The authors wish to thank the Defence Science and Technology Laboratory for funding the published work.

<ol>
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The authors have nothing to disclose.

Mit dem Protokoll über den Autoren dargelegt haben gezeigt, dass es möglich ist, High-Fidelity-Messungen der stark variierenden Belastung von einer Sprengladung zu erhalten, eine Reihe von Hopkinson Druckstangen verwendet wird. Mit Hilfe der Interpolation Routine skizzierte die diskreten Druck-Zeitverläufe können in einem kontinuierlichen Schockfront umgewandelt werden, die für die Ausgabe solcher Modelle direkt als Ladefunktion in der numerischen Modellierung oder als Validierungsdaten verwendbar ist. <p class...

Charakterisieren die Ausgabe von Sprengladungen hat viele Vorteile, sowohl militärische (Verteidigung gegen Sprengkörper in aktuellen Konfliktzonen improvisierten vergrabene) und zivilen (Gestaltung Strukturkomponenten). In der letzten Zeit hat sich dieses Thema große Aufmerksamkeit erhalten. Ein Großteil des gesammelten Wissens wurde bei der Quantifizierung der Ausgabe von Ladungen zum Ziel, die Gestaltung wirksamer Schutzstrukturen zu ermöglichen. Das Hauptproblem dabei ist, dass, wenn die Messungen nicht von hoher Genauigkeit sind dann die Mechanismen der Lastübertragung in diesen explosiven Ereignisse unklar bleiben. Dies wiederum führt zu Problemen Validieren numerischen Modellen, die für die Validierung dieser Messungen verlassen. Der Begriff Nahfeld verwendet Blasten mit skalierten Entfernungen, Z, weniger als ca. 1 m / kg 1/3, wobei Z = R / W 1/3, R der Abstand vom Zentrum des Sprengstoffes zu beschreiben und W die Ladung Masse ausgedrücktals äquivalente Masse von TNT. In diesem Bereich wird die Beladung der Regel durch eine extrem hohe Größe gekennzeichnet, hoch räumlich und zeitlich ungleichmäßigen Belastungen. Robuste Instrumentierung ist daher die extremen Drücke erforderlich, um mit Nahfeld-Belastung zu bemessen. Bei skalierten Entfernungen Z &lt;0,4 m / kg 1/3, direkte Messungen der Strahlparameter sind entweder nicht vorhanden oder nur sehr wenige 1 und die semi-empirischen Prognosedaten für diesen Bereich wird auf Parameterstudien basiert fast ausschließlich. Dabei werden die semi-empirischen Vorhersagen über die angegebenen durch Kingery und Bulmash 2, die außerhalb des Autors beabsichtigten Umfang ist. Während auf diesen Prognosen basierten Tools 3,4 für exzellente erster Ordnung Schätzungen der Belastung erlauben sie erfassen nicht die Funktionsweise der Nahfeld-Veranstaltungen, die im Mittelpunkt der aktuellen Forschung sind. Nahfeld-Explosion Messungen haben in der letzten Zeit konzentrierte sich auf die Quantifizierung der Ausgut von vergrabene Ladungen. Die Methoden variieren , von der Beurteilung der zu einer strukturellen Ziel verursachte Verformung 5-7 8-13 globalen Impulsmessung zu lenken. Diese Methoden liefern wertvolle Informationen für die Validierung von Schutzsystemkonstruktionen sind aber nicht in der Lage die Funktionsweise der Lastübertragung zu untersuchen. Die Prüfung kann an beiden Laborwaagen (1/10 full scale), oder in der Nähe des Skalenendwerts (&gt; 1/4), mit pragmatischen Gründen wie Controlling Eingrabtiefe oder Gewährleistung keine inhärente Form der Stoßfront wird durch die erzeugte erfolgen Verwendung von Zündern und nicht bloßen Kosten 14. Mit vergrabenen Ladungen müssen die Bodenbedingungen sehr gesteuert werden , um die Wiederholbarkeit des Tests 15 zu gewährleisten. Unabhängig von der, ob die Ladung in der freien Luft platziert ist oder vergraben ist, ist die grundlegende Frage der resultierenden Explosion bei der Messung der Gültigkeit der Messungen durch die Instrumentierung deplo Gewährleistungyed. In der vorgesehenen Testvorrichtung 16 eine feste &#39;starren&#39; Zielplatte wird verwendet , um die Hopkinson Druckstäbe abzuschirmen 17 (HDU) , während gleichzeitig sichergestellt wird, dass die Enden der Balken nur die vollständig reflektiert Drücke aufzeichnen kann. Die Autoren haben bereits entschieden, dass eine Messung reflektierten Druck gezeigt aus einem starren Ziel genauer und wiederholbarer als einfällt, oder &quot;Freifeld&quot; Messungen 18-20. Die Geometrie dieser Platte ist , so daß jede Druckentlastungs erzeugt durch Löschen oder Umströmung der Zielkante 21 vernachlässigbar wäre. Diese neue Testvorrichtung wurde bei 1/4 Maßstab gebaut. Bei diesem Maßstab eine strenge Kontrolle über den Grabbedingungen und den Sprengstoff sichergestellt werden kann, mit dem vollen Umfang der Füllmenge von 5 kg bis 78 g verkleinert, bei einer Grabtiefe von 25 mm.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="573">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Load Cell</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">RDP</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">RSL0960</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">This is only indicative, the exact load cell should be able to resolve the required loading</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Steel target plate / HPBs</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Garratts&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">N/A</td>
			<td>Fabricated to order</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Strain gauge</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Kyowa</td>
			<td>KSP-2-120-E4</td>
			<td>To use with steel HPBs</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Cyanoacrylate</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Kyowa</td>
			<td>CC-33-A</td>
			<td>Check with manufacturer depending on mar material to be used</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Digital Oscilloscope</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">TiePie</td>
			<td>HS4 16-bit Handyscopes&#160;</td>
			<td>6 used in parallel in current testing</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Leighton Buzzard sand</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Garside sands</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Garside 14/25</td>
			<td>Uniform silica sand&#160;</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

blast quantification using hopkinson pressure bars

Nahfeld-Hochlastmessung stellt ein Problem für viele Sensortypen, da sie sehr aggressive Umgebungen ertragen müssen und in der Lage sein, Druck zu messen, bis zu vielen hundert Megapascal. In dieser Hinsicht hat die Einfachheit des Hopkinson Druck bar einen großen Vorteil, dass während der Messung Ende des Hopkinson Bar aushalten kann und zu harten Bedingungen ausgesetzt werden, kann der DMS-an der Stange montiert in einiger Entfernung angebracht werden. Dies ermöglicht Schutzgehäuse verwendet werden, welche die Dehnungsmesser schützen, aber nicht mit der Messwerterfassung stören. Die Verwendung einer Anordnung von Druckstangen ermöglicht es, die Druckzeitverläufe an diskreten bekannten Punkten gemessen werden. Dieser Artikel beschreibt auch die Interpolation Routine verwendet, um Druck-Zeitverläufe an un-instrumentierten Stellen auf der Ebene von Interesse abzuleiten. Derzeit ist die Technik wurde in der freien Luft und begraben seicht in verschiedenen Böden zu messen Laden von Sprengstoffen verwendet.

Ein effektiv starr braucht Reaktionsrahmen zur Verfügung gestellt werden. In der aktuellen insgesamt verliehenen Impuls von mehreren hundert Newton-Sekunden Prüfung muss mit minimaler Ablenkung widerstanden werden. Eine Abbildung des starren Reaktionsrahmen verwendet wird , in Abbildung 1 wiedergegeben. In jedem Rahmen ein 50 mm Stahl &quot;Akzeptor&quot; Platte in die Basis der Querträger gegossen wurde. Auch wenn es nicht ausdrücklich gefordert, ermöglicht dies ei...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Blast Quantification Using Hopkinson Pressure Bars at JoVE.com

Blast Quantification Using Hopkinson Pressure Bars

This protocol details the use of Hopkinson pressure bars to measure reflected blast loading from near-field explosive events. It is capable of interpolating a pressure-time history at any point on a reflective boundary and as such can be used to fully characterize the spatial and temporal variations in loading produced.

Explosion Quantifizierung Mit Hopkinson Pressure Bars

Near-field blast load measurement presents an issue to many sensor types as they must endure very aggressive environments and be able to measure pressures ...

blast-quantification-using-hopkinson-pressure-bars

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8.9K Aufrufe.  University of Sheffield. This protocol details the use of Hopkinson pressure bars to measure reflected blast loading from near-field explosive events. It is capable of interpolating a pressure-time history at any point on a reflective boundary and as such can be used to fully characterize the spatial and temporal variations in loading produced.

Serie: Blast Quantification Using Hopkinson Pressure Bars

Synthesis and Microdiffraction at Extreme Pressures and Temperatures

High pressure compounds and polymorphs are investigated for a broad range of purposes such as determine structures and processes of deep planetary interiors, design materials with novel properties, understand the mechanical behavior of materials exposed to very high stresses as in explosions or impacts. Synthesis and structural analysis of materials at extreme conditions of pressure and temperature entails remarkable technical challenges. In the laser heated diamond anvil cell (LH-DAC), very high pressure is generated between the tips of two opposing diamond anvils forced against each other; focused infrared laser beams, shined through the diamonds, allow to reach very high temperatures on samples absorbing the laser radiation. When the LH-DAC is installed in a synchrotron beamline that provides extremely brilliant x-ray radiation, the structure of materials under extreme conditions can be probed in situ. LH-DAC samples, although very small, can show highly variable grain size, phase and chemical composition. In order to obtain the high resolution structural analysis and the most comprehensive characterization of a sample, we collect diffraction data in 2D grids and combine powder, single crystal and multigrain diffraction techniques. Representative results obtained in the synthesis of a new iron oxide, Fe4O5 1 will be shown.

The laser heated diamond anvil cell combined with synchrotron micro-diffraction techniques allows researchers to explore the nature and properties of new phases of matter at extreme pressure and temperature (PT) conditions. Heterogeneous samples can be characterized in situ under high pressure by 2D mapping and combined powder, single-crystal and multigrain diffraction approaches.

Synthese und Mikrodiffraktion bei extremen Drücken und Temperaturen

High pressure compounds and polymorphs are investigated for a broad range of purposes such as determine structures and processes of deep planetary ...

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How to Ignite an Atmospheric Pressure Microwave Plasma Torch without Any Additional Igniters

This movie shows how an atmospheric pressure plasma torch can be ignited by microwave power with no additional igniters. After ignition of the plasma, a stable and continuous operation of the plasma is possible and the plasma torch can be used for many different applications. On one hand, the hot (3,600 K gas temperature) plasma can be used for chemical processes and on the other hand the cold afterglow (temperatures down to almost RT) can be applied for surface processes. For example chemical syntheses are interesting volume processes. Here the microwave plasma torch can be used for the decomposition of waste gases which are harmful and contribute to the global warming but are needed as etching gases in growing industry sectors like the semiconductor branch. Another application is the dissociation of CO2. Surplus electrical energy from renewable energy sources can be used to dissociate CO2 to CO and O2. The CO can be further processed to gaseous or liquid higher hydrocarbons thereby providing chemical storage of the energy, synthetic fuels or platform chemicals for the chemical industry. Applications of the afterglow of the plasma torch are the treatment of surfaces to increase the adhesion of lacquer, glue or paint, and the sterilization or decontamination of different kind of surfaces. The movie will explain how to ignite the plasma solely by microwave power without any additional igniters, e.g., electric sparks. The microwave plasma torch is based on a combination of two resonators &#8212; a coaxial one which provides the ignition of the plasma and a cylindrical one which guarantees a continuous and stable operation of the plasma after ignition. The plasma can be operated in a long microwave transparent tube for volume processes or shaped by orifices for surface treatment purposes.

This movie shows how an atmospheric plasma torch can be ignited by microwaves with no additional igniters and provides a stable and continuous plasma operation suitable for plenty of applications.

Wie man eine Atmosphärischer Druck Mikrowellenplasmabrenner zünden ohne zusätzliche Zünder

This movie shows how an atmospheric pressure plasma torch can be ignited by microwave power with no additional igniters. After ignition of the plasma, a ...

The Measurement of Unsteady Surface Pressure Using a Remote Microphone Probe

Microphones are widely applied to measure pressure fluctuations at the walls of solid bodies immersed in turbulent flows. Turbulent motions with various characteristic length scales can result in pressure fluctuations over a wide frequency range. This property of turbulence requires sensing devices to have sufficient sensitivity over a wide range of frequencies. Furthermore, the small characteristic length scales of turbulent structures require small sensing areas and the ability to place the sensors in very close proximity to each other. The complex geometries of the solid bodies, often including large surface curvatures or discontinuities, require the probe to have the ability to be set up in very limited spaces. The development of a remote microphone probe, which is inexpensive, consistent, and repeatable, is described in the present communication. It allows for the measurement of pressure fluctuations with high spatial resolution and dynamic response over a wide range of frequencies. The probe is small enough to be placed within the interior of typical wind tunnel models. The remote microphone probe includes a small, rigid, and hollow tube that penetrates the model surface to form the sensing area. This tube is connected to a standard microphone, at some distance away from the surface, using a "T" junction. An experimental method is introduced to determine the dynamic response of the remote microphone probe. In addition, an analytical method for determining the dynamic response is described. The analytical method can be applied in the design stage to determine the dimensions and properties of the RMP components.

Here, we present a protocol to measure, with high spatial resolution, the unsteady surface pressure in turbulent flows. This method demonstrates the construction of a remote microphone probe (RMP) and the determination of its frequency-dependent, complex transfer function. An analytical determination of the dynamic response is presented and validated.

Die Messung der Unsteady Flächenpressung eines Remote-Mikrofon-Sonde

Microphones are widely applied to measure pressure fluctuations at the walls of solid bodies immersed in turbulent flows. Turbulent motions with various ...

An Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Setup to Investigate the Reactive Species Formation

Non-thermal atmospheric pressure (&#39;cold&#39;) plasmas have received increased attention in recent years due to their significant biomedical potential. The reactions of cold plasma with the surrounding atmosphere yield a variety of reactive species, which can define its effectiveness. While efficient development of cold plasma therapy requires kinetic models, model benchmarking needs empirical data. Experimental studies of the source of reactive species detected in aqueous solutions exposed to plasma are still scarce. Biomedical plasma is often operated with He or Ar feed gas, and a specific interest lies in investigation of the reactive species generated by plasma with various gas admixtures (O2, N2, air, H2O vapor, etc.) Such investigations are very complex due to difficulties in controlling the ambient atmosphere in contact with the plasma effluent. In this work, we addressed common issues of &#39;high&#39; voltage kHz frequency driven plasma jet experimental studies. A reactor was developed allowing the exclusion of ambient atmosphere from the plasma-liquid system. The system thus comprised the feed gas with admixtures and the components of the liquid sample. This controlled atmosphere allowed the investigation of the source of the reactive oxygen species induced in aqueous solutions by He-water vapor plasma. The use of isotopically labelled water allowed distinguishing between the species originating in the gas phase and those formed in the liquid. The plasma equipment was contained inside a Faraday cage to eliminate possible influence of any external field. The setup is versatile and can aid in further understanding the cold plasma-liquid interactions chemistry.

An experimental setup was created for the helium-operated kHz frequency plasma jet. The setup includes a cage for the plasma power supply and jet and an in-house built reactor to monitor plasma-induced reactive species without the interference of the ambient atmosphere.

Ein Atmosphärendruck-Plasma-Setup die reaktive Spezies Formation zur Untersuchung

Non-thermal atmospheric pressure (&#39;cold&#39;) plasmas have received increased attention in recent years due to their significant biomedical potential. ...

Two-way Valorization of Blast Furnace Slag: Synthesis of Precipitated Calcium Carbonate and Zeolitic Heavy Metal Adsorbent

The aim of this work is to present a zero-waste process for storing CO2 in a stable and benign mineral form while producing zeolitic minerals with sufficient heavy metal adsorption capacity. To this end, blast furnace slag, a residue from iron-making, is utilized as the starting material. Calcium is selectively extracted from the slag by leaching with acetic acid (2 M CH3COOH) as the extraction agent. The filtered leachate is subsequently physico-chemically purified and then carbonated to form precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC) of high purity (&lt;2 wt% non-calcium impurities, according to ICP-MS analysis). Sodium hydroxide is added to neutralize the regenerated acetate. The morphological properties of the resulting calcitic PCC are tuned for its potential application as a filler in papermaking. In parallel, the residual solids from the extraction stage are subjected to hydrothermal conversion in a caustic solution (2 M NaOH) that leads to the predominant formation of a particular zeolitic mineral phase (detected by XRD), namely analcime (NaAlSi2O6&#8729;H2O). Based on its ability to adsorb Ni2+, as reported from batch adsorption experiments and ICP-OES analysis, this product can potentially be used in wastewater treatment or for environmental remediation applications.

A protocol for the parallel production of precipitated calcium carbonate and zeolitic material from blast furnace slag via mineral carbonation and alkaline hydrothermal conversion, respectively, is presented. The performance of the zeolitic material towards nickel adsorption is tested.

Zwei-Wege-Valorisierung von Hochofenschlacke: Synthese von gefälltes Calciumcarbonat und Zeolithmaterialien Heavy Metal Adsorbent

The aim of this work is to present a zero-waste process for storing CO2 in a stable and benign mineral form while producing zeolitic minerals with ...

Precision Milling of Carbon Nanotube Forests Using Low Pressure Scanning Electron Microscopy

A nanoscale fabrication technique appropriate for milling carbon nanotube (CNT) forests is described. The technique utilizes an environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM) operating with a low pressure water vapor ambient. In this technique, a portion of the electron beam interacts with the water vapor in the vicinity of the CNT sample, dissociating the water molecules into hydroxyl radicals and other species by radiolysis. The remainder of the electron beam interacts with the CNT forest sample, making it susceptible to oxidation from the chemical products of radiolysis. This technique may be used to trim a selected region of an individual CNT, or it may be used to remove hundreds of cubic microns of material by adjusting ESEM parameters. The machining resolution is similar to the imaging resolution of the ESEM itself. The technique produces only small quantities of carbon residue along the boundaries of the cutting zone, with minimal effect on the native structural morphology of the CNT forest.

Low pressure scanning electron microscopy in a water vapor ambient is used to machine nanoscale to microscale features in carbon nanotube forests.

Präzisionsfräsen von Carbon Nanotube Wälder Verwendung von Niederdruck-Rasterelektronenmikroskopie

A nanoscale fabrication technique appropriate for milling carbon nanotube (CNT) forests is described. The technique utilizes an environmental scanning ...

Atmospheric Pressure Fabrication of Large-Sized Single-Layer Rectangular SnSe Flakes

Tin selenide (SnSe) belongs to the family of layered metal chalcogenide materials with a buckled structure like phosphorene, and has shown potential for applications in two-dimensional nanoelectronics devices. Although many methods to synthesize SnSe nanocrystals have been developed, a simple way to fabricate large-sized single-layer SnSe flakes remains a great challenge. Herein, we show the experimental method to directly grow large-sized single-layer rectangular SnSe flakes on commonly used SiO2/Si insulating substrates using a straightforward two-step fabrication method in an atmospheric pressure quartz tube furnace system. The single-layer rectangular SnSe flakes with an average thickness of ~6.8 &#197; and lateral dimensions of about 30 &#181;m &#215; 50 &#181;m were fabricated by a combination of vapor transport deposition technique and nitrogen etching route. We characterized the morphology, microstructure, and electrical properties of the rectangular SnSe flakes and obtained excellent crystallinity and good electronic properties. This article about the two-step fabrication method can help researchers grow other similar two-dimensional, large-sized, single-layer materials using an atmospheric pressure system.

A protocol is presented demonstrating a two-step fabrication technique to grow large-sized single-layer rectangular shaped SnSe flakes on low-cost SiO2/Si dielectrics wafers in an atmospheric pressure quartz tube furnace system.

Atmosphärendruck-Herstellung von großformatigen Einzellagen-rechteckige SnSe Flocken

Tin selenide (SnSe) belongs to the family of layered metal chalcogenide materials with a buckled structure like phosphorene, and has shown potential for ...

Applicability Analysis of Assessment Methods for Morphological Parameters of Corroded Steel Bars

The irregular and uneven residual sections along the length of a corroded steel bar substantially change its mechanical properties and significantly dominate the safety and performance of an existing concrete structure. As a result, it is important to measure the geometry and amount of corrosion of a steel bar in a structure properly to assess the residual bearing capacity and service life of the structure. This paper introduces and compares five different methods for measuring the geometry and amount of corrosion of a steel bar. A single 500 mm long and 14 mm diameter steel bar is the specimen that is subjected to accelerated corrosion in this protocol. Its morphology and the amount of corrosion were carefully measured before and after using mass loss measurements, a Vernier caliper, drainage measurements, 3D scanning, and X-ray micro-computed tomography (XCT). The applicability and suitability of these different methods were then evaluated. The results show that the Vernier caliper is the best choice for measuring the morphology of a non-corroded bar, while 3D scanning is the most suitable for quantifying the morphology of a corroded bar.

This paper measures the geometry and the amount of corrosion of a steel bar using different methods: mass loss, calipers, drainage measurements, 3D scanning, and X-ray micro-computed tomography (XCT).

Anwendbarkeit Analyse der Bewertungsmethoden für morphologische Parameter der korrodierten Stabstahl

The irregular and uneven residual sections along the length of a corroded steel bar substantially change its mechanical properties and significantly ...

Using Flexible Gold-Titanium Reaction Cells to Simulate Pressure-Dependent Microbial Activity in the Context of Subsurface Biomining

Laboratory studies investigating subsurface microbial processes, such as metal leaching in deep ore deposits (biomining), share common and challenging obstacles, including the special environmental conditions that need to be replicated, e.g., high pressure and in some cases acidic solutions. The former requires an experimental setup suitable for pressurization up to 100 bar, while the latter demands a fluid container with high chemical resistance against corrosion and unwanted chemical reactions with the container wall. To meet these conditions for an application in the field of in situ biomining, a special flexible gold-titanium reaction cell inside a rocking high-pressure reactor was used in this study. The described system allowed simulation of in situ biomining through sulfur-driven microbial iron reduction in an anoxic, pressure-controlled, highly chemically inert experimental environment. The flexible gold-titanium reaction cell can accommodate up to 100 mL of sample solution, which can be sampled at any given time point while the system maintains the desired pressure. Experiments can be performed on timescales ranging from hours to months. Assembling the high-pressure reactor system is fairly time consuming. Nevertheless, when complex and challenging (microbiological) processes occurring in the earth&#39;s deep subsurface in chemically aggressive fluids have to be investigated in the laboratory, the advantages of this system outweigh the disadvantages. The results found that even at high pressure the microbial consortium is active, but at significantly lower metabolic rates.

This protocol describes microbial experiments under elevated pressures to study in situ biomining processes. The experimental approach employs a rocking high-pressure reactor equipped with a gold-titanium reaction cell containing a microbial culture in an acidic, iron-rich medium.

Verwendung flexibler Gold-Titan-Reaktionszellen zur Simulation druckabhängiger mikrobieller Aktivität im Kontext des Subsurface Biominings

Laboratory studies investigating subsurface microbial processes, such as metal leaching in deep ore deposits (biomining), share common and challenging ...

Fabrication of Compressed Hosiery and Measurement of its Pressure Characteristic Exerted on the Lower Limbs

This article reports the pressure characteristic measurement of compressed hosiery via direct and indirect methods. In the direct method, an interface sensor is used to measure the pressure value exerted on the lower limbs. In the indirect method, the necessary parameters mentioned by the cone and cylinder model are tested to calculate the pressure value. The necessary parameters involve course density, wales density, circumference, length, thickness, tension, and deformation of the compressed hosiery. Compared with the results of the direct method, the cone model in the indirect method is more suitable for calculating the pressure value because the cone model considers the change in radius of the lower limb from the knee to the ankle. Based on this measurement, the relationship among fabrication, structure, and pressure is further investigated in this study. We find that graduation is the main influence that can change the wales density. On the other hand, elastic motors directly affect the course density and the circumference of the stockings. Our reported work provides the fabrication-structure-pressure relationship and a design guide for gradually compressed hosiery.

This article reports fabrication, structure and pressure measurement of compressed hosiery by employing direct and indirect methods.

Herstellung von komprimierten Strumpfwaren und Messung ihrer Druckcharakteristik auf die unteren Gliedmaßen

This article reports the pressure characteristic measurement of compressed hosiery via direct and indirect methods. In the direct method, an interface ...