surface pressure in turbulent flows. This method demonstrates the construction of a remote microphone probe (RMP) and the determination of its frequency-dependent, complex transfer function. An analytical determination of the dynamic response is presented and validated.

非定常表面压力的使用远程麦克风探头测量

Microphones are widely applied to measure pressure fluctuations at the walls of solid bodies immersed in turbulent flows. Turbulent motions with various ...

An Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Setup to Investigate the Reactive Species Formation

Non-thermal atmospheric pressure (&#39;cold&#39;) plasmas have received increased attention in recent years due to their significant biomedical potential. The reactions of cold plasma with the surrounding atmosphere yield a variety of reactive species, which can define its effectiveness. While efficient development of cold plasma therapy requires kinetic models, model benchmarking needs empirical data. Experimental studies of the source of reactive species detected in aqueous solutions exposed to plasma are still scarce. Biomedical plasma is often operated with He or Ar feed gas, and a specific interest lies in investigation of the reactive species generated by plasma with various gas admixtures (O2, N2, air, H2O vapor, etc.) Such investigations are very complex due to difficulties in controlling the ambient atmosphere in contact with the plasma effluent. In this work, we addressed common issues of &#39;high&#39; voltage kHz frequency driven plasma jet experimental studies. A reactor was developed allowing the exclusion of ambient atmosphere from the plasma-liquid system. The system thus comprised the feed gas with admixtures and the components of the liquid sample. This controlled atmosphere allowed the investigation of the source of the reactive oxygen species induced in aqueous solutions by He-water vapor plasma. The use of isotopically labelled water allowed distinguishing between the species originating in the gas phase and those formed in the liquid. The plasma equipment was contained inside a Faraday cage to eliminate possible influence of any external field. The setup is versatile and can aid in further understanding the cold plasma-liquid interactions chemistry.

An experimental setup was created for the helium-operated kHz frequency plasma jet. The setup includes a cage for the plasma power supply and jet and an in-house built reactor to monitor plasma-induced reactive species without the interference of the ambient atmosphere.

大气压等离子体设置调查活性物种形成

Non-thermal atmospheric pressure (&#39;cold&#39;) plasmas have received increased attention in recent years due to their significant biomedical potential. ...

Two-way Valorization of Blast Furnace Slag: Synthesis of Precipitated Calcium Carbonate and Zeolitic Heavy Metal Adsorbent

The aim of this work is to present a zero-waste process for storing CO2 in a stable and benign mineral form while producing zeolitic minerals with sufficient heavy metal adsorption capacity. To this end, blast furnace slag, a residue from iron-making, is utilized as the starting material. Calcium is selectively extracted from the slag by leaching with acetic acid (2 M CH3COOH) as the extraction agent. The filtered leachate is subsequently physico-chemically purified and then carbonated to form precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC) of high purity (&lt;2 wt% non-calcium impurities, according to ICP-MS analysis). Sodium hydroxide is added to neutralize the regenerated acetate. The morphological properties of the resulting calcitic PCC are tuned for its potential application as a filler in papermaking. In parallel, the residual solids from the extraction stage are subjected to hydrothermal conversion in a caustic solution (2 M NaOH) that leads to the predominant formation of a particular zeolitic mineral phase (detected by XRD), namely analcime (NaAlSi2O6&#8729;H2O). Based on its ability to adsorb Ni2+, as reported from batch adsorption experiments and ICP-OES analysis, this product can potentially be used in wastewater treatment or for environmental remediation applications.

A protocol for the parallel production of precipitated calcium carbonate and zeolitic material from blast furnace slag via mineral carbonation and alkaline hydrothermal conversion, respectively, is presented. The performance of the zeolitic material towards nickel adsorption is tested.

高炉矿渣的双向稳定物价：沉淀碳酸钙和沸石重金属吸附剂的合成

The aim of this work is to present a zero-waste process for storing CO2 in a stable and benign mineral form while producing zeolitic minerals with ...

Precision Milling of Carbon Nanotube Forests Using Low Pressure Scanning Electron Microscopy

A nanoscale fabrication technique appropriate for milling carbon nanotube (CNT) forests is described. The technique utilizes an environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM) operating with a low pressure water vapor ambient. In this technique, a portion of the electron beam interacts with the water vapor in the vicinity of the CNT sample, dissociating the water molecules into hydroxyl radicals and other species by radiolysis. The remainder of the electron beam interacts with the CNT forest sample, making it susceptible to oxidation from the chemical products of radiolysis. This technique may be used to trim a selected region of an individual CNT, or it may be used to remove hundreds of cubic microns of material by adjusting ESEM parameters. The machining resolution is similar to the imaging resolution of the ESEM itself. The technique produces only small quantities of carbon residue along the boundaries of the cutting zone, with minimal effect on the native structural morphology of the CNT forest.

Low pressure scanning electron microscopy in a water vapor ambient is used to machine nanoscale to microscale features in carbon nanotube forests.

碳纳米管森林精密铣床使用低压扫描电子显微镜

A nanoscale fabrication technique appropriate for milling carbon nanotube (CNT) forests is described. The technique utilizes an environmental scanning ...

Atmospheric Pressure Fabrication of Large-Sized Single-Layer Rectangular SnSe Flakes

Tin selenide (SnSe) belongs to the family of layered metal chalcogenide materials with a buckled structure like phosphorene, and has shown potential for applications in two-dimensional nanoelectronics devices. Although many methods to synthesize SnSe nanocrystals have been developed, a simple way to fabricate large-sized single-layer SnSe flakes remains a great challenge. Herein, we show the experimental method to directly grow large-sized single-layer rectangular SnSe flakes on commonly used SiO2/Si insulating substrates using a straightforward two-step fabrication method in an atmospheric pressure quartz tube furnace system. The single-layer rectangular SnSe flakes with an average thickness of ~6.8 &#197; and lateral dimensions of about 30 &#181;m &#215; 50 &#181;m were fabricated by a combination of vapor transport deposition technique and nitrogen etching route. We characterized the morphology, microstructure, and electrical properties of the rectangular SnSe flakes and obtained excellent crystallinity and good electronic properties. This article about the two-step fabrication method can help researchers grow other similar two-dimensional, large-sized, single-layer materials using an atmospheric pressure system.

A protocol is presented demonstrating a two-step fabrication technique to grow large-sized single-layer rectangular shaped SnSe flakes on low-cost SiO2/Si dielectrics wafers in an atmospheric pressure quartz tube furnace system.

大型单层矩形 SnSe 片的常压制备

Tin selenide (SnSe) belongs to the family of layered metal chalcogenide materials with a buckled structure like phosphorene, and has shown potential for ...

Applicability Analysis of Assessment Methods for Morphological Parameters of Corroded Steel Bars

The irregular and uneven residual sections along the length of a corroded steel bar substantially change its mechanical properties and significantly dominate the safety and performance of an existing concrete structure. As a result, it is important to measure the geometry and amount of corrosion of a steel bar in a structure properly to assess the residual bearing capacity and service life of the structure. This paper introduces and compares five different methods for measuring the geometry and amount of corrosion of a steel bar. A single 500 mm long and 14 mm diameter steel bar is the specimen that is subjected to accelerated corrosion in this protocol. Its morphology and the amount of corrosion were carefully measured before and after using mass loss measurements, a Vernier caliper, drainage measurements, 3D scanning, and X-ray micro-computed tomography (XCT). The applicability and suitability of these different methods were then evaluated. The results show that the Vernier caliper is the best choice for measuring the morphology of a non-corroded bar, while 3D scanning is the most suitable for quantifying the morphology of a corroded bar.

This paper measures the geometry and the amount of corrosion of a steel bar using different methods: mass loss, calipers, drainage measurements, 3D scanning, and X-ray micro-computed tomography (XCT).

钢筋形态参数评价方法的适用性分析

The irregular and uneven residual sections along the length of a corroded steel bar substantially change its mechanical properties and significantly ...

Using Flexible Gold-Titanium Reaction Cells to Simulate Pressure-Dependent Microbial Activity in the Context of Subsurface Biomining

Laboratory studies investigating subsurface microbial processes, such as metal leaching in deep ore deposits (biomining), share common and challenging obstacles, including the special environmental conditions that need to be replicated, e.g., high pressure and in some cases acidic solutions. The former requires an experimental setup suitable for pressurization up to 100 bar, while the latter demands a fluid container with high chemical resistance against corrosion and unwanted chemical reactions with the container wall. To meet these conditions for an application in the field of in situ biomining, a special flexible gold-titanium reaction cell inside a rocking high-pressure reactor was used in this study. The described system allowed simulation of in situ biomining through sulfur-driven microbial iron reduction in an anoxic, pressure-controlled, highly chemically inert experimental environment. The flexible gold-titanium reaction cell can accommodate up to 100 mL of sample solution, which can be sampled at any given time point while the system maintains the desired pressure. Experiments can be performed on timescales ranging from hours to months. Assembling the high-pressure reactor system is fairly time consuming. Nevertheless, when complex and challenging (microbiological) processes occurring in the earth&#39;s deep subsurface in chemically aggressive fluids have to be investigated in the laboratory, the advantages of this system outweigh the disadvantages. The results found that even at high pressure the microbial consortium is active, but at significantly lower metabolic rates.

This protocol describes microbial experiments under elevated pressures to study in situ biomining processes. The experimental approach employs a rocking high-pressure reactor equipped with a gold-titanium reaction cell containing a microbial culture in an acidic, iron-rich medium.

使用柔性金钛反应细胞在地下生物采矿环境中模拟压力依赖微生物活性

Laboratory studies investigating subsurface microbial processes, such as metal leaching in deep ore deposits (biomining), share common and challenging ...

Treating Surfaces with a Cold Atmospheric Pressure Plasma using the COST-Jet

In recent years, non-thermal atmospheric pressure plasmas have been used extensively for surface treatments, in particular, due to their potential in biological applications. However, the scientific results often suffer from reproducibility problems due to unreliable plasma conditions as well as complex treatment procedures. To address this issue and provide a stable and reproducible plasma source, the COST-Jet reference source was developed.
In this work, we propose a detailed protocol to perform reliable and reproducible surface treatments using the COST reference microplasma jet (COST-Jet). Common issues and pitfalls are discussed, as well as the peculiarities of the COST-Jet compared to other devices and its advantageous remote character. A detailed description of both solid and liquid surface treatment is provided. The described methods are versatile and can be adapted for other types of atmospheric pressure plasma devices.

This protocol is presented to characterize the setup, handling, and application of the COST-Jet for the treatment of diverse surfaces such as solids and liquids.

使用成本喷气机用冷大气压力等离子体处理表面

In recent years, non-thermal atmospheric pressure plasmas have been used extensively for surface treatments, in particular, due to their potential in ...